DOCSLIB.ORG

Feasibility of Utilizing Advanced Reproductive Technologies for Sheep Breeding in Egypt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feasibility of Utilizing Advanced Reproductive Technologies for Sheep Breeding in Egypt Animal Science Publications Animal Science 4-2019 Feasibility of utilizing advanced reproductive technologies for sheep breeding in Egypt. Part 1. Genetic and nutritional resources A. G. Elshazly Iowa State University Curtis R. Youngs Iowa State University, cryoungs@iastate.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Biotechnology Commons, Genetics Commons, Nutrition Commons, and the Sheep and Goat Science Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ans_pubs/793. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Animal Science Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact digirep@iastate.edu. Feasibility of utilizing advanced reproductive technologies for sheep breeding in Egypt. Part 1. Genetic and nutritional resources Abstract Sheep are a valuable livestock species because of their ability to convert forages, as well as feedstuffs not suitable for human consumption, into meat and milk that are important sources of human dietary protein. Sheep are the most abundant ruminant livestock species in Egypt, and great opportunity exists to enhance their productivity though implementation of a genetic improvement program utilizing the advanced reproductive technologies of artificial insemination and embryo transfer. These two reproductive technologies permit the production of more offspring from genetically superior animals in a shorter amount of time than would be possible through conventional breeding. It will be important to match the appropriate breeds of sheep with the proper nutritional and production environments that will enable animals to express their full genetic potential for enhanced production of meat, milk and fiber. Disciplines Agriculture | Biotechnology | Genetics | Nutrition | Sheep and Goat Science Comments This article is published as Elshazly AG and CR Youngs. 2019. Feasibility of utilizing advanced reproductive technologies for sheep breeding in Egypt. Part 1. Genetic and nutritional resources. Egyptian Journal of Sheep & Goat Sciences 14(1):39-52. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs/793 Egyptian Journal of Sheep & Goat Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 1, P: 39 52, April 2019 Feasibility of utilizing advanced reproductive technologies for sheep breeding in Egypt. Part 1. Genetic and nutritional resources. A.G. Elshazly1 and C.R. Youngs1,2 1 Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, 2356B Kildee Hall, 806 Stange Rd, Ames, Iowa 50011-1178 USA 2Corresponding author: E-MAIL: cryoungs@iastate.edu; VOICE: 1-515-294-5541; FAX:1-515- 294-4471 SUMMARY Sheep are a valuable livestock species because of their ability to convert forages, as well as feedstuffs not suitable for human consumption, into meat and milk that are important sources of human dietary protein. Sheep are the most abundant ruminant livestock species in Egypt, and great opportunity exists to enhance their productivity though implementation of a genetic improvement program utilizing the advanced reproductive technologies of artificial insemination and embryo transfer. These two reproductive technologies permit the production of more offspring from genetically superior animals in a shorter amount of time than would be possible through conventional breeding. It will be important to match the appropriate breeds of sheep with the proper nutritional and production environments that will enable animals to express their full genetic potential for enhanced production of meat, milk and fiber. INTRODUCTION areas and 8.8% in urban areas), and food The Arab Republic of Egypt (more insecurity is highest in rural Upper Egypt where commonly known as Egypt) spans the 38.7% of the population has poor access to food northeastern corner of Africa and the (World Food Programme, 2018). southwestern corner of Asia; its population is Recommendations to improve food security for estimated at 100 million (World Population Egyptians include further development of their Review, 2018), ranking it among the top 15 most livestock production systems (Soliman, 2018). populous nations of the world. In 2017, the gross The most abundant animal (excluding national income (GNI) per capita (Atlas method) avian species) raised for food in Egypt are sheep was $3,010 (World Bank, 2018a), and its GINI (FAOSTAT, 2018). As a small ruminant, sheep index (a measure of equality of wealth can convert low-quality roughages into meat and distribution within a country) was 31.8 (World milk for human consumption (in addition to Bank, 2018b). Egypt’s 2017 human producing fiber