DOCSLIB.ORG

Symbiotic Archaea in Marine Sponges Show Stability and Host Specificity In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Symbiotic Archaea in Marine Sponges Show Stability and Host Specificity In RESEARCH ARTICLE Symbiotic archaea in marine sponges show stability and host specificity in community structure and ammonia oxidation functionality Fan Zhang1, Lucıa Pita2, Patrick M. Erwin3, Summara Abaid1, Susanna Lopez-Legentil 2,3 & Russell T. Hill1 1Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), Baltimore, MD, USA; 2Department of Animal Biology, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; and 3Department of Biology & Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA Correspondence: Russell T. Hill, 701 E Pratt Abstract St, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA. Tel.: +1 410 234 8802; Archaea associated with marine sponges are active and influence the nitrogen fax: +1 410 234 8818; metabolism of sponges. However, we know little about their occurrence, speci- e-mail: [email protected] ficity, and persistence. We aimed to elucidate the relative importance of host specificity and biogeographic background in shaping the symbiotic archaeal Received 4 April 2014; revised 2 September communities. We investigated these communities in sympatric sponges from 2014; accepted 10 September 2014. Final the Mediterranean (Ircinia fasciculata and Ircinia oros, sampled in summer and version published online 20 October 2014. winter) and from the Caribbean (Ircinia strobilina and Mycale laxissima). PCR DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12427 cloning and sequencing of archaeal 16S rRNA and amoA genes showed that the archaeal community composition and structure were different from that in Editor: Gary King seawater and varied among sponge species. We found that the communities were dominated by ammonia-oxidizing archaea closely related to Nitrosopumi- Keywords lus. The community in M. laxissima differed from that in Ircinia spp., includ- Porifera; ammonia-oxidizing archaea; 16S ing the sympatric sponge I. strobilina; yet, geographical clusters within Ircinia rRNA gene; microbial biogeography; spp. were observed. Whereas archaeal phylotypes in Ircinia spp. were persistent symbiosis; archaeal communities. and belong to ‘sponge-enriched’ clusters, archaea in M. laxissima were closely related with those from diverse habitats (i.e. seawater and sediments). For all four sponge species, the expression of the archaeal amoA gene was confirmed. Our results indicate that host-specific processes, such as host ecological strategy and evolutionary history, control the sponge–archaeal communities. previously known as Marine Group 1 Crenarchaeota (Bro- Introduction chier-Armanet et al., 2008; Pester et al., 2011). Based on Marine sponges are one of the most significant groups in genomic information and physiology experiments, mem- benthic ecosystems in terms of diversity, abundance, and bers of this phylum of archaea are chemolithoautotrophic function (Diaz & Rutzler, 2001; Ribes et al., 2012; De ammonia oxidizers; that is, they can convert ammonium Goeij et al., 2013); notably, they are key players in the to nitrite and fix CO2 using the energy obtained from recycling of nutrients such as nitrogen (Jimenez & Ribes, ammonia oxidation. Archaeal members of sponge symbi- 2007; Southwell et al., 2008). Interestingly, their contribu- otic microbial communities may play an important role tion to nutrient cycles in the ecosystem relies on the in the nitrogen cycle of the ocean. complex microbiota associated with them, including bac- Despite the interesting metabolism of these organisms, teria and archaea (Mohamed et al. 2010; Lopez-Legentil the symbiotic archaeal communities in sponges have MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY et al., 2010; Radax et al., 2012). Archaea have been received less attention than bacterial communities and we detected in sponges from different oceans (Webster et al., know little about the specificity, persistence, or resilience 2001; Margot et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2003) and belong of archaea in sponges. With one exception (Lee et al., mostly to the newly defined kingdom Thaumarchaeota, 2011), sponge symbiotic archaeal communities have been FEMS Microbiol Ecol 90 (2014) 699–707 ª 2014 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved 700 F. Zhang et al. found in low diversity, are metabolically active, and may collected, maintained at the ambient temperature, and reach high densities in the mesohyl in some sponge spe- transported rapidly (within 1 h) back to a shore labora- cies (Webster et al., 2001; Bayer et al., 2008; Radax et al., tory for processing. Seawater was drained and the sponges 