BENEATH HISTORIC FLOORS:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE
PETALUMA ADOBE SEISMIC RETROFIT PROJECT
Stephen W. Silliman
31 December 1999
BENEATH HISTORIC FLOORS:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE
PETALUMA ADOBE SEISMIC RETROFIT PROJECT
Stephen W. Silliman
Archaeological Research Facility Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley, California
31 December 1999
Report submitted to
California Department of Parks and Recreation 2505 Port Street West Sacramento, California
Abstract
The Petaluma Adobe was the residential core of the once-vast Rancho Petaluma, granted to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo in 1834. Mariano G. Vallejo was one of the most prominent political and military figures in Alta California during the 19th-century, and the Petaluma Adobe was the largest "Monterey Style" adobe built in Northern California. Located in central Sonoma County, the extant Petaluma Adobe, its deteriorated eastern half, and 41 acres of surrounding land are preserved in the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park. As part of the California State Building Seismic Program, the Petaluma Adobe (CA-Son-363/H) was slated to undergo structural stabilization in 1998 with the placement of steel I-beams and concrete footings at four locations inside the historic structure.
Archaeologists from the Archaeological Research Facility at the University of California, Berkeley, were contracted to hand-excavate the four trenches required for the concrete footings. These trenches sampled each of the three standing faces of the extant Petaluma Adobe. Archaeological objectives of this project were (1) to investigate potential protohistoric and prehistoric deposits beneath the structure, (2) to explore the construction history of the Petaluma Adobe, (3) to examine potential room use and material culture of residents at the Petaluma Adobe, and (4) to evaluate the effects of previous renovation efforts on the integrity of 19th- century archaeological materials.
Prehistoric lithics were recovered in both pre-construction and fill deposits beneath the room floors. The combination of technological and raw material data generated insight into prehistoric occupation. Coupled with geochemical sourcing of obsidian, obsidian hydration data provided information on site use over time. Sourcing also revealed regionally rare sources in the assemblage.
Stratigraphic analysis indicated that a complex series of cut-and-fill episodes characterized the construction of the Petaluma Adobe. The apex of the promontory on which the building sits appears to have been shaved off and the removed soil used to fill the west face. The presence of a buried soil beneath fill deposits in the west face and the appearance of typically non-surface sediments directly beneath floors of the north and south face provided the evidence. In addition, artifacts recovered in the buried soil and the fill deposits of the west face offered clues to material life in the 1830s.
However, very few artifacts related unequivocally to mid-19th-century life were found inside the Petaluma Adobe. Old surfaces were visible beneath the modern floor and above fill deposits, but their dates of construction and use were unclear. There may have been several refloorings during the life of the building, and room function may have changed considerably over time. In several cases, 20th-century renovation activities may have been a major factor in the ambiguity of old surfaces. Although limited in scope, archaeological and stratigraphic data addressed the nature and impact of restoration efforts dating to 1910, the 1950s, and 1996.
i ii Acknowledgments
As with any archaeological project, a number of individuals must be thanked for their efforts in seeing this project take place and reach completion. There is no question that this project ran as smoothly as it did because of the able organizational and archaeological skills brought by Roberta Jewett. She assisted me as co-director and paperwork supervisor throughout most of the project's duration in the field. I would also like to extend gratitude to Kent Lightfoot for his ever-present counsel and support. Moreover, I would like to thank Roberta Jewett and Larry Felton for their insightful and invaluable comments and suggestions on the final report.
