From Arunachal Pradesh, India

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55 HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56 57 Journal of Asia-Paciﬁc Biodiversity 58 59 60 journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/japb 61 62 63 Original article 64 65 1 New genus with two new species of the Family Nemesiidae (Araneae: 66 2 67 3 Q14 Mygalomorphae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India 68 4 69 a,* a b 5 Q13 Manju Siliwal , Sanjay Molur , Robert Raven 70 6 a 71 7 Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India b Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 72 8 73 9 74 10 article info abstract 75 11 76 12 Article history: The new genus, Damarchilus gen. nov., is proposed with descriptions of two new species, Damarchilus 77 13 Received 16 December 2014 nigricus sp. nov. and Damarchilus rufus sp. nov., from northeast India. External characters for the new 78 14 Received in revised form genus and new species are examined and illustrated. In addition, the natural history of the species is 79 23 January 2015 15 provided. 80 Accepted 26 January 2015 16 Copyright Ó 2015, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Available online xxx 81 17 Production and hosting by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// 82 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 18 Keywords: 83 19 Mygalomorphs 84 20 Nemesiidae 85 New genus 21 86 Taxonomy 22 87 23 88 24 89 25 Introduction paper, we describe a new genus, Damarchilus gen. nov., with two 90 26 new species, Damarchilus nigricus sp. nov. and Damarchilus rufus sp. 91 27 The family Nemesiidae is represented by 44 genera and 374 nov., from the western Arunachal Pradesh, India. This study was 92 28 species in the world (World Spider Catalog, 2014). So far, only three carried out in summer, and we found no male. Looking at the sig- 93 29 genera, Atmetochilus Simon, 1887 (1 species), Damarchus Thorell, niﬁcance of the new genus, it is necessary to publish based on a 94 30 1891 (2 species), and Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 (1 species), have single sex. Natural history notes for all the new species are 95 31 been reported from the Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir, India provided. 96 32 (World Spider Catalog, 2014; Siliwal et al., 2013). Mygalomorphs, in 97 33 general, are poorly documented from India; the studies in the past 98 34 have been restricted to the large-bodied tarantulas (Ther- 99 35 100 aphosidae), and other mygalomorphs including nemesiids remain Materials and methods 36 an ignored group. 101 37 102 Many large-bodied nemesiids were collected from various lo- All specimens collected from Arunachal Pradesh are deposited 38 103 cations during Arunachal Pradesh surveys. These nemesiid spiders at the Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, Coimba- 39 104 morphologically resembled the genus Atmetochilus Simon, 1887, tore, Tamil Nadu, India. Measurements of body parts except for the 40 which is known only from Myanmar, with two species. However, 105 eyes were taken with a Mitutoyo Vernier Caliper. Eye measure- Q1 41 106 none of the nemesiid specimens from Arunachal Pradesh had ments were performed with a calibrated ocular micrometer. All 42 107 merged centric sternal sigilla, which is an important generic key measurements are in millimeters. Spermathecae were dissected 43 108 character for Atmetochilus. Moreover, it possessed characters of the and cleared in concentrated lactic acid in a 100C water bath for 44 109 two genera Atmetochilus and Damarchus, and had no clear or 15e20 minutes. The total length excludes chelicerae. All illustra- 45 110 distinct characters of any of these genera. Therefore, in the present tions were prepared with the help of a camera lucida attached to a 46 111 MOTIC and CETII stereomicroscope. The taxonomic description Q2 47 112 style of Siliwal et al. (2009) has been followed. 48 113 Key to Nemesiidae genera from India and Myanmar (females) 49 * Corresponding author. 114 50 E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Siliwal). 