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REPRÉSENTATIONS LESBIENNES À LA TÉLÉVISION POPULAIRE NORD-AMÉRICAINE: QUELLES IDENTITÉS REPRÉSENTÉES POUR QUELS PUBLICS? Par: Tara Chanady, Doctorante en Communications, Université de Montréal. Colloque CIRFF 2015, Identités et luttes lesbiennes. COURT HISTORIQUE DES REPRÉSENTATIONS LESBIENNES À LA TÉLÉVISION POPULAIRE 1991: Premier baiser lesbien à la network tv dans L.A. Law 1997: Coming-out de Ellen de Generes dans son sitcom Ellen 1997: Premier baiser passionné (open-mouth) entre deux femmes aux heures de grande écoute: Relativity 2000: Premier long rôle principal pour un personnage lesbien à la télévision “daytime”: All My Children 2001: Pour certains, première représentation “réaliste” du développement d’une relation lesbienne: Buffy, the vampire Slayer 2004: Première émission populaire lesbienne: The L Word 1991-2015: Popularisation du phénomène du « lesbian kiss episode » (Sex in the City, Party of Five, Ally McBeal, One Tree Hill, etc.), et des courtes relations lesbiennes (The O.C., Degrassi, 90120, Desperate Housewives, etc.) Peut-on parler de « bonne » ou « mauvaise » représentation et si oui, quels en sont les critères? Est-ce dommageable de reproduire la logique du placard et la binarité homo-hétéro? Les représentations sont-elles trop hétéronormatives? Pas assez diversifiées? Trop apolitiques (et a-t-on besoin que les représentations soient politiques)? La sexualité lesbienne est-elle commodifiée? Comment peut-on distinguer les limites entre un personnage lesbien émancipatoire et un personnage lesbien qui n’est qu’objet de désir? Doit-on privilégier les étiquettes revendiquées (comme lesbienne) ou des représentations de la sexualité plus fluides et moins définies? Quels sont les enjeux propres à ces deux types de représentations? Comment les choses ont-elles changé et que reste-il à faire? TARA AND WILLOW, BUFFY THE VAMPIRE SLAYER, 1997 LINDSAY AND MELANIE, QUEER AS FOLK, 2000 BIANCA, ALL MY CHILDREN, 2000 THE L WORD, 2004 ALEX, THE O.C., 2004 SPENCER, SOUTH OF NOWHERE, 2005 CALLIE AND ARIZONA, GREYS ANATOMY, 2008 NAOMI AND EMILY, SKINS (U.K.), 2008 SIAN AND SOPHIE, CORONATION STREET (U.K.), 2010 LAUREN, LOST GIRL (CAN.), 2010 EMILY, PRETTY LITTLE LIARS, 2010 FIONA, DEGRASSI THE NEXT GENERATION (CAN.), 2011 BRITTANY AND SANTANA, GLEE, 2011 LESLIE, CHICAGO FIRE, 2012 ALEX AND PIPER, POUSSEY, NICKY, CRAZY EYES, ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK, 2013 AMY, FAKING IT, 2014 LESBIENNES COMME PRODUITS DE CONSOMMATION ET COMME REPRÉSENTATIONS HÉTÉRONORMATIVES Le phénomène du lesbian kiss episode: “Eminently visual; cheap, provided the actors are willing; controversial, year in and year out; and elegantly reversible (sweeps lesbians typically vanish or go straight when the week's over), kisses between women are perfect sweeps stunts. They offer something for everyone, from advocacy groups looking for role models to indignation-seeking conservatives, from goggle-eyed male viewers to progressive female ones, from tyrants who demand psychological complexity to plot buffs.” Scripteur Marti Noxon (2002) à propos de la résistance rencontrée lors du développement de la relation lesbienne sur Buffy The Vampire Slayer : "You can show girls kissing once, but you can't show them kissing twice… because the second time, it means that they liked it” Cette dynamique a-t-elle changé et comment? Relations hétéronormatives toujours présentes au sein de relations récentes comme dans Greys Anatomy (père de l’enfant), Faking it (exploration sexuelle) et Degrassi (flirt avec des garçons) Référence: Heffernan, Virginia (February 10, 2005). "CRITIC'S NOTEBOOK; It's February. Pucker Up, TV Actresses.". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2008 DÉPOLITISATION DES REPRÉSENTATIONS Illene Chaiken (productrice de The Word) dans une entrevue au New York Times en 2005: “In the meantime, lesbianism became hip. Reality dating shows revealed girls necking in hot tubs. Rosie O'Donnell came out. Girls went wild. Madonna planted one on Britney. Ellen DeGeneres's sexuality, once viewed as toxic enough to sink a sitcom, morphed into a nonissue benign enough for her to have her own daytime chat show. "From 1999 to now, gay issues entered the political zeitgeist and the television landscape changed drastically," Ms. Chaiken said. "Stories that before weren't being told started being consumed avidly." I rail against the idea that pop television is a political medium," she said. "I am political in my life. But I am making serialized melodrama. I'm not a cultural missionary." Like so many high school boys, she just wants to see girls kiss on television.” Référence: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/06/arts/television/she-likes-to-watch.html ÉTUDE EN LIGNE: IMPACT DES REPRÉSENTATIONS LESBIENNES À LA