La Définition Et Les Implications Du Concept De Voiture Propre

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La Définition Et Les Implications Du Concept De Voiture Propre N° 2757 N° 125 ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE SÉNAT CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958 DOUZIÈME LÉGISLATURE SESSION ORDINAIRE DE 2005-2006 Enregistré à la Présidence de l'Assemblée nationale Annexe au procès-verbal de la séance le 14 décembre 2005 du 14 décembre 2005 OFFICE PARLEMENTAIRE D'ÉVALUATION DES CHOIX SCIENTIFIQUES ET TECHNOLOGIQUES RAPPORT sur la définition et les implications du concept de voiture propre, Par MM. Christian CABAL et Claude GATIGNOL, députés. Déposé sur le Bureau de l'Assemblée nationale Déposé sur le Bureau du Sénat par M. Claude BIRRAUX par M. Henri REVOL Premier Vice-Président de l'Office. Président de l'Office. Environnement. COMPOSITION DE L’OFFICE PARLEMENTAIRE D’ÉVALUATION DES CHOIX SCIENTIFIQUES ET TECHNOLOGIQUES PRÉSIDENT M. HENRI REVOL PREMIER VICE-PRÉSIDENT M. CLAUDE BIRRAUX VICE-PRÉSIDENTS M. Claude GATIGNOL, député M. Jean-Claude ETIENNE, sénateur M. Pierre LASBORDES, député M. Pierre LAFFITTE, sénateur M. Jean-Yves LE DEAUT, député M. Claude SAUNIER, sénateur DÉPUTÉS SÉNATEURS M. Jean BARDET M. Philippe ARNAUD M. Christian BATAILLE M. Paul BLANC M. Jean-Pierre BRARD Mme Marie-Christine BLANDIN M. Christian CABAL Mme Brigitte BOUT M. Alain CLAEYS M. François-Noël BUFFET M. Pierre COHEN M. Roland COURTEAU M. Francis DELATTRE M. Christian GAUDIN M. Jean-Marie DEMANGE M. Serge LAGAUCHE M. Jean DIONIS du SÉJOUR M. Jean-François LE GRAND M. Jean-Pierre DOOR Mme Catherine PROCACCIA M. Pierre-Louis FAGNIEZ M. Daniel RAOUL M. Louis GUÉDON M. Ivan RENAR M. Christian KERT M. Bruno SIDO M. Pierre-André PÉRISSOL M. Alain VASSELLE SAISINE - 1 - SOMMAIRE Pages INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 5 I. TROUVER LE CHEMIN D’UNE MOBILITÉ DURABLE..................................................... 11 A. L’ÉNERGIE ET LA MOBILITÉ, DEUX PILIERS DE LA CROISSANCE ÉCONOMIQUE......................................................................................................................... 13 1. La croissance économique et la demande énergétique ............................................................ 13 2. La croissance économique et la mobilité................................................................................. 20 3. La liberté d’aller et venir : un droit fondamental.................................................................... 24 B. COMMENT RENDRE L’ÉVOLUTION DU MARCHÉ AUTOMOBILE ÉCO- COMPATIBLE ? ....................................................................................................................... 28 1. Le parc automobile français : vers une voiture diesel par individu ? ...................................... 29 2. Inéluctabilité de la montée en gamme et en puissance ? L’exception française....................... 33 3. La sécurité et le confort sont-ils compatibles avec les économies d’énergie ?......................... 37 4. La voiture mono-usage est-elle vouée à l’échec ? ................................................................... 40 C. LA PERTINENCE DES OBJECTIFS DE RÉDUCTION DE LA POLLUTION ET DE LA PRIORITÉ ACCORDÉE À LA TECHNOLOGIE................................................................ 42 1. L’étude réalisée sur l’arc alpin à l’horizon 2030 .................................................................... 42 2. Les deux tiers de la solution sont technologiques.................................................................... 44 II. L’INDISPENSABLE ÉCOBILAN DE LA VOITURE SUR SON CYCLE DE VIE ............. 49 A. L’IMPACT ENVIRONNEMENTAL DE LA VOITURE SUR SON CYCLE DE VIE................ 50 1. L’analyse par cycle de vie : une généralisation indispensable ................................................ 51 2. Les parts respectives de la fabrication, de l’usage et du recyclage ......................................... 58 B. L’ÉCOFABRICATION DES VOITURES .................................................................................. 60 1. Écoconception : matériaux, légèreté, démontabilité… ............................................................ 60 2. Écofabrication : le bilan environnemental des usines ............................................................. 65 C. LE RECYCLAGE DES VÉHICULES ........................................................................................ 72 1. Les objectifs européens ........................................................................................................... 72 2. La mise en place d’une filière économiquement et techniquement viable ................................ 74 III. FACE À LA POLLUTION LOCALE, DES SOLUTIONS TECHNOLOGIQUES DISPONIBLES......................................................................................................................... 