DOCSLIB.ORG

Saudi Arabia End-Market Requirements and the Implications for Somaliland Livestock Exports I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Saudi Arabia End-Market Requirements and the Implications for Somaliland Livestock Exports I View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CGSpace ISBN 92–9146–478–3 ILRI RESEARCH REPORT Saudi Arabia end-market RESEARCH requirements and the PROGRAM ON The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food security and reduce Policies, poverty in developing countries through research for better and more sustainable use of livestock. Institutions ILRI is a CGIAR research centre. It works through a network of regional and country offices and implications for Somaliland projects in East, South and Southeast Asia, Central, East, Southern and West Africa, and Markets and in Central America. ilri.org livestock exports CGIAR is a global agricultural research partnership for a food-secure future. Its research is carried out by 15 research centres in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations. cgiar.org 40 Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports i Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports Godiah L. Mugunieri1, Nadhem Mtimet2, Kiptoo Enock3, Riccardo Costagli1 and Ibrahim Gulaid1 1 Terra Nuova 2 International Livestock Research Institute 3 IGAD Sheikh Technical Veterinary School June 2016 © 2016 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) ILRI thanks all donors and organizations which globally supports its work through their contributions to the CGIAR system This publication is copyrighted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. To view this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0. Unless otherwise noted, you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the following conditions: ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed, but not in any way that suggests endorsement by ILRI or the author(s). NOTICE: For any reuse or distribution, the licence terms of this work must be made clear to others. Any of the above conditions can be waived if permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Nothing in this licence impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above. The parts used must not misrepresent the meaning of the publication. ILRI would appreciate being sent a copy of any materials in which text, photos etc. have been used. Editing, design and layout—ILRI Editorial and Publishing Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Cover photo—Terra Nuova/Ibrahim Gulaid ISBN 92–9146–490-2 Citation: Mugunieri, G.L., Mtimet, N., Enock, K., Costagli, R. and Gulaid, I. 2016. Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports. ILRI Research Report 40. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). Patron: Professor Peter C Doherty AC, FAA, FRS Animal scientist, Nobel Prize Laureate for Physiology or Medicine–1996 Box 30709, Nairobi 00100 Kenya ilri.org Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone +254 20 422 3000 better lives through livestock Phone +251 11 617 2000 Fax+254 20 422 3001 Fax +251 11 667 6923 Email [email protected] ILRI is a CGIAR research centre Email [email protected] ILRI has offices in East Africa • South Asia • Southeast and East Asia • Southern Africa • West Africa Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports iii Contents Tables iv Figures v Acronyms vi Acknowledgements vii Summary viii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Justification and objectives 1 1.2 Methodology 1 2. The Saudi livestock and meat market 5 2.1 Key features of the Saudi economy 5 2.2 Production and consumption trends of livestock and meat in Saudi Arabia 6 2.3 Competition in the Saudi livestock import market 8 3. Value chains, grading and pricing system in the Saudi end-market 11 3.1 Commercial livestock value chain 13 3.2 The sacrificial animal value chain 19 4 Gross margin analysis 25 5. Conclusions 28 References 31 iv Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports Tables Table 1. GDP per capita in Saudi Arabia and neighbouring countries (USD, 1970–2012) 5 Table 2. Trends in livestock population in Saudi Arabia 6 Table 3. Trends in slaughter stock imports into Saudi Arabia 6 Table 4. Livestock imports into Saudi Arabia by species and origin 8 Table 5. Average prices for sheep in peak demand season (a few days before the Muslim holiday of Eid, Riyadh municipality markets—2012) 9 Table 6. Saudi Arabia livestock imports from Somaliland—2014 12 Table 7. Purpose of import certificates into Saudi Arabia 13 Table 8. Grading and pricing of export quality sheep and goats in Somaliland 17 Table 9. Saudi Arabia grading and pricing of sheep and goats originating from Somaliland 17 Table 10. Commercial prices at the Hajj—2014 17 Table 11. Grading of camels for export in Somaliland 18 Table 12. Saudi Arabia grading of camels originating from Somaliland 18 Table 13. Trends in Hajj pilgrims to Saudi Arabia 19 Table 14. Indicative gross margins from small ruminants in commercial value chain—Off peak season (February 2014) 26 Table 15. Indicative gross margins from small ruminants for commercial value chain—Peak season (October 2014) 26 Table 16. Indicative gross-margins from small ruminants—Sacrificial animal value chain 26 Table 17. Indicative gross-margins