The excavation team was superb and consisted of a number of individuals. The project occurred in two rounds; the first was a 15-day duration in July, 1998, and the other was an 11-day venture in August, 1998. The first round included the full- and/or part-time work of Colin Bailey, Dale Beevers, Julienne Bernard, Carmen Brown, Bridget Foley, Jonathon Goodrich, Rebecca Graff, Jennifer Johnson, Renate Massing, Michael Miller, Anne Olney, Harmony Plenty, Laura Privett, Brett Rushing, Mark Selverston, Cara Stimpson, Marc Trapani, and Nick Weber. The second round consisted of full- and/or part-time commitments of Dale Beevers, Rachel Braet, Carmen Brown, Agustin Diez Castillo, Jonathon Goodrich, Patricia Hunt-Jones, Craig Kodros, Brett Lloyd, Janet Loftis, Renate Massing, Michael Miller, Heather Mozdean, Michael Newland, Amy Ramsay, Jo Ann Scroggins, Mark Selverston, Tracey Spoon, Tania Stellini, Kathleen Sterling, Cordelia Sutch, Annita Waghorn, Nick Weber, Andrea Yankowski, and Linda Ziegenbein.
All preliminary laboratory processing of artifactual material was completed at University of California, Berkeley, in the able hands of Julienne Bernard. I also thank Charity Cuellar and Kimia Rezvani for their tireless assistance with final preparation of the artifact collection for curation. Finally, Thomas Wake and the Zooarchaeology Laboratory at UCLA provided the majority of faunal identifications, and I appreciate their quality and efficiency of work.
Sherry Parrish, the MSO of the Archaeological Research Facility (ARF), and Sabrina Maras, Administrative Assistant for the ARF, deserve much recognition for their help with the Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit project contract. They always managed, even under time duress and seemingly endless complications, to provide prompt and efficient assistance to the contract. Without them, the entire project could not have even begun nor come close to completion.
I would also like to thank Tim Campbell, the Cultural Resources Officer of the Federated Indians of Graton Rancheria, for his consultation and monitoring during different aspects of the Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit Project. His participation is and has been a necessary and welcome part of all excavations conducted by the University of California, Berkeley in the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park.
I also appreciate the geoarchaeological consultation provided by Jack Meyer of Sonoma State University. My interpretation of the geomorphology beneath the Adobe stems in part from a discussion with him on his one-day visit to the completed excavations.
iii Special thanks must be extended to the staff at the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park for their enthusiasm for archaeology and for their willingness to put up with the constant mess and complications of archaeological excavation. For the seismic retrofit project, those individuals included Ranger Larry Costa, Jerry Mize, Bill Tait, Katie Trapp, John Irwin and Nicole Walcott. I also gratefully acknowledge the access to and permission to reproduce the photographs on file at the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park. They provide an untold wealth of information. All other "unacknowledged" photographs in this report were taken by the author.
Two key people in the California Department of Parks and Recreation must be recognized for their constant support and assistance with the contractual, logistical, and archaeological aspects of the Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit Project: E. Breck Parkman, Regional Archaeologist for the Silverado District, and Larry Felton, Associate State Archaeologist. Without them, this project would never have come together under the time schedule that we had before us. Thanks should also be extended to Glenn Farris and Glenn Burch of the Department of Parks and Recreation for their contributions and guidance. Also, I would like to thank Thomas Winter, Associate Architect, and Bernard Savant, Department of General Services, for their attention to the details of this project and William Andrews and his colleagues from DASSE Design, Inc. for their help in keeping the project on track and for their overall interest in the archaeological work. Finally, I thank Sandy Taugher of the Sacramento office of the California Department of Parks and Recreation for her assistance with accessioning.
I would also like to say "thank you" to the public. Visitors to the park have always shown a keen interest in our archaeological work, and I and those who have worked with me are always grateful. We just hope that our answers are as interesting to them as their questions are to us.
