Cold War Vision SENIOR CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: of the U.S

Published by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. www.cqresearcher.com U.S. Global Engagement Should America be more assertive on the world stage?

s concern grows about Russia’s intentions in Ukraine and the civil war in Syria continues unabated, the United States faces increasing A pressure from hawks to intervene militarily — though not with boots on the ground. But in the wake of the long wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, most Americans oppose involving U.S. troops in military actions abroad. Mindful of the potential for escalation and in tent on shifting resources to domestic needs, the Obama adminis tration has been using diplomacy and economic sanctions rather than bullets to assert American power. It has refused military aid to Ukraine but Pro-Russian militants take positions in Donetsk, in eastern Ukraine, on May 6, 2014. Despite Russian imposed economic sanctions in an attempt to stem what many President Vladimir Putin’s annexation of Ukraine’s Crimean Peninsula, President Obama has refused military aid to Ukraine, instead imposing economic view as an effort by Russian President Vladimir Putin to bring sanctions. Most Americans oppose military intervention in Ukraine and other Ukraine under Moscow’s control. Last year President Obama international hotspots. stopped short of bombing Syria after it used chemical weapons, instead sending aid for refugees of the war. Some U.S. allies I THIS REPORT N applaud the administration’s restraint, but others want to see more THE ISSUES ...... 435 S American muscle. BACKGROUND ...... 440 I CHRONOLOGY ...... 443 D CURRENT SITUATION ...... 446 E CQ Researcher • May 16, 2014 • www.cqresearcher.com AT ISSUE ...... 449 Volume 24, Number 19 • Pages 433-456 OUTLOOK ...... 450 RECIPIENT OF SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 454 EXCELLENCE u AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD THE NEXT STEP ...... 455 U.S. G LOBAL ENGAGEMENT

May 16, 2014 THE ISSUES SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS Volume 24, Number 19 Unrest Spreads in Ukraine MANAGING EDITOR: Thomas J. Billitteri • Should the U.S. military [email protected] 435 intervene in Ukraine? 436 The Ukrainian military and • If the U.S. reduces its pro-Russian protesters have ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITORS: Maryann global involvement, will clashed in eastern and south - Haggerty, [email protected], west Ukraine. Kathy Koch , [email protected] China and Russia step in? • Is the post-Cold War vision SENIOR CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: of the U.S. as the “indispens - Most Want U.S. to “Mind Thomas J. Colin 437 Its Own Business” [email protected] able nation” still valid? More than half of Americans CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Brian Beary, agree the U.S. should “mind its Marcia Clemmitt, Sarah Glazer, Kenneth Jost, BACKGROUND own business internationally.” Reed Karaim, Peter Katel , Robert Kiener, Barbara Mantel, Tom Price, Jennifer Weeks Russia and the U.S. Top Isolationism Defeated 440 China, EU in Military SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR: Olu B. Davis 440 Interventionism replaced Spending EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Ethan McLeod isolationism during the Military expenditures as a 20th century. share of GDP are higher for FACT CHECKERS: Eva P. Dasher, Russia and the U.S. than Michelle Harris, Nancie Majkowski Cold War China and Europe. 441 Foreign policy after World INTERN: Kaya Yurieff War II aimed to control the Chronology spread of communism. 443 Key events since 1939. 442 Soviet Collapse U.S. Weighs Interests The U.S. intervened in post- 444 of Allies Soviet Europe and the Persian Saudis speak out about Syria; An Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc. Gulf in the 1990s. Europeans worry about VICE PRESIDENT AND EDITORIAL DIRECTOR, Ukraine. HIGHER EDUCATION GROUP: 444 Major Wars Michele Sordi Public opposition to military Probable GOP Candidates EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, ONLINE LIBRARY AND intervention increased after 446 Debate Intervention wars in Iraq, Afghanistan. REFERENCE PUBLISHING: “The most interesting debate Todd Baldwin is in the Republican Party.” Copyright © 2014 CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Pub - CURRENT SITUATION At Issue: lications, Inc. SAGE reserves all copyright and other 449 Is the Obama administration rights herein, unless pre vi ous ly spec i fied in writing. Sanctioning Putin 446 responding effectively to the No part of this publication may be reproduced The U.S. and Europe have Ukraine crisis? electronically or otherwise, without prior written economically sanctioned some permission. Un au tho rized re pro duc tion or trans mis - Russians for supporting unrest sion of SAGE copy right ed material is a violation of in Ukraine. FOR FURTHER RESEARCH federal law car ry ing civil fines of up to $100,000. 448 Syria: Ballots and Bombs For More Information CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional President Obama refuses to 453 Organizations to contact. Quarterly Inc. militarily intervene in Syria’s civil war. CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on acid- 454 Bibliography free paper. Pub lished weekly, except: (March wk. 4) Selected sources used. (May wk. 4) (July wk. 1) (Aug. wks. 3, 4) (Nov. wk. OUTLOOK 4) and (Dec. wks. 3, 4). Published by SAGE Publications, The Next Step Inc., 2455 Teller Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Annual 455 Additional articles . Cautious Posture full-service subscriptions start at $1,054. For pricing, 450 call 1-800-818-7243. To purchase a CQ Researcher report The public remains opposed Citing CQ Researcher to U.S. military intervention. 455 in print or electronic format (PDF), visit Sample bibliography formats. www.cqpress.com or call 866-427-7737. Single reports start at $15. Bulk purchase discounts and electron - ic-rights licensing are also available. Periodicals postage paid at Thousand Oaks, California, and at additional mailing offices . POST MAST ER: Send ad dress chang es to CQ Re search er , 2300 N St., N.W., Suite 800, Wash - Cover: AFP/Getty Images/Alexander Khudoteply ing ton, DC 20037.

434 CQ Researcher U.S. Global Engagement BY PETER KATEL

first asked in 1964 — 52 percent THE ISSUES of respondents . 5 (See graph, p. 437. ) n May, yet another for - Some foreign-policy experts eign official came to welcome the public skepticism. I Washington to act out a It matches their own rejection time-honored ritual: pleading of the doctrine of American for help in overthrowing a “exceptionalism” as justification hated dictatorship. for intervention. “What nation This time the supplicant doesn’t think it is exceptional?,” was Munzer Akbik, chief of asks Melvin Goodman, a former staff in the Opposition Coali - CIA and State Department an - tion seeking to depose Syrian alyst of Soviet affairs who now President Bashar al-Assad. Al - directs the National Security though the rebels have re - Project at the liberal Center for

ceived some U.S. weapons, i International Policy in Wash - a f they want more. 1 i ington. “We’ve carried too much R - l a

“There is a wide range of of the international burden.” n i sophisticated weaponry that e Other, more hawkish, ex - Z /

can make a difference on the s perts argue that the public, e ground, [such as] missiles, the g though understandably wary a m I anti-aircraft, antitank missiles after more than a decade of y t and maybe some kind of t war in Iraq and Afghanistan, e G guided weaponry and heavy / should be persuaded to sup - P artillery,” Akbik said. 2 (See F port some actions overseas. A “Current Situation,” p. 446. ) A girl is carried to safety in Aleppo, Syria, after being “Americans are gun-shy about In the 1980s, Afghans fight - wounded by a reported barrel bomb dropped by military action,” says James F. ing a Soviet invasion, government forces on April 27, 2014. At least 150,000 Jeffrey, a former U.S. ambas - Nicaraguans opposing a left- people — one-third of them civilians — have been killed in sador to Iraq in the Obama the three years of fighting between government forces and wing government and Bosni - the rebels seeking to unseat President Bashar al-Assad. administration, who also ans facing assault by Serbian President Obama backed off military action against Assad served in the National Security forces all came to Washington after he agreed to destroy his chemical weapons. Council in the George W. with similar requests. 3 Four Bush administration. “But I decades earlier, as Nazi Germany overseas in those regions and others in don’t think anybody recently has done bombed London, British Prime Minister many ways — diplomatically, econom - a good job of explaining to the Amer - Winston Churchill was unable to visit ically, militarily — and does so for many ican public why it is that the Russia Washington personally, but he still plead - reasons, including opposing its foes, sup - action in Crimea matters,” says Jeffrey, ed successfully for help getting U.S . porting its allies, protecting its economic now a distinguished visiting fellow at weapons, despite Americans’ resistance self-interest and providing humanitarian the Washington Institute for Near East to entering World War II prior to Japan’s assistance. But Americans are increasingly Policy. “There is a serious public ed - 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor . 4 unhappy at the prospect of more U.S. ucation case to be done here.” Akbik came to Washington at a time involvement in foreign crises. In fact, the administration is also wary of multiple foreign crises: Pro-Russian A Wall Street Journal /NBC poll in April of the public mood as it confronts pres - separatists are fighting Ukrainians over found that nearly half (47 percent) of sure to intervene, treaty responsibilities territory; a rapidly militarizing China respondents want the United States to to allies, humanitarian obligations and is asserting claims to lands held by be less active internationally — a much its own caution about military action . neighbors; and the U.S. and several higher share than in previous years. The “America must not succumb to the temp - other nations are attempting to limit Pew Research Center, in a survey released tation to turn inward,” Defense Secretary Iran’s nuclear development. late last year, found “the most lopsided Chuck Hagel said in a speech in Chicago As the world’s economic and military balance in favor of the U.S. ‘minding its in early May, likening public opinion superpower, the United States engages own business’ ” since the q uestion was now to antiwar sentiment before World

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Obama himself saw his attempt at Unrest Spreads in Ukraine limited military action in the Middle East Ukrainian troops and pro-Russian protesters have clashed in eastern turn out badly. American airstrikes in and southwest Ukraine. Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula in 2011 were critical to toppling Moammar Gadhafi, a move that Obama justified southern Ukraine in March. at the time as a moral imperative, saying he refused “to wait for images of slaugh - Novorossiysk BELARUS Novozybkov ter and mass graves.” But jockeying for POLAND Lgov power after the U.S.-aided overthrow Kiev of the Libyan dictator left al Qaeda- Zhytomyr Belgorod Lviv Kharkiv influenced militias in a strong position Slavyansk — strong enough to attack the U.S. Luhansk SLO VAK RE P. UKRAINE Donetsk Consulate in Benghazi and kill Am - bassador J. Christopher Stevens and 13 MOLDO VA Mariupol three security guards. (See “Back - HUNGA RY RUSSIA ground,” p. 446. ) Site of clash Odessa Sea of Last year, after having warned the ROMANIA Crimea Azov between military Simferopol and protesters Syrian regime not to cross a “red line” Sevastopol by using chemical weapons, Obama Sochi considered and then rejected a Syria BULGARIA Bla c k Sea GEORGIA YUGOSL AVIA airstrike, following what U.S. and United Nations officials in August 2013 called War II. “We are a great nation because To deal with the crisis in Ukraine, the convincing evidence of a chemical at - we engage in the world. ” 6 administration has imposed selective tack that the United States said killed Still, the Obama administration has sanctions against some Russian oli - more than 1,400 people, including chil - generally emphasized diplomacy. The garchs and companies. ( See “Current dren. All told, at least 150,000 people United States and some allies eased Situation,” p. 447. ) have been killed in the Syrian War. 14 sanctions on Iran last year to encourage Engagement can also include small- In the wake of that chastening ex - negotiations with its longtime foe. The scale intervention. In early May, Obama perience, Obama not only turned away negotiations — which included Russia sent U.S. law enforcement and military from military action against the Syrian and China — are continuing. They aim experts to Nigeria to help find almost government but then teamed up with to ensure that Iran develops nuclear ca - 300 Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Russia to try to solve at least the chem - pabilities for peaceful purposes only. a brutal Islamist militia, Boko Haram . 10 ical-weapons element of the Syrian crisis. But President Obama’s Iran diplomacy Neither that action nor the others has Although Russia is Syria’s major ally and faces constant, deep-seated skepticism aroused U.S. public opposition. What single biggest arms supplier, it agreed by a key U.S. ally, Israel. That attitude Americans do clearly oppose is major with the United States in September that was reflected in March when over - military action. The problem is “inter - Syria should surrender all its chemical whelming bipartisan maj orities in the vention fatigue,” say two staff members weapons for destruction . 15 House (394 members) and Senate (83) at the Council on Foreign Relations, a Some critics say that Obama’s retreat signed letters demanding crippling sanc - New York-based think tank stem ming from military action in Syria amounted tions against Iran if the negotiations from the Iraq and Afghan war s. 11 to giving Russian President Vladimir V. fail. 7 (Secretary of State John F. Kerry’s Obama cited that factor in pushing Putin a green light in Ukraine. David most recent attempt to broker peace back against critics who call his foreign Adesnik, a visiting scholar at the con - between Israel and the Palestinians col - policy too timid. “Most of the foreign servative American Enterprise Institute, lapsed in late April. 8) policy commentators that have ques - a Washington think tank, argues a mod - The administration also avails itself tioned our policies would go headlong ified version of that critique, noting that of harder-edged forms of overseas en - into a bunch of military adventures Russia had behaved aggressively under gagement. Asian allies’ worries over that the American people had no in - Obama’s predecessor George W. Bush, China’s military expansion — its military terest in participating in and would and that Obama had tried for a “reset” budget is due to grow by 12.2 percent not advance our core security interests,” to prompt warmer relations with Rus - this year — have sparked U.S. plans to he told reporters during an April tour sia . 16 “That was a big mistake,” he says, send additional forces to the region. 9 of Asia. 12 but “Syria didn’t have a salutary effect”