115 1. Thoracic fovea procurved (more or less U shaped) and sper- 51 Peer review under responsibility of National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and 116 Korea National Arboretum (KNA). mathecae receptacles with single lobe ------2 52 117 53 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2015.01.005 118 54 2287-884X/. Copyright Ó 2015, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Production and hosting by Elsevier. This is an open access 119 article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Please cite this article in press as: Siliwal M, et al., New genus with two new species of the Family Nemesiidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India, Journal of Asia-Paciﬁc Biodiversity (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2015.01.005 JAPB52_proof ■ 17 February 2015 ■ 2/6

2 M Siliwal et al. / Journal of Asia-Paciﬁc Biodiversity xxx (2015) 1e6

1 - Thoracic fovea straight and spermathecae receptacles with 100e450 m, although there was one exceptional record of these 66 2 double or multiple lobes ------taxa at an elevation of 870 m. Burrows have mostly been found on 67 3 Raveniola the road-side cuts and on ground with a slope. Each burrow was a 68 4 2. Sternal sigilla large, merged, and centric ------simple tube, entrance of which was round and had a turret made up 69 5 Atmetochilus of dry grasses, moss or leaves, soil, and silk. Females were observed 70 6 - Sternal sigilla large, not merged, and subcentric ------3 nesting during MarcheApril. Nesting females made an additional 71 7 3. Cuspules absent on labium, preening comb absent on meta- chamber (on the upper side) toward the end of the burrow, where 72 8 tarsus (mt) IIIeIV, scopulae present on tarsus (ta) IV ------the egg sac was hung like a hammock, and the entrance of this 73 9 Damarchilus gen. nov. chamber was closed with a silken door. When the burrow got 74 10 - Cuspules present or absent on labium, preening comb pre- disturbed, the female used to hide behind the egg sac in the 75 11 sent on mt IIIeIV, scopulae absent on ta IV ------additional chamber. Moreover, all nesting females closed the Q4 76 12 Damarchus entrance of their burrows with silk. This was also observed in other 77 13 burrows during rains. No males were found during the surveys; 78 14 Systematic accounts probably they mature during the monsoon season. 79 15 Order Araneae Damarchilus nigricus sp. nov. 80 16 Suborder Mygalomorphae This is described in Figures 1AeJ and Table 1. 81 17 Family Nemesiidae Types. Holotype: female (WILD-05-ARA-40) (WILD stands for 82 18 Damarchilus gen. nov. Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society), Itanagar Zoo, 83 19 Type species. Damarchilus nigricus sp. nov. Papumpare district, Arunachal Pradesh, India (229 m, 2704012.900 84 20 Diagnosis. The new genus resembles Atmetochilus in cuspules N, 9334056.200 E), April 4, 2005 (leg. Manju Siliwal and Monroe 85 21 absent on labium (differs from Damarchus in few cuspules on Gogi). Paratypes:1\ (WILD-05-ARA-39), Itanagar WLS, Poma, 86 22 labium); cuspules size on maxillae normal and distributed from Papumpare district, Arunachal Pradesh, India (267 m, 2703027.500 87 23 anterior basal corner to half length of the maxillae (in Damarchus N, 9331008.900 E), April 6, 2005 (leg. Manju Siliwal, Dorjie Raptan 88 24 minute cuspules present); differing from Atmetochilus and Dam- and Khandu); 1\-juvenile (WILD-05-ARA-41), Itanagar city, Aru- 89 25 archus by metatarsal preening comb absent on leg IIIeIV; scopulae nachal Pradesh, India, 2 April 2005 (leg. Manju Siliwal, Dorjie 90 26 present on ta IV (scopulae absent on ta IV in Atmetochilus and Raptan and Khandu); 2\-juveniles (WILD-05-ARA-128, WILD-05- 91 27 Damarchus); subcentric posterior sigilla (as in Damarchus;in ARA-129), Itanagar Zoo, Arunachal Pradesh, India, 3 April 2005 92 28 Atmetochilus posterior and medial sternal sigilla of irregular shape (leg. Manju Siliwal) -coll. WILD. 93 29 and conﬂuent in center of sternum); spermathecal lobes with distal Diagnosis. The new species differs from other known species by 94 30 curved band of dense spermathecal pores appearing as cap on the being metallic black in color in life, abdomen is darker with two 95 31 lobes (in Damarchus spermathecal lobes enlarged with evenly sigmoid sigilla anteriorly (in D. rufus sp. nov. heavily mottled); 96 32 distributed spermathecal pores). spermathecae receptacles of an entire mushroom shape but with a 97 33 Description. Large-sized (30e50 mm) spiders. Cephalothorax shorter stalk, about twice the lobe width (in D. rufus sp. nov. about 98 34 and legs covered with short spines and bristles; cephalothorax with 2.6 times the lobe width). Posterior sternal sigilla sigmoid shaped 99 35 short wavy golden hairs, more toward margins. Abdomen cuticle (in D. rufus sp. nov. triangular and anteriorly clearly wider than 100 36 exposed, sparsely covered with short and long black hairs. Cephalic posteriorly). 