THE METAL AGES AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.1.129-139 V.B. Kovalevskaya Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dm. Ulyanova 19, Moscow, 117036, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Ancestors of the Oriental Horse in Eurasia: Origin and Distribution This study discusses the origin and dispersal of the Oriental agile horse, using a range of data—historical, faunal, genetic, and iconographic. It focuses on the Akhal-Teke horses as the model breed of the Oriental horse. Their unambiguous ancestors were horses ridden by the Pazyryk chieftains (400–200 BC). Findings about the Oriental horses, based on the analysis of the Akhal-Teke and Pazyryk breeds, are compared with osteological and iconographic data relating to horses from adjacent territories. This paper looks at horse breeding in Iran and at the Nisaean breed— the earliest one mentioned in written sources. Using the criteria outlined by the prominent Russian horse expert W.O. Witt, the exterior of the Oriental horse is described, and its homeland and dispersal across the neighboring areas are reconstructed. The likely homeland was Central Asia from the Caspian coast to Fergana, and the time of origin is between the beginning of horse riding and military campaigns. The Oriental horse was possibly an outcome of a cross between the domesticated horse from the Middle Volga and the tarpan of the Eurasian or Asian steppes. Keywords: Oriental horse, Akhal-Teke, Nisaean horse, origin, distribution, Eurasia, Middle East, 1000 BC–1000 AD. Introduction breed, without calling them “Oriental”, but emphasizing the eastern location of these horses. In the opinion of This article considers the appearance of the agile horse outstanding Cambridge hippologist M. Levin, “Oriental breed referred to as “Oriental” early in Greco-Roman horses, obviously, from Southwestern Asia, judging by sources, which undoubtedly suggests its oriental origin the available data (meaning genetic data – V.K.), were with respect to Europe and the Middle East, in the Old primarily imported to Egypt about the 16th century BC” World. An excellent description of the exterior of ancient, (Levine, 2006: 199). Consequently, before that, at least in Oriental, agile, noble horses based on iconographic the 2nd millennium BC, or even earlier, Oriental horses materials is given by professor W.O. Witt: “We can had already existed in Southwestern Asia. Thus, we obtain see a rather large, slender, lean horse with a high-set genetic confi rmation of the fact that the agile horses so neck, a well-bred head, and well-developed withers. vividly described in the Rig-Veda and Avesta, which An artist tries to express the horse’s vivid temperament were called “heavenly”, “supernatural”, Nisaean, “blood- and depicts it as striving forward, light-legged, standing sweating” horses by ancient authors, were used in chariots on somewhat thin, lean legs” (1937: 12). However, as and for horseback riding even by Indo-Europeans during concerns the historiography of the Oriental horse (Equus their migrations from the Eurasian steppes to the south orientalis), we shall start from the 5th century BC, from and southeast up to the Middle East and India. the works of Herodotus, the father of history. He was the Within the 5th–4th centuries BC, Xenophon, an fi rst to talk about fast, large horses of the Median Niseya unrivaled expert on horse breeding, mentioned in Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48/1 (2020) 129–139 E-mail: [email protected] © 2020 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences © 2020 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences © 2020 V.B. Kovalevskaya 129 130 V.B. Kovalevskaya / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 48/1 (2020) 129–139 “Cyropaedia” that, being the heir to the Persian throne, its features such as pace, activity, endurance, attachment Cyrus, while visiting his grandfather in Media during the to the owner (humanality), long and short racing records. days of his youth, devoted himself to achieving success Also, we have osteological data analyzed by experts in the in horse riding; Xenophon justly considered the Median Akhal-Teke breed and measurements of modern Akhal- cavalry to be “the best in the world” (1976: 16, 27). Teke horses, as well as their genetic makeup for today. Many ancient authors talked about the advantages of Oriental horses, which is emphasized by E. Houël in his book summarizing the history of horses in the middle of the Research methods 19th century: “Persian horses were most famous throughout the entire period of antiquity for the beauty of their form, So, against what should we compare data on the Akhal- gracefulness, energy, and all of those rare qualities, for Teke horses, going far back in the ancient history? First of which Oriental horses are renowned in the highest degree. all, these are osteological collections from archaeological Ancient