436 CQ Researcher on Putin’s calculations of U.S. stead - fastness. Most Want U.S. to “Mind Its Own Business” The Ukraine crisis has America’s Fifty-two percent of Americans agree that the U.S. should “mind its Eastern European allies growing in - own business internationally.” The proportion of Americans creasingly nervous about Russia’s ter - favoring less involvement in other countries’ foreign affairs has ritorial intentions. grown by 22 percentage points since 2002. In a show of strength aimed at Russia, 600 U.S. paratroopers have begun train - Percentage of Americans Who Agree U.S. Should 60% ing with Eastern European forces, and “Mind its own business internationally and let other countries a dozen F-16 fighter jets have been de - 50 getge t aalongl on g ttheh e bbeste st ttheyhe y ccana n oonn ttheirhe ir oown.”wn .” ployed to Poland. The military exercises involve fellow members of the North 40 Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military alliance the United States helped 30 form at the start of the Cold War to April June Sept. March Sept. Dec. Aug. Dec. Nov. May Nov. deter Soviet aggression in Europe . 17 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2004 2006 2009 2011 2013 Ukraine, a former Soviet republic Source: “America’s Place in the World 2013,” Pew Research Center, Dec. 3, 2013, that has been an independent nation p. 107, http://tinyurl.com/lz3mh2y (The September 2001 survey was conducted since 1991, borders Russia. Since last before the 9/11 attacks.) year, Ukraine has been torn between Ukrainians who want to deepen ties As foreign-policy experts watch the But the administration, in addition to Europe and those who want to so - latest developments in Ukraine, Syria, to leveling sanctions at some Russians, lidify ties with Russia. This spring, Asia and elsewhere, these are some has agreed to provide $1 billion in loan Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula. of the issues they are debating: guarantees to Ukraine. 23 Those are The country’s east has become a bat - in addition to a $17 billion loan from tleground for pro-Russian separatists, Should the U.S. military intervene the International Monetary Fund, of at least some of them Soviet or Russian in Ukraine? which the United States is a major military veterans, and the Western-ori - With its Cold War echoes, the U.S.- member, and $15 billion in other fi - ented government. 18 Russia confrontation over Ukraine may nancing from the United States and Those who fear a revival of Soviet offer the clearest test of Americans’ at - other sources. 24 territorial ambition have been wary titudes toward U.S. intervention in in - The aid bolsters pro-Western Ukraini - ever since Putin first became Russia’s ternational crises, and whether economic ans in their demands for closer ties to president in 2000. A former Soviet in - and diplomatic approaches are sufficient, Europe — demands that led them to telligence officer, he has never retracted or military engagement is called for. In oust elected President Viktor Yanukovych what many interpret as a sign of nos - confronting Russia, the United States is early this year. He had rejected a pre - talgia for the days of Soviet power — opposing the former command center viously agreed upon trade agreement his often-quoted view, in a 2005 speech, of the old Soviet empire, and at the with the European Union that would that “the collapse of the Soviet Union same time trying to reassure Eastern have oriented Ukraine’s economy toward was a major geopolitical disaster of European allies that once were ruled Europe rather than Russia . 25 Protesters the century.” 19 by Soviet puppet governments. also called for better government and Historical echoes are sounding in Since the 1990s and early 2000s, those denounced corruption by Yanukovych the United States as well. The top Re - countries, including Ukraine’s biggest and his cronies . 26 publican interventionist, Sen. John Mc - neighbor to the west, Poland, have been After Yanukovych vacated the pres - Cain, R-Ariz., calls for supplying weapons members of NATO, which was born in idency, Putin supported efforts in to Ukraine. ( See “At Issue,” p. 449. ) And the Cold War, and pledged to the mutual Crimea (part of Russia until 1954) to he has denounced the administration defense of any member that comes secede from Ukraine. He then pro - policy on Syria, demanding military ac - under attack. 21 American forces are par - moted annexation of Crimea. 27 tion, but short of “boots on the ground.” ticipating in NATO exercises in Poland Then the Crimea scenario appeared McCain argued, “Our policies should and other ex-Soviet neighbors. The to start replaying in eastern Ukraine, be determined by the realities of the Obama administration so far has drawn where ties to Russia are believed strong. moment, not by today’s isolationism dic - the line at supplying arms to Ukraine Talks in Geneva between U.S. Secretary tated by the past.” 20 or taking direct military action. 22 of State Kerry, Russian Foreign Minister

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Sergey Lavrov and representatives of havior. It led him to think that Obama Significantly, given Moscow’s insistence Ukraine and the European Union yielded is always going to resort to that.” on dangers to ethnic Russians in Ukraine, an agreement to de-escalate, but pro- But Stephen F. Cohen, a historian in his 2005 speech calling the Soviet col - Western and pro-Russian groups strug - of the Soviet Union and emeritus pro - lapse disastrous, Putin said that when gling in the streets of Ukraine ignored fessor at Princeton and New York Uni - the empire fell, “Tens of millions of our the deal. 28 versity, argues that debates among for - co-citizens and compatriots found them - In early May, Obama made clear that eign-policy specialists over Obama’s selves outside Russian territory.” 32 he rejects any military intervention in approach to the Ukraine crisis fail to By April of this year, Russian Foreign Ukraine. “We want to see a diplomatic take into account details of the Rus - Minister Lavrov picked up the theme, resolution to the situation in Ukraine,” sia-Ukraine conflict, including the ouster warning that Russian citizens would he said at a White House press conference of elected president Yanukovych. “The treat any attack on Russian-speakers with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. government in Kiev hasn’t got a shred in Eastern Ukraine as an attack on “But we’ve also been clear that if the of legitimacy,” he says. “It came to Russia. 33 Russian leadership does not change power by overthrowing a constitution - At that time, Obama was beginning course, it will face increasing costs as ally elected president, though he may a tour of Asia that grew out of his well as growing isolation — diplomatic have been a very bad guy.” policy of shoring up U.S. allies over and economic.” 29 Between the toppling of a pro-Russian what is seen as a long-term military Andrew J. Bacevich, a professor of president and the expansion of NATO and political challenge by China. international relations and security stud - in Russia’s neighborhood beginning in “There’s a widely held view in the re - ies at Boston University who is a West the 1990s, Cohen argues, Putin has a gion that the U.S.-China relationship Point graduate and retired Army colonel, case for worrying about encirclement. is tipping toward being much more says the administration’s measured ap - Between that Russian case and U.S. fears confrontational,” Bonnie S. Glaser, a proach properly reflects the importance of Russian aggression toward NATO al - senior adviser for Asia at the Center of the current Ukraine clash to U.S. lies, Cohen says, “That is where you sit for Strategic and International Studies, national-security priorities. “The classic down and negotiate.” told Bloomberg News. 34 definition of a vital interest is: Is it a The confluence of the Russia and Asia place or an issue you are willing to If the U.S. reduces its global events underlined the concerns of some die for?,” he says. “I think the American involvement, will China and experts that a diminishing U.S. presence people would probably have some Russia step in? in global affairs would be replaced by doubts there.” Behind demands or pleas for a more China or Russia or the two together. Adesnik at the American Enterprise aggressive, military-oriented response to But even some of those most alarmed Institute argues that survey data about the crises in Ukraine and Syria — and at what they see as U.S. disengagement U.S. public opinion on global engagement whatever future conflicts may emerge draw clear distinctions between Russia show more nuance than skeptics ac - — is concern that the United States and China and their potential for ex - knowledge. “There’s a lot of contradictory may lose the superpower status it has panding their presence. “Russia is not evidence,” he says, acknowledging the held since World War II and the pre - really interested in or really integrated support for the go-it-alone approach but eminent global position it has occupied into the outside world,” says former U.S. pointing out that Americans also want since the fall of the Soviet Union in Ambassador to Iraq Jeffrey of the Wash - their country to remain a superpower. 1991. Russia’s actions in Ukraine, its key ington Institute for Near East Policy. He cites Pew survey numbers that show roles in the Syria chemical-weapons deal “China is different — very integrated 56 percent of respondents believe the and Iran nuclear negotiations, as well into the outside world.” But Russia, oth - United States should remain the sole mil - as China’s economic might and its recent erwise economically disconnected, is a itary superpower while 72 percent support territorial aggressiveness, are amplifying vital supplier of petroleum to Europe. a shared global leadership role for the concerns about U.S. global strength. China may be connected, but it is United States. 30 Putin is likely to continue to resist a not indispensable, because its economy Adesnik also acknowledges that the geopolitical order in which U.S.-domi - centers on manufacturing, which can public opposes military action that would nated NATO extends to Russia’s borders. be done elsewhere, argues Bruce Jones, place troops at risk. “But the best way In 2007, he said in what observers in - director of the International Order and to stay out of war is to indicate you’re terpreted as a jab at the United States: Strategy Project at the centrist Brookings not afraid of war,” he adds. “American “There are those who would like to Institution think tank. “The threat to behavior — always reaching out to your build a unipolar world, who would them - American leadership is greatly exag - enemies — did contribute to Putin’s be - selves like to rule all of humanity.” 31 gerated,” he says. “In the next 10 or

438 CQ Researcher 15 years, the Chinese economy will tisans of America’s place in the world: The otherwise hawkish former U.S. be as large as the United States’ but the “indispensable nation.” Ambassador to Iraq Jeffrey summarizes not as influential.” At the time, the administration was that mood, shared by Obama, Ameri cans As for Russia, Jones says, it arouses preparing for possible military action in general, and himself: “Never, ever no global allegiance, especially among against Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, try to change the internal situation in its fellow members of the so-called to enforce a United Nations resolution a country by putting thousands of BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, that he relinquish weapons of mass de - ground troops in.” China, South Africa). “The notion that struction. Asked by host Matt Lauer on However, he contends, the reality Russia is leading some anti-American the NBC “Today” show what she would is that the United States is indeed in - coalition in the BRICS is facile,” he tell the parents of U.S. military personnel dispensable. Americans should under - says. “China is not about to be led; “being asked to clean up a mess for stand that the nation’s seemingly in - India is not about to be led.” the rest of the world,” Albright said: exhaustible supply of cheap imported But other global-engagement parti - “But if we have to use force, it is goods grows out of U.S. power. “We’re sans argue that possible new threats because we are America; we are the in - the world’s reserve currency; people from old Cold War foes have more to dispensable nation. We stand tall and pour money into this country,” he says. do with U.S. withdrawal than with we see further than other countries into “These things all flow from the U.S. Russian or Chinese muscle-flexing. the future, and we see the danger here position in the world.” “There is more danger that there will to all of us. I know that the American Ted Galen Carpenter, a senior fellow be no leader,” says Adesnik of the men and women in uniform are always for defense and foreign policy studies American Enterprise Institute. “Imagine prepared to sacrifice for freedom, democ - at the conservative-libertarian Cato In - what the sanctions effort on Iran would racy and the American way of life.” 36 stitute, responds that U.S. economic be without the United States to take When she spoke, the Soviet Union’s power is being eroded by the very the lead. Other countries only get con - collapse had ended the Cold War, NATO military strength that “indispensability” vinced to sign up when the United had begun expanding to countries of advocates champion. “We’re in severe States says, ‘We are going to lead.’” the former Soviet empire, the adminis - danger of draining the strength of the Adesnik does agree with the skeptics tration had intervened in Bosnia and economy to preserve all of these com - who question the leadership capabilities was about to press for NATO airstrikes mitments in the world,” he says. of America’s two big rivals. “No one on Serbia. The United States had also In any event, Carpenter argues, the wants to be led by China and Russia,” grappled with issues of post-Cold War entire indispensability concept amounts he says. “They are not at the forefront engagement in other parts of the world. to “national narcissism.” The reality, he of solving problems.” In 1990-91, President George H. W. Bush says, is that the idea of one indispensable But Goodman at the Center for In - had assembled a multinational alliance nation no longer fits global reality. “The ternational Policy argues that the Obama to reverse an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, world is becoming more multipolar eco - administration’s “pivot” to Asia amounts a key world oil supplier. But in 1994, nomically and militarily,” he says, “and to a direct challenge to China in the the United States took no action to stop this notion of the indispensable nation form of Cold War-style containment. the genocide in Rwanda, a moral failure is becoming obsolete.” “That is what China fears. We have for which President Bill Clinton eventually But Jones at Brookings argues that more subtle reminders available than took responsibility. the growing power of other nations to announce a pivot.” In 2003, just months after the start doesn’t change the fact that “we have Still, Goodman says, little chance exists of the Iraq War, President George W. far greater power and influence than of a Russia-China alliance against the Bush lauded the United States as the any actor out there.” Those who reject United States. “There is too much mutual exemplar of democratic government: this view “underestimate American suspicion along that 6,000-kilometer “It is no accident that the rise of so power and overestimate the challenge border.” 35 many democracies took place in a time posed by rising powers,” he says. when the world’s most influential nation Still, historian Cohen says, the indis - Is the post-Cold War vision of was itself a democracy.” 37 pensability doctrine is so deeply ingrained the U.S. as the “indispensable But in 2011, when Obama was an - in the diplomatic corps, and in the nation” still valid? nouncing the downshifting of the U.S. schools that train Foreign Service officers, As secretary of State in the Clinton campaign in Afghanistan, he captured that it may be ineradicable. “That is the administration, Madeleine Albright in 1998 what seemed to be the public mood after orthodoxy,” he says, “An alternative point coined what has become a favored de - years of war: “America, it is time to focus of view hasn’t existed, so far in my adult scription among global engagement par - on nation-building here at home.” 38 lifetime, partly because of the Cold War,