77 A. LA POLLUTION LOCALE : QUEL DIAGNOSTIC ? QUELLE ÉVOLUTION ? ..................... 78 1. Le constat dressé par Airparif en Ile-de-France...................................................................... 78 2. L’évolution prévisible de la pollution urbaine due au transport routier.................................. 84 B. LA POLLUTION URBAINE, UN ENJEU POUR LA SANTÉ PUBLIQUE ............................... 90 1. Les polluants automobiles et leur impact sur la santé ............................................................. 90 2. Une connaissance clinique et épidémiologique à améliorer .................................................... 92 C. LA SÉVÉRISATION DES NORMES ET LES PROGRÈS TECHNOLOGIQUES ..................... 95 1. Des normes européennes toujours plus strictes ....................................................................... 95 2. L’achèvement de la dépollution des émissions ........................................................................101 1. La désulfuration du carburant.................................................................................................106 2. De nouveaux modes de combustion .........................................................................................107 - 2 - D. LES FILIÈRES ALTERNATIVES POUR RÉDUIRE LA POLLUTION ET LE CO2 ................111 1. Le gaz de pétrole liquéfié (GPL) .............................................................................................111 2. Le gaz naturel véhicule (GNV)................................................................................................113 IV. L’EFFET DE SERRE : UN DÉFI POUR LES TRANSPORTS............................................117 A. LE SECTEUR DES TRANSPORTS : L’ÉMETTEUR LE PLUS DYNAMIQUE .......................119 1. Les transports dans les émissions globales .............................................................................119 2. Les émissions des voitures particulières en France.................................................................123 1. La prise en compte des auxiliaires : l’exemple de la climatisation..........................................128 2. Le plan climat et la nécessaire promotion de solutions non technologiques............................133 B. LES PROGRÈS DU MOTEUR À COMBUSTION INTERNE : INCONTOURNABLES À COURT TERME, INSUFFISANTS À LONG TERME ..........................................................140 1. La diésélisation : solution d’aujourd’hui, solution de demain ?..............................................140 2. Le moteur à essence peut-il bénéficier de progrès aussi importants que le moteur diesel ? ...................................................................................................................................151 C. L’HYBRIDATION : UNE TECHNOLOGIE VRAISEMBLABLEMENT CLEF À MOYEN ET LONG TERMES ...................................................................................................156 1. Le principe et les différents types d’hybridation......................................................................156 2. Une technologie aujourd’hui efficace, mais chère et marginale..............................................160 3. Une technologie demain incontournable ? ..............................................................................162 D. LA VOITURE ÉLECTRIQUE : UNE TECHNOLOGIE QUI DOIT DÉMONTRER SA VIABILITÉ................................................................................................................................167 1. Pourquoi la voiture électrique a-t-elle été un échec dans les années 1990 ?...........................168 2. Les projets et les potentialités .................................................................................................173 3. Une démonstration nécessaire des capacités réelles des voitures électriques..........................183 E. LES BIOCARBURANTS : DE L’AGRICULTURE À LA CHIMIE ...........................................187 1. Les filières actuelles de biocarburants dans le monde.............................................................188 2. Les biocarburants agricoles : une solution utile mais marginale ............................................196 3. La biomasse : une réelle opportunité à long terme et un enjeu de recherche...........................206 F. L’HYDROGÈNE ET LA PILE À COMBUSTIBLE : LE RÊVE EST-IL POSSIBLE ?...............211 1. L’hydrogène direct : une voie marginale ?..............................................................................213 2. La pile à combustible : peut-on surmonter les obstacles ? ......................................................215 a) Histoire et principe technologique ......................................................................................215 b) Quelle pile pour les transports
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