in commercial value chain for camels 27 Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports v Figures Figure 1. Map of Saudi Arabia 2 Figure 2. Current activities, arrangements and requirements along the Berbera livestock marketing chain (2015) 4 Figure 3. Trends in livestock imports into Saudi Arabia 7 Figure 4. Trends in imported meats into Saudi Arabia (Mt) 7 Figure 5. Trends in sheep and goats exports to the Middle and Far East 10 Figure 6. Commercial retail-market holding yards for Somaliland sheep and goats, Jeddah—February 2014 15 Figure 7. Commercial wholesale–market holding grounds—30 km from Jeddah city—February 2014 15 Figure 8. Fattening grounds—60 km from Jeddah (lean and peak seasons) 15 Figure 9. Schematic presentation of the commercial value chain and market network in Saudi Arabia 16 Figure 10. Timeline of sacrificial animals export from Somaliland in 2014 20 Figure 11. Hajj destination—catchment area for sacrificial livestock 21 Figure 12. Distribution of meat by the ISDB to the eligible recipients 22 vi Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports Acronyms CDSI Central Department of Statistics and Information GDP Gross domestic product ESCAS Exporter Supply Chain Assurance Scheme ISDB Islamic Development Bank Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports vii Acknowledgements This report is a product of a collaborative effort between the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Terra Nuova (TN) and the IGAD Sheikh Technical Veterinary School (ISTVS). The effort of various Somaliland livestock exporters and their Saudi partners in providing information that facilitated realization of this assessment is appreciated. The authors would also like to express a special thanks to the companies and traders which facilitated their visit to Saudi Arabia and helped with the organization of ground logistics. The authors acknowledge Moez Ayadi (College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University—Saudi Arabia) and Derek Baker (University of New England—Australia) for reviewing the initial version of the report and providing interesting comments and suggestions which improved its quality. We acknowledge and are grateful to the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) for funding this study, and the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM) for providing additional funds to complete the paper. Disclaimer The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of Terra Nuova and ILRI, and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the Danish government. viii Saudi Arabia end-market requirements and the implications for Somaliland livestock exports Summary 1. Introduction Livestock is the backbone of the Somaliland economy. It accounts for about 60% of the country’s gross domestic product, 70% of employment opportunities and 85% of export earnings. The livestock sector is export oriented; in 2014, a total 1.1 Justification and objectives of 3.4 million heads of livestock were exported, of which 3.1 million were sheep and goats, 0.25 million cattle and 60,000 Livestock is the main economic activity in Somaliland. Livestock production accounts for between 60–65% of the country’s camels. Direct taxes on these exports contributed about 15% of total government revenue. gross domestic product (GDP), employs over 70% of the population and contributes 85% of export earnings (MoNPD There exists a distinct indigenous grading system for export quality livestock traded in Somaliland markets. Export quality 2012). In 2014, a total of 3.4 million heads of livestock were exported, of which 3.1 million were sheep and goats, 0.25 cattle, sheep and goats are graded in three groups, viz. grades I, II and III while camels are categorized into two grades: million cattle and 60,000 camels (SLCCIA 2015). Assuming an average export price of USD78 for sheep and goats, USD596 I and II. Animals thus categorized
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Awassi Sheep H
    10 WORLD ANIMAL REVIEW is a quarterly journal reviewing developments in animal production, animal health and animal products, with particular reference to these spheres in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO was founded in Quebec, Canada, in October 1945, when the Member Nations agreed to work together to secure a lasting peace through freedom from want. The membership of FAO numbers 152 nations. Director-General: Edouard Saouma. WORLD ANIMAL REVIEW [abbreviation: Wld Anim. Rev. (FAO)] is prepared by FAO's Animal Production and Health Division, which is one of Five divisions in the Agriculture De-partment. The Division is subdivided into three technical services concerned with animal production, meat and milk development, and animal health. Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Committee: R.B. Griffiths (Director, Animal Production and Health Division). Acting Technical Editor: D.E. Faulkner. x The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. x The views expressed in signed articles are those of the authors. x Information from WORLD ANIMAL REVIEW, if not copyrighted, may be quoted provided reference is made to the source. A cutting of any reprinted material would be appreciated and should be sent to the Distribution and Sales Section of FAO. x Subscription rate for one year: USS8.00.