101 37 Q3 area higher and gradually sloping laterally. Caput distinctly raised Description. Total length 36.2. Carapace 20.14 long, 15.96 wide; 102 38 and thoracic region slanting posteriorly and laterally. Eyes on ocular chelicerae 10.6 long. Sternum 9.82 long, 8.74 wide. Abdomen 16.06 103 39 tubercle, surrounded by a black patch. Fovea broad, strongly pro- long, 11.84 wide. Spinnerets: posterior median spinnerets (PMS): 104 40 curved, short U shaped. Clypeus absent. Rastellum consisting of 2.54 long, 1.08 wide, 0.9 apart; posterior later spinnerets (PLS): total 105 41 thick long spines accompanied with bristles on vertical upward and length 8.54 (3.34 basal, 2.0 middle, 3.2 distal; midwidths 1.58, 1.54, 106 42 dorsal face of chelicerae. Sternum narrow anteriorly and wider and 1.30, respectively). Morphometry of legs and palp is given in 107 43 posteriorly; posterior sigilla sigmoid, subcentral; median sigilla Table 1. 108 44 sigmoid or bean shaped, submarginal. Leg formula 4123; all legs are Color. Spider in life is jet black with a metallic shine. In alcohol 109 45 stout and robust, covered with short spines and hairs sparsely. spider is brownish-black except for the abdomen; abdomen black. 110 46 Coxae prolaterally basally covered with small spinules or short Carapace (Figures 1A and 1C). Broad oval with length-to-width 111 47 bristles. Scopulae dense, divided on ta IeII and sparse on ta IIIeIV, ratio 1.26; reddish black, darker toward the anterior side; covered 112 48 intermixed with bristles and hairs; on mt IeII intermixed with with short golden wavy hairs intermixed with short black bristles, 113 49 bristles at the base; absent on mt IIIeIV. Paired claws with two rows more dense toward the margins and concentrated along the inter- 114 50 of dentation; inferior claw on all legs. Spermathecae entire, each stitial ridges radiating from the fovea, posterior end of fovea with 115 51 with constriction at one-fourth from the distal end and forming a long curved golden hairs. Fovea, broad, deep, strongly procurved, 116 52 big lobe at the apex. Spermathecal lobes with distal curved band of short U-shaped, and one-third on the posterior side. Bristles: 25e30 117 53 dense spermathecal pores resembling a cap on the lobe, and area long on caput, 11 long on the anterior edge; six long, two short 118 54 with band appearing swollen or thicker. In males, mt I slightly between the posterior eyes; two long between the anterior eyes; no 119 55 excavated at the base and band of minute spinules present ven- bristles between the anterior median eye (AME) and posterior 120 56 trolaterally; ti I with two distal spurs. median eye (PME), elsewhere absent. Setae absent. Clypeus absent. 121 57 ZooBank ID (LSID). urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2CC26D29-D060- Eyes (Figures 1A and 1B). Ratio of eye group width to length is 122 58 4E5B-BEA3-5D99C55F941E 1.92. Anterior lateral eye (ALE) larger than the rest, AME slightly 123 59 Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh). larger than the posterior lateral eye (PLE), and PME clearly smaller 124 60 Etymology. The new genus name is a combination of two genera, than rest. Eyes tubercle are well developed, raised. Eye diameters: 125 61 Damarchus and Atmetochilus, as the new genus possesses characters ALE 0.80, AME 0.72, PLE 0.66, and PME 0.39. Distance between eyes: 126 62 of both genera. AMEeAME 0.12, PMEePLE adjacent, AMEeALE 0.31, PLEePLE 1.84, 127 63 Natural history. The representatives of the new genus were and PMEePME 1.2. Ocular quadrate 1.53 long and 2.94 wide. Me- 128 64 found restricted to the foothills of the western Arunachal Pradesh dian ocular quadrate: length 1.35, front width 1.49, and back width 129 65 (from Balukpong to Likabali), commonly found at an elevation of 1.97. 130