iv Table of Contents
Abstract i
Acknowledgments iii
Table of Contents v
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
List of Appendices xiii
Section 1: Introduction 1
Section 2: Historical and Archaeological Background 5
2.1 Historical Overview 5
2.2 The Rancho Petaluma: History and Archaeology 8
2.3 Details of Construction and Use at the Petaluma Adobe 12
Section 3: Archaeological Research Design 21 3.1 Locations and Dimensions of Excavation Trenches 21
3.2 Excavation Techniques 23
Section 4: Results: Stratigraphy 27
4.1 Trench 1 28
4.2 Trench 2 31
4.3 Trench 3 39
4.4 Trench 4 48
4.5 Summary 54
v Section 5: Results: Material Remains 57
5.1 Trench 1 59 5.1.1 Ceramics 59 5.1.2 Glass 59 5.1.3 Beads 59 5.1.4 Metal 60 5.1.5 Building Materials 60 5.1.6 Baked Clay 61 5.1.7 Miscellaneous 61 5.1.8 Organics: Charcoal, Unburned Wood, Plant Remains 61 5.1.9 Lithics 61 5.1.10 Faunal Remains 64
5.2 Trench 2 65 5.2.1 Ceramics 66 5.2.2 Glass 66 5.2.3 Beads 66 5.2.4 Metal 67 5.2.5 Building Materials 70 5.2.6 Baked Clay 71 5.2.7 Miscellaneous 71 5.2.8 Organics: Charcoal, Unburned Wood, Plant Remains 71 5.2.9 Lithics 72 5.2.10 Faunal Remains 76
5.3 Trench 3 78 5.3.1 Ceramics 79 5.3.2 Glass 80 5.3.3 Beads 81 5.3.4 Metal 81 5.3.5 Building Materials 81 5.3.6 Baked Clay 83 5.3.7 Miscellaneous 83 5.3.8 Organics: Charcoal, Unburned Wood, Plant Remains 84 5.3.9 Lithics 84 5.3.10 Faunal Remains 89
5.4 Trench 4 91 5.4.1 Ceramics 92 5.4.2 Glass 92 5.4.3 Beads 92 5.4.4 Metal 93 5.4.5 Building Materials 94 5.4.6 Baked Clay 94 5.4.7 Miscellaneous 96 5.4.8 Organics: Charcoal, Unburned Wood, Plant Remains 96
vi 5.4.9 Lithics 96 5.4.10 Faunal Remains 99
5.5 Summary 100
Section 6: Discussion 103
6.1 Prehistoric Use of the Promontory 103 6.1.1 Trench 1 103 6.1.2 Trench 2 104 6.1.3 Trench 3 105 6.1.4 Trench 4 106 6.1.5 Synthesis of All Trenches 107
6.2 Construction History of the Petaluma Adobe 111 6.2.1 Trenches 1 and 4 112 6.2.2 Trenches 2 and 3 113 6.2.3 Implications 114
6.3 Material Culture of the Petaluma Adobe 117 6.3.1 Pre-Construction Surface and Fill Deposits 118 6.3.2 Surface Layers 120 6.3.2.1 North Face 121 6.3.2.2 South Face 121 6.3.2.3 West Face 122 6.3.2.4 Summary 123
6.4 Renovation History 124
6.5 Summary 127
Section 7: Conclusion 129
Section 8: References Cited 133
Appendix A. Rock Weights, Matrix Volumes, and Screen Sampling for All Trenches.
Appendix B. Correlation of Excavated Levels with Stratigraphic Layers for All Trenches.
Appendix C. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence and Obsidian Hydration Data for Selected Obsidian Artifacts.
Appendix D. Complete Database for Artifacts Catalogued in the Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit Project.
vii Appendix E. Lithic Analysis Database.
Appendix F. Glass Analysis Database.
Appendix G. Metal Analysis Database.
Appendix H. Ceramic Analysis Database.
