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Appendix H | City of San Marcos and Texas State University Reports

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Appendix H | City of San Marcos and Texas State University Reports Appendix H | City of San Marcos and Texas State University Reports H1 | Aquatic Plant Activities Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan Annual Report Texas Wild-Rice Enhancement, Non-Native Aquatic Vegetation Removal and Vegetation Mat Mitigation in the Upper San Marcos River for Year 2020 The Meadows Center for Water and the Environment Texas State University Yeyetzi Rodriguez Christopher Riggins Collin Garoutte Thomas Heard Prepared for: City of San Marcos / Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan November 30, 2020 The Habitat Field Crew at The Meadows Center for Water and the Environment, part of Texas State University, serves as a pillar of environmental stewardship for the Upper San Marcos River, whether it’s striving to restore and preserve the unique aquatic ecosystem of the Upper San Marcos River and its inhabitants, engaging in community outreach, mentoring students and volunteers through hands-on experience, or by simply leaving the river in a better state than it was when our crew arrives on site. The success of our efforts is a direct result of our dedicated crew, both past and present, who constantly push the boundaries of conservation to revitalize the headwaters of this highly unique ecosystem. However, we are not alone in this endeavor. It is only possible through the coordinated efforts of fellow EAHCP contractors, Texas State University Departments, volunteer groups, and other organizations, that all continue to play critical roles in the progression of this program. Texas Wild-Rice Enhancement (EAHCP 5.3.1) EAHCP Obligations: The City of San Marcos, in partnership with the Meadows Center for Water and the Environment (Texas State University), will identify areas of optimal habitat for Zizania texana (Texas wild-rice) and target those areas for restoration. Restoration will include the removal of non-native submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) species, propagation and planting of Texas wild-rice and continual monitoring of new and existing stands. 2020 Compliance Actions: Texas wild-rice was increased through maintenance of existing stands and planting if necessary, with a focus on reaches that have not already exceeded the 2027 goal from EAHCP Table 34. Existing stands throughout the river were maintained by gardening non-native regrowth within Texas wild-rice stands combined with clearing adjacent suitable habitat of non-native SAV to allow for expansion. New stands were established by clearing non-native SAV from areas of suitable habitat, allowing for Texas wild-rice to naturally establish in these areas and with regular gardening preventing non-natives from overtaking the seedlings. Replanting with both seed germinated and tiller propagated Texas wild-rice was implemented if necessary. Prior to clearing, non-native vegetation was fanned to displace fountain darters (Etheostoma fonticola) or any other aquatic fauna near the treatment area. Removal of non-native SAV was performed manually by hand with vegetation being captured in nets or bags when possible to minimize non-native propagation by fragmentation downstream. After removal, the collected material was sorted, any native biota caught within the removed vegetation was returned to the river, and all remaining vegetation was disposed of at either the COSM or Spring Lake composting facility. Geographic area and number of Texas wild-rice individuals planted were tracked through polygons created in ArcMap overlaid on georeferenced aerial imagery of the river. Using this data, estimates of area planted within the reaches were generated throughout the year to evaluate work progress. Table 1 details the Texas wild-rice planting data tracked throughout the year. Refer to Fig. 2 for an illustration of areas planted with Texas wild-rice in 2020. All data reported is from Jan 1st, 2020 – Oct 31st, 2020. Texas wild-rice was planted in Spring Lake in suitable areas where Hygrophila polysperma (Hygrophila) removal efforts were complete. Texas wild-rice was planted in three new locations within Spring Lake to determine how successful it would grow in those areas. All three areas had low-moderate flow, loamy or gravel substrate, and direct sun exposure. All these locations showed significant loss of biomass and even some complete plant loss after a month’s time. Only the Texas wild-rice planted on the mid-lake western bank persist, but it requires regular vegetation mat removal for it to survive. Table 1. Number of Texas wild-rice individuals planted, estimated area (m2) of Texas wild-rice planted, and days spent planting Texas wild-rice in the San Marcos River by reach in 2020. Reach Individuals Planted Estimated Area Planted (m2) Effort (days worked) Spring Lake 512 114.0 4 Total San Marcos River 512 114.0 4 Texas Wild-rice Seedlings Seeds obtained from the USFWS San Marcos Aquatic Resource Center (SMARC) were planted in June & July, but did not germinate successfully. We then collected our own seeds from the same area USFWS made past collections, Sewell