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1 66 2 67 3 68 4 69 5 70 6 71 7 72 8 73 9 74 10 75 11 76 12 77 13 78 14 79 15 80 16 81 17 82 18 83 19 84 20 85 21 86 22 87 23 88 24 89 25 90 26 91 27 92 28 93 29 94 30 95 31 Figure 1. Damarchilus nigricus sp. nov., female (WILD-05-ARA- 40). (A) Carapace and abdomen dorsal view; (B) eye; (C) carapace, lateral view; (D) sternum, maxillae, labium; (E) 96 32 chelicerae prolateral view; (F) claws on leg I; (G) claws on leg IV; (H) claw on palp; (I) spinnerets; and (J) spermathecae. Scale: 10.0 mm for A, 5.0 mm forCeE and H, and 1.0 mm for 97 33 B, F, G, I, and J. 98 34 99 35 100 36 101 37 Maxillae (Figure 1D). 7.16 front length, 8.66 back length, and 4.42 Spines. Leg I: femur (fe), prolateral (p)1; patella (pa), and p2, 102 38 wide. Posterior ventral edge gently rounded for length. Anterior ventral (v)2; tibia (ti), p3, v10; mt, p4, v15; leg II: fe, p2, pa, p5, ti, p3, 103 39 lobe short, distinct. Cuspules: ca. 70 sparsely arranged in anterior v10; mt, and p4, v13, retrolateral (r)1; leg III: fe, p1; pa, p5; ti, p2, 104 40 corner in triangle region. Maxillary lyra absent. Prolateral face with dorsal (d)1, v7, r2; mt, p13, d11, v7, r2; leg IV: ti, v6, r2; mt, p8, d5, 105 41 short and long uniformly distributed hairs, a band of setae is pre- v18, r1; palp: pa, p1, d2; ti, p9, v3, r6; elsewhere absent. Spines on 106 42 sent above the maxillary suture. Retrolateral face glabrous, reddish metatarsi: I with one ventrodistal, two ventrolateral; II with four 107 43 brown. ventrolateral; and IIIeIV with two ventrodistal, six ventrolateral 108 44 Labium (Figure 1D). 2.50 long and 3.50 wide; cuspules absent; distal. 109 45 labiosternal groove convex; one pair of large sigilla, meeting at Trichobothria. Clavate absent; tibiae with 8e10 filiform in two 110 46 center. rows in distal half; metatarsi IeIII with 8e10, metatarsus IV with 20 111 47 Chelicerae (Figure 1E). Intercheliceral spines absent. Prolateral long and short filiform in two zigzag rows along length; and tarsi Ie 112 48 face covered with short and long hairs; retrolateral face glabrous IV with 24 long and short filiform in two bands along length. 113 49 with few hairs on inner edge, reddish brown; fangs rough and Leg coxae. Coxal bases dorsally easily seen from above; I longest, 114 50 slender; 10 promarginal teeth, 12e13 granules at basal chelicerae about 1.3 times length of II; IV clearly widest, edge curves dorsally, 115 51 furrow or groove. Rastellum not on mound, consisting of thick long angular at interface; ventrally covered with long black hairs and 116 52 spines and bristles on vertical upward and dorsal face of chelicerae. bristles, weak thorns present on prolateral face; and coxae IeII 117 53 Sternum (Figure 1D). Saddle-shaped, high in center, sloping sloping forward; retrolateral setation absent, glabrous. 118 54 gradually, covered with long and short black hairs and bristles; Scopulae.MtIddistal 3/4th, not divided; mt IIdin distal half, 119 55 posterior angle short, pointed, and not separating coxae IV; pos- thin, intermixed with bristles at base; mt IIIeIV absent; ta I entire, 120 56 terior edge clearly seen; pedicel pallid, not clearly visible; marginal divided with two to four rows of long hairs; ta II distal 3/4th, divided 121 57 long bristles present. with six to eight rows of long hairs; ta III distal 3/4th; and ta IV distal 122 58 Sigilla (Figure 1D). Three pairs: anteriordround, marginal; 1/4th but not as dense as ta IeII and intermixed with hairs and 123 59 mediandoval, 3.66 apart and 0.70 from the margin; posteri- bristles. 124 60 ordsigmoid shape, subcentral, 4.12 long, 1.10 wide, 1.00 apart, and Claws (Figures 1FeH). Claw tufts falsified; all legs with third 125 61 1.60 from margin. claw; paired claws with two rows of teeth: on IeII with two pro- 126 62 Legs. Formula 4123; leg II subequal to III, leg IV slightly thicker lateral teeth, three to four retrolateral teeth; III with one to two 127 63 than I; basifemoral thorns absent on all; metatarsus/tarsus ratio prolateral teeth and two to three retrolateral teeth; IV with one 128 64 (length): III 1.9, IV 2.5, rest 1.6; and femorae of palp and legs IeII prolateral tooth and two retrolateral teeth; palp with single claw 129 65 gently curved prolaterally and of IV curved retrolaterally. with six teeth. 130

