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A Genetic Context for Understanding the Trigonometric Functions Danny Otero Xavier University, [email protected]
Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College Transforming Instruction in Undergraduate Pre-calculus and Trigonometry Mathematics via Primary Historical Sources (TRIUMPHS) Spring 3-2017 A Genetic Context for Understanding the Trigonometric Functions Danny Otero Xavier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/triumphs_precalc Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Educational Methods Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Otero, Danny, "A Genetic Context for Understanding the Trigonometric Functions" (2017). Pre-calculus and Trigonometry. 1. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/triumphs_precalc/1 This Course Materials is brought to you for free and open access by the Transforming Instruction in Undergraduate Mathematics via Primary Historical Sources (TRIUMPHS) at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pre-calculus and Trigonometry by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Genetic Context for Understanding the Trigonometric Functions Daniel E. Otero∗ July 22, 2019 Trigonometry is concerned with the measurements of angles about a central point (or of arcs of circles centered at that point) and quantities, geometrical and otherwise, that depend on the sizes of such angles (or the lengths of the corresponding arcs). It is one of those subjects that has become a standard part of the toolbox of every scientist and applied mathematician. It is the goal of this project to impart to students some of the story of where and how its central ideas first emerged, in an attempt to provide context for a modern study of this mathematical theory. -
Extending Euclidean Constructions with Dynamic Geometry Software
Proceedings of the 20th Asian Technology Conference in Mathematics (Leshan, China, 2015) Extending Euclidean constructions with dynamic geometry software Alasdair McAndrew [email protected] College of Engineering and Science Victoria University PO Box 18821, Melbourne 8001 Australia Abstract In order to solve cubic equations by Euclidean means, the standard ruler and compass construction tools are insufficient, as was demonstrated by Pierre Wantzel in the 19th century. However, the ancient Greek mathematicians also used another construction method, the neusis, which was a straightedge with two marked points. We show in this article how a neusis construction can be implemented using dynamic geometry software, and give some examples of its use. 1 Introduction Standard Euclidean geometry, as codified by Euclid, permits of two constructions: drawing a straight line between two given points, and constructing a circle with center at one given point, and passing through another. It can be shown that the set of points constructible by these methods form the quadratic closure of the rationals: that is, the set of all points obtainable by any finite sequence of arithmetic operations and the taking of square roots. With the rise of Galois theory, and of field theory generally in the 19th century, it is now known that irreducible cubic equations cannot be solved by these Euclidean methods: so that the \doubling of the cube", and the \trisection of the angle" problems would need further constructions. Doubling the cube requires us to be able to solve the equation x3 − 2 = 0 and trisecting the angle, if it were possible, would enable us to trisect 60◦ (which is con- structible), to obtain 20◦. -
Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction Du Branch Patrimoine De I'edition
Rhetoric more geometrico in Proclus' Elements of Theology and Boethius' De Hebdomadibus A Thesis submitted in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts in Philosophy Institute for Christian Studies Toronto, Ontario By Carlos R. Bovell November 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-43117-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-43117-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. -
Es, and (3) Toprovide -Specific Suggestions for Teaching Such Topics
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 026 236 SE 004 576 Guidelines for Mathematics in the Secondary School South Carolina State Dept. of Education, Columbia. Pub Date 65 Note- I36p. EDRS Price MF-$0.7511C-$6.90 Deseriptors- Advanced Programs, Algebra, Analytic Geometry, Coucse Content, Curriculum,*Curriculum Guides, GeoMetry,Instruction,InstructionalMaterials," *Mathematics, *Number ConCepts,NumberSystems,- *Secondar.. School" Mathematies Identifiers-ISouth Carcilina- This guide containsan outline of topics to be included in individual subject areas in secondary school mathematics andsome specific. suggestions for teachin§ them.. Areas covered inclUde--(1) fundamentals of mathematicsincluded in seventh and eighth grades and general mathematicsin the high school, (2) algebra concepts for COurset one and two, (3) geometry, and (4) advancedmathematics. The guide was written With the following purposes jn mind--(1) to assist local .grOupsto have a basis on which to plan a rykathematics 'course of study,. (2) to give individual teachers an overview of a. particular course Or several cOur:-:es, and (3) toprovide -specific sUggestions for teaching such topics. (RP) Ilia alb 1 fa...4...w. M".7 ,noo d.1.1,64 III.1ai.s3X,i Ala k JS& # Aso sA1.6. It tilatt,41.,,,k a.. -----.