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An especially vocal group, the Amer - Russia, U.S. Are Biggest Military Spenders ica First Committee, called for U.S. neu - Russia spent 4.5 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) on its trality. America First’s star spokesman military in 2012, while U.S. expenditures were slightly lower. In total, was Charles Lindbergh, the aviator who however, the $645.7 billion U.S. military budget that year was 11 had made the first solo trans-Atlantic times Russia’s and six times China’s. flight. He was one of the country’s best- known and most admired figures. He Military Expenditures as Percentage of GDP, 2012 was also an open admirer of Nazi Ger - 4.5% many and its anti-Semitism. Russia America First was resolutely anti- 4.2% communist. But the U.S. Communist U.S. Party also opposed intervention, in o be - dience to orders from Moscow. Soviet China 2% Premier Josef Stalin and German Chan - cellor and Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler European Union 1.6% had signed a non-aggression pact in 1939, under which Germany and the Soviet Source: “Military expenditure (% of GDP),” World Bank, http://tinyurl.com/mckxvjq Union divided Poland and the Soviet Union took over the Baltic states. 42 Hitler when you could argue that America was complicated than those involved in claim - was able to go to war with Poland, indispensable.” ing new territory. On one side, Britain France and Great Britain without having The American Enterprise Institute’s and France had deep ties to the United to worry — for the time being — about Adesnik says that despite assumptions States. But sympathy for Germany ran fighting the Soviet Union, too. that Americans are now deeply anti- strong among German- Americans and Between April and June 1940, Germany invaded and occupied France, Belgium, interventionist, “Public opinion rides Irish-Americans (the latter because Ger - the Netherlands, Norway and Denmark. the roller coaster of events.” many was fighting arch- enemy Britain). Seeing German aggression as likely to Citizens now may not be in favor American public opinion turned against Germany with publication of the “Zim - erode isolationist sentiment, Roosevelt un - of intervention, he says, but, “Americans veiled his interventionist intentions. It was will respond much more vigorously mermann telegram,” in which a German diplomat proposed returning formerly a “delusion,” he said in a 1940 speech, when the perception of a threat is clear, Mexican U.S. territory to Mexico in return to believe that the United States could and they have leaders who hold that for Mexico backing Germany. 40 The be “a lone island in a world dominated America must take a leading role.” 43 U.S. entered the war in 1917. by the philosophy of force.” Twenty years after World War I The war took a turn when Germany ended in 1918, Americans were again betrayed its nonaggression pact and debating whether to intervene in Eu - invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. BACKGROUND rope. The period leading up to the In the United States, Communist op - forced U.S. entry into World War II in position to intervention ended imme - 1941 was marked by a fierce fight be - diately, and party members became tween President Franklin D. Roosevelt the fiercest of hawks. The Japanese Isolationism Defeated and anti-interventionists from right and bombing of Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, left. Roosevelt himself took pains to 1941, ended debate among the other he United States grew slowly into avoid publicly declaring himself in favor anti-interventionists. Isolationism be - T its global superpower role. President of intervention until the war in Europe came a discredited, fringe ideology. Thomas Jefferson, in his 1801 inaugural was well under way. 41 speech, famously called for “honest U.S. debate intensified after Germany friendship with all nations, entangling began the war by invading Poland in Cold War alliances with none.” Nonetheless, the 1939, prompting Britain and France — young nation expanded across the con - allies of Poland — to declare war on he post-World War II era was tinent, and later into the Caribbean and Germany. T marked by a bipartisan consensus Pacific, claiming Puerto Rico and the About two months later, a Fortune among U.S. and allied leaders that U.S. Philippines as possessions in 1898 . 39 magazine poll of Americans found only action on behalf of friendly govern - But World War I, which began in 20 percent of respondents favored aid ments or against unfriendly ones was 1914, called for judgments far more to European democracies. a good thing. 44

440 CQ Researcher Friendly governments were those the way for a Soviet takeover of the ’70s, and its effects arguably still influence that sided with the United States against oil-rich country. 50 America’s global stance. There were huge the Soviet Union. A third category of • The 1954 toppling of the elected anti-war demonstrations, a wave of re - “nonaligned” countries, including India, government of President Jacobo Arbenz sistance to the military draft and a political maintained ties with both sides. 45 Be - of Guatemala, whom the United States debate that tore apart the Democratic cause the big Cold War players all had considered a communist sympathizer. Party in 1968. Among those marked by nuclear weapons that could destroy • Involvement in the overthrow and the conflict were Sen. McCain, a Navy one another, they did not battle directly execution of the elected prime minister pilot held prisoner by North Vietnam — a restraining mechanism called “mu - of Congo, Patrice Lumumba, whom for more than five years, and Secretary tual assured destruction.” 46 the United States considered a com - of State Kerry, a Navy veteran who be - A U.S. doctrine called “containment” munist dupe. came a leader of Vietnam Veterans also shaped Cold War policy. It called • A failed 1961 attempt to overthrow Against the War. 55 for “counterforce” against the Soviet Union Cuba’s Soviet-allied prime minister, Fidel In 1973, following years of U.S. ne - in the form of diplomacy and covert ac - Castro, which ended in defeat at the gotiations with the North Vietnamese, tion, instead of war. The doctrine was island’s Bay of Pigs. the United States withdrew military formulated, though not under that name, In the same year as the Cuba disaster, forces. Two years later, North Vietnam in 1946 by George F. Kennan, then the the Soviet-allied government of East defeated the U.S.-allied government. The No. 2 diplomat in the U.S. Embassy in Germany — then a separate country war had cost the lives of more than Moscow. “If situations are properly han - — erected a concrete wall separating 58,000 American military personnel and dled,” Kennan wrote, “there need be no the eastern and western sectors of Berlin. between 1.5 million and 3.8 million Viet - prestige-engaging showdowns.” 47 The Berlin Wall became a symbol of namese troops and civilians. 56 Instead, the opposing sides faced off East-West hostility . 51 Beginning in 1979, a series of up - in proxy wars and coups in smaller The most dangerous moment in the heavals in the Middle East and Latin countries. Soviet dictator Stalin had start - Cold War came in 1962, after the United America opened a new era of U.S. en - ed off after World War II by installing States learned that Soviet nuclear mis - gagement. The Iranian revolution of puppet regimes throughout Central and siles had been shipped to Cuba. Ne - 1979 toppled Mohammad Reza Shah Eastern Europe, as well as the eastern gotiations between President John F. Pahlavi, a longtime U.S. ally. An Islamist half of Germany. These moves followed Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita S. government hostile to the West in gen - tacit recognition of Soviet preeminence Khrushchev averted catastrophic nu - eral and the United States in particular in that region in the closing months of clear conflict. 52 took power. the war by the three major wartime Meanwhile, U.S. military advisers had That same year, the Soviet Union allies, the United States, Great Britain been working with the government of invaded neighboring Afghanistan to and the Soviet Union. Roosevelt, Stalin South Vietnam since 1955 in an effort prop up a friendly government, and and British Prime Minister Winston to strengthen South Vietnam, then a Nicaraguan revolutionaries aided by Churchill sealed that pact during a his - separate nation, against North Vietnam, Cuba overthrew President Anastasio toric meeting at the Crimean resort of a communist ally of the Soviet Union Somoza, recently abandoned as a U.S. Yalta. 48 and China. U.S. involvement was based ally. The revolutionary government in By 1949, relations between the Soviet on what President Dwight D. Eisenhower turn eventually was opposed by right- Union and the West had deteriorated in 1954 called the “ ‘falling domino’ wing guerrillas, known as contras. In to the point that the United States and principle” — that North Vietnamese vic - neighboring El Salvador, a war between 11 major allies formed NATO to resist tory would lead to communist victories the government and a left-wing guerrilla Soviet expansion. The Soviet bloc in turn elsewhere in Southeast Asia. 53 army soon intensified. 57 formalized its military and political ties In 1964, a confrontation between With the Cold War still very much through the 1955 Warsaw Pact. 49 U.S. warships and North Vietnamese in progress, the Reagan administration From the U.S. side, much of the vessels in the Tonkin Gulf led President (1981-89) responded to these events both early Cold War involved secret oper - Lyndon B. Johnson to order U.S. combat openly and covertly with military and ations by the then-new Central Intel - forces into Vietnam. By the time U.S. intelligence operations. In Afghanistan, ligence Agency (CIA), formed in 1947. military operations ceased in 1973, 2.7 the administration expanded a Carter These operations included: million U.S. military personnel had administration CIA program to aid guer - • The 1953 overthrow of Iran’s elect - served in Vietnam. 54 rilla forces opposing the Soviet invaders. ed prime minister, Mohammed Mossad - The war polarized the United States (The Soviets withdrew in defeat in 1989.) eq, on the ground that he could pave for the rest of the 1960s and the early Meanwhile, the CIA aided the contras,

www.cqresearcher.com May 16, 2014 441 U.S. G LOBAL ENGAGEMENT and U.S. military advisers assisted the The end of the Cold War, which had U.S. aid, and many were slaughtered Salvadoran army. defined U.S. foreign policy for decades, or fled Iraq . 64 Intense political debate over Nicaragua led to a search for a new guiding prin - A subsequent crisis in Europe pro - led to a congressional ban on assistance ciple. President George H. W. Bush in voked intense debate about the extent to the contras. But U.S. Marine Lt. Col. 1990 and 1991 laid out a vision of a of U.S. involvement overseas. After the Oliver North, a National Security Council “new world order” in which “the rule collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia staffer, helped devise a plan in which of the law, not the law of the jungle, (which had been made up of modern- the United States sold weapons to Iran governs the conduct of nations.” 61 day Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, in return for the release of U.S. hostages Despite hopes, the end of the Cold Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia) held by pro-Iranian forces in Lebanon. War did not bring global peace . 62 disintegrated. The region fell into war and Then, profit from the arms deal was Shortly before the Soviet collapse, what was called “ethnic cleansing” — the funneled to the contras. 58 Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein in 1990 removal, accompanied by massacres, of The scheme, known as Iran-Contra, invaded the tiny oil kingdom of Kuwait. ethnic or religious minorities from areas blew up into the Reagan administra - In response — and to protect world claimed by a majority population. tion’s worst scandal. North was indicted oil power Saudi Arabia — Bush as - The conflict centered on Bosnia. In for lying to Congress and trying to de - sembled a 670,000-strong military al - 1992 Muslim Bosnians and Croats voted stroy evidence. He was convicted on liance of 39 countries dominated by for independence, but Serbia wanted to keep Bosnia. Bosnian Serbs besieged Sarajevo, a historic city defended by Mus - lims. Serb artillery attacks, sniper killings and a food blockade drew world attention and prompted some U.S. public figures to denounce U.S. inaction. e

i The U.N. sent a protective force, which l a

M set up so-called safe havens for Muslims,

d r including one in the Bosnian village of a r

e Srebrenica. But in 1995, Serb forces over - G /

s ran the village, after U.N. troops were e g

a overwhelmed. More than 7,000 Muslim m I men were massacred. No slaughter on y t t

e such a scale had taken place in Europe G

/ since World War II. P F U.S. experience engaging — or not A West Berliners watch East German border guards demolishing a section of the — in other nations influenced the Berlin Wall on Nov. 11, 1989, to open a link between East and West Berlin. American reaction. Srebrenica followed Erected in 1961 by communist East Germany, the wall became a symbol of Cold War hostility between the East and West. The dramatic tear-down of the horrific 1994 genocide in Rwanda, the wall by Berliners from both East and West Berlin presaged which the United States and other na - the implosion of the Soviet Union two years later. tions didn’t try to stop; members of the Hutu ethnic majority slaughtered three counts in 1989 and sentenced the United States, which contributed hundreds of thousands of members of to two years probation. 59 425,000 personnel. 63 the Tutsi ethnic group. 65 Clinton later The Persian Gulf War lasted less than acknowledged his administration’s non- three months. Because the war was reaction to Rwanda as a failure. 66 Soviet Collapse brief, and because the United States Among the reasons analysts have point - was not acting alone and was fighting ed to for the Clinton administration’s he Soviet empire began imploding a tyrant, no major antiwar movement failure to intervene in Rwanda was a T in the late 1980s. The dramatic developed. The war ended with the 1993 military catastrophe during a raid tear-down of the Berlin Wall by Berlin - rout of Iraqi troops from Kuwait, but by U.S. special-operations forces during ers from both east and west in 1989 Bush did not try to topple Hussein. a humanitarian mission to Somalia. 67 symbolized the process. Germany was The United States encouraged Shiite The mission, chronicled in the book and 60 reunited the following year . The Soviet and Kurdish Iraqis who rose up against film “Black Hawk Down,” ended in 18 Union formally dissolved in 1991. Hussein at war’s end, but they got no Continued on p. 444

442 CQ Researcher Chronology

backed Shah and installs religious 1939-1962 regime hostile to United States. . . . 2001-Present World War II is followed by Soviet Union invades Afghanistan. Terrorists attack United States; decades-long Cold War. . . . Leftist Nicaraguan rebels over - turmoil wracks Middle East, throw government. Eastern Europe. 1939 World War II begins in Europe; 1985 2001 only 20 percent of Americans favor Reagan administration aides begin Sept. 11 terrorist attacks prompt aiding European democracies. scheme known as Iran-Contra to calls for aggressive U.S. response. sell arms to Iran in return for free - 1941 ing of U.S. hostages held in 2003 United States enters World War II Lebanon, with profit to be used George W. Bush administration after Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; for U.S. aid to Nicaraguan rebels launches war to overthrow Iraqi war lasts until 1945. fighting left-wing government. dictator Saddam Hussein.