Park. Seeds were collected July 7th, placed in a jar of water and stored in a refrigerator. They were planted at three different times to determine if the amount of time in the refrigerator correlated with amount of seeds germinating. Twenty pots were planted on July 7th, twelve on July 20th, and twelve on Aug 17th All were planted in the same manner, 25 seeds per 8-inch pot and placed in the indoor raceways at The Freeman Aquatic Building on the campus of Texas State University. Seedlings that were tested in our outdoor raceways failed to prosper due to herbivory and algae build up. Grow lights were added over the indoor seedlings and herbivores (crayfish) have been controlled to allow further growth. This process has proven successful and there are currently 229 seedlings growing under lights in the indoor raceways. Once the biomass has increased significantly, the pots will be transferred to the outdoor raceways and allowed to further mature before being planted in the lake or river. Proposed Activities for 2021: To continue with the top-down strategy, Hygrophila removal will continue in Spring Lake at a maintenance level until regrowth no longer persist. Spring Lake will be considered a recovery zone for 2021. Effort will go towards fostering the natural expansion of native species into removed areas and increasing the density of Texas wild-rice in areas it is already present, primarily above both spillways. With Hygrophila removal achieving a maintenance level in Spring Lake, removal can continue downstream in the San Marcos River without having an upstream source population. Hygrophila removal in the river will reduce competition with Texas wild-rice and allow for increased densities and natural expansion in the completed reaches. Texas wild-rice expansion will also be promoted downstream of IH-35. Control of Non-native Plant Species (EAHCP 5.3.8) EAHCP Obligations: The COSM will partner with Texas State University to develop and implement a non-native plant removal program reaching from Spring Lake downstream to the city boundary. Aquatic, littoral, and riparian non-native plant species will be removed and replaced with native species. The riparian zone will be re-planted to cover a minimum of 15 meters in width where possible. The COSM will install fencing to protect the new plantings while they mature. Appropriate permits will be obtained for the removal of non-native plants. 2020 Compliance Actions: Non-Native Aquatic Plant Removal The strategy of non-native removal shifted to a top-down methodology in 2019 to include non- designated reaches that have not been worked in the past. This minimizes the spreading of non-native plants from upstream sources. Each reach is designated as a work zone, maintenance zone, or recovery zone. A work zone will receive focused effort and large scale non-native SAV removal. The next level is a maintenance zone which has already received removal treatment in the past, but still requires regular small-scale removal to prevent non-native SAV from reestablishing. This allows for natural expansion of native SAV. The final designation is a recovery zone, which has had nearly all non-native SAV removed and the focus has shifted to supporting native populations. In 2020 the primary focus shifted to include the removal of Hygrophila polysperma (Hygrophila) along with the removal of Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrilla) with all visible sources being removed from the designated work zone for 2020. Hygrophila had not been a focus species in the past due to the upstream sources in Spring Lake, but as removal occurred in the river, Hygrophila was often able to establish in the newly denuded areas. In 2020, the source population of Hygrophila was removed from Spring Lake and reached a maintenance level where routine sweeps remove any regrowth. Previous work zones that received Hydrilla removal were maintained with Hydrilla sweeps until no regrowth is evident. Any patches of Zizaniopsis miliacea (cutgrass) present in a work area were removed. Floating vegetation that accumulated on native SAV stands were cleared or removed as needed. Nasturtium officinale (watercress), Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Ceratopteris thalictroides (water sprite), Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) and vegetation mats interfere with photosynthetic processes by blocking sunlight to underlying SAV. This can eventually lead to die off, therefore, removing floating vegetation and clearing vegetation mats covering native SAV is necessary to maintain the health and continued expansion of stands. Prior to clearing, non-native vegetation was fanned to displace fountain darters (Etheostoma fonticola) or any other aquatic fauna. Removal was then performed manually by hand with removed vegetation being captured in nets or skiffs, where access and conditions allow, to minimize non-native propagation by fragmentation. After collected vegetation was sorted, any native biota caught within was returned to the river, and the vegetation was disposed of at either the COSM or Spring Lake composting facility. Table 2 itemizes the species found and returned to the river during the sorting of captured vegetation.
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