2012). The first study of archaea in sponges found a sole were rinsed three times with sterile artificial seawater. Tis- archaeal phylotype persistently associated with Axinella sue samples (1-cm cubes) were sterilely excised from mexicana that was named Cenarchaeum symbiosum (Pres- sponges. Samples for DNA and RNA extraction were pre- ton et al., 1996); and, since then, closely related phylo- served in RNAlater stabilization solution (Qiagen, Valen- types have been found in other sponge species (Hentschel cia, CA) on board, transferred to a À20 °C freezer on site et al., 2006). The presence of archaea in sponge larvae then kept in a À80 °C freezer for long-term storage. suggests a tight link between archaeal symbionts and the sponge host phylogeny (Schmitt et al., 2008; Steger et al., Genomic DNA/RNA extraction 2008). Conversely, environmental factors (e.g. seasonal changes in seawater conditions) or host biogeography Total DNA and RNA from sponges and the seawater may also affect the structure of archaeal symbionts in samples from Key Largo were extracted using a TissueLy- marine sponges (Turque et al., 2010). ser System (Qiagen) and AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit Our study aims to elucidate the relative importance of (Qiagen) with RNAase-free DNase treatment steps (Qia- host species-specific factors and biogeographic back- gen) for RNA samples following the manufacturer’s pro- ground in shaping sponge-associated archaeal communi- tocol. Reverse transcription of RNA was performed using ties. To achieve our objective, we investigated the RevertAid Reverse Transcriptase (Thermo Scientific, Wal- archaeal communities in congeneric sponges and distantly tham, MA) with random primers and following manufac- related sympatric sponges. Two Mediterranean species, turer’s protocol. RNA samples without the RT step were Ircinia fasciculata and Ircinia oros, and two Caribbean included as PCR template to check for residual DNA in species, Ircinia strobilina and Mycale laxissima, were tar- the RNA samples. geted. Mediterranean species were sampled in summer and winter, as this region shows a marked seasonality in Archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone library seawater conditions (Erwin et al., 2012b). We used clon- construction ing and Sanger sequencing techniques to study archaeal 16S rRNA and amoA genes as phylogenetic markers as We constructed archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries well as amoA transcripts to assess the active ammonia- from total DNA for each sponge specimen and seawater oxidizing archaea communities. The archaeal amoA gene samples from Key Largo. Partial archaeal 16S rRNA gene encodes the a-subunit of ammonia mono-oxygenase, sequences (c. 950 bp) were amplified using the archaea- which is essential in the nitrification process and is well specific primer set 21F (DeLong, 1992): (50-TTC CGG conserved. The archaeal communities from seawater were TTG ATC CYG CCG GA-30) and 915R (Siboni et al., also included in the analysis. 2008): (50-GTG CTC CCC CGC CAA TCC-30) at 0.2 lM each. 50 lL of PCR mix included: 5 lLof109 high- fidelity PCR buffer (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carls- Material and methods bad, CA), 2 lL MgCl2,1lL of a mix of deoxynucleoside â triphosphates (dNTP) at 0.2 mM, 0.2 lL of Platinum Sampling strategy Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen), and 1 lL of each pri- All sponge and seawater samples were collected by mer. Thermocycler parameters were set to 95 °C for SCUBA diving. Tissue samples from three I. fasciculata 5 min; 30 cycles of 94 °C for 45 s, 56 °C for 60 s, and individuals and three I. oros individuals were collected at 72 °C for 60 s; then, a final extension at 72 °C for Tossa de Mar (Girona), NE Spain, NW Mediterranean 15 min. Amplification products were analyzed by electro- Sea (41°43.230N, 2°56.450E) during the summer (Septem- phoresis in 1.0% (w/v) agarose gels in 19 TAE buffer. ber 2012) and winter (March 2013) seasons. Three PCR products were ligated into PCR-XL-TOPO vectors M. laxissima individuals and three I. strobilina individuals and transformed into ONEShot TOP10 chemically com- were collected from Conch Reef, Key Largo, FL, NE petent Escherichia coli cells using the TOPO XL PCR Caribbean (24°57.110N, 80°27.570W), in July 2011. Three Cloning Kit (Invitrogen). Plasmid DNA was isolated from seawater samples from Key Largo (3 L for each sample) individual clones, purified using Mini prep spin kit were collected simultaneously in close proximity (1 m) to (Qiagen), and sequenced using an ABI PRISM 3130XL sampled sponges and filtered through 0.22 lm Sterivex genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). filter units (Millipore, Billerica, MA). In all