SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KESHAV GANGURDE (4806-4814)

GROUND WATER QUALITY AND LEVEL IN , : A REVIEW

Keshav Gangurde Dept. of Chemistry, VPM’s, Arts, Commerce & Science College, Kinhavali, Tal.- Shahapur, Thane, (M.S) India, 421 403.

Abstract The quality and level of ground water in Haryana state of India is reviewed in this paper. As concentrations of harmful ions and micro-organisms in some part of Haryana was found to beyond the maximum allowable limit for drinking water in India. Due to industrialization and urbanization, there is a maximum demand of water in Haryana. To fulfil this demand maximum population was found to depend heavily on groundwater, as surface water resources in Haryana are limited and fully utilized. The analysis done by different researchers proved that, the quality and level of ground water in Haryana is continuously declining due to industrialization, urbanization, microbial contamination and impact of weather. The present review aims to summarize the status of ground water level and quality, challenges and need of research to improve groundwater level and quality in Haryana, India based on available literature. Key words: Ground water, level, irrigation, contamination, Haryana.

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Introduction Water is one of the essentials of „Panchatattva‟ required to build up the human body. Almost 75% by weight of living plants and animals constituted by water. It plays major role in every life function like-digestion, circulation, excretion etc. The water available on the earth can be classified into two categories 1) Surface water and 2) Ground water. The water which percolates through soil, sand and rock and is stored below the ground is called ground water. Statistical data shows that total fresh water available on the earth in liquid form is 10.7 K km3 , out of which ground water constitute about 98% i.e. 10.5 K km3 [1]. Water plays important role in the development of any country. Generally, surface water is used in agriculture and irrigation sector. But in past few years surface water is get polluted by both natural as well as man-made activities. The waste produced by industries contains harmful toxic chemicals and pollutants like mercury, sulphur and lead. Many industries do not have proper effluent treatment system and drain the waste into fresh water bodies such as lake, canal, river and sea. The toxic chemicals have capability to change the physico-chemical properties of water.

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Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have also known to alter the properties of water and contaminate it. When such polluted water come into main stream of drinking water it causes severe health hazards. Besides this, polluted water also degrades the soil fertility and decreases crop productivity [2-4]. Due to pollution hazards and irregularities of rainy season, the ground water is an economic resource since last few years. The ground water is one of the most important factor in increasing food production and achieving food security in India. Moreover, statistical data revealed that about 60% of food production depends on groundwater [5]. Therefore quality of ground water plays a major role in controlling water quality, public health and environment. The general cropping pattern of Haryana is rice and wheat. For cultivation of paddy, flooding method of water irrigation is generally used, which requires large amount of water. The result of which there is continuous depletion of ground water level. Moreover, chemical fertilizers were used to increase productivity, which deteriorate quality of water and fertility of soil. Therefore in order to meet quality fresh water for diverse purposes, it is necessary to monitor the ground water quality time to time. The physico-chemical analysis of ground water on drinking water standards and the problem of pollution due to presence of heavy metals have been studied by several researchers (Manchanda H. R. 1976; Manchanda et al. 1978; Kakkar 1981; Tanwar B.S. 1988; Chand et al. 1993; Sharma D.R. 1998; Yadav R. P. 1999; Yadav A. K. 2000; Kumar M. 2003; Phogat et al. 2004; Singh D. 2005 [6-16]. The secondary data available in the literature was studied in the present work in which an attempt have been made to analyze the impact of urbanization, pollution, cultivation of water hungry crops on ground water level and its quality in the Haryana state of India. Description of the study area The geographical location of the Haryana state in India is shown in figure 1.