and hides). Sheep are well- development index (HDI) rank, which is based suited to foraging on marginal grazing lands that on factors such as life expectancy at birth and are unable to support grazing of larger livestock average years of education of its citizens, is 115 species such as cattle and buffalo. Therefore, out of 189 countries (United Nations sheep represent a wonderful opportunity for Development Programme, 2018). Egypt to increase the production of animal- Agriculture is important to the economy source foods thereby reducing problems of Egypt. It contributes approximately 14.5% of associated with food insecurity. the nation’s’ gross domestic product (GDP) and accounts for approximately 28% of all jobs – Sheep production in Egypt: including jobs for nearly 45% of all women in Sheep are an essential component of the workforce (USAID, 2018). Despite Egyptian agriculture, and livestock production agriculture’s importance, food insecurity is a accounts for approximately 30% of the country's problem in Egypt. Approximately 16% of its total agricultural income. Sheep production is citizens have poor access to food (21.3% in rural being encouraged in Egypt as a means of ISSN : 2090-0368 - Online ISSN : 2090-0376 (Website : https://ejsgs.journals.ekb.eg) 39 Feasibility of utilizing advanced reproductive technologies for sheep breeding in Egypt. Part 1. Genetic and nutritional resources. improving the daily dietary protein intake of the most pressing problems of the country. Thus, humans. Sheep, therefore, constitute an sheep are able to produce meat and milk without important component of Egypt’s food security consuming large quantities of feed concentrates plan. In 2017, more than 2.34 million head of (that are in short supply in Egypt) when sheep produced 72,296 tons of red meat compared with large ruminants. representing approximately 7.4% of all red meat The current number of sheep in Egypt is production in Egypt (FAOSTAT, 2018). 5.69 million head, and this number exceeds that Average carcass weight was approximately 30.9 of cattle (5.06 million head), goats (4.35 million kilograms. Total production of sheep milk was head), and buffaloes (3.37 million head). Figure 99,322 tons. 1 shows that the number of sheep (as well as Sheep occupy an advanced position cattle) has been increasing over the past two within the Egyptian livestock sector because of decades, whereas the number of buffaloes has their suitability to the different agricultural been decreasing in the past decade. The number conditions in the country, especially in the of sheep has increased due to their ability to reclaimed and desert lands. Sheep are highly graze and their need for less concentrate, while efficient in converting non-dense pastures to the number of cattle has increased because of meat, milk and wool; they also possess the their greater utilization of feeds to produce milk ability to travel long distances during grazing (when compared with buffaloes) especially in F1 and to withstand harsh environmental Friesian X local crossbreds which now represent conditions. Sheep meat and sheep milk can the majority of the cattle population (E.I. contribute significantly to the goal of reducing Shehata, personal communication). human dietary protein deficiency which is one of Sheep, cattle and buffalo populations (in millions of head) in Egypt 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 Buffaloes Cattle Sheep Figure 1. Temporal changes in populations of three major ruminant livestock species in Egypt during the time period 1995 through 2016 (data from FAO). Egyptian sheep breeds are characterized governorates outside the valley (North and by high fertility rates, an extended breeding South Sinai, Marsa Matruh, New Valley, Red season, but low prolificacy (Gabr et al., 2016). Sea and Nubaria). The governorates of Gharbia, The breeds have adapted over time to their local Matrouh, Sharqiya, Minya and Sohag are among environmental conditions, and sheep are the most densely populated provinces for sheep distributed geographically in Upper Egypt, (Elshennawy, 1995). Central and North Upper Egypt, and 40 A.G. Elshazly. and C.R. Youngs, 2019 Egyptian Journal of Sheep & Goat Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 1, P: 39 -52, April 2019 Egypt lies predominantly between 22° producing regions of Egypt are characterized in and 32° N latitude, and 25° and 35° E longitude. Table 1. A visual depiction of regions where Climatic conditions in three of the major sheep- sheep are commonly raised is shown in Figure 2. Table 1. Annual precipitation rate, humidity level, and temperature ranges in three geographical regions of Egypt where the most common breeds of sheep (Rahmani, Ossimi, and Barki) are raised. central and south delta and northwestern coast northern delta central Egypt and the desert areas Annual precipitation rate (mm) 100-200 0-80 120-300 Humidity (%) 56-75 48-68 40-80 o Temperature range ( C) Maximum 18-33 19-37 29-39 Minimum 6-19 5-21 9-18 Most common sheep breed Rahmani Ossimi Barki Figure 2. Geographical distribution of a diverse group of local Egyptian breeds of sheep.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Awassi Sheep H