cases, intact Sequences were screened for chimeras in MOTHUR software sponges were held in the seawater in which they were (Schloss et al., 2009). ª 2014 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 90 (2014) 699–707 Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved Stability and specificity of sponge-associated archaea 701 improved manually using the ARB editor. The aligned ar- Diversity and structure of 16S rRNA gene clone chaeal 16S rRNA gene (699 bp) or amoA gene (489 bp) libraries was imported into PHYML 3.1 software package to construct All archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were aligned in a tree based on maximum likelihood method (Jukes–Can- ARB (Ludwig et al., 2004) and ascribed to 97% opera- tor correction). The robustness of the resulting tree topolo- tional taxonomic units (OTUs) using the MOTHUR soft- gies was evaluated by 100 bootstrap replicates for archaeal ware package (Schloss et al., 2009).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Functional Equivalence and Evolutionary Convergence In
    Functional equivalence and evolutionary convergence PNAS PLUS in complex communities of microbial sponge symbionts Lu Fana,b, David Reynoldsa,b, Michael Liua,b, Manuel Starkc,d, Staffan Kjelleberga,b,e, Nicole S. Websterf, and Torsten Thomasa,b,1 aSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and bCentre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia; cInstitute of Molecular Life Sciences and dSwiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; eSingapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore; and fAustralian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, and approved May 21, 2012 (received for review February 24, 2012) Microorganisms often form symbiotic relationships with eukar- ties (11, 12). Symbionts also can be transmitted vertically through yotes, and the complexity of these relationships can range from reproductive cells and larvae, as has been demonstrated in those with one single dominant symbiont to associations with sponges (13, 14), insects (15), ascidians (16), bivalves (17), and hundreds of symbiont species. Microbial symbionts occupying various other animals (18). Vertical transmission generally leads equivalent niches in different eukaryotic hosts may share func- to microbial communities with limited variation in taxonomy and tional aspects, and convergent genome evolution has been function among host individuals. reported for simple symbiont systems in insects. However, for Niches with similar selections may exist in phylogenetically complex symbiont communities, it is largely unknown how prev- divergent hosts that lead comparable lifestyles or have similar alent functional equivalence is and whether equivalent functions physiological properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials: Patterns of Sponge Biodiversity in the Pilbara, Northwestern Australia
    Diversity 2016, 8, 21; doi:10.3390/d8040021 S1 of S3 9 Supplementary Materials: Patterns of Sponge Biodiversity in the Pilbara, Northwestern Australia Jane Fromont, Muhammad Azmi Abdul Wahab, Oliver Gomez, Merrick Ekins, Monique Grol and John Norman Ashby Hooper 1. Materials and Methods 1.1. Collation of Sponge Occurrence Data Data of sponge occurrences were collated from databases of the Western Australian Museum (WAM) and Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) [1]. Pilbara sponge data on ALA had been captured in a northern Australian sponge report [2], but with the WAM data, provides a far more comprehensive dataset, in both geographic and taxonomic composition of sponges. Quality control procedures were undertaken to remove obvious duplicate records and those with insufficient or ambiguous species data. Due to differing naming conventions of OTUs by institutions contributing to the two databases and the lack of resources for physical comparison of all OTU specimens, a maximum error of ± 13.5% total species counts was determined for the dataset, to account for potentially unique (differently named OTUs are unique) or overlapping OTUs (differently named OTUs are the same) (157 potential instances identified out of 1164 total OTUs). The amalgamation of these two databases produced a complete occurrence dataset (presence/absence) of all currently described sponge species and OTUs from the region (see Table S1). The dataset follows the new taxonomic classification proposed by [3] and implemented by [4]. The latter source was used to confirm present validities and taxon authorities for known species names. The dataset consists of records identified as (1) described (Linnean) species, (2) records with “cf.” in front of species names which indicates the specimens have some characters of a described species but also differences, which require comparisons with type material, and (3) records as “operational taxonomy units” (OTUs) which are considered to be unique species although further assessments are required to establish their taxonomic status.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthologs of the Small RPB8 Subunit of the Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases
    Biology Direct BioMed Central Discovery notes Open Access Orthologs of the small RPB8 subunit of the eukaryotic RNA polymerases are conserved in hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota and "Korarchaeota" Eugene V Koonin*1, Kira S Makarova1 and James G Elkins2 Address: 1National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA and 2Microbial Ecology and Physiology Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Email: Eugene V Koonin* - [email protected]; Kira S Makarova - [email protected]; James G Elkins - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 14 December 2007 Received: 13 December 2007 Accepted: 14 December 2007 Biology Direct 2007, 2:38 doi:10.1186/1745-6150-2-38 This article is available from: http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/38 © 2007 Koonin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract : Although most of the key components of the transcription apparatus, and in particular, RNA polymerase (RNAP) subunits, are conserved between archaea and eukaryotes, no archaeal homologs of the small RPB8 subunit of eukaryotic RNAP have been detected. We report that orthologs of RPB8 are encoded in all sequenced genomes of hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota and a recently sequenced "korarchaeal" genome, but not in Euryarchaeota or the mesophilic crenarchaeon Cenarchaeum symbiosum. These findings suggest that all 12 core subunits of eukaryotic RNAPs were already present in the last common ancestor of the extant archaea.
    [Show full text]
  • Oceans of Archaea Abundant Oceanic Crenarchaeota Appear to Derive from Thermophilic Ancestors That Invaded Low-Temperature Marine Environments
    Oceans of Archaea Abundant oceanic Crenarchaeota appear to derive from thermophilic ancestors that invaded low-temperature marine environments Edward F. DeLong arth’s microbiota is remarkably per- karyotes), Archaea, and Bacteria. Although al- vasive, thriving at extremely high ternative taxonomic schemes have been recently temperature, low and high pH, high proposed, whole-genome and other analyses E salinity, and low water availability. tend to support Woese’s three-domain concept. One lineage of microbial life in par- Well-known and cultivated archaea generally ticular, the Archaea, is especially adept at ex- fall into several major phenotypic groupings: ploiting environmental extremes. Despite their these include extreme halophiles, methanogens, success in these challenging habitats, the Ar- and extreme thermophiles and thermoacido- chaea may now also be viewed as a philes. Early on, extremely halo- cosmopolitan lot. These microbes philic archaea (haloarchaea) were exist in a wide variety of terres- first noticed as bright-red colonies trial, freshwater, and marine habi- Archaea exist in growing on salted fish or hides. tats, sometimes in very high abun- a wide variety For many years, halophilic isolates dance. The oceanic Marine Group of terrestrial, from salterns, salt deposits, and I Crenarchaeota, for example, ri- freshwater, and landlocked seas provided excellent val total bacterial biomass in wa- marine habitats, model systems for studying adap- ters below 100 m. These wide- tations to high salinity. It was only spread Archaea appear to derive sometimes in much later, however, that it was from thermophilic ancestors that very high realized that these salt-loving invaded diverse low-temperature abundance “bacteria” are actually members environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Insights Into the Thaumarchaeota in the Deepest Oceans: Their Metabolism and Potential Adaptation Mechanisms
    Zhong et al. Microbiome (2020) 8:78 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00849-2 RESEARCH Open Access Novel insights into the Thaumarchaeota in the deepest oceans: their metabolism and potential adaptation mechanisms Haohui Zhong1,2, Laura Lehtovirta-Morley3, Jiwen Liu1,2, Yanfen Zheng1, Heyu Lin1, Delei Song1, Jonathan D. Todd3, Jiwei Tian4 and Xiao-Hua Zhang1,2,5* Abstract Background: Marine Group I (MGI) Thaumarchaeota, which play key roles in the global biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen and carbon (ammonia oxidizers), thrive in the aphotic deep sea with massive populations. Recent studies have revealed that MGI Thaumarchaeota were present in the deepest part of oceans—the hadal zone (depth > 6000 