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Download Download PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication Potential phytophagous insects of Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai, an invasive fern M.S. Arjun & S. Gopakumar 26 March 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 3 | Pages: 18030–18034 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5157.13.3.18030-18034 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3): 18030–18034 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5157.13.3.18030-18034 #5157 | Received 09 June 2019 | Final received 12 November 2020 | Finally accepted 05 March 2021 SHORT COMMUNICATION Potental phytophagous insects of Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai, an invasive fern M.S. Arjun 1 & S. Gopakumar 2 1,2 Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India. 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author) Abstract: The artcle reports an observaton on the phytophagous In Chinese medicine, rhizomes of this fern have uses and behaviour by the insect larvae of two insect species on a fern, the fronds are regarded to be atractve to the landscape Pteridium revolutum, which is fast emerging as an invasive plant species threatening local biodiversity and wildlife in Kerala State, India. (Zhang & Zhang 1986). Keywords: Biological control, phytophagous nature, Pteridium, Western Ghats. Toxic efects on herbivores Many workers like Smith (1990) and Taylor (1990) have reported that in China, the Bracken Fern Pteridium sp. is a very common plant and is ofen browsed by domestc Bracken ferns (genus Pteridium) represent an ancient herbivores, developing several syndromes. Enzootc species complex with a natural worldwide distributon haematuria, the clinical name of the urinary bladder (Der et al. 2009). Notorious as weeds because of its neoplasia of ruminants (bovine enzootc haematuria), exceptonal ability to grow rhizomatously in dense tends to occur persistently in localized bracken infested patches, these ferns are widely reported to overgrow in regions throughout the world. In China, enzootc open felds and pastures (Tryon 1941; Holm et al. 1997). haematuria of catle was observed in almost all the Invasiveness of these clonally growing ferns is atributed provinces where P. revolutum occurred, but the disease to their vigorous vegetatve propagaton ability and has not been reported outside of these regions (Leren genetc variability (Zhou et al. 2014). Pteridium revolutum 1989; Xu 1992). Furthermore, in areas where enzootc (Blume) Nakai has reported distributon in diverse haematuria was found, the disease usually occured in ecosystems in India, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, southern highland or mountainous areas at 950–2,000 m where Japan, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, throughout conditons are suitable for the growth of P. revolutum (Xu southeastern Asia, New Guinea, and Australia (Ranil et 1986). Consumpton of this fern has also been reported al. 2010; Deepa et al. 2013). In tropical and subtropical to cause urinary bladder cancer in ruminants. It is also areas of Asia, above 1,000m, P. revolutum is perennial associated with carcinoma of the upper digestve tract of with fronds that grow from the robust underground catle, where it is believed to be caused by the malignant rhizomes, reaching over 1m in height (Zheng et al. 2008). transformaton of the bovine papilloma (Jarret 1987). Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 March 2021 (online & print) Citaton: Arjun, M.S. & S. Gopakumar (2021). Potental phytophagous insects of Pteridium revolutum (Blume) Nakai, an invasive fern. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(3): 18030–18034. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5157.13.3.18030-18034 Copyright: © Arjun & Gopakumar 2021. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: Self funded. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributons by Dr. Mani Chellapan, Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Entomology of College of Hortculture, KAU P. O. Thrissur in identfying the insect larvae. 18030 Potental phytophagous insects of Pteridium revolutum - an invasive fern Arjun & Gopakumar J TT The major carcinogen of bracken has been identfed as Ptaquiloside, a norsesquiterpenoid glycoside (Niwa et al. 1983; Hirono et al. 1984). This readily undergoes glucose eliminaton to form an unstable conjugated dieneone intermediate capable of alkylatng amino acids and DNA (Fletcher et al. 2011). The mutagenicity (Nagao et al. 1989), clastogenicity (Matsuoka et al. 1989), and carcinogenicity (Hirono et al. 1984) of ptaquiloside have been well demonstrated. Bracken has also been associated with livestock poisoning causing bone marrow damage leading to a fatal hemorrhagic disease of catle (“Bracken” poisoning), and “bracken staggers” of horses (an efect of thiaminase). Fenwick (1989) had drawn atenton to the possibility of indirect consumpton of the Bracken carcinogen which may cause or increase the © Arjun M.S. risk of cancer in man. Image 1. Larvae of Spilosoma obliqua (5th instar stage). Pteridium revolutum Rhizomes long-creeping, hairy, subterranean. Stpes and rachises dull yellow brown, bearing abundant non-glandular hairs, stpes 25–60 cm long, 3–6 mm diameter, hard. Laminae broadly ovate or triangular to broader than long, 100 x 30–90 cm, 3-pinnate at base, leathery, dull light green on both surfaces, not mealy on underside. Primary pinnae arising at narrow angles to rachis, the longest 18–60 x 8–45 cm. Secondary pinnae arising at wide angles, the longest 4–25 x 1–4 cm; midribs of primary and secondary pinnae lacking free lobes or wings. Tertary pinnae all equal in length on each secondary pinna, the longest 0.6–2.5 x 0.3–0.5 cm. Ultmate segments linear, slightly falcate, acute, entre, adnate. Upper lamina surface sparsely hairy along midribs, lower with dense, colourless, spreading, non- © Arjun M.S. glandular hairs throughout. Refexed lamina margins Image 2. Final instar stage of T. catamitus larvae. protectng sori membranous, fmbriate and hairy (Brownsey 1989). Natural enemies on Pteridium revolutum Generally, the fern is considered unpalatable to many animal and insect species due to the presence of toxic secondary metabolites like ptaquiloside, however, we observed two “natural insect feeders” relishing on bracken populaton in the Chembra and Thirunelly areas in Wayanad District, Kerala State, India. Similar observatons could also be noted at Thrissur District (Vazhachal high alttude region) and Gavi (Periyar Tiger Reserve area) in Kerala State, India. During a survey on the distributon of Pteridium in Kerala, insect larvae seen feeding on this fern were collected and carried to the lab for identfcaton. The feeding nature, extent of damage © H.B.Jayaneththi caused etc were carefully observed and recorded. Image 3. Adult of T. catamitus. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3): 18030–18034 18031 J TT Potental phytophagous insects of Pteridium revolutum - an invasive fern Arjun & Gopakumar The collected specimens were later identfed as the larvae of two insect species namely, Spilosoma obliqua (Lepidoptera: Arctidae) and Tetragonus catamitus (Callidulidae) with the help of insect taxonomists at Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Kerala State, India. Spilosoma obliqua Spilosoma obliqua Walker (Syn. Diacrisia obliqua) (Lepidoptera: Arctidae), commonly known in Asia as the Bihar hairy caterpillar, is a sporadic but polyphagous plant pest that occurs in Bangladesh, Myanmar, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (Singh & Sehgal 1992). The larvae of this species were found feeding on the frond of © Arjun M.S. the bracken fern in the observed areas. Image 4. Damage caused by T. catamitus. According to Warad & Kalleshwara (2017), the young larvae are translucent light yellow with dark big head (Plate1). The larval body has number of long hairs arising from dark coloured tubercles. Once fully
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