American University International Law Review Volume 15 | Issue 2 Article 4 1999 Obedience of Orders and the Law of War: Judicial Application in American Forums Gary D. Solis Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Solis, Gary D. "Obedience of Orders and the Law of War: Judicial Application in American Forums." American University International Law Review 15, no. 2 (1999): 481-526. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact
[email protected]. OBEDIENCE OF ORDERS AND THE LAW OF WAR: JUDICIAL APPLICATION IN AMERICAN FORUMS GARY D. SOLIS* INTRODUCTION .............................................. 482 I. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS ............................ 484 A. JUDICIALLY DECLARED: A FIRST MILITARY STANDARD .... 487 B. THE CIVIL WAR: AMERICA'S INITIAL LAW OF WAR M ANUAL .................................................. 491 C. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: AN EVOLVING STANDARD ..... 492 D. WORLD WAR I: THE UNITED STATES STANDARD NOT IN EVIDENCE ................................................ 496 E. THE AMERICAN STANDARD: A GENESIS? .... 504 F. WORLD WAR II: AN OLD NEW STANDARD ................. 506 G. THE NUREMBERG IMT: THE "NEW" STANDARD APPLIED... 514 H. NUREMBERG'S "SUBSEQUENT PROCEEDINGS" ............. 517 II. MANIFEST ILLEGALITY: CONTINUING INTERPRETIVE DIFFICULTY ............................. 520 A. MERE EVIDENCE OR COMPLETE DEFENSE? MISTAKE OF LAW OR MISTAKE OF FACT? . 521 B. OBEDIENCE TO ORDERS: ELSEWHERE AND LATER .........