    10 WORLD ANIMAL REVIEW is a quarterly journal reviewing developments in animal production, animal health and animal products, with particular reference to these spheres in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO was founded in Quebec, Canada, in October 1945, when the Member Nations agreed to work together to secure a lasting peace through freedom from want. The membership of FAO numbers 152 nations. Director-General: Edouard Saouma. WORLD ANIMAL REVIEW [abbreviation: Wld Anim. Rev. (FAO)] is prepared by FAO's Animal Production and Health Division, which is one of Five divisions in the Agriculture De-partment. The Division is subdivided into three technical services concerned with animal production, meat and milk development, and animal health. Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Committee: R.B. Griffiths (Director, Animal Production and Health Division). Acting Technical Editor: D.E. Faulkner. x The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. x The views expressed in signed articles are those of the authors. x Information from WORLD ANIMAL REVIEW, if not copyrighted, may be quoted provided reference is made to the source. A cutting of any reprinted material would be appreciated and should be sent to the Distribution and Sales Section of FAO. x Subscription rate for one year: USS8.00.
    [Show full text]
  • Suitability of Different Awassi Lines for Efficient Sheep Production of Bedouins in the Negev in Israel
    Anna Al Baqain (Autor) Suitability of different Awassi lines for efficient sheep production of Bedouins in the Negev in Israel https://cuvillier.de/de/shop/publications/6107 Copyright: Cuvillier Verlag, Inhaberin Annette Jentzsch-Cuvillier, Nonnenstieg 8, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Telefon: +49 (0)551 54724-0, E-Mail: info@cuvillier.de, Website: https://cuvillier.de INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem statement Only 16% of the area in the Middle-East is arable land (Dowling, 2009). The rest consists of marginal land and desert, used by Bedouins to raise livestock. Small ruminants are playing a major role in the Bedouin livestock production, representing one of their most important income sources. As pastoralists, Bedouins followed available resources of pasture with irregular movements, but country borders and settlement activities changed this lifestyle drastically in most areas of the Middle East. The compulsory schooling of children and governmental sedentarization programs have changed Bedouin lifestyle from nomadic to a more transhumant, or even settled one. Additionally, a decrease in resources of land and water, together with changing market conditions forced Bedouin sheep farmers to continuously adjust their production system and their respective inputs to market conditions. Abu-Rabia (1984) has found that several Bedouin sheep farms in the Negev face continuous economic losses. Especially in marginal areas it is thus very essential to choose the right type and quantity of input (Nudell et al., 1998) for an efficient production. In the Negev desert in Israel, tradition-oriented, extensive systems co-exist besides more intensified systems with a high market-orientation (Rummel et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • 11973328.Pdf
    Foreign Exchange Rate: USD 1 = JPY 96.60 USD 1 = LE 5.56 (Average Betw een March 2009 and August 2009) LOCATIO N MAP (1) LOCATIO N MAP (2) FINALREPORT VOLUME II ENVIRO NMENTALAND SOCIAL IMPACTASSESSMENT O F ABU RAWASH WWTP PROJECT Location Map Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviations Summary TABLEOF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1-1 1.1 Background.....................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Objective ofthe Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study..................1-2 1.3 Report Structure...............................................................................................1-3 CHAPTER 2 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK..........................................2-1 2.1 Administrative Framework................................................................................2-1 2.1.1 Construction Authority for Potable Water andWastewater............................2-2 2.1.2 Holding Company for Water andWastewater..............................................2-3 2.1.3 Cairo Sanitary Drainage Company..............................................................2-4 2.1.4 Cairo Water Supply Company....................................................................2-4 2.1.5 Giza Water and Wastewater Company.........................................................2-5 2.1.6 Egyptian Environmental AffairsAgency.....................................................2-5