2011 1949 • United States joins 11 other coun - Syrian revolt begins . . . Libyan tries to form North Atlantic Treaty uprising begins. . . . President Organization (NATO) . Obama orders airstrikes against 1989-1999 Libyan government, aiding rebel Soviet Union falls, ending Cold victory. 1961 War and touching off new CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba at round of global conflicts. Bay of Pigs aimed at toppling 2012 U.S. Ambassador J. Christopher regime of Fidel Castro turns into 1989 Stevens and three embassy staffers debacle. . . . Soviet satellite East East Germany scraps travel restric - killed by armed militants in Beng - Germany erects Berlin Wall. tions on its citizens, leading to fall hazi, Libya. . . . Obama declares of Berlin Wall. 1962 that Syrian government use of Conflict over Soviet nuclear missiles chemical weapons would mark a 1991 “red line.” in Cuba leads United States and So - Soviet Union dissolves. viet Union to brink of nuclear war. 2013 1992 Syria uses chemical weapons • Yugoslavia falls apart along ethnic against civilians; Obama backs off and religious lines, sparking armed military action. . . . Administration conflict over Serbian attempt to makes deal with Russia to remove 1964-1985 U.S. hold onto breakaway Bosnia. chemical arms from Syria. . . . divided over military involvement Ukrainian citizens protest President’s in Vietnam; upheaval shakes 1995 Viktor Yanukovych’s rejection of Middle East, Latin America. NATO intervenes in Bosnia; peace European Union trade deal. talks held in Dayton, Ohio, end 1964 conflict. 2014 President Lyndon Johnson orders U.S. Ukrainian uprising topples presi - combat forces into South Vietnam. 1997 dent. . . . Russia supports Crimea Three former Soviet Bloc members secession from Ukraine, then an - 1973 including Poland join NATO, a nexes Crimea. . . . U.S. contributes Peace talks with North Vietnam lead move Russia sees as hostile. troops to NATO exercises to reas - to U.S. military withdrawal. . . . sure Russia’s Eastern European Chilean military, encouraged by CIA, 1999 neighbors. . . . Obama administra - overthrows left-leaning president. Prompted by United States, NATO tion begins supplying some Syrian launches air campaign against Ser - rebels with weapons. . . . Pro- 1979 bia over its actions in breakaway Russian separatists effectively take Iranian revolution topples U.S.- Kosovo province. over much of eastern Ukraine.

www.cqresearcher.com May 16, 2014 443 U.S. G LOBAL ENGAGEMENT

U.S. Weighs Interests of Allies Saudis speak out about Syria; Europeans worry about Ukraine. anaging international friends and allies may be harder For one thing, the European Union (EU) is divided over how than being commander in chief of the world’s biggest aggressively to hit back at Russia over its actions in Ukraine. M military machine. Consequently, EU sanctions have been more limited t han American Take Saudi Arabia, a major American ally. Twenty-four years measures. In Germany, Europe’s economic powerhouse, the ago, the United States assembled an enormous multinational business establishment is openly opposing tougher EU sanctions. military force, in large part to protect Saudi Arabia — successfully Germany has more companies doing business with Russia — from attack by Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, who had — about 6,200 firms — than the rest of the EU combined, and invaded neighboring Kuwait. it depends on Russia for about one-third of its gas and oil. 4 All But last year, the Saudi monarchy was so furious at the United in all, the 28 EU countries did 267.5 billion euros ($371.8 billion) States and other world powers for not intervening in Syria that worth of trade with Russia in 2012, the latest figures available. the kingdom refused a seat on the United Nations Security European countries import 84 percent of Russia’s oil exports and Council. “Allowing the ruling regime in Syria to kill and burn about 76 percent of Russia’s natural gas. They export 123 billion its people by the chemical weapons, while the world stands idly euros ($192.7 billion) worth of goods to Russia. 5 . . . is also irrefutable evidence and proof of the inability of the “There’s no question that Germany’s economic interests would Security Council to carry out its duties and responsibilities,” the be best served by avoiding sanctions,” Klaus-Jürgen Gern, an Saudi government said in announcing its move. 1 economist at a German think tank, the Kiel Institute for the The Saudis are both a world oil power and a center of the World Economy, told The Wall Street Journal. 6 majority Sunni branch of Islam. Fellow Sunnis are the bulk of German Chancellor Angela Merkel, appearing in Washington the rebel militias fighting the Syrian government, which is con - with Obama in early May, has so far maintained unity with Obama trolled by members of the minority Alawite Muslim sect, a while delaying stronger economic measures against Russia. At a splinter group of the Shiite branch of Islam. joint press conference, she said that if Russia disrupts a Ukrainian If the Saudis were trying to make sure that President Obama election scheduled for May 25, “We will not have a choice but got the message to step up aid to the Syrian rebels, they to move forward with additional, more severe sanctions.” 7 succeeded. In March, Obama traveled to Riyadh, the Saudi She added that among EU countries “some are more vulnerable capital, where he personally told Saudi King Abdullah that the than others to potential Russia retaliation.” 8 United States remained determined to back non-jihadist forces Poland, a fellow EU member, also gets about 30 percent of among the Syrian rebels. 2 its gas from Russia, but it takes a tougher line toward the Russians. Weeks later, Harakat Hazm (“Movement of Steadfastness”), “Russia needs our money more than we need its gas,” Foreign a Syrian rebel formation of 5,000 fighters that the United States Minister Radoslaw Sikorski told The Washington Post . 9 considers moderate, received the first shipment of U.S. BGM- Poland, whose history as a Soviet satellite is still fresh in 71 antitank missiles. 3 the minds of Sikorski and other leaders, played a major part While the Syrian civil war forces the administration to weigh in demanding and receiving U.S. military reassurance in the the dangers of supplying advanced weaponry that could fall into form of NATO military exercises on Polish soil that began in the hands of anti-Western extremists against the need to maintain April. Poland had sent troops to back the United States in ties with Saudi Arabia, Obama faces equally tough choices Afghanistan and Iraq, Sikorski reminded Foreign Policy magazine. involving America’s European allies in the Ukraine crisis. “Now we feel it’s payback time.” 10

Continued from p. 442 tration helped launch a NATO bombing province with an ethnic Albanian majority American deaths. Video of a dead Amer - campaign against Serb forces. After Clinton population. NATO, dominated by its se - ican being dragged through the streets pressured Serbia to sign a peace deal, nior member, the United States, began of Mogadishu seemed to illustrate the in late 1995 he ordered 20,000 U.S. troops an air campaign of more than five dangers of humanitarian operations in to Bosnia to join a NATO peacekeeping months against Serbian forces, including violent environments. 68 But Samantha force. To do so, he overcame strong con - bombing the Serbian capital, Belgrade. Power, then a journalist and now the gressional resistance, especially but not The United States also took military U.S. ambassador to the U.N., rejected this exclusively among Republicans. Oppo - action in 1998 with cruise missile attacks reasoning in a detailed, scathing account nents questioned the U.S. national interest in Afghanistan and Sudan. The targets of the U.S. failure to act in Rwanda. 69 in bringing peace to the Balkans. 70 were said to be linked to terrorist leader Finally jolted into action by the Sre - In 1999, another phase of the Balkan Osama bin Laden, who had just or - brenica massacre, the Clinton adminis - crisis erupted over Kosovo, a Serbian chestrated deadly bombings of U.S.

444 CQ Researcher In Asia, Obama is carrying out another balancing act — protecting the interests of friendly and allied countries while not alarming the region’s giant, China. “We’re not interested in containing China,” Obama said in April. He was on a trip promoting the administration’s “pivot to Asia” — reassurances to Asian countries worried about signs of Chinese expansionism, such as claims to non-Chinese territory as well as to sovereignty in air and coastal zones. 11

To reassure China’s neighbors, Obama signed a pact with g n

the Philippines allowing greater access to its military bases by o W

U.S. troops, ships and aircraft. Previously, the administration x e l

began deploying 2,500 Marines to Australia. And the first of A /

four new U.S. coastal warships assigned to patrol Pacific waters s e

12 g

near China has begun its mission. a m I

Although the deployments send a clear message of support y t for Asian allies dealing with territorial disputes, Obama added t e

that the message isn’t meant provocatively. “My hope is, is that G President Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel hold at some point we’re going to be able to work cooperatively a news conference at the White House on May 2, 2014. with China as well,” he said in Manila, “because our goal here Merkel said if Russia disrupts a Ukrainian election scheduled is simply to make sure that everybody is operating in a peaceful, for May 25, Germany would impose“more servere sanctions.” responsible fashion.” 13

— Peter Katel May 2, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/l6nzk82. 8 Ibid. 9 Lally Weymouth, “Talking with Poland’s foreign minister about the Ukraine 1 Quoted in Robert F. Worth, “Saudi Arabia Rejects U.N. Security Council Seat crisis and Russia’s next moves,” The Washington Post , April 18, 2014, http:// in Protest Move,” The New York Times , Oct. 18, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/m2rkubz. tinyurl.com/kqmk9kd. 2 Michael D. Shear and Michael R. Gordon, “Obama Offers Assurance to Saudis 10 Quoted in Michael Weiss, “Can Radek Sikorski Save Europe?” Foreign Policy , on Syria Stance,” The New York Times , March 28, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ll3augt. April 30, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/mk3nk28. 3 Liz Sly, “Syrian rebels who received first U.S. missiles of war see shipment 11 Quoted in Mark Landler, “On a Trip That Avoids Beijing, Obama Keeps His as ‘an important first step,’ ” The Washington Post , April 27, 2014, Eye on China,” The New York Times , April 26, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/mzcv753; http://tinyurl.com/ljavuxj. Ian Johnson, “The China Challenge,” New York Review of Books , May 8, 2014, 4 Matthew Karnitschnig, “German Businesses Urge Halt on Sanctions Against http://tinyurl.com/q7cymxu. Russia,” The Wall Street Journal , May 1, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/khedgms. 12 Matt Siegel, “As Part of Pact, U.S. Marines Arrive in Australia, in China’s 5 “Russia’s trade ties with Europe,” BBC, March 4, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/mlw8ddl; Strategic Backyard,” The New York Times , April 4, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/879 “Russia, trade,” European Commission, updated Nov. 19, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/ fnxs; Kirk Spitzer, “New Warship Gives U.S. Pivot Some Punch,” Time , March 21, oufrlx7. 2013, http://tinyurl.com/nz72fq7. For background, see Reed Karaim, “China 6 Quoted in Karnitschnig, op. cit. Today,” CQ Researcher , April 4, 2014, pp. 289-312. 13 7 “Full Transcript: Obama, Merkel Press Conference,” The Wall Street Journal , “Remarks by President Obama and President Benigno Aquino III,” transcript, The White House, April 28, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/qg75rpo. embassies in Tanzania and Kenya. His But unlike the short Persian Gulf War, 9/11 public support. The war in Iraq network, al Qaeda, had not yet become the wars in Afghanistan (2001 to the pre - was launched to overthrow Hussein universally known. 71 sent) and Iraq (2003-2011) ran long and and seize what were said to be his nu - cost thousands of lives. More than 4,400 clear and chemical weapons. After these Major Wars American and civilian defense employees weapons were determined not to exist, died in Iraq, and more than 2,317 in the war became a campaign to establish 72 he Sept. 11 attacks on the United Afghanistan and nearby countries . a democratic government — a devel - T States by al Qaeda operatives The United States originally went opment that President George W. Bush opened a period in which the United to war in Afghanistan to topple the said would encourage democracy States moved beyond small-scale, lim - Muslim fundamentalist Taliban govern - throughout the Middle East. 73 ited military operations to full-fledged ment, which was hosting al Qaeda — As casualties mounted, so did oppo - global war against Muslim jihadists. a move that enjoyed widespread post - sition, though not to anti-Vietnam War

www.cqresearcher.com May 16, 2014 445 U.S. G LOBAL ENGAGEMENT

Probable GOP Candidates Debate Intervention “The most interesting debate is in the Republican Party.”