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1 Table 1 66 2 Morphometry of legs and palp of female Atmetochilus nigricus new species from Arunachal Pradesh, holotype (WILD-05-ARA-40), paratype (WILD-05-ARA-39, 134). 67 3 Leg I Leg II Leg III Leg IV Palp 68 4 69 Holo Para Holo Para Holo Para Holo Para Holo Para 5 70 6 Femur 15.48 12.4 13.22 11.88 10.52 8.94 15.00 12.58 9.84 8.48 71 Patella 8.62 7.26 7.76 6.64 6.72 5.30 7.86 7.54 5.70 5.10 7 Tibia 10.04 8.08 8.44 7.92 5.88 5.60 9.40 8.30 6.88 5.78 72 8 Metatarsus 10.12 8.00 9.70 7.56 8.74 7.28 13.12 11.76 ee 73 9 Tarsus 6.14 4.72 6.12 4.56 4.68 4.12 5.34 4.78 7.62 6.56 74 10 Total 50.40 40.46 45.24 38.56 36.54 31.24 50.72 44.96 30.04 25.92 75 Midwidth 11 76 Femur 3.44 2.90 3.52 2.92 4.56 3.64 3.86 3.00 2.16 1.58 12 Tibia 3.32 2.70 3.16 2.56 3.40 2.84 4.44 3.00 2.66 2.30 77 13 78 14 79 15 Abdomen (Figure 1A). Dorsally blackish-gray with two pale Tapi Tapan); 2\ejuveniles (WILD-05-ARA-108, WILD-05-ARA-127), 80 16 sigmoid-shaped sigilla anteriorly; cuticle exposed dorsally and same data as holotype-coll. WILD. 81 17 ventrally, covered with short and long black hairs; ventrally Diagnosis. The new species differs from other known species by 82 18 blackish-brown. having cephalothorax, legs and palp reddish brown in spider in life 83 19 Spinnerets (Figure 1I). Two pairs, digitiform covered with (in D. nigricus sp. nov. metallic black); abdomen heavily mottled (in 84 20 yellowish with brown hairs. D. nigricus sp. nov. darker abdomen with anteriorly two sigmoid 85 21 86 Spermathecae (Figure 1J). Paired receptacles. Each receptacle of abdomen sigilla). Spermathecae receptacles entire mushroom Q5 22 an entire mushroom shaped with a shorter stalk (2 times longer shaped with longer stalk, about 2.6 times the lobe width (in 87 23 than the lobe width), broader at the base and gradually narrowing D. nigricus sp. nov. about 2 times). Posterior sternal sigilla triangular 88 24 with a notch/constriction distally forming a lobe slightly wider than (in D. nigricus sp. nov. sigmoid shaped). 89 25 the receptacle width at the base. Description. Total length, 39.48; carapace 21.26 long and 17.54 90 26 Morphometry, WILD-05-ARA-39 (Table 1). Total length 34.90; wide; chelicerae 9.92 long intact. Sternum 11.08 long and 9.48 91 27 cephalothorax 17.16 long, 13.34 wide, and chelicerae 8.68 long wide. Abdomen 18.22 long and 12.84 wide. Spinnerets: PMSd2.36 92 28 intact. Sternum, 8.44 long and 7.00 wide. Labium 2.52 long and 2.46 long, 1.54 wide, and 0.90 apart; PLSdtotal length 9.40 (3.76 basal, 93 29 wide. Maxillae 7.66 back length, 5.56 front length, and 3.4 wide. 2.00 middle, and 3.64 distal; midwidths 1.84, 1.62, and 1.18, 94 30 Abdomen 17.74 long and 10.38 wide. Spinnerets: PMSd2.60 long, respectively). Morphometry of legs and palp is given in Table 2. 95 31 0.86 wide, and 0.78 apart; PLSd2.62 basal, 1.42 middle, 2.42 distal, Color. Spider in life: carapace, legs and palps are reddish brown 96 32 and 6.46 total length, and midwidths 1.12, 1.08, and 0.92, except the tarsi, metatarsi, and distal tibiae black; abdomen is 97 33 respectively. dorsally black, ventrally brown. In alcohol: color slightly lighter, 98 34 ZooBank ID (LSID). urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8BD697E0-BB34- organish-red and the abdomen is dorsally mottled with clay brown 99 35 100 402E-9DBC-AA236018481E irregular dots, ventrally clay brown. Q6 36 Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh) Carapace (Figures 2A and 2C). Broad oval with length-to-width 101 37 Etymology. The species name is based on the Latin word for ratio 1.21; orangish-red, interstitial ridges arising from the fovea 102 38 black, referring to the black body color of spider in life. darker in color and light blackish area on the anterior area of the 103 39 Natural history. The new species was found in Itanagar, Poma, caput; covered with short golden wavy hairs, more dense toward 104 40 and nearby areas, at an elevation of 200e350 m. They were mostly the margins and along interstitial ridges radiating from the fovea. 