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City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Fleischmann, L. (2015). The transformation of Israeli Peace Activism since the Second Intifada. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City University London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/14051/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] THE TRANSFORMATION OF ISRAELI PEACE ACTIVISM SINCE THE SECOND INTIFADA By LEONIE FLEISCHMANN A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy City University London Department of International Politics December 2015 ©2015 Leonie Fleischmann All Rights Reserved i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................................x LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................. xii DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................ xiii COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ xiii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................... 6 3 Key Terms .............................................................................................................................................. 7 4 Period of Study ...................................................................................................................................... 8 5 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 9 5.1 Data Specification .................................................................................................................... 10 5.2 Data Collection ......................................................................................................................... 12 5.3 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 14 6 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................... 15 7 Structure of the Dissertation ............................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................... 18 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 18 2 Social Movement Theory ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Political Opportunity Structures ............................................................................................... 20 2.2 Collective Action Frames .......................................................................................................... 22 2.3 Tactical Repertoires .................................................................................................................. 23 2.4 Mobilisation Structures ............................................................................................................ 24 2.5 The Interaction between the Powers of Movement ................................................................ 26 2.6 Cycles of Contention ................................................................................................................ 26 2.7 The Connection between a Social Movement and the International Arena ............................ 28 iii 2.7.1 International Mobilising Structures .............................................................................. 28 2.7.2 International Political Opportunity Structures .............................................................. 29 2.8 The Role of Gender Dynamics in Social Movements ................................................................ 30 2.9 Understanding the Impact of a Social Movement .................................................................... 32 3 Israeli Peace Activism ........................................................................................................................... 33 4 Israeli Political Culture ......................................................................................................................... 35 5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 3: FROM INDIVIDUAL ATTEMPTS AT PEACE ACTIVISM TO THE BIRTH OF A PEACE MOVEMENT ....................................................................................................... 38 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 38 2 The First Phase: Individual Attempts at Peace Activism ...................................................................... 41 2.1 New Collective Action Frames: Ceding the Occupied Territories .......................................... 42 2.2 The Beginnings of a Repertoire of Contention ...................................................................... 43 2.3 Building Mobilising Structures ............................................................................................... 45 2.4 Political Opportunity Structures: Mixed Opportunities ......................................................... 46 3 The Second Phase: The Coming of Age of a Peace Movement in Israel .............................................. 48 3.1 Multiple Collective Action Frames ......................................................................................... 49 3.1.1 The Rise of the Liberal Zionist Component: Shalom Achshav is Founded ..................... 49 3.1.2 Pushing the Agenda: The Radical Component .............................................................. 51 3.1.3 New Ways to Frame the Situation: The Human Rights Component ............................. 53 3.1.3.1 The Refusal Movement ..................................................................................... 53 3.1.3.2 Human Rights Organisations ............................................................................. 54 3.1.4 Gendered Collective Action Frames .............................................................................. 54 3.2 Expanding and Radicalising the Repertoires of Contention of Israeli Peace Activism ........... 56 3.2.1 Demonstrations ............................................................................................................. 56 3.2.2 Non-Protest Based Tactics ............................................................................................ 57 3.2.3 Tactical Innovations ...................................................................................................... 60 3.2.3.1 Non-Violent Direct Action ................................................................................. 60 3.2.3.2 Boycott .............................................................................................................. 60 3.3 Expanding and Contracting Mobilisation Structures ............................................................. 61 iv 3.3.1 Gender Dynamics and Mobilisation Structures ............................................................ 62 3.3.2 The Influence of the International Dimension .............................................................. 63 3.3.3 The Impact of Technology and the Media .................................................................... 64 3.3.4 Coordination of the Components of the Peace Movement ......................................... 65 3.4 Political Opportunity Structures: A New Cycle of Contention ..............................................
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