-----:--.-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-.-. faidel1ae,4 icii MATHEMATICSIN THE SECONDARYSCHOOL Published by STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION JESSE T. ANDERSON,State Superintendent Columbia, S. C. 1965 Permission to Reprint Permission to reprint A Guide, Mathematics in Florida Second- ary Schools has been granted by the State Department of Edu- cation, Tallahassee, Flmida, Thomas D. Bailey, Superintendent. The South Carolina State Department of Education is in- debted to the Florida State DepartMent of Education and the aahors of A Guide, Mathematics in Florida Secondary Schools. -
If 1+1=2 Then the Pythagorean Theorem Holds, Or One More Proof of the Oldest Theorem of Mathematics
!"#$%"&"!'()**#%"$'+&'%,#'`.#%/)'01"+/P'3$"4#/5"%6'+&'7/9)'0)/#2 Vol. 10 (XXVII) no. 1, 2013 ISSN-L 1841-9267 (Print), ISSN 2285-438X (Online), ISSN 2286-3184 (CD-ROM) If 1+1=2 then the Pythagorean theorem holds, or one more proof of the oldest theorem of mathematics Alexandru HORVATH´ ”Petru Maior” University of Tg. Mures¸, Romania e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Pythagorean theorem is one of the oldest theorems of mathematics. It gained dur- ing the time a central position and even today it continues to be a source of inspiration. In this note we try to give a proof which is based on a hopefully new approach. Our treatment will be as intuitive as it can be. Keywords: Pythagorean theorem, geometric transformation, Euclidean geometry MSC 2000: 51M04, 51M05, 51N20 One of the oldest theorems of mathematics – the T T Pythagorean theorem – states that the area of the square drawn on the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) of a right angled triangle, is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares constructed on the other two sides, (the catheti). That is, 2 2 2 a + b = c , if we denote the length of the sides of the triangle by a, b, c respectively. Figure 1. The transformation Loomis ([3]) collected several hundreds of different proofs of this theorem, and classified them in categories. Maor ([4]) traces the evolution of the Pythagorean theorem and its impact on mathematics and on our culture in gen- Let us assume T is such a transformation having a as the eral. -
Letter from Descartes to Desargues 1 (19 June 1639)
Appendix 1 Letter from Descartes to Desargues 1 (19 June 1639) Sir, The openness I have observed in your temperament, and my obligations to you, invite me to write to you freely what I can conjecture of the Treatise on Conic Sections, of which the R[everend] F[ather] M[ersenne] sent me the Draft. 2 You may have two designs, which are very good and very praiseworthy, but which do not both require the same course of action. One is to write for the learned, and to instruct them about some new properties of conics with which they are not yet familiar; the other is to write for people who are interested but not learned, and make this subject, which until now has been understood by very few people, but which is nevertheless very useful for Perspective, Architecture etc., accessible to the common people and easily understood by anyone who studies it from your book. If you have the first of these designs, it does not seem to me that you have any need to use new terms: for the learned, being already accustomed to the terms used by Apollonius, will not easily exchange them for others, even better ones, and thus your terms will only have the effect of making your proofs more difficult for them and discourage them from reading them. If you have the second design, your terms, being French, and showing wit and elegance in their invention, will certainly be better received than those of the Ancients by people who have no preconceived ideas; and they might even serve to attract some people to read your work, as they read works on Heraldry, Hunting, Architecture etc., without any wish to become hunters or architects but only to learn to talk about them correctly. -
Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding
MATH/STAT. T. SUNDARA ROW S Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding Edited and Revised by WOOSTER WOODRUFF BEMAN PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAK and DAVID EUGENE SMITH PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN TEACHERS 1 COLLEGE OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY WITH 87 ILLUSTRATIONS THIRD EDITION CHICAGO ::: LONDON THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY 1917 & XC? 4255 COPYRIGHT BY THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING Co, 1901 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA hn HATH EDITORS PREFACE. OUR attention was first attracted to Sundara Row s Geomet rical Exercises in Paper Folding by a reference in Klein s Vor- lesungen iiber ausgezucihlte Fragen der Elementargeometrie. An examination of the book, obtained after many vexatious delays, convinced us of its undoubted merits and of its probable value to American teachers and students of geometry. Accordingly we sought permission of the author to bring out an edition in this country, wnich permission was most generously granted. The purpose of the book is so fully set forth in the author s introduction that we need only to say that it is sure to prove of interest to every wide-awake teacher of geometry from the graded school to the college. The methods are so novel and the results so easily reached that they cannot fail to awaken enthusiasm. Our work as editors in this revision has been confined to some slight modifications of the proofs, some additions in the way of references, and the insertion of a considerable number of half-tone reproductions of actual photographs instead of the line-drawings of the original. W. W. -
A One-Page Primer the Centers and Circles of a Triangle
1 The Triangle: A One-Page Primer (Date: March 15, 2004 ) An angle is formed by two intersecting lines. A right angle has 90◦. An angle that is less (greater) than a right angle is called acute (obtuse). Two angles whose sum is 90◦ (180◦) are called complementary (supplementary). Two intersecting perpendicular lines form right angles. The angle bisectors are given by the locus of points equidistant from its two lines. The internal and external angle bisectors are perpendicular to each other. The vertically opposite angles formed by the intersection of two lines are equal. In triangle ABC, the angles are denoted A, B, C; the sides are denoted a = BC, b = AC, c = AB; the semi- 1 ◦ perimeter (s) is 2 the perimeter (a + b + c). A + B + C = 180 . Similar figures are equiangular and their corresponding components are proportional. Two triangles are similar if they share two equal angles. Euclid's VI.19, 2 ∆ABC a the areas of similar triangles are proportional to the second power of their corresponding sides ( ∆A0B0C0 = a02 ). An acute triangle has three acute angles. An obtuse triangle has one obtuse angle. A scalene triangle has all its sides unequal. An isosceles triangle has two equal sides. I.5 (pons asinorum): The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal. An equilateral triangle has all its sides congruent. A right triangle has one right angle (at C). The hypotenuse of a right triangle is the side opposite the 90◦ angle and the catheti are its other legs. In a opp adj opp adj hyp hyp right triangle, sin = , cos = , tan = , cot = , sec = , csc = . -
ANCIENT PROBLEMS VS. MODERN TECHNOLOGY 1. Geometric Constructions Some Problems, Such As the Search for a Construction That Woul
ANCIENT PROBLEMS VS. MODERN TECHNOLOGY SˇARKA´ GERGELITSOVA´ AND TOMA´ Sˇ HOLAN Abstract. Geometric constructions using a ruler and a compass have been known for more than two thousand years. It has also been known for a long time that some problems cannot be solved using the ruler-and-compass method (squaring the circle, angle trisection); on the other hand, there are other prob- lems that are yet to be solved. Nowadays, the focus of researchers’ interest is different: the search for new geometric constructions has shifted to the field of recreational mathematics. In this article, we present the solutions of several construction problems which were discovered with the help of a computer. The aim of this article is to point out that computer availability and perfor- mance have increased to such an extent that, today, anyone can solve problems that have remained unsolved for centuries. 1. Geometric constructions Some problems, such as the search for a construction that would divide a given angle into three equal parts, the construction of a square having an area equal to the area of the given circle or doubling the cube, troubled mathematicians already hundreds and thousands of years ago. Today, we not only know that these problems have never been solved, but we are even able to prove that such constructions cannot exist at all [8], [10]. On the other hand, there is, for example, the problem of finding the center of a given circle with a compass alone. This is a problem that was admired by Napoleon Bonaparte [11] and one of the problems that we are able to solve today (Mascheroni found the answer long ago [9]). -
Can One Design a Geometry Engine? on the (Un) Decidability of Affine