    [Show full text]
  • Amnesty International Report
    CRUSHING HUMANITY THE ABUSE OF SOLITARY CONFINEMENT IN EGYPT’S PRISONS Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2018 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. © Designed by Kjpargeter / Freepik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2018 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: MDE 12/8257/2018 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6 METHODOLOGY 10 BACKGROUND 12 ILLEGITIMATE USE OF SOLITARY CONFINEMENT 14 OVERLY BROAD SCOPE 14 ARBITRARY USE 15 DETAINEES WITH A POLITICAL PROFILE 15 PRISONERS ON DEATH ROW 22 ACTS NOT CONSTITUTING DISCIPLINARY OFFENCES 23 LACK OF DUE PROCESS 25 LACK OF INDEPENDENT REVIEW 25 LACK OF AUTHORIZATION BY A COMPETENT
    [Show full text]
  • 548 Branches Work Until 3:00 Pm
    55 Branches Work until 5:00 Pm Branch Address Cairo Moustafa Kamel 155 Mohamed Farid Street - Cairo Helwan 35 A Mostafa El Maraghy St. - Near Helwan metro station ElNozha 1 Adly Kafafy St. Saint Fatima Square Heliopolis Helmayat Elzaiton 10 Ibn ElHakam Square - Helmayat Elzaiton Roksy 21 Ibrahim ElLaqqany St. Heliopolis ElAbbasia 13 El Ganzoury St. Intersection Of Sabil El Khazandar - El Guish Square - ElAbbasia Elzamalek 10 ElKamel Mohamed St., ElZamalek Misr Elgadida 129 ElSayed ElMerghany St., ElSabaa Omarat Square - Heliopolis Abbas ElAkkad 47 Abbas ElAkkad St., Nasr City Kasr El-Nil 45 Kasr El-Nil Street Giza Embaba 1 Mohamed Roshdy St., next to the Ministry of Culture - El Kit Kat Square Embaba ElHaram 334 El Haram St. - next to Giza International Hospital - ElHaram Elwarraq Corniche ElNil St., Beside AbdelMoneim Riad St., Warraq El Hadar ElMalek Faisal 2 Osama Abu Omira St - Hassan Mohamed Station - Giza Governorate Mohamed Hafiz 56 A Gamaet ElDewal ElArabeya Tower Abou ElFotouh Tower - Mohandeseen sound and light Agency 1 Ibn ElManag St., Off Abou Elhoul St., Nazlet ElSamman, ElHaram Wadi ElNile 15 Wadi ElNil St., Mohandeseen New Faisal 41 B Faisal El Mariouteya Street - Export Development Bank Tower - Giza Beverly Hills Cairo - Alexandria Desert City (Sheik Zayed City) - Beverly Hills Zamalek Club 26th of July Street, Zamalek Club, Al-Ajouza, Giza Alexandria Sidi Bishr Intersection of ElQadi ElNu'man Street with Rustam Pasha behind the Montazah Police Station - Victoria ElAgami Hanovil Main Street - ElAgami - Alexandria Ismailia
    [Show full text]
  • Goat and Sheep Products Value Chain Analysis in Lebanon
    Goat and sheep products value chain analysis in Lebanon Hosri C., Tabet E., Nehme M. in Napoléone M. (ed.), Ben Salem H. (ed.), Boutonnet J.P. (ed.), López-Francos A. (ed.), Gabiña D. (ed.). The value chains of Mediterranean sheep and goat products. Organisation of the industry, marketing strategies, feeding and production systems Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 115 2016 pages 61-66 Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=00007254 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To cite this article / Pour citer cet article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hosri C., Tabet E., Nehme M. Goat and sheep products value chain analysis in Lebanon. In : Napoléone M. (ed.), Ben Salem H. (ed.), Boutonnet J.P. (ed.), López-Francos A. (ed.), Gabiña D. (ed.). The value chains of Mediterranean sheep and goat products. Organisation of the industry, marketing strategies, feeding and production systems. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 2016. p. 61-66 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens; n. 115) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Getting by on the Margins: Sudanese and Somali Refugees a Case Report of Refugees in Towns Cairo, Egypt