    [Show full text]
  • Suitability of Different Awassi Lines for Efficient Sheep Production of Bedouins in the Negev in Israel
    Anna Al Baqain (Autor) Suitability of different Awassi lines for efficient sheep production of Bedouins in the Negev in Israel https://cuvillier.de/de/shop/publications/6107 Copyright: Cuvillier Verlag, Inhaberin Annette Jentzsch-Cuvillier, Nonnenstieg 8, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Telefon: +49 (0)551 54724-0, E-Mail: [email protected], Website: https://cuvillier.de INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem statement Only 16% of the area in the Middle-East is arable land (Dowling, 2009). The rest consists of marginal land and desert, used by Bedouins to raise livestock. Small ruminants are playing a major role in the Bedouin livestock production, representing one of their most important income sources. As pastoralists, Bedouins followed available resources of pasture with irregular movements, but country borders and settlement activities changed this lifestyle drastically in most areas of the Middle East. The compulsory schooling of children and governmental sedentarization programs have changed Bedouin lifestyle from nomadic to a more transhumant, or even settled one. Additionally, a decrease in resources of land and water, together with changing market conditions forced Bedouin sheep farmers to continuously adjust their production system and their respective inputs to market conditions. Abu-Rabia (1984) has found that several Bedouin sheep farms in the Negev face continuous economic losses. Especially in marginal areas it is thus very essential to choose the right type and quantity of input (Nudell et al., 1998) for an efficient production. In the Negev desert in Israel, tradition-oriented, extensive systems co-exist besides more intensified systems with a high market-orientation (Rummel et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Goat and Sheep Products Value Chain Analysis in Lebanon
    Goat and sheep products value chain analysis in Lebanon Hosri C., Tabet E., Nehme M. in Napoléone M. (ed.), Ben Salem H. (ed.), Boutonnet J.P. (ed.), López-Francos A. (ed.), Gabiña D. (ed.). The value chains of Mediterranean sheep and goat products. Organisation of the industry, marketing strategies, feeding and production systems Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 115 2016 pages 61-66 Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=00007254 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To cite this article / Pour citer cet article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hosri C., Tabet E., Nehme M. Goat and sheep products value chain analysis in Lebanon. In : Napoléone M. (ed.), Ben Salem H. (ed.), Boutonnet J.P. (ed.), López-Francos A. (ed.), Gabiña D. (ed.). The value chains of Mediterranean sheep and goat products. Organisation of the industry, marketing strategies, feeding and production systems. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 2016. p. 61-66 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 115) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Evaluation of Growth Performance in Awassi Sheep
    Genetic evaluation of growth performance in Awassi sheep Gursoy O., Kirk K., Cebeci Z., Pollot G.E. in Gabiña D. (ed.). Strategies for sheep and goat breeding Zaragoza : CIHEAM Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 11 1995 pages 193-201 Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=96605556 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To cite this article / Pour citer cet article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gursoy O., Kirk K., Cebeci Z., Pollot G.E. Genetic evaluation of growth performance in Awassi sheep. In : Gabiña D. (ed.). Strategies for sheep and goat breeding . Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1995. p. 193- 201 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 11) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.ciheam.org/ http://om.ciheam.org/ CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes Genetic evaluation of growth performance in Awassi sheep O. GURSOY K. KIRK Z. CEBECI DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF ÇUKUROVA
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Genetic Diversity Between Three Saudi Sheep Breeds Using DNA Markers