historians describe them as being superior to all excavations, where the starting point of comparison will others in their proud and graceful posture and softness of involve the head size and profile, the degree of thin- movements. They semi-squatted on their hind legs, having limbedness, the height at the withers, and the relative length a light front. Their swan-like necks bear an elegant head, of legs and body. Analysis of statistical characteristics of gracefully curved in the air or coiled up against the breast. the body composition type allows getting an idea of the Their movements were rhythmical and their pace was horse use and establishing its connection with earlier and tremendous” (Houël, 1848: 178). Strabo (several centuries contemporaneous horses. Studying the osteological data, after Herodotus) mentions famous Nisaean Oriental horses paleo-zoologists can assess the exterior, height, and the “that were used by kings as the best and largest ones” degree of ride-ability. Our possibilities can be considerably (Strabo, 1964: 495), while it is important to bear in mind expanded by referring to extensive iconographic materials that not only Media, but also Armenia was their formative starting from the Paleolithic cave paintings to the pictures hotbed; consequently, the area of the Nisaean breed, as of recent past: these include the monumental sculptures well as the role of Oriental horses in the global horse and figurines, petroglyphs and paintings in palaces, breeding, considerably increased over the course of nearly terracotta artifacts and images on ceramics, etc. They also fi ve centuries. Subsequent to Nisaean horses, Bactrian and allow the exterior, coat color, height, gait, and degree of Parthian, and after them Alanian (the favorite saddle horses ride-ability to be characterized. Written artifacts deepen of Roman emperors), became equally famous. our understanding by introducing the necessary temporal In the domestic historiography, works of our great and spatial confi nedness. All the above groups of sources encyclopedist and hippologist Witt became the starting require a professional approach. This is a subject of special point for posing and solving the issues surrounding the examination and comparison, while our purpose is to role of the Oriental horse in the horse-breeding cultures reveal all milestones in the prolonged prehistory of horses around the world. It is precisely his studies that are belonging precisely to the Akhal-Teke breed in steppes, foundational for considering the problem specifically table- lands, and plains of Eurasia. Like an archaeologist addressed in this article. Among the horses of antiquity, who, when setting out to reach the most ancient layers, we distinguish agile horses like the racers of Akhal- should study all later strata at fi rst, the researchers of the Teke breed. Only after the publication of Witt’s 1937 Akhal-Teke breed goes further and further to the ancient paper was the myth of the Arabian as the most ancient times, starting from consideration of Turkmen horses of breed dispelled. The author has proven that the Akhal- today and yesterday. Before comparing horses of various Teke breed “contains the last drops of the pure blood epochs to find the features suggesting that they are that generated all of the riding-horse breedings in the ancestors of the Akhal-Teke horses, let us characterize the world” (Witt, 1937: 12). In his next paper, Witt (1952) modern Akhal-Teke horse. substantiated a hypothesis that Pazyryk horses had been bred in the Altai by introducing the blood of true-bred Central Asian Oriental racers. It was not accepted by all The Akhal-Teke horses paleo-zoologists (see (Tsalkin, 1952)); however, new materials from Pazyryk kurgans reinforced this hypothesis The Akhal-Teke horse’s head is small, chiseled, light, (Grebnev, Vasiliev, 1994; Vasiliev, 2000). lean, with a straight profi le or, rarely, arched face; the In order to consider the origin of Akhal-Teke horses in eyes are big, speaking, severe and burning, bluish-black, a professional manner, tracing their history back to remote or, sometimes, sandy-yellow; the neck is long, thin, with ages, it is necessary to evaluate the specifi cs of the materials a good swan-like bend, sometimes “deer” with an Adam’s we handle. We have the characteristics of the modern apple (Fig. 1, 2*). The distinctive features are a vertical Akhal-Teke horse as a representative of the breed: exterior, height, basic body measurements, coat colors. We know *Fig. 1–3 – photos by Y. Kuznetsova. V.B. Kovalevskaya / Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 48/1 (2020) 129–139 131 Fig. 1. Tykma-Serdar, a brown bay stallion of the Akhal-Teke breed, born in 2006 (Stavropol stud, Russia). World champion in 2009. neck-carriage, especially at clipping gaits, and a set of the head at an acute angle, which are absent in other breeds and create an unparalleled beauty and a proud posture.