105 41 found on grassy road-cuts, which were common in the study area. Fovea is deep, strongly procurved, short, W shaped, one-third on 106 42 In favorable habitats, the burrows were observed to be more or less the posterior side. Bristles: nine long on the anterior margin, 25 107 43 densely clustered. The maximal burrow clustering was observed in long and black on the caput, 12 long on the anterior edge; three 108 44 the most crowded area of Itanagar city. There were about 500 long between the anterior edge of the tubercle; four long, 12 short 109 45 burrows of varying sizes in a 100 m 6 m bund. The bund was on the posterior end of the tubercle; no bristles between the AME. 110 46 located on a curved band, facing west, south, and east. More bur- Setae absent. Clypeus absent. 111 47 rows were found on the bund area facing west, as compared to the Eyes (Figures 2A and 2B). Ratio of eye group width to length 2.40. 112 48 burrows facing south or east. The burrows were mostly found on ALE is larger than rest, AME is slightly larger than PLE, and PME is 113 49 the road-side cuts and on ground with a slope. Every studied clearly smaller than the rest. Eyes tubercle is well developed and 114 50 burrow was a simple tube, entrance of which was round and had a raised. Eye diameters: ALE 0.80, AME 0.70, PLE 0.60, and PME 0.30. 115 51 turret made up of dry grasses, moss or leaves, soil, and silk. Silk at Distance between eyes: AMEeAME 0.20, PMEePLE adjacent, AMEe 116 52 the turret and inside the burrow was not very thick, as seen in case ALE 0.30, PLEePLE 2.11, and PMEePME 1.80. Ocular quadrate 1.40 117 53 of theraphosids. In case of females, the diameters of burrows long and 3.40 wide. Median ocular quadrate: length 1.20, front 118 54 ranged from 20 mm to 35 mm and depth from 0.3 m to 0.5 m. No width 1.80, and back width 2.40. 119 55 males were found during the survey; probably they mature during Maxillae (Figure 2D). 7.84 front length, 9.36 back length, and 120 56 the monsoon. 4.82 width. Posterior ventral edge gently rounded for length. 121 57 Damarchilus rufus sp. nov. Anterior lobe is short and distinct. Cuspules: ca. 75 sparsely ar- 122 58 This is described in Figures 2AeJ and Table 2. ranged in the anterior corner in the triangle region. Maxillary lyra 123 59 Types. Holotype: female (WILD-05-ARA-43), Khari, Pakke Tiger are absent. Prolateral face with scattered short and long hairs, a 124 60 Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India (211 m, 26580 07.500 N, band of setae are present above the maxillary suture. Retrolateral 125 61 9254042.200 E), April 11, 2005 (leg. Manju Siliwal, Dorjie Raptan and face is glabrous, yellowish-red. 126 62 Khandu). Paratypes:1\ (WILD-05-ARA-44), near Upper Seijosa Labium (Figure 2D). 2.26 long and 3.00 wide; cuspules absent; 127 63 village, Seijosa, Arunachal Pradesh, India (152 m, 2657040.200 N, 93 labiosternal groove shallow, convex, one pair of large sigilla, and 128 64 00043.700 E), April 12, 2005 (leg. Manju Siliwal, Dorjie Raptan and meeting at the center. 129 65 130

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1 66 2 67 3 68 4 69 5 70 6 71 7 72 8 73 9 74 10 75 11 76 12 77 13 78 14 79 15 80 16 81 17 82 18 83 19 84 20 85 21 86 22 87 23 88 24 89 25 90 26 91 27 92 28 93 29 94 30 95 Figure 2. Damarchilus rufus sp. nov., female (WILD-05-ARA-43). (A) Carapace and abdomen dorsal view; (B) eye; (C) carapace, lateral view; (D) sternum, maxillae, labium; (E) 31 chelicerae prolateral view; (F) claws on leg I; (G) claws on leg IV; (H) claw on palp; (I) spinnerets; and (J) spermathecae. Scale: 5.0 mm for A, CeE, H, and I, and 1.0 mm for B, F, G, and J. 96 32 97 33 98 34 Chelicerae (Figure 2E). Intercheliceral spines are absent. Pro- Legs. Formula 4123; II subequal to III, leg IV slightly thicker than 99 35 lateral face is covered with scattered small and long hairs; retro- I; basifemoral thorns absent on all; metatarsus/tarsus ratio 100 36 lateral face is glabrous with a few hairs on the inner edge, reddish (length): III 1.8, IV 2.7, rest 1.5e1.6; femorae of palp and legs IeII 101 37 brown; fangs rough and slender; 10 promarginal teeth, 12 granules gently curved prolaterally and of IV curved retrolaterally. 