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Can one design a geometry engine? On the (un)decidability of certain affine Euclidean geometries Johann A. Makowsky Received: June 4, 2018/ Accepted: date Abstract We survey the status of decidabilty of the consequence relation in various ax- iomatizations of Euclidean geometry. We draw attention to a widely overlooked result by Martin Ziegler from 1980, which proves Tarski’s conjecture on the undecidability of finitely axiomatizable theories of fields. We elaborate on how to use Ziegler’s theorem to show that the consequence relations for the first order theory of the Hilbert plane and the Euclidean plane are undecidable. As new results we add: (A) The first order consequence relations for Wu’s orthogonal and metric geometries (Wen- Ts¨un Wu, 1984), and for the axiomatization of Origami geometry (J. Justin 1986, H. Huzita 1991) are undecidable. It was already known that the universal theory of Hilbert planes and Wu’s orthogonal geom- etry is decidable. We show here using elementary model theoretic tools that (B) the universal first order consequences of any geometric theory T of Pappian planes which is consistent with the analytic geometry of the reals is decidable. The techniques used were all known to experts in mathematical logic and geometry in the past but no detailed proofs are easily accessible for practitioners of symbolic computation or automated theorem proving. Keywords Euclidean Geometry · Automated Theorem Proving · Undecidability arXiv:1712.07474v3 [cs.SC] 1 Jun 2018 J.A. Makowsky Faculty of Computer Science, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel E-mail: [email protected] 2 J.A. -
Read Book Advanced Euclidean Geometry Ebook
ADVANCED EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Roger A. Johnson | 336 pages | 30 Nov 2007 | Dover Publications Inc. | 9780486462370 | English | New York, United States Advanced Euclidean Geometry PDF Book As P approaches nearer to A , r passes through all values from one to zero; as P passes through A , and moves toward B, r becomes zero and then passes through all negative values, becoming —1 at the mid-point of AB. Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. In Elements Angle bisector theorem Exterior angle theorem Euclidean algorithm Euclid's theorem Geometric mean theorem Greek geometric algebra Hinge theorem Inscribed angle theorem Intercept theorem Pons asinorum Pythagorean theorem Thales's theorem Theorem of the gnomon. It might also be so named because of the geometrical figure's resemblance to a steep bridge that only a sure-footed donkey could cross. Calculus Real analysis Complex analysis Differential equations Functional analysis Harmonic analysis. This article needs attention from an expert in mathematics. Facebook Twitter. On any line there is one and only one point at infinity. This may be formulated and proved algebraically:. When we have occasion to deal with a geometric quantity that may be regarded as measurable in either of two directions, it is often convenient to regard measurements in one of these directions as positive, the other as negative. Logical questions thus become completely independent of empirical or psychological questions For example, proposition I. This volume serves as an extension of high school-level studies of geometry and algebra, and He was formerly professor of mathematics education and dean of the School of Education at The City College of the City University of New York, where he spent the previous 40 years. -
On the Standard Lengths of Angle Bisectors and the Angle Bisector Theorem
Global Journal of Advanced Research on Classical and Modern Geometries ISSN: 2284-5569, pp.15-27 ON THE STANDARD LENGTHS OF ANGLE BISECTORS AND THE ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM G.W INDIKA SHAMEERA AMARASINGHE ABSTRACT. In this paper the author unveils several alternative proofs for the standard lengths of Angle Bisectors and Angle Bisector Theorem in any triangle, along with some new useful derivatives of them. 2010 Mathematical Subject Classification: 97G40 Keywords and phrases: Angle Bisector theorem, Parallel lines, Pythagoras Theorem, Similar triangles. 1. INTRODUCTION In this paper the author introduces alternative proofs for the standard length of An- gle Bisectors and the Angle Bisector Theorem in classical Euclidean Plane Geometry, on a concise elementary format while promoting the significance of them by acquainting some prominent generalized side length ratios within any two distinct triangles existed with some certain correlations of their corresponding angles, as new lemmas. Within this paper 8 new alternative proofs are exposed by the author on the angle bisection, 3 new proofs each for the lengths of the Angle Bisectors by various perspectives with also 5 new proofs for the Angle Bisector Theorem. 1.1. The Standard Length of the Angle Bisector Date: 1 February 2012 . 15 G.W Indika Shameera Amarasinghe The length of the angle bisector of a standard triangle such as AD in figure 1.1 is AD2 = AB · AC − BD · DC, or AD2 = bc 1 − (a2/(b + c)2) according to the standard notation of a triangle as it was initially proved by an extension of the angle bisector up to the circumcircle of the triangle.