Appendix I. Faunal Analysis Database.
viii List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Map of Northern California's Colonial and Native Landscape, Circa 1836 5
Figure 2.2 Map of the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park 9
Figure 2.3 Photograph of Petaluma Adobe, 1870s 11
Figure 2.4 Photograph of Petaluma Adobe, South Face, Circa 1910 11
Figure 2.5 Photograph of Extant Petaluma Adobe 13
Figure 2.6 Photograph of Adobe Bricks Drying Outside Petaluma Adobe, 1958 13
Figure 2.7 Photograph of the Reconstructed Family Quarters 14
Figure 2.8 Photograph of the Reconstructed Dining Room and Parlor 15
Figure 2.9 Photograph of the Reconstructed Artisan Quarters 16
Figure 2.10 Photograph of the Reconstructed Married Servant Quarters 16
Figure 2.11 Photograph of the Reconstructed Woodworking and Grinding Room 17
Figure 2.12 Photograph of East End of the North Face, 1958 20
Figure 2.13 Photograph of North Face after Removal of Roof, 1958 20
Figure 2.14 Photograph of "1910 Dec" Stamp on Foundation Discovered in 1958 20
Figure 3.1 Location of Excavation Trenches in the Extant Petaluma Adobe 22
Figure 4.1 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 1, Grid West Wall 29
Figure 4.2 Harris Matrix Diagram of Stratigraphic Layering in Trench 1 30
Figure 4.3 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 2, Grid West Wall 33
Figure 4.4 Harris Matrix Diagram of Stratigraphic Layering in Trench 2 34
Figure 4.5 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 2, Grid North Wall 35
Figure 4.6 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 3, Grid West Wall 41
ix Figure 4.7 Harris Matrix Diagram of Stratigraphic Layering in Trench 3 42
Figure 4.8 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 3, Grid North Wall 43
Figure 4.9 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 4, Grid West Wall 50
Figure 4.10 Harris Matrix Diagram of Stratigraphic Layering in Trench 4 51
Figure 4.11 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 4, Grid North Wall 52
Figure 4.12 Photograph of Grid South Wall, Trench 4 53
Figure 5.1 Obsidian Biface Recovered from Trench 1 62
Figure 5.2 Metal Artifacts Recovered from Trench 2 70
Figure 5.3 Black Transferprint Whiteware Ceramic Recovered from Trench 3 79
Figure 5.4 Groundstone Fragment Recovered from Trench 3 89
Figure 5.5 Modified Stones Recovered from Trench 4 99
Figure 6.1 Photograph of Compact Cobble Layer (1B-1) in Trench 1 116
Figure 6.2 Photograph of Petaluma Adobe, North Wall of North Face, 1958 117
Figure 6.3 Photograph of Cobble Feature in Trench 3 120
Figure 6.4 Photograph of North Face of Petaluma Adobe, Facing West, 1958 125
Figure 6.5 Photograph of Posthole Feature in Grid East Wall of Trench 1, Unit 4 125
Figure 6.6 Photograph of Interior of North Face, Facing East, 1958 126
x List of Tables
Table 3.1 Depth of Excavation and Number of Excavated Levels per Trench 24
Table 3.2 Summary of Matrix Volumes Excavated and Screened 25
Table 5.1 Total Artifact Counts for Trenches 1, 2, 3 and 4 58
Table 5.2 Nails Recovered from Trench 1 60
Table 5.3 Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 1 62
Table 5.4 Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 1 63
Table 5.5 Other Lithics Recovered from Trench 1 64
Table 5.6 Faunal Remains Recovered from Trench 1 65
Table 5.7 Glass Artifacts Recovered from Trench 2 67
Table 5.8 Classification of Beads Recovered from Trenches 1, 2, 3, and 4 68
Table 5.9 Nails Recovered from Trench 2 69
Table 5.10 Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 2 73
Table 5.11 Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 2 74
Table 5.12 Other Lithics Recovered from Trench 2 75
Table 5.13 Faunal Remains Recovered from Trench 2 77
Table 5.14 Faunal Remains Recovered from Lower Layers of Trench 2 78
Table 5.15 Glass Artifacts Recovered from Trench 3 80
Table 5.16 Nails Recovered from Trench 3 82
Table 5.17 Baked Clay Recovered from Trench 3 83
Table 5.18 Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 3 84