    Getting by on the Margins: Sudanese and Somali Refugees A Case Report of Refugees in Towns Cairo, Egypt Paul Miranda Cairo, Egypt / A Case Report of Refugees in Towns 1 JUNE 2018 Contents About the RIT Project 3 Location 4 Introduction 5 About the Author and How He Wrote the Report 5 Background on Forced Migration to Egypt 6 Legal Framework Governing Refugees in Egypt 8 Background on Forced Migration in Greater Cairo 9 Mapping Cairo’s Refugees 10 Sudanese and Somali Neighborhoods: Hay el Ashr and Araba wa Nus 12 Governance 12 Demographics 13 Spatial Distribution of Populations in Hay el Ashr and Araba wa Nus 13 Refugees’ Experiences 15 Livelihoods 15 Children’s Education 16 Medical services 17 Urban Impact on the Economy and Housing 17 The local economy: Sudanese and Somali businesses 18 Housing 18 Governance 20 African Refugees’ Experiences 21 Racism 21 Social Networks and Political Mobilization 23 Gangs 23 Future Outlooks on Integration 24 Conclusion 25 References 26 Cairo, Egypt / A Case Report of Refugees in Towns 2 About the RIT Project The Refugees in Towns (RIT) project promotes understanding of the migrant/refugee experience in urban settings. Our goal is to understand and promote refugee integration by drawing on the knowledge and perspective of refugees and locals to develop deeper understanding of the towns in which they live. The project was conceived and is led by Karen Jacobsen. It is based at the Feinstein International Center at Tufts University and funded by the Henry J. Leir Foundation. Our goals are twofold Our first long-term goal is to build a theory of integration form the ground up by compiling a global database of case studies and reports to help us analyze and understand the process of immigrant/refugee integration.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Evaluation of Growth Performance in Awassi Sheep
    Genetic evaluation of growth performance in Awassi sheep Gursoy O., Kirk K., Cebeci Z., Pollot G.E. in Gabiña D. (ed.). Strategies for sheep and goat breeding Zaragoza : CIHEAM Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 11 1995 pages 193-201 Article available on line / Article disponible en ligne à l’adresse : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?IDPDF=96605556 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To cite this article / Pour citer cet article -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gursoy O., Kirk K., Cebeci Z., Pollot G.E. Genetic evaluation of growth performance in Awassi sheep. In : Gabiña D. (ed.). Strategies for sheep and goat breeding . Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1995. p. 193- 201 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 11) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.ciheam.org/ http://om.ciheam.org/ CIHEAM - Options Mediterraneennes Genetic evaluation of growth performance in Awassi sheep O. GURSOY K. KIRK Z. CEBECI DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF ÇUKUROVA
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Genetic Diversity Between Three Saudi Sheep Breeds Using DNA Markers
    Vol. 14(41), pp. 2883-2889, 14 October, 2015 DOI:10.5897/AJB2015.14602 Article Number: 8169DFD55828 ISSN 1684-5315 African Journal of Biotechnology Copyright © 2015 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Estimation of genetic diversity between three Saudi sheep breeds using DNA markers Ahmed Abdel Gadir Adam1*, Nada Babiker Hamza2, Manal Abdel Wahid Salim3 and Khaleil Salah Khalil4 1Faculty of Art and Science Raniah Branch, University of Taif, Raniah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2Comission for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, National Centre for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan. 3Animal Production Research Center, Kuku, Khartoum North, Sudan. 4Ministry of Agriculture, Raniah Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Received 27 March, 2015; Accepted 2 September, 2015 The genetic variation of Najdi, Harri and Awassi breeds of Saudi sheep prevailing in Raniah province of Makka district were assessed and compared to Sudanese Desert sheep using random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase cahin reaction (RAPD-PCR) technique. Five primers successfully amplified distinguishable 40 bands with an average of 96% polymorphism revealing that Saudi sheep breeds possess the needed genetic variation required for further genetic improvement. The resulted dendrogram showed that, there are two main separate clades. The Desert sheep is genetically distant and appeared as out-group from the Saudi sheep breeds. The first main clade included all of the Najdi individuals and only two individuals from Harri breed. While, the second main clade comprised two subgroups, the first one included individuals from Harri breed and the second included both Harri and Awassi individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends of Fertility Levels in Egypt in Recent Years Dr. Hussein Abdel Aziz Sayed