TÉLÉVISION POPULAIRE SUR DES JEUNES FILLES EN PROCESSUS DE COMING-OUT Sources: Blogs comme Afterellen.com (site d’actualités lesbiennes), Commentaires sur des montages-vidéos YouTube, Commentaires sur des articles en ligne Référence: Banque de données de L’Université Queens, Master Research Project: Lesbian Representations in Mainstream Television: Arguing or the value of a postpositivist framework to understand their dynamics and impacts over a postmodern one, Tara Chanady (2012) À PROPOS DES ÉTIQUETTES (LABELS) Don't you mean "bi"? Or does "gay" mean anything we want it to, now?” “ I think it's the fear of labels that leads many people to use every word for everything. Especially women are usually considered to be sexually fluid nowadays. Personally I think labels are a good thing. Gay therapist Joe Kort even says that only when we are able to put a label on ourselves we have overcome our internalized homophobia (or biphobia or any other self-phobia). I worked hard for it, but now I am proud to call myself gay or lesbian. I like my labels and my precious diversities.” “I just like crisp and clear definitions and labels. Because I love to communicate. And I don't like confusion. I have many labels, like my name, for example. And I'm lesbian, because that is how I define myself”. I like labels. When some guy hits on me or some female who doesn't know me well tries to set me up with or talk about some guy, I can say simply "I am a lesbian" and it is understood that that label means "not interested in men." I don't have to use 5000 different words and reasons for why I don't want this man. I am gay. Period. That's my label and it has meaning. Comments retrieved from AfterEllen.com, “Celebrating an extraordinary week of tv for lesbian visibility”, http://www.afterellen.com/television/2011/3/celebrating-an-extraordinary-week-of-tv-for-lesbian- visibility, retrieved on July 24th, 2012. Comments retrieved from AfterEllen.com, “Morning Brew”, http://www.afterellen.com/content/2012/08/morning-brew-sneak-peeks-real-l-word-and-pretty-little-liars-prop-8-heads-supreme, retrieved on July 24th, 2012. À PROPOS DU COMING OUT “my own coming out process began with Xena and slowly moved to Grey's Anatomy, and then to The L Word and other explicitly gay media”. “I have to say that afterellen has been such a resource for me since I came out in 2007. I am a media junky and I relate to television more than anything else. I had watched "The L Word" before I started reading this site, but besides "Buffy" that was really the only Lesbian Storyline I know of.” “t.v. is the only connecting some of us have to the gay world. I am 17 and live in an incredibly small town in the midwest so this episode of glee meant so much to me. I have actually decided to come out to my dad in part because of glee. I have never even meant another gay or lesbian before in my life, so I sort of depend on these t.v. shows just to make it feel like I have some sort of connection to the gay community. I wanted to thank you for writing this article. Things like this site and tuesday's episode of glee are what help me to cope with who I am.” Comment retrieved from AfterEllen.com, Celebrating an extraordinary week of tv for lesbian visibility, Ibid. Retrieved on June 18th, 2012. Comments retrieved from AfterEllen.com, Heather Hogan, “Does Lesbian subtext still matter” http://www.afterellen.com/tv/does-lesbian-subtext-still-matter, retrieved on June 12th, 2012. INFLUENCE DES REPRÉSENTATIONS SUR LES JEUNES FILLES ET LEUR ENVIRONNEMENT SOCIAL “Shows like Buffy and Skins and The L Word were very influential in my perception of the LGBT community. Growing up in a very conservative area, I don't think I knew a single person that was openly gay. I had always been taught to think that being gay was a sin. Watching shows that featured gay characters allowed me to come to terms with my own struggles with my sexuality by showing me how wrong I was about homosexuality. I love that such a big show like Glee has chosen to represent more than one demographic of its audience by providing characters that the LGBT community can relate to. Subtext is becoming maintext, and it is a beautiful thing.” “It made me think of the changes we're able to see now, concerning lesbian content on Tv and Films. I wish I could have so many options in my teen years. It would've certainly helped me and I probably wouldn't be as "queer starved" as I am today for lesbian themed films/shows.” “Naomi's series 3 episode had just been released. I could not help watching and thinking 'is...is this really happening on screen too?'. The most amazing thing is I can't escape it, and I don't want to. I am from Kansas, really close to Topeka. When I was three years old, I had to ask my mother what a fag was because Fred Phelps and the Phelpetts were protesting near my preschool.