m, consisting almost entirely of trenches), with the predominant phylotype being distinct from that in the “shallower” deep sea. However, little is known about the metabolism and distribution of these ammonia oxidizers in the hadal water. Results: In this study, metagenomic data were obtained from 0–10,500 m deep seawater samples from the Mariana Trench. The distribution patterns of Thaumarchaeota derived from metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were in line with that reported in previous studies: abundance of Thaumarchaeota peaked in bathypelagic zone (depth 1000–4000 m) and the predominant clade shifted in the hadal zone. Several metagenome-assembled thaumarchaeotal genomes were recovered, including a near-complete one representing the dominant hadal phylotype of MGI. Using comparative genomics, we predict that unexpected genes involved in bioenergetics, including two distinct ATP synthase genes (predicted to be coupled with H+ and Na+ respectively), and genes horizontally transferred from other extremophiles, such as those encoding putative di-myo-inositol-phosphate (DIP) synthases, might significantly contribute to the success of this hadal clade under the extreme condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Strategies of Nutrient Acquisition and Energy Conservation Map to the Biogeography of Marine Ammonia- Oxidizing Archaea
    The ISME Journal (2020) 14:2595–2609 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0710-7 ARTICLE Alternative strategies of nutrient acquisition and energy conservation map to the biogeography of marine ammonia- oxidizing archaea 1 2,3 2,3 4 5 6 Wei Qin ● Yue Zheng ● Feng Zhao ● Yulin Wang ● Hidetoshi Urakawa ● Willm Martens-Habbena ● 7 8 9 10 11 12 Haodong Liu ● Xiaowu Huang ● Xinxu Zhang ● Tatsunori Nakagawa ● Daniel R. Mende ● Annette Bollmann ● 13 14 15 16 17 10 Baozhan Wang ● Yao Zhang ● Shady A. Amin ● Jeppe L. Nielsen ● Koji Mori ● Reiji Takahashi ● 1 18 11 9 19,8 E. Virginia Armbrust ● Mari-K.H. Winkler ● Edward F. DeLong ● Meng Li ● Po-Heng Lee ● 20,21,22 7 4 18 1 Jizhong Zhou ● Chuanlun Zhang ● Tong Zhang ● David A. Stahl ● Anitra E. Ingalls Received: 15 February 2020 / Revised: 16 June 2020 / Accepted: 25 June 2020 / Published online: 7 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are among the most abundant and ubiquitous microorganisms in the ocean, exerting primary control on nitrification and nitrogen oxides emission. Although united by a common physiology of 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: chemoautotrophic growth on ammonia, a corresponding high genomic and habitat variability suggests tremendous adaptive capacity. Here, we compared 44 diverse AOA genomes, 37 from species cultivated from samples collected across diverse geographic locations and seven assembled from metagenomic sequences from the mesopelagic to hadopelagic zones of the deep ocean. Comparative analysis identified seven major marine AOA genotypic groups having gene content correlated with their distinctive biogeographies.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Mage and Compared
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/527234; this version posted January 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Characterization of a thaumarchaeal symbiont that drives incomplete nitrification in the tropical sponge Ianthella basta Florian U. Moeller1, Nicole S. Webster2,3, Craig W. Herbold1, Faris Behnam1, Daryl Domman1, 5 Mads Albertsen4, Maria Mooshammer1, Stephanie Markert5,8, Dmitrij Turaev6, Dörte Becher7, Thomas Rattei6, Thomas Schweder5,8, Andreas Richter9, Margarete Watzka9, Per Halkjaer Nielsen4, and Michael Wagner1,* 1Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 10 Austria. 2Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. 3 Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of 15 Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia 4Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark. 20 5Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V., Greifswald, Germany 6Division of Computational Systems Biology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Austria. 25 7Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Proteomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany 8Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany 9Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, 30 University of Vienna, Austria. *Corresponding author: Michael Wagner, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Althanstrasse 14, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria. Email: wagner@microbial- ecology.net 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/527234; this version posted January 23, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder.