102 38 at the basal chelicerae furrow or groove. Rastellum not on mound, Spines. leg I: fe, p1; pa, p2; ti, p2, v8; mt, p2, v9; leg II: fe, p2; pa, 103 39 consisting of thick long spines and bristles on vertical upward and p3; ti, p3, r9; mt, p3, r12; leg III: fe, r1; pa, p5, r1; ti, p2, d1, v6, r2; 104 40 dorsal face of chelicerae. mt, p6, d2, v4, r3; leg IV: ti, v5, r2; mt, p13, d1þ1 broken, v6; palp: 105 41 Sternum (Figure 2D). Saddle shaped, depression in the center pa, p2; ti, p5, v2, r5; ta, p1, v6; and elsewhere absent. Spines on 106 42 due to posterior and median sigilla, high anteriorly and posteriorly, metatarsi: I, three (1 ventrodistal, 2 ventrolateral distal); II, five (1 107 43 sloping gradually, covered with long, dense, black hairs and bris- ventrodistal, 4 ventrolateral distal); III, six (2 ventrodistal, 4 108 44 tles; posterior angle not pointed and not separating coxae IV; ventrolateral distal); and IV, seven (2 ventrodistal, 4 ventrolateral 109 45 pedicel pallid, not clearly visible; posterior edge clearly seen; distal, 1 dorsodistal). 110 46 marginal long bristles are present. Trichobothria. Clavate absent; tibiae with 8e10 filiform in two 111 47 Sigilla (Figure 2D). Three pairs: anteriordround, marginal; rows in the distal half; metatarsi with 16e10 filiform in zigzag row; Q7 112 48 mediandoval, 2.00 long, 4.42 apart, and 1.00 from margin; poste- tarsi with 20e24 filiform in wide zigzag row, two to three rows are 113 49 riordsigmoid shape, subcentral, 3.70 long, 1.80 wide, 1.24 apart, visible. 114 50 and 1.50 from margin. 115 51 116 52 117 53 118 Table 2 54 Morphometry of legs and palp of female Atmetochilus rufus new species from Arunachal Pradesh, holotype (WILD-05-ARA-43), paratype (WILD-05-ARA-44). 119 55 120 Leg/parts I II III IV Palp 56 121 57 Holo Para Holo Para Holo Para Holo Para Holo Para 122 58 Femur 14.72 13.70 12.76 12.56 10.20 9.56 15.00 13.8 10.66 9.54 123 59 Patella 8.42 7.74 8.14 7.28 7.36 6.92 8.68 8.00 5.42 5.64 124 60 Tibia 9.52 9.22 8.10 8.04 5.74 5.32 8.96 8.64 7.18 6.84 125 Metatarsus 9.74 9.00 9.40 8.64 8.58 8.24 12.98 12.66 dd 61 Tarsus 6.00 5.34 6.12 4.82 4.82 4.26 4.80 5.10 6.92 6.64 126 62 Total 48.40 45.00 44.52 41.34 36.70 34.30 50.42 48.20 30.18 28.66 127 63 Midwidth 128 64 Femur 3.42 3.2 3.52 3.44 4.28 4.14 3.14 3.42 2.10 2.16 129 65 Tibia 3.32 3.00 3.00 2.72 3.42 3.00 3.54 3.34 2.58 2.38 130

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1 Leg coxae. Coxal bases dorsally easily seen from above. I longest, Acknowledgments Q811 51 2 about 1.2 times length of II; IV clearly widest, edge curving dorsally, 52 3 angular at interface; ventrally covered with long black hairs and Authors are thankful to Rufford Small Grants, UK, for funding Q9 53 4 bristles, weak thorns present on prolateral face; coxae IeII sloping the tarantula project during which the new genus was found. R.R. 54 5 forward; and retrolateral setation absent. and M.S. wish to thank the Australian Biological Resources Study Q10 55 6 Scopulae. Mt I, distal 3/4th, not divided; mt IIdin distal half, thin, grant research funds for partially funding a trip to Australia for M.S.; 56 7 intermixed with bristles at the base; mt IIIeIV absent; ta Identire, some of the information used in this paper was obtained by M.S. 57 8 divided with two to four rows of long hairs; ta IIddistal 3/4th, during her visit to Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia. Au- 58 9 divided with six to eight rows of long hairs; and ta IIIddistal 3/4th; thors (M.S. and S.M.) are grateful to the following personnel and 59 10 ta IVddistal 1/4th but not as dense as on ta IeII and intermixed with institutions: PCCF, Arunachal Pradesh Forest Department, for giving 60 11 hairs and bristles. permission and logistic help during the surveys; Mr C. Loma and Mr 61 12 Claws (Figures 2FeH). Claw tufts falsiﬁed; all legs with a third Tapi Tapan, Deputy Conservator of Forest, Itanagar WLS and Pakke 62 13 claw; paired claws with two rows of teeth: on IeII with two pro- WLS, for the logistic support and extensive help during the surveys; 63 14 lateral teeth and three retrolateral teeth; IIIeIV with one prolateral Mr Khandu, Mr Dorjie Raptan, and Mr Nima Shiring for assisting in 64 15 tooth and three retrolateral teeth; palp with single claw with six ﬁeld during the surveys; Ms Sally Walker, Zoo Outreach Organiza- 65 16 teeth. tion, for the support and encouragement to the Indian tarantula 66 17 Abdomen (Figure 2A). Blackish brown, heavily mottled with project; Dr M. Ganesh Kumar, Tamil Nadu Agriculture College, 67 18 yellowish-brown spots, sparsely distributed on dorsal side, cuticle Coimbatore, India for technical help and discussion on spider tax- 68 19 exposed dorsally and ventrally; covered with small black hairs and onomy; and Drs Bilal Habib and Bitapi Sinha, Wildlife Institute of 69 20 bristles; ventrally greenish brown. India, for technical help. 70 21 Spinnerets (Figure 2I). Two pairs, digitiform covered with 71 22 yellowish brown with brown hairs. 