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The Writing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's the Pearl of Orr's Island

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The Writing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's the Pearl of Orr's Island Colby Quarterly Volume 16 Issue 3 September Article 5 September 1980 The Writing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's The Pearl of Orr's Island E. Bruce Kirkham Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq Recommended Citation Colby Library Quarterly, Volume 16, no.3, September 1980, p.158-165 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Colby Quarterly by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Colby. Kirkham: The Writing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's The Pearl of Orr's Island The Writing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's The Pearl of Orr's Island by E. BRUCE KIRKHAM HE STORY of the writing of The Pearl of Orr's Island has been avail­ Table in general terms for a number of years. 1 However, recently dis­ covered letters and an examination of the texts of its first publications reveal new information about the composition of the story, Mrs. Stowe's writing habits, and her relationship with publishers. Begun just after she published her most famous novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, The Pearl took almost a decade to complete. In July of 1852 Mrs. Stowe wrote to her husband, Calvin, I seem to have so much to fill my time, and yet there is my Maine story waiting. However, I am composing it every day, only I greatly need living studies for the filling in of my sketches. There is "old Jonas," my "fish father," a sturdy, independent fisherman farmer, who in his youth sailed all over the world and made up his mind about everything. In his old age he attends prayer-meetings and reads the "Missionary Herald." He also has plenty of money in an old brown sea-chest. He is a great heart with an inflexible will and iron muscles. I must go to Orr's Island and see him again. I am now writing an article for the "Era" on Maine and its scenery, which I think is even better than the "Independent" letter. In it I took up Longfellow. Next I shall write on Hawthorne and his surroundings. 2 She obviously had many irons in the fire, and all, at that point, seemed to be connected with Maine. Longfellow and Hawthorne had both graduated from Bowdoin College in Brunswick where Harriet had written the Cabin and where the family had lived for the past two years before moving to Andover the summer of 1852. Maine was much on her mind as she began a story more pleasant to write than the Cabin had been, of children and pine trees, and surf, and rocks, and quaint, lov­ able folk. 1. Charles Edward Stowe, The Life ojHarriet Beecher Stowe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1891), pp. 186-187, 327; Annie Fields, Life and Letters oj Harriet Beecher Stowe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1897), pp. 168, 170-171, 285-288; Charles Edward Stowe and Lyman Beecher Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), pp. 244-247; Lyman Beecher Stowe, Saints, Sinners and Beechers (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1934), p. 203; Forrest Wilson, Crusader in Crinoline (Philadel­ phia: Lippincott, 1941), pp. 30<>-301,463-467, 476-478; Edward Wagenknecht, Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Known and the Unknown (New York: Oxford, 1965), p. 171; Noel B. Gerson, Harriet Beecher Stowe (New York: Praeger, 1976), pp. 154-157. The accuracy of the telling varies greatly. Fields misdates letters, Lyman Beecher Stowe missed the date of book publication by three years, and Gerson has the months of serial publication wrong. Wilson has the best overall account. 2. Charles E. Stowe, p. 187; Fields, p. 168; Stowe and Stowe, p. 244. The Era letters appeared in The National Era on August 5 and September 9, 1852. They bore the titles "Letter from Maine, #1" and "Letters from Maine, #2." 158 Published by Digital Commons @ Colby, 1980 1 Colby Quarterly, Vol. 16, Iss. 3 [1980], Art. 5 E. BRUCE KIRKHAM 159 Although the initial reception of the Cabin had been favorable, within a few months an anti-Cabin flood began to swell. In order to "prove" that her fiction was based on fact, Mrs. Stowe spent the remainder of 1852 and part of the next year assembling instances parallel to those she had described in her book. She culled newspapers, wrote letters, read law books, and compiled The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin published in 1853. Then she left for Europe and a triumphal tour. The following year she wrote of the trip in Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands, adding another to the many travel books so popular at mid-century. In 1855 she tried to satisfy the demand for work by the author of Uncle Tom by col­ lecting thirty-five of her previously published sketches and stories and seven of her poems in a volume called The May Flower. Yet her public wanted still more; another Uncle Tom, if you please. And so she wrote Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp, based on Nat Turner's revolt. The book was not well received, and she returned to Europe, this time to Italy for almost a year. Shortly after her return from Europe, her oldest son, Henry, nine­ teen, a freshman at Dartmouth, drowned in the Connecticut River. After the body was brought home to Andover and buried in the family plot, Harriet, Calvin, and youngest son Charlie, made a pilgrimage to Brunswick to revisit the places where the family had been so happy. The trip helped her through her grief and revitalized the Maine story. Charles Foster suggests that she returned to work on the story''through the fall and most of the winter" hoping to send it off to the new Atlan­ tic magazine. 3 But the grief was too strong, and she turned instead to write the Minister's Wooing, a tale of Revolutionary New England, drowning, and loss of faith. In 1859-60 she visited Europe for the third and last time. Italy again, and the Brownings, Ruskin, and others made it the most memorable trip. Awed by what she saw, she was moved to begin, not another travel sketch, but a novel, Agnes ofSorrento. Upon her return, June 16, 1860, she contacted James T. Fields, editor of the Atlantic. He wanted a serial, a New England story. Although she had The Pearl waiting in the wings, ready to go on, she insisted that Agnes was what she wanted to write; therefore it must be what Fields would publish. Reluctantly, Fields gave in. During this period Theodore Tilton, editor of the New York Indepen­ dent, a Congregational newspaper to which Harriet's brother, Henry Ward Beecher, contributed weekly sermons, approached her about writ­ ing a piece. Harriet agreed, planning to use her Maine story to fill the bill. There should have been no problems. The Atlantic was a monthly, and Agnes was a story she wanted to write. The Independent was a weekly, but The Pearl ofOrr's Island was already well along. No prob- 3. Charles Foster, The Rungless Ladder (Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 1954), p. 86. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq/vol16/iss3/5 2 Kirkham: The Writing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's The Pearl of Orr's Island 160 COLBY LIBRARY QUARTERLY lems at all; the scheme was flawless. Two sources of income at once for very little work. How could it fail? The announcement of her "NEW STORY" appeared in the Indepen­ dent December 6, 1860. To be called "The Pearl of Orr's Island: A Story of the Coast of Maine," it would begin in the first issue of the new year. On December 18 she sent Tilton the "second number of [the] Independent story." She would be visiting Brooklyn "the day after Christmas" and would like to stop by the office and "correct the proof of both numbers while there." The text should be "just to my mind." Tilton, she added, had seen "in the coals what was coming and I see in the coals that I am in for it, for the thing begins to stir and feel round and the children like it-and the likelihood is it will run thru as many more numbers-woe is me-who have it to do." In a note she added that "the first number is shorter than any of the others will be-because it came to exactly a right stopping place."4 The first installment of the piece that was to run "three or four numbers" appeared January 3, 1861. Soon things began to go wrong. The pressure mounted swiftly, for Agnes also demanded her time. She wrote to her daughter, Hatty, from Andover on January 9, 1861, "I am writing now full steam, seventeen or eighteen pages a day to get ahead of my Independent story." There was no time to let the girls look the story over in manuscript; "you will have to read it in the papers." 5 Four days later she wrote, again to Hatty, "I am writing tooth and nail (so to speak) to get on with my two stories-the first four numbers are finished-I wonder where each one comes from. What will come of it, I don't know-People seem to like it quite to my surprise."6 On January 16 she explained to Fields that nothing of Agnes had been forthcoming because "I wanted to get myself out of the immediate pursuit of the Independent" and "reread my little darling, for whom I have a particular love." The writing of Agnes "gilds this icey winter weather.
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