    [Show full text]
  • Benthic Habitats and Biodiversity of Dampier and Montebello Marine
    CSIRO OCEANS & ATMOSPHERE Benthic habitats and biodiversity of the Dampier and Montebello Australian Marine Parks Edited by: John Keesing, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Research March 2019 ISBN 978-1-4863-1225-2 Print 978-1-4863-1226-9 On-line Contributors The following people contributed to this study. Affiliation is CSIRO unless otherwise stated. WAM = Western Australia Museum, MV = Museum of Victoria, DPIRD = Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development Study design and operational execution: John Keesing, Nick Mortimer, Stephen Newman (DPIRD), Roland Pitcher, Keith Sainsbury (SainsSolutions), Joanna Strzelecki, Corey Wakefield (DPIRD), John Wakeford (Fishing Untangled), Alan Williams Field work: Belinda Alvarez, Dion Boddington (DPIRD), Monika Bryce, Susan Cheers, Brett Chrisafulli (DPIRD), Frances Cooke, Frank Coman, Christopher Dowling (DPIRD), Gary Fry, Cristiano Giordani (Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia), Alastair Graham, Mark Green, Qingxi Han (Ningbo University, China), John Keesing, Peter Karuso (Macquarie University), Matt Lansdell, Maylene Loo, Hector Lozano‐Montes, Huabin Mao (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Margaret Miller, Nick Mortimer, James McLaughlin, Amy Nau, Kate Naughton (MV), Tracee Nguyen, Camilla Novaglio, John Pogonoski, Keith Sainsbury (SainsSolutions), Craig Skepper (DPIRD), Joanna Strzelecki, Tonya Van Der Velde, Alan Williams Taxonomy and contributions to Chapter 4: Belinda Alvarez, Sharon Appleyard, Monika Bryce, Alastair Graham, Qingxi Han (Ningbo University, China), Glad Hansen (WAM),
    [Show full text]
  • Dictyoceratida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (Northeastern Brazil, Sergipe State) and the Description of Three New Species
    Zootaxa 3838 (4): 445–461 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3838.4.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1B077693-C08F-49D6-965A-260D08C566DB Dictyoceratida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (Northeastern Brazil, Sergipe State) and the description of three new species JOANA SANDES & ULISSES PINHEIRO Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia – Laboratório de Porifera – LAB- POR, Avenida Prof. Moraes Rêgo, 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Five species of dictyoceratid sponges were collected from trawling on the continental shelf of Sergipe State, Northeastern Brazil, of which three are new to science: Ircinia sergipana sp. nov., Ircinia repens sp. nov., Ircinia strobilina, Hyattella cavernosa and Smenospongia ramosa sp. nov., the latter the first record of the genus Smenospongia from Brazil. Key words: Porifera, taxonomy, Sponges, Ircinia, Smenospongia, Tropical Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Northeastern Brazil, new species Introduction The Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900 comprises five families and 39 genera, characterized by the presence of anastomosed skeleton of spongin fibers, organized in primary, secondary and, sometimes, tertiary elements (Cook & Bergquist 2002a, van Soest et al. 2014). The absence of mineral skeleton in this group of sponges reduces the number of morphological characters available, making the use of other characters necessary, such as ecological, biochemical and reproductive characteristics (Bergquist 1980). Dictyoceratid families are easily differentiated, but the distinction between genera and subgenera can be difficult. Thus, several other characteristics need to be precisely described and compared between related species, including skeletal architecture, mucus production and the presence or absence of cortical armour (Cook 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • SEADESC I REPORT 2012 Pulley Ridge Cruise August 14-25, 2012 R/V Walton Smith – Cruise No
    SEADESC I REPORT 2012 Pulley Ridge Cruise August 14-25, 2012 R/V Walton Smith – Cruise No. WS1213 UNCW SuperPhantom II ROV Project Title: Connectivity of the Pulley Ridge - South Florida Coral Reef Ecosystem: Processes to Decision-Support Tools Project Grant: NOAA-NOS-NCCOS-2011-2002586; REPP-Connectivity-Pulley Ridge John Reed Research Professor Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University Stephanie Farrington Biological Scientist Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University Dennis Hanisak Research Professor Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University Kevin R Rademacher Research Fisheries Biologist NMFS/Southeast Fisheries Science Center (SEFSC) Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula November 19, 2012 Executive Summary The University of Miami’s R/V Walton Smith Cruise No. WS1213 was conducted from August 14 to 25, 2012 on Pulley Ridge, a mesophotic reef in the Gulf of Mexico off southwestern Florida. This cruise was funded in part by the NOAA-NOS-NCCOS grant titled ‘Connectivity of the Pulley Ridge - South Florida Coral Reef Ecosystem: Processes to Decision-Support Tools’. Ship and ROV time was funded in part by the Cooperative Institute for Ocean Exploration, Research, and Technology (CIOERT) at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute- Florida Atlantic University (HBOI-FAU). This cruise was conducted in collaboration with the University of Miami, HBOI-CIOERT, NOAA Fisheries, and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington which provided the UNCW Superphantom II ROV. A Preliminary Cruise Report was previously submitted to the Principal Investigators and agencies on August 29, 2012 and provided a detailed cruise summary including maps of deployment sites, list of stations, list of samples collected, distribution of specimens to PIs, and dive notes from the ROV dives.
