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The South African Architectural Record THE SOUTH AFRICAN ARCHITECTURAL RECORD The Journal of the Transvaal, Natal and Orange Free State Provincial Institutes of South African Architects and the Chapter of South African Quantity Surveyors. 67, Exploration Buildings, Commissioner Street, Johannesburg, P.O. Box 2266. Telephone 33— 1936. Volume Eighteen Number Eleven, N o v e m b e r, N i ne e e n Hundred and Thirty Three. The editor will be glad to consider any mss. photographs or sketches submitted to him, but they should be accompanied by stamped addressed envelopes for return if unsuitable. In case of loss or injury he cannot hold himself responsible for mss. photographs or sketches, and publication in the journal can alone be taken as evidence of acceptance. The name and address of the owner should be placed on the back of all pictures and mss. The Institute does not hold itself responsible for the opinions expressed by contributors. Annual subscription per post 10/6 direct from the Secretary. Hon. Editor Professor 0. E. Pearse Secretary A. S. Pearse 265 Eighteenth Century Architecture in S.A. 275 Colonial Mutual Building, Durban 278 Allerley Glossop 280 0 b i t u a r y 282 Professional Notes and News 284 Legal Notes, Port Elizabeth Collapse Case Zu5 Photo . Arthur Elliott RVS T E N V R E U C D E CAPETOWN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA The subject upon which I have been invited were, unimpressionable, but kindly and to speak to you this evening is, no doubt, well charitable, and their comfortable homes were known to most of you. The old gabled houses in keeping with their temperament. at the Cape have done as much, if not more, The old houses in Holland were as I have than anything else to advertise this country- said, invariably constructed of brick. Stone in picture and in story. Time does not per­ is not to be found in that country, but had to mit me to deal with these buildings in very be imported, hence the use of masonry was great detail hence I propose to discuss briefly rare. Owing to the restricted sites, flanking their planning, architectural character and the canals, the buildings had very narrow treatment. frontages and were therefore carried up to a Whilst the architecture at the Cape is greater height than was required at the Cape. derived from European sources there are The use of steep roofs constructed of timber many points in which it differs from its Euro­ and covered with tiles necessitated the em­ pean prototypes. To appreciate this it is ployment of the gable, a characteristic necessary to consider for a moment the source feature of their design. from which it was mainly derived, namely the In the dull climate, ample light was neces­ architecture of Holland during the seven­ sary to the interior, hence the use, in early teenth and eighteenth centuries. Holland in work, of large mullioned and transomed case­ the seventeenth century, in spite of her long ment windows and, in the eighteenth century, and weary struggle with Spain, held a unique of great sash windows. The fine entrance position in the world of art. Her painters had doors set well above street level with a land­ produced works of art which have rarely, if ing, approached from both sides by flights of ever, been equalled to this day. Her crafts­ steps, form the central feature of the design. men were second to none. Her architecture, The walls were of beautiful brickwork, vary­ essentially an architecture of brick, was ing in shade from yellow through red to black. strongly influenced by France and in turn Colour was used to a large extent in the wood­ exercised a considerable influence in England work, particularly in the window frames and at the end of the seventeenth century. shutters. It is in their domestic architecture that the In complete contrast to these were the ai’chitectural expression of the Dutch people houses at the Cape, although the gable, the is to be seen. Theirs was an intimate and great windows and rich entrance doors were human architecture, material rather than employed. spiritual in aspect and reflective of the The early settlers in South Africa were market place, the fireside and the home. severely handicapped by their lack of build­ Whilst the continuous building tradition of ing materials. There was little or no stone other European countries was ecclesiastical that could be easily quarried or dressed, the in character or was a movement instigated by bricks made locally weathered badly and had the aristocracy, in Holland it was bourgeois to be covered with lime plaster, timber suit­ in general trend, an art bound up in the in­ able for ordinary building purposes was terests of the people and existing for their scanty and had to be brought from a great good and welfare. It was urban rather than distance, roofing tiles and slates were not rural in its principles. available. In a country notable for its manufactures In spite of these limitations, buildings, and commercial enterprise, men congregated extremely simple in design, yet distinctive in tog-ether for mutual gain. A sturdy race they character, were produced, in which were 265 reflected the charm of the old domestic archi­ tecture of Holland. The climatic conditions at the Cape varied considerably from those of the homeland of the settlers, and this, too, naturally affected iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin their architecture. A brilliant sunshine all the year round with but little rain, except in winter, necessitated the employment of large, airy and lofty rooms covered with heavy roofs designed to keep the rooms cool and shuttered windows which effectively kept out the heat during the day. Also, as a good deal of their time was spent out of doors, the ample stoep, shaded by great oaks and the enclosed court often covered with a trellised vine, were in­ dispensable adjuncts to every home. The great distances to be traversed by visitors and friends, combined with the in­ nate hospitality of the Dutch people induced them to build large reception rooms and kitchens in their homes. Thus we find an architecture being deve­ loped, peculiarly suitable to the climate and to the social life of the people, yet totally dif­ ferent in character from that of Holland. • The earliest houses at the Cape appear to have been constructed with timber covered with mud, wattle and daub, as it is called, and roofed with thatch. Van Riebeeck’s fort, erected in 1652, was constructed with timber and earth, whilst his own quarters were of rough stone in mud mortar, the houses of the garrison being of wood. From the writings of passing travellers it is evident that until about 1732, the town houses were single storied, built of brick or stone covered with plaster and roofed with thatch. From that time onwards, owing, no doubt to constantly recurring fires, two storied houses, with flat roofs, in the Italian style as one writer puts it, were common. The earlier country houses it appears, were also of very simple character and it is obvious from descriptions and an illustration of Groot Constantia, the home of Simon van der Stel, that as late as 1740, this famous house had no gables. One can conclude therefore that the finest of the town and country houses were erected or remodelled in the last quarter of the eighteenth century and that the dates on the majority of these are probably correct. 266 I mention this because some writers assert street level such as the pavement in front of that the present house at Groot Constantia a house. A raised “stoep” is called a “hooge with its gables, was erected by Simon van der stoep.” Thus in Holland the stoep formed an Stel, at the end of the seventeenth century, important element in the design of the facade and that the dates on the majority of the and was usually approached by a flight or houses were placed there when the houses flights of steps. were renovated or whitewashed. At the Cape, however, it was an indispen­ I remember visiting one house in Capetown sable feature of the house plan where, in hot which had the date, 1720, on the gable. I was weather, the owner, and his family could take rather sui prised at this until informed by the the air or receive their guests. It was raised a owner that he was responsible as he felt sure few feet above ground level and, in some that it was erected about this time. cases, owing to the sloping site, it was suffi­ With the exception of the Castle, the ciently high to enable the basement rooms to Burgher Watch House or old Town House and be entered from beneath. two or three churches, the majority of the The courtyards at the rear of the houses historic buildings at the Cape consist of town were paved and sometimes planted with trees and country houses. It is with these build­ or covered with a trellised vine, whilst occas­ ings that I intend to deal. Their plans are ionally a small formal pool of water was in­ extremely simple the town houses being in troduced. (Fig. 2). These courts are remin­ most instances, two-storied whilst those in iscent of the charming courtyards in the the country, with rare exceptions, are one houses of Holland, frequently illustrated in storey in height. the paintings of the time. The treatment of the facade varies from the small single storied The plan of a typical town house, the Koop- mans de Wet house, is shown in Figure 1.
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