    Trends of Fertility Levels in Egypt in Recent Years Dr. Hussein Abdel Aziz Sayed August 2019 Acknowledgement We thank the Ministry of Planning, Monitoring and Administrative Reform (MOPMAR) for availing the required data for this study which is critical for monitoring and enhancing the national population and development program in Egypt, at both National and Governorate levels. Special acknowledgment to the Sustainable Development Unit/MoPMAR for sharing the data of the electronic vital registration system and their valuable feedback during the study development. UNFPA is grateful to Dr. Hussein Abdel Aziz Sayed1 for this study on fertility trends in Egypt. Dawlat Shaarawy2 and Miguel Angel Fuentes from UNFPA country office contributed in identifying and preparing the visuals for this report. UNFPA also wish to thank the Embassy of Switzerland in Egypt for their financial contribution for this study. 1 Department of Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University. 2 Population and Development Analyst, UNFPA Egypt Country Office 2 Introduction In Egypt, the successive demographic and health surveys document general decline in fertility since the sixties at a different pace. In 1960s, the average number of children per woman at the end of her reproductive life was estimated at 6.7 children. In 1980s, it declined to 5.3 children and to between 3.9 and 4.1 children in the1990s as per Demographic & Health Survey (DHS), 1992. The decline in fertility rates continued, with 3.5 as an average number of children per woman till the beginning of the third millennium. During the period 2005-2008 it reached 3.0 children per women.
    [Show full text]
  • Awassi and Its Possible Rural Development Role in Africa and Asia
    Macedonian Journal of Animal Science , Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 305–316 (2011) 050 ISSN 1857 – 7709 Received: June 05, 2009 UDC: 636.3 (5/6) Accepted: November 15, 2009 Original scientific paper AWASSI AND ITS POSSIBLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT ROLE IN AFRICA AND ASIA Oktay Gürsoy University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 01330, Adana, Turkey ogursoy@cu.edu.tr The Awassi sheep is the dominant breed of the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey and is also the sole breed of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a milk breed and is the top milk producer among the existing breeds in Turkey. It is well known for its hardiness, resistance to diseases and parasites, tolerance to extremely high temperatures, high ad- aptation to desert and temperate climates. It has had great genetic relations with the Awassi found in Israel through vast imports of the Awassi from Turkey in mid fifties. Its litter size is around 1.1 lamb/lambing; lactation milk pro- duction is approximately 180 kg under extensive conditions and responds very well to intensification. Growth per- formance of the Awassi sheep is also remarkable and is the highest among all the breeds in Turkey. Under feedlot conditions daily gains of 300–340 are highly common. Greasy fleece weight is around 2.5–3.0 kg and is of mattress quality. Its fleece is high in madullated fibers and is extremely well known with its kemp fiber ratio. The Awassi population demonstrates high variation regarding milk production and growth performances and high genetic gains are achieved via progeny testing for improving milk production in unique Ceylanpinar State Farm population of 25.000 ewes.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Environmental and Social Impacts ______27 5.1 Introduction ______Error! Bookmark Not Defined
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Submitted to : Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company EGAS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK Prepared by: Executive Summary Public Disclosure Authorized NATURAL GAS CONNECTION PROJECT IN 20 GOVERNORATES IN EGYPT (January 2017) Executive summary 1 List of acronyms and abbreviations AFD Agence Française de Développement (French Agency for Development) BUTAGASCO The Egyptian Company for LPG distribution CAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics EHDR Egyptian Human Development Report 2010 EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EGAS Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company EGP Egyptian pound ESDV Emergency Shut Down Valve ESIAF Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Framework ESMMF Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FGD Focus Group Discussion GoE Government of Egypt HP High Pressure HSE Health Safety and Environment LDC Local Distribution Companies LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LP Low Pressure mBar milliBar NG Natural Gas NGO Non-Governmental Organizations PAP Project Affected Persons PRS Pressure Reduction Station QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SDO Social Development Officer SFD Social Fund for Development SSIAF Supplementary Social Impact Assessment Framework TOR Terms of Reference Town Gas The Egyptian Company for Natural Gas Distribution for Cities WB The World Bank US $ United
    [Show full text]