    [Show full text]
  • Sponges on Coral Reefs: a Community Shaped by Competitive Cooperation
    Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 68: 85-148, 2003 (2004) 85 SPONGES ON CORAL REEFS: A COMMUNITY SHAPED BY COMPETITIVE COOPERATION KLAUS RÜTZLER Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560-0163, USA E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Conservationists and resource managers throughout the world continue to overlook the important role of sponges in reef ecology. This neglect persists for three primary reasons: sponges remain an enigmatic group, because they are difficult to identify and to maintain under laboratory conditions; the few scientists working with the group are highly specialized and have not yet produced authoritative, well-illustrated field manuals for large geographic areas; even studies at particular sites have yet to reach comprehensive levels. Sponges are complex benthic sessile invertebrates that are intimately associated with other animals and numerous plants and microbes. They are specialized filter feeders, require solid substrate to flourish, and have varying growth forms (encrusting to branching erect), which allow single specimens to make multiple contacts with their substrate. Coral reefs and associated communities offer an abundance of suitable substrates, ranging from coral rock to mangrove stilt roots. Owing to their high diversity, large biomass, complex physiology and chemistry, and long evolutionary history, sponges (and their endo-symbionts) play a key role in a host of ecological processes: space competition, habitat provision, predation, chemical defense, primary production, nutrient cycling, nitrification, food chains, bioerosion, mineralization, and cementation. Although certain sponges appear to benefit from the rapid deterioration of coral reefs currently under way in numerous locations as a result of habitat destruction, pollution, water warming, and overexploitation, sponge communities too will die off as soon as their substrates disappear under the forces of bioerosion and water dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Insights Into the Lifestyles of Thaumarchaeota Inside Sponges
    fmicb-11-622824 January 16, 2021 Time: 10:0 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 January 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.622824 Genomic Insights Into the Lifestyles of Thaumarchaeota Inside Sponges Markus Haber1,2, Ilia Burgsdorf1, Kim M. Handley3, Maxim Rubin-Blum4 and Laura Steindler1* 1 Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel, 2 Department of Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceskéˇ Budejovice,ˇ Czechia, 3 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 4 Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Institute, Haifa, Israel Sponges are among the oldest metazoans and their success is partly due to their abundant and diverse microbial symbionts. They are one of the few animals that have Thaumarchaeota symbionts. Here we compare genomes of 11 Thaumarchaeota sponge symbionts, including three new genomes, to free-living ones. Like their free- living counterparts, sponge-associated Thaumarchaeota can oxidize ammonia, fix carbon, and produce several vitamins. Adaptions to life inside the sponge host include enrichment in transposases, toxin-antitoxin systems and restriction modifications Edited by: systems, enrichments previously reported also from bacterial sponge symbionts. Most Andreas Teske, University of North Carolina at Chapel thaumarchaeal sponge symbionts lost the ability to synthesize rhamnose, which likely Hill, United States alters their cell surface and allows them to evade digestion by the host. All but Reviewed by: one archaeal sponge symbiont encoded a high-affinity, branched-chain amino acid Lu Fan, Southern University of Science transporter system that was absent from the analyzed free-living thaumarchaeota and Technology, China suggesting a mixotrophic lifestyle for the sponge symbionts.
    [Show full text]