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FIGURE. 1.Location mapsof study area Haryana is a land-locked state in the northwest of India and is located between 27o39‟ and 30o35‟ N latitude and between 74o27‟ and 77o36‟ E longitude with just 1.37% of the total geographical area. Ground water has significant role in the growth of irrigated agriculture development in the state of Haryana. About 98% of the cultivated land is irrigated through tube-wells. Statistical data shows that about 50% of the total geographical area is severely affected by the problems of accretion, salinity and waterlogging. Ground water development The amount of ground water available for actual use is indicated by the term “Ground water development”. More the ground water development less will be the ground water availability. The ratio of the annual ground water extraction to the net annual ground water availability is called ground water development [17]. Ground water The annual ground water extraction = development The net annual ground water availability

During the year 2009, the total ground water availability in Haryana was9.80 lakh hectare meter [18]. Figure 2 illustrates the unequal availability of ground water among the districts of Haryana. Out of this annual available ground water the district wise availability and consumptionof ground water in agriculture, domestic and industrial sector is shown in the table 1.

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FIGURE 2:District wiseground water availability in Haryana.

TABLE 1.District wise ground water development in Haryana. Domestic Ground and Total Ground waterConsu Industrial consumption Ground waterAvaila mption for consumption of Ground water District bility Irrigation of Ground Water development (Hectare (Hectare water (Hectare (%) meter) meter) (Hectare meter) meter) Ambala 52244 41583 7710 49293 94.35 55138 43068 756 43824 79.48 20228 14118 2232 16350 80.83 Fatehabad 60605 107316 1403 108719 179.39 23261 35777 18150 53927 231.83 66249 59836 449 60285 91.00 Jhajjar 42718 40751 192 40943 95.84 81714 77363 3510 80873 98.97 50783 101504 6242 107746 212.17 85904 118899 1244 120143 139.86 34323 67904 6732 74636 217.45 Mahendragarh 21437 22453 388 22841 106.55 Mewat 21623 13280 1173 14453 66.84 44771 45892 999 46891 104.74 13876 9072 2790 11862 85.49 30865 50961 494 51455 166.71 27999 31255 116 31371 112.04 45017 28446 2297 30743 68.29 75452 115634 776 116410 154.28

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Sonipat 77426 90622 3913 94535 122.10 Nagar 48199 55077 10215 65292 135.46 Haryana 979832 1170811 71787 1242598 126.82 Source: BVAAP, June 2015.

The statistics given above reflect that, ground water development is too much high in the districts of Gurgaon, Kaithal and Kurukshetra, where ground water development is more than 200%. In future, if precautions are not taken to reduce the use of ground water then these three districts will face the problem of scarcity of water. The observed ground water development in the districts of Fatehabad, Karnal, Mahendragarh, Palwal, Panchkula, Rohtak, , Sirsa and is more than 100%. In the districts of Ambala, Faridabad, Hisar, Jind, Jhajjar and Panipat the ground water development is 80% and above. In the rest of districts, the ground water development is below 80%. Overall, the ground water development in the state of Haryana is 126.82%. This indicates that in the state of Haryana, the annual ground water extraction is more than annual ground water recharge. This has resulted in declining water table in various regions of the state and now become a serious threat in socio-economic development. The cultivation of water hungry crops like paddy and sugar cane in certain regions of the state continuously declines the ground water level. Apart from cropping pattern, the ground water extraction through tubewells is equally responsible for declining ground water level. Ground water quality and contamination The quality of ground water mainly depends upon the climatic conditions particularly rainfall as well as composition of parent rocks and soils. Table 2 shows the observations by the different researchers when they have assessed the physico-chemical properties of ground water from different parts of Haryana to study its quality status. TABLE 2. Physico-Chemical characteristics studies of ground water in Haryana. Physico- Authors Area chemical Observations characteristics Reported that the processing of metal ore and fuel contaminates both surface and sub-surface water 2- pH, Fe, Mn, Al, with Fe, Al and SO4 in Arawali and Dhosi hill. Manchanda F, SO 2-, NO -, Also observed that the ground water in parts of Gurgaon 4 3 H.R. (1976) TDS and Gurgaon contains excessive concentrations of Mn, hardness F-, nitrates and TDS. The water from Mewat areas

shows increase in hardness due to CaCO3 composition in rock.