oreign policy arguments among potential candidates in the The Republican often mentioned as Paul’s opposite on foreign 2016 Republican presidential primary largely amount to affairs, Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida, criticizes the Obama ad - F feints and jabs, with no full-scale fights. But the debate ministration for, in effect, overdoing nuance and diplomacy. among Republicans concerning interventionism overshadows any “One lesson we should take from the current crisis in Ukraine foreign policy argument among Democrats, at least so far. is that when authoritarian regimes sense weakness and opportunity Republicans all express varying degrees of opposition to the they will exploit it,” Rubio wrote in Foreign Policy magazine . 4 Democratic Obama administration’s foreign policy. Arizona Sen. Between Rubio and Paul, some conservative foreign policy John McCain, the most outspoken critic, has charged the ad - strategists leave no doubt whom they favor. “On one hand you ministration with running “a feckless foreign policy where nobody have Rubio, who embraces the model of American leadership believes in America’s strength anymore.” And Sen. Lindsey that has sustained global peace,” Danielle Pletka, vice president Graham of South Carolina called Obama a “weak and indecisive of foreign and defense studies at the conservative American president that invites aggression.” 1 Enterprise Institute, told National Journal. “And then you have Nevertheless, McCain already lost a presidential election in Rand Paul who wants to spend less money to do less with 2008, and Graham is not on any list of expected Republican the world. I see this as a genuine competition of ideas.” 5 presidential contenders. Among potential candidates, Kentucky Pletka is a member of the Committee on the Present Danger, Sen. Rand Paul stands in the middle of the Republican foreign an advocacy group from the Republican neoconservative wing policy argument. The political heir to his libertarian father, that was founded in the Cold War and now is devoted to former Rep. Ron Paul, R-Texas, the younger Paul does not promoting antiterrorism policy. 6 embrace McCain-Graham style hawkishness. But he also has Paul has derided the neoconservatives, who provided much been trying to distance himself somewhat from his father’s hard- of the ideological and bureaucratic thrust for the post-Sept. 11 line stand against involvement in almost any foreign conflict. campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq. 7 In Paul’s words: “To this Notably, in an opinion piece in The Washington Post in April, crowd, anyone who doesn’t clamor first for the military option Paul sought to explain a 2012 vote of his concerning Iran. Paul had is somehow an isolationist. The irony is that the crowd that claims cast the lone vote against a Senate resolution opposing “any United they want to engage often opposes diplomatic engagement.” 8 States policy that would rely on efforts to contain a nuclear weapons- Veteran public opinion analyst Andrew Kohut, founding capable Iran.” That is, the resolution opposed any U.S. acceptance director of the Pew Research Center, has argued that the public of Iran possessing or being able to make nuclear weapons . 2 is not demanding foreign policy aggressiveness. “The GOP’s In his op-ed, he wrote, “I am not for containment in Iran.” difficulty with exploiting public discontent with Obama’s handling He added that his 2012 vote had been misunderstood. “It is . . . of foreign policy,” he wrote, “is that the president’s unwillingness dumb, dangerous and foolhardy to announce in advance how to be more assertive in Syria or Ukraine reflects the public’s we would react to any nation that obtains nuclear weapons. mood — including Republicans.” 9 Real foreign policy is made in the middle, with nuance; in the James F. Jeffrey, a former ambassador in the Obama admin - gray area of diplomacy, engagement and reluctantly, if necessary, istration who also served in President George W. Bush’s National military action.” 3 Security Council, argued that Republicans still need “a policy levels. One reason may have been that The Afghan War, which began first, revolt, and acting under authority of a young men did not face the military draft, did not yield a definitive victory over the U.N. resolution, ordered a U.S. air campaign which had been abolished in 1973. 74 Taliban, which became a guerrilla army that established a no-fly zone over Libya Nonetheless, ending the Iraq war was after it was removed from the government. — grounding its air force — and attacked one of the major planks in Obama’s suc - Jihadist attacks elsewhere continued, and some government forces. “Operation cessful 2008 presidential campaign. al Qaeda remains a feared terrorist net - Odyssey Dawn” assured the revolution’s After the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq, work. 76 Indeed, Muslim extremists now success eight months after it began. 78 conflict between the country’s Shiite- ma - have a new field of battle in Syria. Although the Libya operation seemed jority government, established with U.S. During the ensuing pro-democracy at first to show the positive results of help, and members of the Sunni minority, surge in the Middle East known as the small-scale intervention, it was followed including jihadists, intensified. The Shiites “Arab Spring,” Libyans rose up in 2011 by a jihadist attack on the U.S. consulate and the Sunnis are the two major branches against the 42-year dictatorship of Moam - in Benghazi in 2012 that killed Ambas - of Islam, and relations between them re - mar Gadhafi. 77 Obama, urged on by sador J. Christopher Stevens and three main contentious in the Middle East. 75 Libyan and American supporters of the other Americans . 79

446 CQ Researcher k r a l

of activism that doesn’t immediately default to the neocons,” C

l l who held sway during the Bush administration. He added, “Be - i B / l

tween George W. Bush and Rand Paul, more and more Republicans l a C

are saying Rand Paul.” l l

Writing in early 2013, before Rand Paul had made much of o R an impression, Daniel W. Drezner, a professor of international - Q C

politics at Tufts University’s Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, / s

argued even more strongly that the neoconservatives had done e g major damage to the GOP. “Since the knee-jerk Republican re - a m I

sponse has been to call for military action anywhere and every - y t t

where trouble breaks out,” he wrote, “the American people e 10 G have tuned out the GOP’s alarmist rhetoric.” Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., left, has distanced himself from On the Democratic side, the top potential nominee so far hardline stands against foreign involvement. Sen. Marco is also the leader in foreign policy experience among presidential Rubio, R-Fla., at right, claims the Obama administration is hopefuls in both parties. Former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham overdoing nuance and diplomacy. Clinton has been characterized by some left-liberals as a hawk, having supported stepping up the U.S. campaign in Afghanistan, 2 Ben Brumfield and Ted Barrett, “U.S. Senate votes to fund the federal using airstrikes in Syria and intervening in Libya. government, strengthens resolve on Iran,” CNN, Sept. 22, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/ loklnps. Foreign policy expert Stephen F. Cohen, a historian of the 3 Rand Paul, “Where I stand on containing Iran,” The Washington Post , April 15, Soviet Union and an emeritus professor at New York and 2014, http://tinyurl.com/nh8f8yq. Princeton universities, points to a lack of diplomacy in a recent 4 Marco Rubio, “I Come Bearing . . . Reassurance,” Foreign Policy , April 24, 2014, statement by Clinton likening Russian President Vladimir V. Putin’s http://tinyurl.com/lfuvny9. 5 insistence on protecting the rights of ethnic Russians in other Beth Reinhard and Ben Terris, “The GOP’s Identity Crisis: Marco Rubio Versus Rand Paul,” National Journal , March 15, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/pyapllr. countries to Adolf Hitler’s pre-World War II strategy of using 6 “Committee on the Present Danger,” http://tinyurl.com/m68l9r5. 11 the defense of ethnic Germans as a pretext for war . 7 James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (2004). “She says he’s like Hitler,” Cohen says, asking how Clinton 8 David Adesnik, “Rand Paul bravely attacks a battalion of straw-men,” American would able to meet with Putin after a comment so insulting. Enterprise Institute, Jan. 17, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ozpabbv. Still, Cohen says, “The most interesting debate is in the 9 Andrew Kohut, “Is Attacking Obama’s Foreign Policy a Winning Strategy?,” Republican Party, with Rand Paul trying to move into the Politico , April 29, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/oldw6ke. 10 Daniel W. Drezner, “Rebooting Republican Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs , mainstream with his less interventionist perspective.” January-February 2013, www.cfr.org/world/rebooting-republican-foreign-pol - icy/p29717. — Peter Katel 11 Philip Rucker, “Hillary Clinton’s Putin-Hitler comments draw rebukes as she wades into Ukraine conflict,” The Washington Post , March 5, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/hillary-clintons-putin-hitler-comments-draw- 1 Michael Hirsh, “The GOP’s Foreign Policy Problem,” National Journal , rebukes-as-she-wades-into-ukraine-conflict/2014/03/05/31a748d8-a486-11e3- March 6, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/kvj4qeg. 84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html.

alike are trying to decode statements “I simply believe that if we want to find by Russian President Putin that seem a long-term solution to the crisis in CURRENT to indicate a willingness to tamp down Ukraine, open, honest and equal dialogue the potential for all-out war. is the only possible option,” he said at SITUATION In early May, Putin announced that a Kremlin press conference . 81 he would pull back an invasion-ready One immediate question was the prac - force of 40,000 Russian troops, plus tical effect of a May 11 referendum in Sanctioning Putin warplanes, that had been stationed on two eastern Ukrainian provinces, which the Russian side of the border. NATO pro-Russians announced as showing over - astern Ukrainian cities remain a and officials of the provisional Ukrainian whelming support for autonomy from E battleground between pro-Russia government in Kiev were not taking the Ukrainian government in Kiev. Another and pro-Ukrainian government forces. the statement at face value . 80 was whether the Kiev government would But with events moving at a dizzying Nevertheless, Putin did strike a tone be able to hold a nationwide presidential pace, Ukrainians and foreign observers different from his previous belligerence. election on May 25 . 82

www.cqresearcher.com May 16, 2014 447 U.S. G LOBAL ENGAGEMENT

While debate continues on whether the contemporary world and are not continuously for 10 years, effectively the United States and its allies should bringing the desired outcome,” Putin barring exiled oppositionists. 95 intervene militarily, the Obama admin - said in April. 89 As the election nears, the Obama istration and the European Union are U.S. political debate on sanctions has administration has stepped up its con - expanding the list of individuals and been sparse so far. In April, some Re - trolled efforts to aid some of the rebels companies targeted by economic sanc - publicans on the Senate Foreign Relations fighting the Assad government. Obama tions. 83 “The goal is to change [Putin’s] Committee expressed skepticism to Kerry has in recent months defined Syria calculus with respect to how the current about the measures’ effectiveness. “They policy in humanitarian terms as “helping actions that he’s engaging in in Ukraine mocked our last set of sanctions,” said the Syrian people” facing the “repressive could have an adverse impact on the Sen. Ron Johnson, R-Wis. 90 regime” of Assad. 96 Russian economy over the long haul,” Kerry disputed that, adding, “I think Nevertheless, Obama has not backed Obama said in late April. 84 The United it’s clear that we have huge capacity to off his refusal to send in U.S. troops or States has frozen assets, banned com - have an impact. . . . [Russians] are not take other direct military action. “America merce and imposed other sanctions incapable of analyzing America’s capacity is not the world’s policeman,” he said against numerous Russian politicians, here with respect to banking and finance in September. “Terrible things happen companies and business figures. and movement of people. ” 91 across the globe, and it is beyond our Whatever the long-range effect of Meanwhile, McCain was the only means to right every wrong.” 97 sanctions, so far they seem of no con - committee member to advocate arming Together with Saudi Arabia, the ad - sequence on the ground in eastern the Ukrainians. ( See “At Issue,” p. 449. ) ministration has shipped a small number Ukraine. Pro-Russia separatists have Obama appears committed to man - of advanced anti-tank missiles to rebel taken over a series of towns and cities, aging the crisis so that it doesn’t lead militias deemed “moderate,” The Wall Street and the country’s acting president ac - to full-scale confrontation. The New York Journal reported in April. In the context knowledged in late April that the pro - Times reported that the president has of the Syrian war, moderate means not visional government’s security services told visitors privately that Ukraine is not commanded by Islamist extremists. 98 have been “helpless” against these a big issue for most Americans . 92 The new arms reportedly represent groups, which U.S. officials say are con - A late-April survey by Pew and USA a test to determine whether the recipients trolled by Russian special forces . 85 Today found that 53 percent of respon - can be trusted with anti-aircraft weapons, Sanctions by the European Union dents supported stepping up economic which they have long demanded. Amer - have been kept minimal, to avoid hurting and diplomatic sanctions against Russia. ican officials have been reluctant, be - some of its members’ considerable busi - But 62 percent opposed sending arms cause of the potential danger to civilian ness ties with Russia, including imports to the Ukrainian government. 93 aircraft. But events such as the bombing of Russian oil and natural gas . 86 (See of a school by Syrian government aircraft sidebar, p. 444. ) The EU in March and in the city of Aleppo — killing at least April imposed visa bans and asset Syria: Ballots and Bombs 17 students and two teachers — have freezes on 48 Russian politicians and ratcheted up the pressure on the ad - military commanders. ith war ravaging his country, Syrian ministration. 99 EU sanctions haven’t included business W President Assad is preparing for a Speaking early last year, before the figures or companies. “Some EU countries June 3 election — or something resembling chemical weapons deal with Russia, may have been reluctant to do so given an election — that he is universally ex - Obama cited the practical and even the important economic ties many EU pected to win overwhelmingly. moral “limitations” on U.S. action. “What countries have with such persons and in - When he stood for election to his offers the best prospect of a stable stitutions,” the nonpartisan Congressional second term in 2007, Assad was the post-Assad regime?” he asked. “And Research Service reported in March. 87 sole candidate. Official results showed how do I weigh tens of thousands Speaking more bluntly, an unnamed him winning 97.29 percent of the vote. who’ve been killed in Syria versus the senior European official told The Wall He first became president after his fa - tens of thousands who are currently Street Journal : “There’s still a lot of ner - ther, Hafez Assad, died in 2000. Between being killed in the Congo?” 100 vousness in Europe about heading in father and son, the Assads have ruled Decades of civil war in Congo have that direction. They don’t want to burn Syria since 1979. 94 cost millions of lives. Last year, the bridges with the Kremlin.” 88 This time, Assad will be one of seven U.N. formed its first offensive military From the Russian side, Putin and contenders, but none of the others is force, allied with the Congolese gov - his officials shrugged off the punitive believed to stand a chance. Election law ernment military, to fight rebels. 101 actions. “Sanctions are not effective in requires candidates to have lived in Syria Continued on p. 450

448 CQ Researcher At Issue: Is the Obama administration responding effectively to the

Ukryes aine crisis?

