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Informatikai Alapok INFORMATIKAI ALAPOK GÁBOR DÉNES FŐISKOLA 2019 Szerzők: Berecz Antónia (4. fejezet), Karácsony Péter (7. fejezet), Kónya László (6. fejezet), Peck Tibor (5. fejezet), Szász Gábor (1. fejezet, Melléklet) Vári-Kakas István (2-3. fejezet) Lektor: Cserny László Szerkesztő: Hülber László Műszaki szerkesztők: Littvay László, Lozsádi Csilla Grafikai munkák: Pálvölgyi Gábor Tartalomjegyzék Tartalomjegyzék ....................................................................................................................... 3 Bevezetés ................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Bevezetés az informatikába és a számítástechnikába .................................................... 10 1.1. Bevezető gondolatok .................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Az informatika rövid története ..................................................................................... 12 1.2.1. Az adattárolás korai eszközei ................................................................................ 12 1.2.2. A számolást segítő eszközök fejlődése ................................................................. 13 1.2.3. A programvezérlés kezdetei .................................................................................. 18 1.3. Neumann elvek ............................................................................................................. 25 1.3.1. Neumann elvek tömören ....................................................................................... 25 1.3.2. A Neumann elvek kifejtése ................................................................................... 26 1.4. Számítógép-generációk ................................................................................................ 27 1.5. Számítógépek osztályozása, különféle szempontok szerint ......................................... 27 1.5.1. Osztályozás a működési elv szerint ....................................................................... 27 1.5.2. Osztályozás méret szerint ...................................................................................... 28 1.5.3. Osztályozás rendeltetés szerint .............................................................................. 29 1.6. Moore törvénye ............................................................................................................ 29 1.7. A mikroszámítógépek vázlatos felépítése és működése ............................................... 31 1.7.1. A személyi számítógép (PC) funkcionális moduljai ............................................. 31 1.7.2. A számítógépek programozása .............................................................................. 32 1.8. Néhány informatikai alapfogalom ................................................................................ 33 1.8.1. A rendszer fogalma ............................................................................................... 33 1.8.2. Az információ fogalma .......................................................................................... 36 1.8.3. Az információ mennyisége .................................................................................... 38 1.8.4. Kódolt adatok ........................................................................................................ 40 1.8.5. Néhány szó a kommunikációról ............................................................................ 41 1.8.6. A jelek és fajtáik .................................................................................................... 42 1.8.7. A digitális számábrázolás néhány furcsasága ....................................................... 46 1.8.8. Néhány gondolat a mesterséges intelligenciáról ................................................... 46 1.9. Ellenőrző kérdések ....................................................................................................... 48 Felhasznált irodalom ............................................................................................................ 49 2. Számrendszerek. Digitális számábrázolás és műveletek ................................................ 52 2.1. Informatikában használatos számrendszerek ............................................................... 52 2.2. Számrendszerek közötti átalakítás ................................................................................ 54 2.3. Műveletek bináris számokkal ....................................................................................... 56 2.4. Számítógépes számábrázolás ........................................................................................ 59 2.4.1. Fixpontos számok .................................................................................................. 59 2.4.2. Lebegőpontos számok ........................................................................................... 61 2.4.3. Binárisan kódolt decimális (BCD) számok ........................................................... 63 2.4.4. Karakterek kódolása .............................................................................................. 64 2.5. Ellenőrző kérdések ....................................................................................................... 65 Felhasznált irodalom ............................................................................................................ 66 3. Digitális technika ............................................................................................................... 67 3.1. Analóg és digitális technika .......................................................................................... 67 3.2. Logikai áramkörök, logikai kapuk ............................................................................... 71 3.3. Logikai alapkapuk áramköri megvalósítása ................................................................. 77 3.4. Logikai áramkör-hálózatok .......................................................................................... 80 3.5. Ellenőrző kérdések ....................................................................................................... 85 Felhasznált irodalom ............................................................................................................ 86 4. A számítógépek felépítése, hardvere ................................................................................ 87 4.1. A számítógép-rendszer és a személyi számítógépek fejlődése .................................... 87 4.1.1. A számítógép-rendszer .......................................................................................... 87 4.1.2. Számítógép-generációk ......................................................................................... 88 4.1.3. Processzor, mikroprocesszor ................................................................................. 88 4.1.4. Személyiszámítógép-trendek ................................................................................. 89 4.1.5. A számítógép alapkonfigurációja .......................................................................... 92 4.2. Az alaplap ..................................................................................................................... 93 4.2.1. Az alaplap .............................................................................................................. 93 4.2.2. Az alaplapi vezérlőáramkör-készlet ...................................................................... 94 4.3. A processzor ................................................................................................................. 96 4.3.1. A processzorok jellemzői ...................................................................................... 97 4.3.2. Az Intel x86-os processzorok funkcionális egységei ............................................ 98 4.3.3. Egy modern x86-os processzor felépítése ........................................................... 103 4.3.4. Okostelefon-architektúra ..................................................................................... 106 4.3.5. A processzorok utasításkészlete, utasítás-végrehajtása és műveleti vezérlése .... 108 4.3.6. Utasítás végrehajtás gyorsítása ............................................................................ 112 4.4. Adatátvitel a számítógép és a csatlakoztatott perifériák között .................................. 113 4.4.1. Sínrendszer .......................................................................................................... 113 4.4.2. Az adatátvitel típusai ........................................................................................... 118 4.4.3. Interfészek ........................................................................................................... 119 4.5. A számítógép indítása ................................................................................................. 125 4.6. A számítógép tárkezelése ........................................................................................... 126 4.6.1. Tárhierarchia ....................................................................................................... 126 4.6.2. A tárolók jellemzői .............................................................................................. 127 4.6.3. Veremtár .............................................................................................................. 129 4.7. A számítógépek tápegysége és külső burkolata ........................................................
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