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Observed the huge concentration of nitrates due to Manchanda anthropogenic activities and noted that sub- Rewari NO - et al. (1978) 3 surface water from Pataudi is permeable to pollution. Southern Concluded that ground water from Farukhnagar Kakkar Y. and S-W NO - city was acidic in nature and was greatly P. (1981) 3 Haryana contaminated by nitrates. Reported that the quality and quantity of ground water in southern part of Haryana shows larger Hardness, Tanwar B.S. South deviation along horizontal and vertical direction Alkalinity and (1988) Haryana depending on rainfall pattern and composition of Salinity Hazard parent rock. Also noted that about 34% of total area in Haryana irrigated with tube well water. Comparatively studied the ground water quality among the five villages of and reported that 52% water belonged to the sodic Chand et al. Rewari EC and SAR category in Aslwas followed by Shahpur (43%) (1993) and Bawal (27%). The proportion of saline and sodic waters was maximum in Kasanwas (100%) followed by Bawal (19.4%) and Aslwas (9.5%). Surveyed, assessed and classified underground Sharma D.R. water resources in as 29.6% good, Kaithal EC and SAR (1998) 13.9% marginally alkali, 22.8% alkali and 17.8% highly alkali. Observed that majority of ground water were good (34.4%), marginally saline (5.4%), saline Yadav R. P. Mahendraga pH, EC, RSC, (8.9%), high SAR-saline (2.6%), marginally (1999) rh ESP and SAR acidic (4.9%), acidic (12.7%) and highly acidic (14%) in nature. The electrical conductivity and SAR of the Yadav A.K. underground water samples found to range Hisar EC and SAR (2000) between 0.45-3.35 dS/m and 0.15-22.40 (m/ML)1/2 respectively. The ground water from Safidon block of was found to have EC and RSC ranged Kumar M. from 0.5-10.9 dS/m, 0.4-10.0 me/L respectively Jind EC and RSC (2003) and also reported that among poor quality water samples, 9% saline, 19% sodic and 20% were saline-sodic. Concluded that the concentrations of Na+, Ca2+ Na+, Ca+2, and Mg2+ ions generally increased with increase in Phogat et al. Mg+2, Cl-, Hisar electrical conductivity. The water samples were (2004) CO 2-, HCO - 3 3 found to have appreciable amount of Cl- and and EC - 2- HCO3 while CO3 was found in traces.

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Observed that EC, RSC and SAR for water of a Singh D. EC, RSC and sand block of of Haryana was Karnal (2005) SAR ranged from 0.48-6.52 dS/m, 0-18.10 me/L and 0.26-19.86 (m/ML)1/2 respectively. EC = Electrical Conductivity, RSC = Residual sodium carbonate index, SAR = Sodium adsorption ratio, ESP = Exchangeable sodium percentage. The quality of ground water is greatly affected by contamination. Ground water contamination is the presence of certain pollutants in ground water that are in excess of the limits prescribed for drinking water [19]. The commonly observed contaminants include iron, fluoride, arsenic and nitrate which are a result of geological processes that happen within the earth crust. Other contaminants include fertilizers, pesticides, heavy metals and bacteriawhich are a result of human activities like agricultural practices, domestic and industrial effluents. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) in 2013 evaluated and reported characteristics of ground water in Haryana and observed that the levels of iron, chromium, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, arsenic and nitrate exceeded the BIS and WHO guide limit for drinking water. CGWB also reported that the concentration of As, Pb, Fe and Zn was found to be high in both surface and sub-surface water spring in Yamunanagar. This increase in concentration of heavy metals is due to contamination of ground water by industrial processes such as manufacturing of fertilizers, pesticides, dyes, electroplated metal parts, batteries and alloys. Conclusion Haryana is an agrarian economy primarily requires good quality ground water for fast growing industry, tourism and urbanization. In the present work an attempt has been made to focus the issue of declining ground water quality and level in Haryana. The study noticed that, quality and level of ground water in Haryana is declining rapidly. In last four decades, the rising demand for ground water from agriculture sector is one of the causesof over- exploitation. The cropping pattern and cropping intensity didn‟t take into account of ground water availability. Over the years the amount of domestic and industrial effluents increased and resulted in contamination of ground water. It is seen from the collected data that nearly 76% of all district in the state of Haryana have issues related to either quality of ground water, or availability of ground water, or both. So, steps should be taken to conserve and to monitor ground water continuously in the state of Haryana. Ground water level can be increased by roof top harvesting and by enriching annual recharge capacity. The technology related to sustainable use of ground water should be developed. The policies related to sustainable management of ground water resources should be implemented by the local governing bodies. To control extraction and pollution of ground water, penalties need to be