    Vol. 14(41), pp. 2883-2889, 14 October, 2015 DOI:10.5897/AJB2015.14602 Article Number: 8169DFD55828 ISSN 1684-5315 African Journal of Biotechnology Copyright © 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Estimation of genetic diversity between three Saudi sheep breeds using DNA markers Ahmed Abdel Gadir Adam1*, Nada Babiker Hamza2, Manal Abdel Wahid Salim3 and Khaleil Salah Khalil4 1Faculty of Art and Science Raniah Branch, University of Taif, Raniah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2Comission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, National Centre for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan. 3Animal Production Research Center, Kuku, Khartoum North, Sudan. 4Ministry of Agriculture, Raniah Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Received 27 March, 2015; Accepted 2 September, 2015 The genetic variation of Najdi, Harri and Awassi breeds of Saudi sheep prevailing in Raniah province of Makka district were assessed and compared to Sudanese Desert sheep using random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase cahin reaction (RAPD-PCR) technique. Five primers successfully amplified distinguishable 40 bands with an average of 96% polymorphism revealing that Saudi sheep breeds possess the needed genetic variation required for further genetic improvement. The resulted dendrogram showed that, there are two main separate clades. The Desert sheep is genetically distant and appeared as out-group from the Saudi sheep breeds. The first main clade included all of the Najdi individuals and only two individuals from Harri breed. While, the second main clade comprised two subgroups, the first one included individuals from Harri breed and the second included both Harri and Awassi individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Awassi and Its Possible Rural Development Role in Africa and Asia
    Macedonian Journal of Animal Science , Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 305–316 (2011) 050 ISSN 1857 – 7709 Received: June 05, 2009 UDC: 636.3 (5/6) Accepted: November 15, 2009 Original scientific paper AWASSI AND ITS POSSIBLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT ROLE IN AFRICA AND ASIA Oktay Gürsoy University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 01330, Adana, Turkey [email protected] The Awassi sheep is the dominant breed of the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey and is also the sole breed of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a milk breed and is the top milk producer among the existing breeds in Turkey. It is well known for its hardiness, resistance to diseases and parasites, tolerance to extremely high temperatures, high ad- aptation to desert and temperate climates. It has had great genetic relations with the Awassi found in Israel through vast imports of the Awassi from Turkey in mid fifties. Its litter size is around 1.1 lamb/lambing; lactation milk pro- duction is approximately 180 kg under extensive conditions and responds very well to intensification. Growth per- formance of the Awassi sheep is also remarkable and is the highest among all the breeds in Turkey. Under feedlot conditions daily gains of 300–340 are highly common. Greasy fleece weight is around 2.5–3.0 kg and is of mattress quality. Its fleece is high in madullated fibers and is extremely well known with its kemp fiber ratio. The Awassi population demonstrates high variation regarding milk production and growth performances and high genetic gains are achieved via progeny testing for improving milk production in unique Ceylanpinar State Farm population of 25.000 ewes.
    [Show full text]
  • The GENETICS of MEAT and MILK PRODUCTION in TURKISH
    t h e GENETICS OF MEAT AND MILK PRODUCTION IN TURKISH AWASSI SHEEP G. E. Pollott1,0 . Gursoy2 and K. Kirk2. 'Dept, of Agriculture, Wye College - University of London, Ashford, Kent, TN25 5 AH, UK department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey. SUMMARY Fat-tailed sheep are kept extensively throughout west Asia and north and east Africa as a multipurpose species. Records from a large Awassi flock, progeny tested for lamb growth and ewe’s milk production and kept under extensive rangeland conditions, were analysed to investigate the genetic relationships between meat and milk traits. Using a sire model on three years of milk records and five years of lamb growth data meat and milk traits had correlations between estimated sire breeding values of between 0.35 and 0.58, depending on the combination of traits analysed. The level of genetic variation found ranged from a heritability of 0.15 to 0.44 for growth traits and 0.11 to 0.26 for milk traits. Keywords: Awassi, genetic parameters, meat, milk INTRODUCTION Fat-tailed sheep are characteristic of the extensive systems of rangeland management found throughout west Asia and north Africa (WANA), and extending down the eastern side of Africa as far as South Africa. The Awassi is a fat-tailed breed found extensively in Southern Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, and to a lesser extent in some other WANA countries. Epstein (1985) estimates there to be 65 million breeding ewes throughout the WANA region. It is a hardy well adapted breed used to produce a range of products, meat milk and wool.