JOHN KERRY SEN. JOHN MCCAIN, R-ARIZ. SECRETARY OF STATE MEMBER , S ENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE EXCERPTED FROM SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE HEARING, APRIL 8, 2014 EXCERPTED FROM SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE HEARING, APRIL 8, 2014

hat we see from Russia is an illegal and illegitimate y hero, Teddy Roosevelt, used to say talk softly, effort to destabilize a sovereign state and create a but carry a big stick. What [the Obama adminis - contrived crisis with paid operatives across an in - m tration is] doing is talking strongly and carrying a w very small stick, in fact, a twig. ternational boundary. Our preference, and the preference of our friends and al - What has been done so far as a result of the Russian dis - lies, is de-escalation and a diplomatic solution. But Russia memberment of Ukraine in violation of a treaty that they should not for a single solitary second mistake the expression signed in return for the nuclear inventory of Ukraine, which of that preference as an unwillingness to do what is necessary was then the third largest nuclear power? Some individual to stop any violation of the international order. sanctions, some diplomatic sanctions, a suspension — not re - At NATO last week, and in all of my conversations of the moval from the G-8. And, now, more threats to come. past weeks, it is clear that the United States and our closest I predicted that Putin would go into Crimea because he partners are united in this effort, despite the costs, and willing couldn’t bear to give up Sevastopol, because he is what he is. to put in effect tough new sanctions on those orchestrating And I am now very concerned, because of our lack of re - this action and on key sectors of the Russian economy in en - sponse, whether he will foment discontent in the manner ergy, bankingy, mining. Theey are all on s the table. And Presi - which he is nonw, which will theno demand autonomy for parts dent Obama has already signed an executive order to imple - of eastern Ukraine. ment these actions if Russia does not end its pressure and And when a foreign minister of Russia lies to your face, aggression on Ukraine. once, twice, three, four times, I would be reluctant to take his It must be the reality that the United States and our allies word for anything. will not hesitate to use 21st century tools to hold Russia ac - So, here we are with Ukraine being destabilized, a part of countable for 19th century behavior. It doesn’t have to be this it dismembered, and we won’t give them defensive weapons. way. But it will be this way if Russia continues down this We don’t want to provoke? We don’t want to provoke provocative path. Vladimir Putin by giving these people the ability to defend We have made it clear that Russia needs to take concrete themselves after their country has been dismembered and steps to disavow separatist actions in eastern Ukraine, pull there is provocations going on? That, I say to you, is the logic back its forces outside the country, which they say they have of appeasement. begun to do with the movement of one battalion, and I want to know, and I think the American people should demonstrate that they are prepared to come to these discus - know, and maybe most importantly, the people of Ukraine sions, to do what is necessary to de-escalate. should know why won’t we give them some defensive So, Russia has a choice: to work with the international com - weapons when they’re facing another invasion, not the first, munity to help build an independent Ukraine that could be a but another invasion of their country. It is just beyond logic. bridge between East and West, not the object of a tug of war, When we don’t give people assistance to defend them - that could meet the hopes and aspirations of all Ukrainians. selves, then it — just as the Syrian decision — it reverberates Or, they could face greater isolation and pay the costs for their throughout the entire world. I would like to know why it is failure, to see that the world is not a zero-sum game. not at least under serious consideration to give them some His [Putin’s] oligarchs are not able to travel to various places. defensive weapons. [The administration’s] view of what the Ukrainians need is They’re losing money. The ruble has gone down 7 percent. 100% There’s an impact in Europe. I think [Putin has] had a massive vastly different from what the Ukrainians think they need, change in public opinion in Ukraine. People who once felt bet - which is a sovereign right to try to defend themselves, which ter about Russia don’t today. He has united many Ukrainians, is something that we have done historically, helping people who are struggling against overwhelming odds. even thno ose who are Russian-speaking, against Russia.

www.cqresearcher.com May 16, 2014 449 U.S. G LOBAL ENGAGEMENT

Continued from p. 448 agree. Nevertheless, a persistent criticism A major unknown is how the public The Syrian civil war began more of the administration’s Syria policy is would respond to a major attack against than three years ago, after Assad or - that there was a missed chance to help the United States or against U.S. interests dered his military to crush anti-gov - rebels early in the war. “We had an op - abroad. The overwhelming support for a ernment demonstrations. By now, the portunity before the fundamentalists,” military response after the Sept. 11 attacks armed opposition reportedly consists says former CIA and State Department points to one possibility. of as many as 1,000 groups of varied analyst Goodman. “We had a humani - Sudden, catastrophic events aside, sizes, made up of an estimated 100,000 tarian obligation from the outset.” how public officials analyze the present fighters, representing a wide variety of However, he acknowledges, there can affect the course they set for U.S. religious and political views. 102 was no public support. Referring to policy. Carpenter of the Cato Institute, Complications involved in deter - Obama’s cancellation of airstrikes in for one, argues that politicians ignore mining which opposition groups the favor of negotiating the chemical- the strength of anti-interventionist public United States should support begin weapons deal, Goodman said the pres - opinion at their peril. “If you continue with the presence of a strong religious ident “marched right up to the brink to defy public opinion in the long term, aspect to the Syrian war. Assad and and looked behind him and there was that is likely to have political conse - his top supporters belong to the no one behind him.” quences,” he says, adding, “In this case Alawite religious minority, an Islamic I think the public is correct.” sect with an ancestral tie to Shiism. Some argue that public caution about Sunnis, the majority sect of Islam, interventionism is well-founded. “This make up the backbone of the anti- is the hundredth anniversary of World 103 OUTLOOK Assad forces . War I,” says Bacevich of Boston Uni - Some rebels are supported by Sunni versity, pointing to a conflict that par - militants and al Qaeda-linked extremists Cautious Posture ticipants thought would be over in a who represent an extremist Sunni matter of months. “The lesson of that fringe. The government in turn is relying he future of Ukraine and of rela - is that once control is lost, it is difficult in part on the highly organized and T tions with Russia, the outcome of to restore order.” combat-r eady Hezbollah (“Party of the Syrian civil war, and the possibility God”) militia f rom Lebanon. The Iran - of a definitive Iranian nuclear agreement ian-supported Shiite force has fought remain highly uncertain, but some an - Notes two wars with Israel, previously its alysts argue that Americans’ aversion main enemy. 104 to major military operations abroad is In addition, Assad government forces likely to continue. 1 Michael R. Gordon and Eric Schmitt, “Rebels receive weapons and fighters directly “The American public, because of to Ask for Antiaircraft Missiles,” The New York from Iran, the target of longstanding Iraq and Afghanistan, has been shocked Times , May 7, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/nhpm3zm . 2 Ibid. U.S. and international efforts to curb into an isolationist mentality,” says for - 3 Bernard Gwertzman, “Afghans Put Case Before mer ambassador Jeffrey. its nuclear-development program. These All Forums,” The New York Times , June 19, 1986, are shipped by aircraft that pass through But others say the American public http://tinyurl.com/o45wea9; Norman Kempster , Iraqi airspace. To complicate the situ - is not categorically opposed to U.S. in - “Bosnian Leaders brings Arms Plea to U.S.,” Los ation further, Iraq’s Shiite-majority gov - vo lvement in global affairs. “As frustrated Angeles Times , Jan. 31, 1995, p. A4. ernment, which has extensive ties to as the public is with foreign policy, it isn’t 4 “Lend-Lease and Military Aid to the Allies in the Iran, was installed with the help of ready to abandon internationalism or to Early Years of World War II,” U.S. Department of the U.S. government during the war embrace unilateralism,” said a Council on State, Office of the Historian, undated, to topple Sunni dictator Saddam Hus - Foreign Relations analysis that accompanies http://tinyurl.com/ln4d573 . 5 sein. Speaking to The New Yorker mag - the 2013 Pew survey . 106 “Public Sees U.S. Power Declining as Support azine, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al- The analysis cited 72 percent support for Global Engagement Slips: America’s Place in the World 2013,” Pew Research Center, Dec. 3, Maliki defined the Syrian war as a for shared world leadership, and 56 per - 2013, pp. 5, 20, 39, http://tinyurl.com/lz3mh2y ; cent approval of the United States main - conflict between Assad and al Qaeda, Janet Hook, “Americans Want to Pull Back From with the former preferable to the latter. taining military supremacy. Nevertheless, World Stage, Poll Finds,” The Wall Street Journal , “There is no more moderate opposition Pew found support for going alone April 30, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/nst3umr . 105 in Syria,” he said. (38 percent) higher than at any time in 6 “Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, Chicago The administration, though cautious nearly 50 years, except for 2009, when Council on Global Affairs,” U.S. Department of about which groups to aid, does not 44 percent supported that view . 107 Defense, May 6, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/pcyb6bw .

450 CQ Researcher 7 Rebecca Shabad, “Congress fires warning shot CQ Researcher , Jan. 1, 2009, pp. 1-26. http://tinyurl.com/p774zod; Thomas Grove and at Iran,” The Hill , March 18, 2014, http://tinyurl. 18 C. J. Chivers and Noah Sneider, “Behind the Aleksander Vasovic, “New Russia sanctions com/myr8rlo ; Robert J. Einhorn, “Preventing a Masks in Ukraine, Many Faces of Rebellion,” threats as Ukraine stalemate goes on,” Reuters, Nuclear-Armed Iran: Requirements for Compre - The New York Times , May 3, 2014, http://tinyurl. April 18, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/lv8s2sc . hensive Nuclear Agreement,” Brookings Institution, com/kreeybb ; for background, see Brian Beary, 29 “Remarks by President Obama and German March 2014, pp. 1-2, http://tinyurl.com/m689brf ; “Resurgent Russia,” CQ Researcher , Feb. 7, 2014, Chancellor Merkel in Joint Press Conference,” Dan Roberts, “Obama admits Israel has good reason pp. 121-144. The White House, May 2, 2014, http://tinyurl. for skepticism over Iran nuclear deal,” The Guardian , 19 “Annual Address to the Federal Assembly com/kd7ggec . Nov. 24, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/nk7uxpb . of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, 30 “Public Sees U.S. Power Declining. . .,” op. 8 William Booth and Ruth Eglash, “Kerry’s April 25, 2005, http://tinyurl.com/ns5c6k4 . cit. , pp. 19, 22. nine-month quest for Middle East peace ends 20 “Remarks by Sen. John McCain on Mass 31 Chris Baldwin, “Putin says Russia threatened in failure,” The Washington Post , April 29, 2014 , Atrocities in Syria as World Commemorates by ‘unipolar world,’ ” Reuters, Nov. 5, 2007 , http://tinyurl.com/k2vpju3 . Anniversary of Rwandan Genocide,” Official http://tinyurl.com/lpw7d3t . 9 David J. Lynch, “China Challenges Obama’s Asia Website of U.S. Sen. John McCain, April 10, 32 “Annual Address to the Federal Assembly Pivot With Rapid Military Buildup,” Bloomberg, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/oxcpv5y ; Sangwon of the Russian Federation,” op. cit. April 22, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/lkumsre . Yoon, . Sangwon Yoon, “Losing Syrian Rebels 33 Jay Solomon and Andrey Ostroukh, “Russia’s 10 Pamela Constable, “White House to send Press in Washington for Better Arms,” Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov Warns Ukraine,” specialists to help recover abducted Nigerian Bloomberg, May6, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/ The Wall Street Journal , April 24, 2014 , schoolgirls,” The Washington Post , May 6, 2014, lu9dk6v . Sean Sullivan, “McCain: Obama would http://tinyurl.com/m8k3vb3 . http://tinyurl.com/nxwsbpb . face impeachment if he puts ‘boots on the 34 David J. Lynch, “China Challenges Obama’s 11 “Public Sees U.S. Power Declining,” op. cit. , pp. ground’ in Syria,” The Washington Post , Sept. Asia Pivot With Rapid Military Buildup,” Bloomberg, 52-54. 6, 2013, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ April 22, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/kc9gh4k . 12 “Remarks by President Obama and President post-politics/wp/2013/09/06/mccain-obama- 35 For background, see Reed Karaim, “China Today,” Benigno Aquino III of the Philippines in Joint Press would-face-impeachment-if-he-puts-boots-on- CQ Researcher , April 4, 2014, pp. 289-312. Conference,” The White House, April 28, 2014, the-ground-in-syria . 36 “Transcript: Albright Interview on NBC-TV,” USIS http://tinyurl.com/qg75rpo . 21 “Collective defence,” North Atlantic Treaty Washington File, Feb. 19, 1998, http:// 13 Mimi Hall, “Obama cites ‘responsibility’ of U.S. Organization, undated, http://tinyurl.com/co3p5vp . tinyurl.com/oeyqz2d . in Libya intervention,” USA Today , March 28, 2011, 22 Adam Entous, “U.S. Balks at Ukraine Mil - 37 “Remarks by President George W. Bush at the http://tinyurl.com/ocafhb9 ; David D. Kirkpatrick, itary-Aid Request,” The Wall Street Journal , 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for “A Deadly Mix in Benghazi,” The New York Times , March 13, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/mqcj9cu . Democracy,” National Endowment for Democracy, Dec. 28, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/lqeqtyv . 23 “Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Signing Nov. 6, 2003, http://tinyurl.com/4r62tdv . 14 Joby Warrick, “More than 1,400 killed in of $1 Billion Loan Guarantee Agreement f or 38 Scott Wilson, “Obama announces plan to bring Syrian chemical weapons attack, U.S. says,” Ukraine,” U.S. Department of State, April 14, home 33,000 ‘surge’ troops from Afghanistan,” The The Washington Post , Aug. 30, 2013, http:// 2014, http://tinyurl.com/o9pjq6f . Washington Post , June 22, 2011, http://tiny tinyurl.com/ksj2lc2 . “Syria chemical attack: 24 Michael R. Gordon, “Kerry Takes Offer of url.com/6xpdnka . What we know,” BBC, Sept. 24, 2013, www. Aid to Ukraine and Pushes Back Against Russian 39 David A. Lake, Entangling Relations: American bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23927399 . Claims,” The New York Times , March 4, 2014, Foreign Policy in its Century (1999), p. 3; Thomas Reuters, April 1, 2014, www.reuters.com/article/ http://tinyurl.com/n34e4jv; Ian Talley, “IMF Ap - Jefferson, “Inaugural Address,” The American 2014/04/01/us-syria-crisis-toll-idUSBREA300YX proves $17 Billion Emergency Aid for Ukraine’s Pres idency Project, March 4, 1801, http://tiny 2014041 . Economy,” The Wall Street Journal , April 30, url.com/p38qgqq . 15 Michael R. Gordon, “U.S. and Russia Reach 2014, http://tinyurl.com/mrgnpb6 . 40 Justus D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: to Destroy Syria’s Chemical Arsenal,” The New 25 Ian Traynor and Oksana Grytsenko, “Ukraine New History of America’s Entry into World War I York Times , Sept. 14, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/nyt suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin (2011), pp. 1-18; 195-196; 149; 276; “Zimmermann jlha ; “Russia in the Syrian Conflict,” Russian wins tug of war,” The Guardian , Nov. 21, 2013, Telegram,” Our Documents, National Archives, Analytical Digest , June 10, 2013, pp. 8-9, http://tinyurl.com/mmxpjgs ; “Why is Ukraine http://tinyurl.com/ofnks2z . http://tinyurl.com/oxgp83m . in turmoil?,” BBC News, Feb. 22, 2014 , 41 Except where otherwise noted, this subsection 16 Mark Silva, “Obama’s Russian Reset Lost in http://tinyurl.com/pxrf62y . is drawn from Susan Dunn, 1940: FDR, Willkie, Putin’s Translations,” Bloomberg, April 3, 2014, 26 Kathy Lally, “Mansion was only a fixer- Lindbergh, Hitler — the Election amid the Storm http://tinyurl.com/pk4a5s6 . upper, Yanukovych says,” The Washington (2013). 17 Sgt. A. M. LaVey, “173rd paratroopers arrive Post , Feb. 28, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/l4twebj . 42 “German-Soviet Pact,” United States Holocaust in Poland, Baltics for unscheduled exercises,” 27 Henry Chu and Sergei L. Loiko, “Tensions Memorial Museum, updated June 10, 2013, Army.mil , April 30, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/lbx escalate as Russia presses claim for Ukraine’s http://tinyurl.com/8gs6efm . 9oej ; Griff Witte, “After Russian moves in Crimea,” Los Angeles Times , March 7, 2014, 43 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, “‘Stab in the Back’ Ukraine Eastern Europe shudders, NATO to http://tinyurl.com/nhbuooy . Speech,” Miller Center, University of Virginia, June increase presence,” The Washington Post , April 28 Julian Borger and Alec Luhn, “Ukraine crisis: 10, 1940, http://tinyurl.com/q3z48v8 . 18, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/msbuwlz ; for back - Geneva talks produce agreement on defusing 44 Except where otherwise noted, this subsection ground, see Roland Flamini, “Future of NATO,” conflict,” The Guardian , April 17, 2014, is drawn from Tim Weiner, A Legacy of Ashes: The

