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Ground Water Quality and Level in Haryana, India: a Review

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Ground Water Quality and Level in Haryana, India: a Review SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KESHAV GANGURDE (4806-4814) GROUND WATER QUALITY AND LEVEL IN HARYANA, INDIA: A REVIEW Keshav Gangurde Dept. of Chemistry, VPM’s, Arts, Commerce & Science College, Kinhavali, Tal.- Shahapur, Thane, (M.S) India, 421 403. Abstract The quality and level of ground water in Haryana state of India is reviewed in this paper. As concentrations of harmful ions and micro-organisms in some part of Haryana was found to beyond the maximum allowable limit for drinking water in India. Due to industrialization and urbanization, there is a maximum demand of water in Haryana. To fulfil this demand maximum population was found to depend heavily on groundwater, as surface water resources in Haryana are limited and fully utilized. The analysis done by different researchers proved that, the quality and level of ground water in Haryana is continuously declining due to industrialization, urbanization, microbial contamination and impact of weather. The present review aims to summarize the status of ground water level and quality, challenges and need of research to improve groundwater level and quality in Haryana, India based on available literature. Key words: Ground water, level, irrigation, contamination, Haryana. Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com Introduction Water is one of the essentials of „Panchatattva‟ required to build up the human body. Almost 75% by weight of living plants and animals constituted by water. It plays major role in every life function like-digestion, circulation, excretion etc. The water available on the earth can be classified into two categories 1) Surface water and 2) Ground water. The water which percolates through soil, sand and rock and is stored below the ground is called ground water. Statistical data shows that total fresh water available on the earth in liquid form is 10.7 K km3 , out of which ground water constitute about 98% i.e. 10.5 K km3 [1]. Water plays important role in the development of any country. Generally, surface water is used in agriculture and irrigation sector. But in past few years surface water is get polluted by both natural as well as man-made activities. The waste produced by industries contains harmful toxic chemicals and pollutants like mercury, sulphur and lead. Many industries do not have proper effluent treatment system and drain the waste into fresh water bodies such as lake, canal, river and sea. The toxic chemicals have capability to change the physico-chemical properties of water. JAN-FEB 2017, VOL-4/29 www.srjis.com Page 4806 SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KESHAV GANGURDE (4806-4814) Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have also known to alter the properties of water and contaminate it. When such polluted water come into main stream of drinking water it causes severe health hazards. Besides this, polluted water also degrades the soil fertility and decreases crop productivity [2-4]. Due to pollution hazards and irregularities of rainy season, the ground water is an economic resource since last few years. The ground water is one of the most important factor in increasing food production and achieving food security in India. Moreover, statistical data revealed that about 60% of food production depends on groundwater [5]. Therefore quality of ground water plays a major role in controlling water quality, public health and environment. The general cropping pattern of Haryana is rice and wheat. For cultivation of paddy, flooding method of water irrigation is generally used, which requires large amount of water. The result of which there is continuous depletion of ground water level. Moreover, chemical fertilizers were used to increase productivity, which deteriorate quality of water and fertility of soil. Therefore in order to meet quality fresh water for diverse purposes, it is necessary to monitor the ground water quality time to time. The physico-chemical analysis of ground water on drinking water standards and the problem of pollution due to presence of heavy metals have been studied by several researchers (Manchanda H. R. 1976; Manchanda et al. 1978; Kakkar 1981; Tanwar B.S. 1988; Chand et al. 1993; Sharma D.R. 1998; Yadav R. P. 1999; Yadav A. K. 2000; Kumar M. 2003; Phogat et al. 2004; Singh D. 2005 [6-16]. The secondary data available in the literature was studied in the present work in which an attempt have been made to analyze the impact of urbanization, pollution, cultivation of water hungry crops on ground water level and its quality in the Haryana state of India. Description of the study area The geographical location of the Haryana state in India is shown in figure 1. JAN-FEB 2017, VOL-4/29 www.srjis.com Page 4807 SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KESHAV GANGURDE (4806-4814) FIGURE. 