72 23 Spermathecae (Figure 2J). Paired receptacles. Each receptacle are 73 24 entire mushroom shaped, longer stalk (2.6 times longer than the 74 25 lobe width), broader at the base (1.1 times wider than the lobe 75 References Q11 26 width) and gradually narrowing toward the apex with a notch/ 76 27 constriction distally forming a lobe. Siliwal M, Molur S, Raven R. 2013. Mygalomorphs of India: an overview. In: 77 28 Morphometry (WILD-05-ARA-44) (Table 1). Total length 39.04; Uniyal VP, Shrivastav A, editors. Arthropods and their conservation in India (in- 78 e 29 cephalothorax 19.32 long, 14.46 wide; chelicerae 10.12 long. Ster- sects & spiders). pp. 175 188. ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife & Protected Areas. Deh- 79 radun, India: Wildlife Institute of India. 30 num, 9.82 long and 8.00 wide. Labium 2.64 long and 2.00 wide. Siliwal M, Nair MV, Molur S, et al. 2009. First record of the trapdoor spider genus 80 31 Maxillae 8.10 back length, 5.00 front length, and 4.00 wide. Conothele (Araneae, Ctenizidae) from India, with a description of two new 81 32 Abdomen 19.72 long and 14.10 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 2.74 long, species. Journal of Arachnology 37:1e9. 82 Simon E. 1887. Etude sur les arachnides de l’Asie méridionale faisant partie des 33 1.00 wide, and 0.70 apart; PLS, 3.24 basal, 1.96 middle, 3.00 distal, collections de l’Indian Museum (Calcutta). I. Arachnides recueillis à Tavoy 83 34 and 8.20 total length, and midwidths 1.72, 1.44, and 1.02, (Tenasserim) par Moti Ram. Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal 56:101e117. 84 35 respectively. Thorell T. 1891. Spindlar från Nikobarerna och andra delar af södra Asien. Kongliga 85 Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 24:1e149. 36 ZooBank ID (LSID). urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7F5A4E6C-B668- World Spider Catalog. 2014. World spider catalog. Version 15.5. Bern: Natural His- 86 37 4F94-BC45-190051D83835 tory Museum. Available at, http://wsc.nmbe.ch [Date accessed: 3 September 87 38 Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh) 2013]. 88 39 Zonstein SL. 1987. A new genus of mygalomorph spiders of the subfamily Nem- 89 Etymology. The species name is based on the Latin word for red, esiinae (Aranei, Nemesiidae) in the Palearctic fauna. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 66: 40 referring to reddish color cephalothorax and legs of spider in life. 1013e1019. 90 41 Natural history. The new species was restricted to the foothills of Gravely FH. 1915. Notes on Indian mygalomorph spiders. In: , Records of the Indian 91 e 42 Pakke Tiger Reserve and nearby area in East Kameng district, Aru- Museum, Calcutta, vol. 11; 1915. pp. 257 287. 92 Gravely FH. 1921. The spiders and scorpions of Barkuda Island. In: , Records of the 43 nachal Pradesh, at an elevation of 250e350 m. Habit and habitat of Indian Museum, Calcutta, vol. 22; 1921. pp. 399e421. 93 44 this species were similar to those of D. nigricus sp. nov., but the soil Gravely FH. 1935. Notes on Indian mygalomorph spiders. II. In: , Records of the Indian 94 e 45 in this area was more sandy. Museum, Calcutta, vol. 37; 1935. pp. 69 84. 95 Pocock RI. 1900. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Arachnida. 46 London: Taylor and Francis. 279p. 96 47 Uncited reference Raven RJ. 1985. The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and 97 48 systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 182:1e180. 98 Zonstein SL, Marusik YM. 2014. A redescription of Damarchus cavernicola Abraham, 49 Gravely, 1915, Gravely, 1921, Gravely, 1935, Pocock, 1900, Raven, 1924, with notes on Damarchus Thorell, 1891 and Atmetochilus Simon, 1887 99 50 Q12 1985, Zonstein and Marusik, 2014. (Aranei: Nemesiidae). Arthropoda Selecta 23:273e278. 100