Table 5.19 Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 3 86
xi Table 5.20 Other Lithics Recovered from Trench 3 88
Table 5.21 Faunal Remains Recovered from Trench 3 90 Table 5.22 Faunal Remains Recovered from Lower Layers of Trench 3 91 Table 5.23 Glass Artifacts Recovered from Trench 4 93
Table 5.24 Nails Recovered from Trench 4 95 Table 5.25 Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 4 97 Table 5.26 Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 4 98
Table 5.27 Other Lithics Recovered from Trench 4 98
Table 5.28 Faunal Remains Recovered from Trench 4 100
Table 5.29 Faunal Remains Recovered from All Layers of Trench 4 100
Table 5.30 Counts, Percentages, and Densities of Artifacts from Each Trench 101
Table 6.1 Percentage of Obsidian Debitage with Cortex 109
Table 6.2 Size Fractions for Obsidian Debitage 109
Table 6.3 Percentage of Chert and Chalcedony Debitage with Cortex 110
Table 6.4 Size Fractions for Chert and Chalcedony Debitage 111
xii List of Appendices
Appendix A. Rock Weights, Matrix Volumes, and Screen Sampling for All Trenches.
Appendix B. Correlation of Excavated Levels with Stratigraphic Layers for All Trenches.
Appendix C. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence and Obsidian Hydration Data for Selected Obsidian Artifacts.
Appendix D. Complete Database for Artifacts Catalogued in the Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit Project.
Appendix E. Lithic Analysis Database.
Appendix F. Glass Analysis Database.
Appendix G. Metal Analysis Database.
Appendix H. Ceramic Analysis Database.
Appendix I. Faunal Analysis Database.
xiii xiv SECTION 1 Introduction
It must have been about 5:00 o'clock in the morning at Petaluma when, being at that place directing the work upon the large house I was building there for the use of my family, I felt a heavy earthquake which made me sick at the stomach (Vallejo 1875c:64).
In 1836, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo witnessed one of California's most common natural phenomena while constructing the large structure that became known as the Petaluma Adobe. This historic building still stands, although surviving as only half of its original size and shape as a large quadrangle. The Petaluma Adobe (CA-Son-363/H) now serves as the centerpiece and namesake for the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park, located just northeast of the city of Petaluma at 3372 Adobe Road. For almost 50 years, the state park has protected the 41-acre core of the original 66,000+ land grant named the Rancho Petaluma, granted to and held by M. G. Vallejo in the early to middle 19th century.
Concern about the same type of event that jarred Vallejo in 1836 brought archaeology into the Petaluma Adobe 162 years later. In the spring of 1998, the California Department of Parks (DPR) and Recreation and the Division of the State Architect initiated a program of seismic retrofitting for the Petaluma Adobe. As part of the California State Building Seismic Program, the Petaluma Adobe was slated to undergo substantial structural stabilization with the placement of steel I-beams and concrete footings at four strategic locations inside the historic structure. Archaeological mitigation was needed before any construction could take place. To expedite this process, the DPR and the Archaeological Research Facility at the University of California, Berkeley, forged a contract to excavate fully by hand the trenches required for the I-beam construction efforts. A Berkeley archaeological team conducted the fieldwork during the months of July and August in 1998.
Aside from its legal necessity and pre-construction clearing of cultural materials, the archaeological project – named the Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit (PASR) Project – made four important contributions to the history and prehistory of the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park, to the study of colonialism in Northern California, and to research on California's ranchos and adobes.