1.Location mapsof study area Haryana is a land-locked state in the northwest of India and is located between 27o39‟ and 30o35‟ N latitude and between 74o27‟ and 77o36‟ E longitude with just 1.37% of the total geographical area. Ground water has significant role in the growth of irrigated agriculture development in the state of Haryana. About 98% of the cultivated land is irrigated through tube-wells. Statistical data shows that about 50% of the total geographical area is severely affected by the problems of accretion, salinity and waterlogging. Ground water development The amount of ground water available for actual use is indicated by the term “Ground water development”. More the ground water development less will be the ground water availability. The ratio of the annual ground water extraction to the net annual ground water availability is called ground water development [17]. Ground water The annual ground water extraction = development The net annual ground water availability During the year 2009, the total ground water availability in Haryana was9.80 lakh hectare meter [18]. Figure 2 illustrates the unequal availability of ground water among the districts of Haryana. Out of this annual available ground water the district wise availability and consumptionof ground water in agriculture, domestic and industrial sector is shown in the table 1. JAN-FEB 2017, VOL-4/29 www.srjis.com Page 4808 SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KESHAV GANGURDE (4806-4814) FIGURE 2:District wiseground water availability in Haryana. TABLE 1.District wise ground water development in Haryana. Domestic Ground and Total Ground waterConsu Industrial consumption Ground waterAvaila mption for consumption of Ground water District bility Irrigation of Ground Water development (Hectare (Hectare water (Hectare (%) meter) meter) (Hectare meter) meter) Ambala 52244 41583 7710 49293 94.35 Bhiwani 55138 43068 756 43824 79.48 Faridabad 20228 14118 2232 16350 80.83 Fatehabad 60605 107316 1403 108719 179.39 Gurgaon 23261 35777 18150 53927 231.83 Hisar 66249 59836 449 60285 91.00 Jhajjar 42718 40751 192 40943 95.84 Jind 81714 77363 3510 80873 98.97 Kaithal 50783 101504 6242 107746 212.17 Karnal 85904 118899 1244 120143 139.86 Kurukshetra 34323 67904 6732 74636 217.45 Mahendragarh 21437 22453 388 22841 106.55 Mewat 21623 13280 1173 14453 66.84 Palwal 44771 45892 999 46891 104.74 Panchkula 13876 9072 2790 11862 85.49 Panipat 30865 50961 494 51455 166.71 Rewari 27999 31255 116 31371 112.04 Rohtak 45017 28446 2297 30743 68.29 Sirsa 75452 115634 776 116410 154.28 JAN-FEB 2017, VOL-4/29 www.srjis.com Page 4809 SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KESHAV GANGURDE (4806-4814) Sonipat 77426 90622 3913 94535 122.10 Yamuna Nagar 48199 55077 10215 65292 135.46 Haryana 979832 1170811 71787 1242598 126.82 Source: BVAAP, June 2015. The statistics given above reflect that, ground water development is too much high in the districts of Gurgaon, Kaithal and Kurukshetra, where ground water development is more than 200%. In future, if precautions are not taken to reduce the use of ground water then these three districts will face the problem of scarcity of water. The observed ground water development in the districts of Fatehabad, Karnal, Mahendragarh, Palwal, Panchkula, Rohtak, Sonipat, Sirsa and Yamunanagar is more than 100%. In the districts of Ambala, Faridabad, Hisar, Jind, Jhajjar and Panipat the ground water development is 80% and above. In the rest of districts, the ground water development is below 80%. Overall, the ground water development in the state of Haryana is 126.82%. This indicates that in the state of Haryana, the annual ground water extraction is more than annual ground water recharge. This has resulted in declining water table in various regions of the state and now become a serious threat in socio-economic development. The cultivation of water hungry crops like paddy and sugar cane in certain regions of the state continuously declines the ground water level. Apart from cropping pattern, the ground water extraction through tubewells is equally responsible for declining ground water level. Ground water quality and contamination The quality of ground water mainly depends upon the climatic conditions particularly rainfall as well as composition of parent rocks and soils. Table 2 shows the observations by the different researchers when they have assessed the physico-chemical properties of ground water from different parts of Haryana to study its quality status. TABLE 2. Physico-Chemical characteristics studies of ground water in Haryana. Physico- Authors Area chemical Observations characteristics Reported that the processing of metal ore and fuel contaminates both surface and sub-surface water 2- pH, Fe, Mn, Al, with Fe, Al and SO4 in Arawali and Dhosi hill. Manchanda F, SO 2-, NO -, Also observed that the ground water in parts of Gurgaon 4 3 H.R. (1976) TDS and Gurgaon contains excessive concentrations of Mn, hardness F-, nitrates and TDS. The water from Mewat areas shows increase in hardness due to CaCO3 composition in rock. JAN-FEB 2017, VOL-4/29 www.srjis.com Page 4810 SRJIS/BIMONTHLY/ KESHAV GANGURDE (4806-4814) Observed the huge concentration of nitrates due to Manchanda anthropogenic activities and noted that sub- Rewari NO - et al.
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