    [Show full text]
  • Scaling up Best Practices for Managing Awassi Dairy Sheep to Small Scale Sheep Farmers in West Asia
    Working Paper 17 Scaling up best practices for managing Awassi dairy sheep to small scale sheep farmers in West Asia M i m n r i o s f t e ry R 1 o n Enabling poor rural people f ia A ar gri gr to overcome poverty culture & A Project Teams in the different countries ICARDA: Barbara Rischkowsky Adnan Termanini Muhi El Dine Hilali Hassan Machlab Ghassan Jesry Ahmed Sawas Maha Addas Mohammed Haylani Monika Zaklouta Aynalem Haile Jane Wamatu Mourad Rekik Syria: Nabil Mahaini, Field Representative of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Mohamed Al Abdalla, Head of Extension Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture Imad Edin Kazah, Director of Badia Rangelands Development Project (BRDP) Nawaf Ibish, Agriculture Department in Aleppo, representative of BRDP Abdulhamid Mulla, Director of Idleb Rural Development Project (IRDP) Isam Zannoun Director North East Region Rural Development Project (NERRDP) Ismail Korini Mr. Ismail Korini, Acting Director of NERRDP Fahed Hariri, Aleppo University (Fine Art Faculty), responsible for the Art work in the farmers’ guides Lebanon: Khaled Houchaymi, Lebanese Agricultural Research institute (LARI) Michel Afram, Director of LARI Jamal Khazaal, Consultant of Leban agriculture minister Kamal Khazaal, Provost at Lebanese Univesity Hassan Istaytiyyah, Director of Farmer to Farmer project ACDIVOCA Joseph Kahwaji, LARI Fatma Hamieh, Member of Bekaa valley cooperative Roni Jean Ziade, Film maker Acknowledgements This working paper presents the results of the IFAD-ICARDA project Scaling up best practices for managing Awassi dairy sheep to small-scale sheep farmers in West Asia, implemented in Syria and Lebanon in collaboration with the Syrian Ministry of Agriculture and IFAD development projects in Syria and the Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute(LARI )in Lebanon.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility of Utilizing Advanced Reproductive Technologies for Sheep Breeding in Egypt
    Animal Science Publications Animal Science 4-2019 Feasibility of utilizing advanced reproductive technologies for sheep breeding in Egypt. Part 1. Genetic and nutritional resources A. G. Elshazly Iowa State University Curtis R. Youngs Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Biotechnology Commons, Genetics Commons, Nutrition Commons, and the Sheep and Goat Science Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ans_pubs/793. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Animal Science Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Feasibility of utilizing advanced reproductive technologies for sheep breeding in Egypt. Part 1. Genetic and nutritional resources Abstract Sheep are a valuable livestock species because of their ability to convert forages, as well as feedstuffs not suitable for human consumption, into meat and milk that are important sources of human dietary protein. Sheep are the most abundant ruminant livestock species in Egypt, and great opportunity exists to enhance their productivity though implementation of a genetic improvement program utilizing the advanced reproductive technologies of artificial insemination and embryo transfer. These two reproductive technologies permit the production of more offspring from genetically superior animals in a shorter amount of time than would be possible through conventional breeding.