www.cqresearcher.com May 16, 2014 451 U.S. G LOBAL ENGAGEMENT

History of the CIA (2008). dated, http://tinyurl.com/laxv8hb ; “The Domino http://tinyurl.com/mxjdmww . 45 “The India-Pakistan War of 1965,” U.S. Department Theory,” GlobalSecurity.org, undated, http://tinyurl. 64 Chronology, Gulf War, (drawn from Rick Atkinson, of State, Office of the Historian, undated, com/9v283vh . Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War http://tinyurl.com/kbboxbl; “Bandung Conference 54 Marc Selverstone and David Coleman, “Gulf of (1993), Frontline, PBS, undated, http://tinyurl. (Asian-African Conference), 1955,” U.S. Department Tonkin, 1964: Perspectives from the Lyndon Johnson com/d8w3jxf ; Thomas E. Ricks, Fiasco: The American of State, Office of the Historian, undated, and National Military Command Center Tape,” Miller Military Adventure in Iraq (2006), pp. 5-6; “No-fly http://tinyurl.com/mapu3jl . Center, University of Virginia, undated, http:// zones: The legal position,” BBC, Feb. 19, 2001, 46 Robert Jervis, “The Dustbin of History: Mutual tinyurl.com/kgek74h ; Andrew Gelman, “How Many http://tinyurl.com/btbrxlt . Assured Destruction,” Foreign Policy , Nov. 1, 2002, Vietnam Veterans Are Still Alive?,” The New York 65 “Rwanda: How the genocide happened,” BBC, http://tinyurl.com/pv9cp2q . Times , March 25, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/qckaec4 . Dec. 18, 2008, http://tinyurl.com/yksb33z . 47 Tim Weiner and Barbara Crossette, “George F. 55 Michael Kranish, “With antiwar role, high 66 Samantha Power, “Bystanders to Genocide,” The Kennan Dies at 101; Leading Strategist of Cold visibility,” The Boston Globe , June 17, 2003, Atlantic , Sept. 1, 2001, http://tinyurl.com/lduvwob . War,” The New York Times , March 18, 2005, http://tinyurl.com/flfx ; “John Kerry Then: Hear 67 Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, “Somalia and http://tinyurl.com/q8eg9g9 ; “Kennan and Contain - Kerry’s Historic 1971 Testimony Against the the Future of Humanitarian Intervention,” Foreign ment, 1947,” U.S. Department of State, Office of Vietnam War,” Democracy Now!, Feb. 20, 2004, Affairs , March/April 1996, http://tinyurl.com/kaet69a . the Historian, undated, http://tinyurl.com/o6qqj3q ; http://tinyurl.com/yl2gd4l ; Todd Gitlin, The 68 Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down (1999). George Kennan, “Telegram . . . to the Secretary Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (1987). 69 Power, op. cit. of State,” Feb. 22, 1946, http://tinyurl.com/mw4k3nq . 56 John Tirman, “Why do we ignore the civilians 70 “Balkan Accord: The Address; Clinton Lays Out 48 “The Yalta Conference, 1945,” U.S. Department killed in American wars?,” The Washington Post , his Case for U.S. Troops in Balkans,” The New of State, Office of the Historian, undated, Jan. 6, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/7cwuq8h , York Times , Nov. 28, 1995, http://tinyurl.com/ks55323 ; http://tinyurl.com/mwuxwgu . www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam- Katherine Q. Seelye, “Balkan Accord: In Congress,” 49 The NATO founding countries were: Belgium, war/casualty-statistics.html . The New York Times , Dec. 14, 1995, http://tinyurl. Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxem - 57 Kate Doyle and Emily Willard, “’Learn from com/mtje8zk . bourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United History,’ 31st Anniversary of the Assassination of 71 James Bennet, “U.S. Cruise Missiles Strike Kingdom, United States; “Member countries,” North Archbishop Romero,” National Security Archive, Sudan and Afghan Tarets Tied to Terrorist Atlantic Treaty Organization, undated, http:// March 23, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/ky8npps . Network,” The New York Times , Aug. 21, 1998, tinyurl.com/muurlsu ; “A Short History of NATO,” 58 “The Iran-Contra Affair,” American Experience, http://tinyurl.com/k22kecs . North Atlantic Treaty Organization, undated, http:// WGBH, undated, http://tinyurl.com/3djty9z . 72 “Operation Iraqi Freedom . . . Operation Enduring tinyurl.com/knxknrh ; “1955: Communist states sign 59 “Final Report on the Independent Counsel Freedom, U.S. Casualty Status,” updated May 9, Warsaw Pact,” BBC, http://tinyurl.com/ywdx7o ; for Iran/Contra Matters,” U.S. Court of Appeals, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/29va4fp ; Matt Spetalnick, “The Warsaw Security Pact,” May 14, 1955, Avalon Chapt. 2, Aug. 4, 1993, http://tinyurl.com/5eee9 . “Obama, Karzai accelerate end of U.S. combat role Project, Yale Law School, http://tinyurl.com/men7dor . 60 Klaus Dahmann, “Fall of the Berlin Wall and in Afghanistan,” Reuters, Jan. 12, 2013, http:// 50 Weiner, op. cit. , pp. 92-105. Reunification (1989-1990),” Deutsche Welle , April tinyurl.com/b3ks34e ; Michael Holmes, “Inside Iraq: 51 Frederick Taylor, “The Berlin Wall: A Secret 22, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/qe6axmk . Two years after U.S. withdrawal, are things worse History,” History Today , February 2007, http://tiny 61 “George H. W. Bush — Foreign Affairs,” Miller than ever?,” CNN, Jan. 15, 2014, http://tiny url.com/muqkgfy . Center, University of Virginia, undated, http:// url.com/o5btyxs . 52 “The Cuban Missile Crisis: The 40th Anniversary,” tinyurl.com/l6evb78 . 73 “Remarks by President George W. Bush at National Security Archive, The George Washington 62 Archie Brown, “Reform, Coup and Collapse: the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment University, undated, http://tinyurl.com/p2wml5p . The End of the Soviet State,: BBC, updated Feb. for Democracy,” National Endowment for Democ - 53 “The Quotable Quotes of President Dwight D. 17, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/6zxyv88 . racy, Nov. 6, 2003, http://tinyurl.com/4r62tdv . Eisenhower,” Eisenhower National Historic Site, un - 63 “Gulf War Fast Facts,” CNN, Sept. 15, 2013, 74 Sanford Gottlieb, “The Anti-Iraq War Movement is a Far Cry From Vietnam,” Pacific News Service, Sept. 21, 2005, http://tinyurl.com/ljbq957 ; David About the Author Crary, “Iraq and Vietnam: Contrasting Protests,” The Associated Press, March, 21, 2007, http:// Peter Katel is a CQ Researcher contributing writer who tinyurl.com/oxnfkd3 ; Andrew Glass, “U.S. military previously reported on Haiti and Latin America for Time and draft ends, Jan. 27, 1973,” Politico , Jan. 27, 2012, Newsweek and covered the Southwest for newspapers in New http://tinyurl.com/o74rs26 . Mexico. He has received several journalism awards, including 75 For background, see Leda Hartman, “Islamic the Bartolomé Mitre Award for coverage of drug trafficking, Sectarianism,” CQ Researcher , Aug. 7, 2012, pp. from the Inter-American Press Association. He holds an A.B. 353-376. 76 in university studies from the University of New Mexico. His For background, see Peter Katel, “The Iraq War: 10 Years Later,” CQ Researcher , March 1, 2013, pp. recent reports include “Mexico’s Future” and “3D Printing.” 205-232.