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SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KESHAV GANGURDE (4806-4814) levied for violations of water quality standards. Overall, the efforts towards conservation, development and management of ground water resources should have to be taken to control the issues such as over-exploitation, depletion and pollution of ground water in Haryana. Acknowledgement The author is thankful to the Director, UGC-HRDC, Panjabi University, Patiala for providing the infrastructural and research facilities. References Oudshoorn, H.M. (1997). “The pending water crisis.” Geo. J., 42, 27–38. Ayers RS, Westcot DW (1994) Water quality for agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Rev. 1, 1–130. Patel KP, Pandya RR, Maliwal GL, Patel KC, Ramani VP, George V (2004) Heavy metal content of different effluents and their relative availability in soils irrigated with effluent waters around major industrial cities of . J Indian Soc Soil Sci 52, 89–94. Marechal JC, Dewandel B, Ahmed S, Galeazzi L, Zaidi FK (2006) Combined estimation of specific yield and natural recharge in a semi-arid groundwater basin with irrigated agriculture. J Hydrol, 329, 281–293 Shah, T., Molden, D., Sakthivadivel, R., and Seckler, D. (2000) “The global groundwater situation: An overview of opportunity and challenges”. Monograph, International Institute of Water Management, Colombo, Srilanka, p. 20. Manchanda, H.R. (1976). “Quality of underground water of Haryana, Haryana”. Agric. University, Hisar. Manchanda, H.R., Sihag, R.S., and Singh, J.P. (1978). “Nitrate in groundwater of Rewari Tehsil of in Haryana state.” Haryana Agril. University J. Res., 9, 123–134. Kakkar, Y.P. (1981). “Nitrate pollution of groundwater in southern and southern western Haryana”. Proc. Symp. Stud. Environ. Sci., Netherlands. Tanwar, B.S. (1988). “Conjunctive use strategies for multi-source water including brackish groundwater to check the rise in waterlogging and salinity problems in canal commands”. National Seminar on Strategies for Management of Poor Quality Water in agriculture, held at CSSRI, Karnal, pp. 109–124. Chand, T., Milakh, R., and Kookana, R.S. (1993). “Groundwater quality appraisal in HAU Hisar (Haryana).” J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 41, 406–408. Sharma, D.R. (1998). “Assessment of the nature and extent of poor quality of underground water resources”. National seminar on strategies for the management of poor quality water in agriculture, held at CSSRI Karnal, Haryana, pp, 4–5. Yadav, R.P. (1999). “Assessment of groundwater quality of Mahendragarh blocks in district Mahendragarh, Haryana”. M.Sc. Thesis. CCSHAU, Hisar. Yadav, A.K. (2000). “Characterization of underground water quality of block Hansi in ”. M.Sc. thesis. CCSHAU, Hisar. Kumar, M. (2003). “Characterization of groundwater quality of Safidon blocks in district Jind, Haryana”. M.Sc. Thesis, CCSHAU, Hisar. Phogat, V., Satyawan, Kaushik, R.D., and Kumar, S. (2004). “Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation of Narnaund block of Hisar district of Haryana.” Annual. Agri-Bio. Res., 9, 95–98. Singh, D. (2005). “Characterization of groundwater quality of Nissing and a sand block of district Karnal, Haryana”. M.Sc. Thesis. CCSHAU, Hisar. Roopal Suhag (2016). “Overview of Ground Water in India.” PRS,February 2016, 1-11.

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Singh, O. and Amrita (2015). “Ground water availability and utilization in Haryana: a geographical study”. BVAAP, 23(1), 36-41. Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.2157, Ministry of Water Resource, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, answered on March 10, 2015. CGWB. (2013). “Groundwater information booklet , Haryana”. Ministry of water resources government of India, North-Western region, .

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