    [Show full text]
  • Awassi Fat Tails : a Chance for Premium Exports
    Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 Volume 35 Number 3 1994 Article 5 1-1-1994 Awassi fat tails : a chance for premium exports Fiona Sunderman Michael Johns Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4 Part of the Dairy Science Commons, International Business Commons, and the Sheep and Goat Science Commons Recommended Citation Sunderman, Fiona and Johns, Michael (1994) "Awassi fat tails : a chance for premium exports," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4: Vol. 35 : No. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture4/vol35/iss3/5 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reasons for import Dr John Lightfoot was the The program to import Awassi fat tail sheep driving force in the was one of a number of Department of introduction of Awassis to Agriculture initiatives in the early 1980sto Australia and remains improve opportunities for diversification in certain that they will become a permanent and agriculture and enhance the potential for important part of the exports. Dr John Lightfoot, now Executive agricultural economy. Director of Animal Industries, first Awassis have distinctive recognised the potential of the Awassi breed brown faces with Roman and has managed the project from its noses. conception. He saw three major Embryos were collected in Cyprus from the opportunities: Ministry of Agriculture's Awassi flock which • A new sheep breeding industry to supply had originated from the two best Awassi Awassi cross ram Jambs, young breeding dairy flocks in Israel, the Eyn Harod and Sde ewes and chilled carcases to the premium Nahum studs.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading for Development: the Somali Rural Literacy Campaign of 1975
    Reading for Development: The Somali Rural Literacy Campaign of 1975 A dissertation presented to the faculty of The Patton College of Education of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy M. Shariff Osman March 2012 © 2012 M. Shariff Osman. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Reading for Development: The Somali Rural Literacy Campaign of 1975 by M. SHARIFF OSMAN has been approved for the Department of Educational Studies and The Patton College of Education by Francis E. Godwyll Associate Professor of Educational Studies Renée A. Middleton Dean, The Patton College of Education 3 Abstract OSMAN, M. SHARIFF, Ph.D., March 2012, Educational Studies, Cultural Studies Reading for Development: The Somali Rural Literacy Campaign of 1975 Director of Dissertation: Francis E. Godwyll This historiography study investigates the Somali Literacy Campaign of 1975, which was implemented to improve the socioeconomic development of the country through literacy. The Somali language did not have orthography until 1972 and the media of administration and education instruction was English, Italian, and Arabic. Moreover, the illiteracy rate was 90% and the use of foreign languages in the country denied the majority of the population access to education, health, employment, and many other vital services. In 1969, the government took the initiative of devising a Somali language orthography. Subsequently, the government organized a mass literacy campaign to disseminate the reading and writing of the Somali language throughout the country, and this was followed by the Somalization of administration and education. This process was completed between 1973 and 1975. The study uses oral historiography and/or narratology approaches to examine the objectives and the outcomes of the campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Puntland State of Somalia
    THE ROLE OF LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOMALIA: CASE STUDY - PUNTLAND STATE OF SOMALIA BY YUSUF MOHAMUD MOHAMED BEC/20015/82/DF A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND APPLIED STATISTICS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE IN ECONOMICS OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY DECEMBER, 2011 DECLARATION I YUSUF MOHAMUD MOHAMED declare that this report on the "Role of livestock in Economic Development in Puntaland State of Somali" is entirely my own effort and has never been submitted to any other academic institution for any form of award. Name: YUSUF MOHAMUD MOHAMED BEC/20015/82/DF IZ- ,..zol,\ Signatu~ Date: .......................- t>ec .. 11 APPROVAL This report on the "Role of livestock in Economic Development in Puntland State of Somali" has been supervised by me and is due for submission. Supervisor: Dr. ABUGA MOKONO ISAAC Signature: lll DEDICATION I dedicate this piece of work, to my beloved parents Shiekh Mohamud Sheikh Mohamed and Mrs Foos Alinur Mohamed, my brother Bashir Sheikh Mohamud and My sister Maryama Sheikh Mohamud and my Love Hafsa Abdirahman Abshir for their wonderful contribution in my academic career. May the Almighty reward You Abundantly! ,, < lV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe my gratitude to all those who financially, academically and expressively contributed in the carrying out this research. My special appreciation goes to my supervisor Dr. Abuga who diligently corrected and guided me, thanks for the good criticisms, patience and . understanding. Special appreciation goes to all the lecturers who imparted professionalism into this work. Thanks a great deal. I cannot fail to acknowledge my dear parents My mum Foos Alinur Mohamed and my father Sheikh Mohamud Sheikh Mohamed.
    [Show full text]