452 CQ Researcher 77 Ian Black, “Barack Obama, the Arab Spring and a series of unforeseen events,” The Guardian , Oct. 21, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/my8zqqt . FFOORR MMOORREE IINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONN 78 Adam Nossiter and Kareem Fahim, “Revo - American Enterprise Institute , 1150 17th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 ; 202- lution Won, Top Libyan Official Vows a New 862-5800 ; www.aei.org/policy/foreign-and-defense-policy /. Conservative Washington and More Pious State,” The New York Times , think tank that includes interventionist-oriented scholars and analysts. Oct. 23, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/c7c9vwm ; Jeremiah Gertler, “Operation Odyssey Dawn Brookings Institution , 1775 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 ; (Libya): Background and Issues for Congress,” 202-797-6105 ; www.brookings.edu . A centrist research and advocacy center with a foreign affairs wing that studies international economic and human rights issues . Congressional Research Service, March 30, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/6draa8z . 79 Kirkpatrick, op. cit. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , 1779 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., 80 Washington, DC 20036 ; 202-483-7600 ; www.carnegieendowment.org . Longtime centrist C. J. Chivers and David M. Herszenhorn, institution that maintains satellite offices in Beirut, Moscow, Brussels and elsewhere . “Separatists in Ukraine Vow to Proceed With Autonomy Vote,” The New York Times , May 8, Cato Institute , 1000 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20001 ; 202-842-0200 ; 2014, http://tinyurl.com/kem4bm5 . www.cato.org . Libertarian think tank that opposes military solutions to problems. 81 Neil MacFarquhar, “Putin Announces Pullback From Ukraine Border,” The New York Times , May Center for International Policy , 2000 M St., N.W., Suite 720, Washington, DC 7, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/l2x8nyb . 20036 ; 202-232-3317 ; www.ciponline.org . Liberal think tank that advocates demili - 82 Chivers and Herszenhorn, op. cit. Andrew E. tarization and action against human-rights abuse. Kramer and Alan Cowell, “Ukraine Authorities Dis - miss Referendums as ‘Farce,’ ” The New York Times , Council on Foreign Relations , 58 E. 68th St., New York, NY 10065 ; 212-434- 9400 ; May 12, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/05/13/ cfr.org . A foreign-policy think tank including former senior diplomats. world/europe/ukraine.html?hp&_r=0 . 83 MacFarquhar, op. cit. 94 “Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested http://tinyurl.com/kdgzcbe ; “Measuring Mor - 84 “Remarks by President Obama and President Referendum,” The Associated Press, May 28, tality in the Democratic Republic of Congo,” Benigno Aquino III. . .,” op. cit. 2007, http://tinyurl.com/npcwke4 ; “Hafez al- International Rescue Committee, 2007, http:// 85 Alison Smale and Andrew Roth, “Ukrainian Says Assad, obituary,” The Guardian , June 14, 2000, tinyurl.com/mju56np . That Militias Won the East,” The New York Times , http://tinyurl.com/m8qqdhz . 102 Liam Stack, “In Slap at Syria, Turkey Shelters April 30, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/kuwjsdk . 95 Dominic Evans, “Assad seeks re-election as Anti-Assad Fighters,” The New York Times , Oct. 86 Jay Solomon, William Mauldin and Colleen Syria war rages,” Reuters, April 28, 2014, 27, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/3b35yhn ; “Syria crisis: McCain Nelson, “U.S., Europe Impose New Sanctions http://tinyurl.com/pcbj95h . Guide to armed and political opposition,” on Russia,” The Wall Street Journal , April 29, 2014, 96 “Remarks by President Obama and President BBC, Dec. 13, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/ms45abz . http://tinyurl.com/ln2l78g . Benigno Aquino III. . .,” op. cit. ; “Full Transcript: 103 Martin Chulov and Mona Mahmood, “Syrian 87 Steven Woehrel, “Ukraine: Current Issues President Obama’s Sept. 10 speech on Syria,” Sunnis fear Assad regime wants to ‘ethnically and U.S. Policy,” Congressional Research Ser - The Washington Post , Sept. 10, 2013, http:// cleanse’ Alawite heartland,” The Guardian, vice, May 8, 2014, p. 7, http://tinyurl.com/pbc tinyurl.com/ns5njac . July 22, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/kytqyd8 ; “The w576 ; Ilya Arkhipov and Anton Doroshev, 97 Ibid. (Obama speech) sectarian divisions in Syria’s violent uprising,” “U.S. Sanctions Will Unite Russian Elite, Putin 98 Ellen Knickmeyer, Maria Abi-Habib, Adam CBC News, July 19, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/k2s Aide Says,” Bloomberg Businessweek , April 28, Entous, “Advanced U.S. Weapons Flow to Syr - vd4w ; for background, see Leda Hartman, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/mvjj5x2 . ian Rebels,” The Wall Street Journal , April 18, “Islamic Sectarianism,” CQ Researcher , Aug. 7, 88 Jay Solomon, et al. , op. cit. 2014, http://tinyurl.com/m5lz3wt . 2012, pp. 353-376. 89 Arkhipov and Doroshev, op. cit. 99 Anne Barnard and Hwaida Saad, “Children’s 104 Mona Alami, “Hezbollah takes lead in 90 “Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Com - Art at Syria School, and Then a Bomb,” The pounding Syrian rebels,” USA Today , Feb. 27, mittee,” www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/ New York Times , April 30, 2014, http://tiny 2014, http://tinyurl.com/pwyex8s ; Alison Smale, doc/04%2008%202014,%20International%20 url.com/k9l37u8 ; Ben Hubbard, “Syrian Elec - “Flow of Westerners to Syria Prompts Security Affairs%20Budget1.pdf . tion Announced; Rebels Report New Weapons,” Concerns,” The New York Times , Jan. 15, 2014, 91 Ibid. The New York Times , April 21, 2014, http://tiny http://tinyurl.com/pzno7bx . 92 Peter Baker, “In Cold War Echo, Obama Strategy url.com/kffs2ms . 105 Dexter Filkins, “What We Left Behind,” Writes Off Putin,” The New York Times , April 19, 100 Franklin Foer and Chris Hughes, “Barack The New Yorker , April 28, 2014, http://tinyurl. 2014, http://tinyurl.com/lqka2jx . Obama Is Not Pleased,” The New Republic , com/mo2lo23 . 93 “Bipartisan Support for Increased U.S. Sanc - Jan. 27, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/bkc5eev . 106 “Public Sees U.S. Power Declining. . .,” tions against Russia,” Pew Research Center, 101 Jonathan Saruk, “Africa’s deadliest war op. cit. , pp. 6, 52-54. April 28, 2014, http://tinyurl.com/kzr7ndm . enters new phase,: USA Today , Aug. 21, 2013, 107 Ibid. , pp. 18, 21.

www.cqresearcher.com May 16, 2014 453 Bibliography Selected Sources

Books measures against a foe can lead to war, writes a University of Connecticut professor who edited Kennan’s diaries. Bacevich , Andrew J. , The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism , Holt Paperbacks , 2009 . Fisher , Max , “American isolationism just hit a 50-year A Boston University political scientist and former Army high. Why that matters,” The Washington Post , Dec. 4, colonel warns that the deep-seated American belief in global 2013 , http://tinyurl.com/ldb26uf . superiority is disastrous. A foreign-policy blogger argues that results of a survey showing public disengagement from international affairs rep - Gaddis , John Lewis , The Cold War: A New History , resent a powerful trend among Americans. Penguin Books , 2006 . A Yale University historian considered the leading scholar Kaplan , Fred , “Eastern Promises,” Slate , April 23, 2014 , of the Cold War distills his past work into a narrative account http://tinyurl.com/n435xp6 . of the entire period. President Obama’s attempt to refocus U.S. foreign policy on Asia is a good idea, a journalist specializing in national Jones , Bruce , Still Ours to Lead: America, Rising Powers, security writes, but presidential plans don’t dictate the course and the Tension Between Rivalry and Restraint , Brook - of events, in this case the Ukraine crisis. ings Institution Press , 2014 . The decline in U.S. influence following the 2008 financial Landler , Mark , “On a Trip That Avoids Beijing, Obama crisis shouldn’t be confused with total eclipse, argues a foreign- Keeps His Eye on China,” The New York Times , April 26, policy specialist at the centrist think tank, who writes that 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/nv8zht4 . the United States is in “a category of one.” Obama’s trip to Asia was also marked by the balancing of neighbors’ fears of China with the U.S. need to maintain a Lesch , David W. , Syria: The Fall of the House of Assad , working relationship with the Asian giant. Yale University Press , 2013 . The United States is far more limited in what it can do to Sorokin , Vladimir , “Let the Past Collapse on Time!” New bring peace to Syria than many foreign-policy experts believe, York Review of Books , May 8, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ argues a Trinity University historian who met repeatedly with ondzqbf . Assad earlier in his rule. A novelist who was a dissident in Soviet times and who remains in Moscow writes that the end of communism in Weiner , Tim , Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA , Russia did not vanquish Soviet-style rule. Anchor , 2008 . A New York Times national security correspondent recounts Reports the Cold War’s numerous cloak-and-dagger battles. “Oral Update of the independent international commission Articles of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic,” U.N. Human Rights Council , March 18, 2014 , www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBod Bendavid , Naftali , “Syria Making Good Progress in Chemical ies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/OralUpdate18March2014.pdf . Weapons Removal,” The Wall Street Journal , April 25, The UN commission recounts the most blatant and shocking 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/kuc6lw9 . human-rights violations committed during a horrific civil war Even amid war and rising tensions with Russia — a key now in its fourth year. architect of the Syria chemical weapons deal — removal of the weapons is proceeding well. “Public Sees U.S. Power Declining as Support for Global Engagement Slips,” Pew Research Center , Dec. 3, 2013 , Cohen , Stephen F. , “Cold War Again: Who’s Responsible?” http://tinyurl.com/pqfsrre . The Nation , April 1, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ouyhq9n . The most comprehensive survey to date on U.S. public A leading critic of U.S. policy toward Russia argues that current opinion concerning global engagement, which tracks shifts in tensions grow out of post-Cold War NATO expansion, not any American attitudes toward the world over decades, is sparking territorial ambitions by Russian President Vladimir Putin. interest in the foreign-policy and political communities.

Costigliola , Frank , “What Would Kennan Say to Obama?” Woehrel , Steven , “Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy,” The New York Times , Feb. 27, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ Congressional Research Service , May 8, 2014 , www.fas. kmc8wco . org/sgp/crs/row/RL33460.pdf . The late George F. Kennan, once the leading U.S. Cold War A Europe specialist in Congress’ nonpartisan research arm strategist, would warn President Obama against maintaining reports on the most recent developments in Ukraine, and the role of world policeman and advise him that aggressive Congressional response to date.

454 CQ Researcher The Next Step: Additional Articles from Current Periodicals

Economic Sanctions Sly , Liz , “Syrian rebels who received first U.S. missiles of war see shipment as ‘an important first step’ ” The Wash - Birnbaum , Michael , “U.S., E.U. sanctions on Russians amid ington Post , April 27, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ljavuxj . Ukraine crisis have little impact on the ground,” The Wash - A Syrian rebel says the first U.S. weapons were not directly ington Post , April 29, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/msb4dos . provided by the United States, but by a U.S.-backed group of Russian officials say some sanctions imposed by the United Western powers and Persian Gulf Arab states; he nevertheless States and the European Union will affect their economy, says it is an important step that shows a change in U.S. attitude. especially in the technology and defense sectors, while other targets say the U.S. and Europe are only hurting themselves. Ukraine

Talley , Ian , “Ukraine Crisis: Fear of Wider Pain Tempers Bowman , Michael , “Ukraine Crisis Emboldens Obama’s Sanctions,” The Wall Street Journal , May 4, 2014 , http:// US Critics,” The Voice of America , May 4, 2014 , http:// tinyurl.com/lq93ycq . tinyurl.com/nzdoa73 . The sanctions battle over Ukraine is already moving Russia Critics say President Obama has not gone far enough to toward a recession, affecting nearby economies and threatening change Russia’s aggressive stance on Ukraine, including recent to derail Europe’s economic recovery, economists and investors U.S. sanctions targeting President Putin’s inner circle. say. Eaglen , Mackenzie , “Getting Europe’s Back,” U.S. News & Public Opinion World Report , May 1, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/kdoye3n . The Ukraine crisis shows that U.S. troop withdrawals in Dutton , Sarah , Jennifer De Pinto , Anthony Salvanto and Europe have reduced American diplomatic influence in Eu - Fred Backus , “Poll: Most say U.S. doesn’t have a respon - ropean affairs, according to a resident fellow specializing in sibility in Ukraine,” CBS News , March 25, 2014 , http:// security issues at the conservative American Enterprise Institute. tinyurl.com/k9nw5jg . American military forces play a critical role in deterrence Sixty-one percent of Americans do not think the United and other desirable outcomes, so the United States should States has a responsibility to intervene in the crisis between increase military force, she writes. Russia and Ukraine, according to a telephone poll conducted on behalf of CBS News. Walsh , Nick Paton , Chelsea J. Carter and Victoria Butenko , “Chaos in southern Ukraine: Deadly fire, choppers down Montanaro , Domenico , “Little will for American involve - and street fighting,” CNN , May 2, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ ment in Ukraine,” PBS Newshour , April 15, 2014 , http:// lhe6uph . tinyurl.com/pvtmqtw . Violence has escalated in southern Ukraine, including deadly Fifty percent of Americans believe the United States should street fighting, downed helicopters and civilians used as not “draw a hard line” against Russia and Ukraine because human shields, raising the question of whether the country it could mean losing Russia’s cooperation in other crises can resist a civil war. such as Syria and Iran, while 43 percent think the U.S. should not get involved at all, according to a McClatchy- CITING CQ RESEARCHER Marist poll conducted in April. Sample formats for citing these reports in a bibliography Steinhauser , Paul , “Should U.S. butt out of international include the ones listed below. Preferred styles and formats conflicts?” CNN , April 30, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/ vary, so please check with your instructor or professor. lr74uho . Forty-seven percent of Americans say the United States MLA STYLE should be less active in foreign affairs, according to an April Jost, Kenneth. “Remembering 9/11.” CQ Researcher 2 Sept. NBC News/ Wall Street Journal national poll, echoing other recent surveys. 2011: 701-732. Syria APA S TYLE Jost, K. (2011, September 2). Remembering 9/11. CQ Researcher, Bayoumy , Yara , and Angus McDowall , “Persistent Saudi- 9, 701-732. U.S. differences hurt Syria strategy,” Reuters UK , May 5, 2014 , http://tinyurl.com/nzoysr9 . CHICAGO STYLE American and Saudi Arabian officials defend their strong Jost, Kenneth. “Remembering 9/11.” CQ Researcher , September relationship, but their different stances on Middle Eastern 2, 2011, 701-732. policy could prove disastrous for Syrian rebels. www.cqresearcher.com May 16, 2014 455 In-depth Reports on Issues in the News

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