First, the project provided the only archaeological information available from inside the extant half of the Petaluma Adobe. Before the Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit Project, no one had ever conducted archaeological work inside the actual rooms of the still-standing historic building. The extant building had been used with variable intensity since the beginning of its construction in the 1830s to its entrance to the California State Park System in the early 1950s, but the material and cultural aspects of its existence were not well known apart from the relatively scant written record. The three major archaeological projects conducted from 1958-1962 as part of the
1 initial park land acquisition did not touch the building's interior, although they provided essential data on the Petaluma Adobe and adjacent rancho land. They focused primarily on uncovering and mapping foundations of the deteriorated eastern half of the Petaluma Adobe quadrangle, reconstructing building sequences, and searching for Vallejo-period surfaces around the Adobe (Gebhardt 1962; Treganza 1958). They also investigated the purported corrals northwest of the extant Adobe (Clemmer 1961), the potential buildings across Adobe Creek approximately 200 m to the east (Gebhardt 1962), and the historical and possible prehistoric midden along both sides of the stream (Gebhardt 1962; Treganza 1958).
Second, the PASR project allowed a cursory glimpse into the prehistoric and protohistoric use of the Petaluma Valley, generally, and the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park, specifically. Other than surface investigations around the park itself (Flynn and Roop 1990; Jordan 1988; Origer and Roscoe 1980; Quinn 1981) and the detailed cremation excavation along Adobe Creek (Amaroli and Origer 1984), little is known about the prehistoric and protohistoric use of the park lands on and around the knoll on which the Petaluma Adobe sits. A recent excavation across Adobe Creek from the Petaluma Adobe at site Son-2294/H has provided some insights into these time periods (Silliman 1998, 2000). Even though the PASR project focused on the intramural space of a historic structure, there was every expectation that pre-Vallejo occupation debris, perhaps in the form of a lithic scatter, might be encountered during excavation below the 19th- and 20th-century deposits.
Third, in its investigation of the interior of the Petaluma Adobe, the PASR project supplied archaeological data that complemented excavation results from other parts of the state park. The most important counterpart to the PASR project was the three-season archaeological project by the University of California, Berkeley, to document and analyze Native American lifeways on the Rancho Petaluma during the 1800s (Silliman 1998, 2000). That project focused almost exclusively on cultural deposits at Son-2294/H. The marriage of these two projects will provide important information on the lifeways of all residents – Native and Mexican-Californian – in this 19th-century pluralistic community.
Fourth, coupled with excavations on the native aspect of the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park cited above and the early archaeological excavations in the park by Clemmer, Gebhardt, and Treganza, the PASR project provided more data on this particular case in rancho history. Archaeologists have learned much about the ranchos and adobe houses of Southern California, especially Olivos Adobe (Greenwood 1989:461), Ontiveros Adobe (Frierman 1982), Rancho Los Cerritos (Evans 1969), Sepulveda's Rancho San Joaquin (Chace 1969), Bandini-Cota Adobe (Greenwood et al. 1983), Yorba-Slaughter Adobe (Greenwood et al. 1988), Aros-Serrano Adobe (Frierman 1987; Greenwood et al. 1987), Rancho Estudillo (Foster et al. 1996), Hugo Reid Adobe (Wallace and Wallace 1958, 1961; Wallace et al. 1958), the Avila Adobe (Butler 1973), and Presley Hubbart's landholdings (Moratto et al. 1994). Although the scope of research and recovery of cultural materials on these rancho sites have been variable, a general picture of rancho lifeways, building construction, and material culture has developed (see Barker et al. 1995; Greenwood 1989).
2 However, this picture remains blurry for Northern California adobes and ranchos because so few have undergone systematic examination. Aside from the limited-distribution early reports on the Petaluma Adobe, recent work at Son-2294/H (Silliman 1998, 2000), preliminary studies in the East San Francisco Bay area (Luby 1995), and an evaluation of the Carrillo Adobe in Santa Rosa (Beard 1993), very few other Northern California ranchos have received substantial archaeological attention. The deficit is unfortunate given the solid historical research devoted to many of these rancho establishments (e.g., New Helvetia, near Sacramento – Hurtado 1988; Phillips 1993; Rancho San Antonio, near Novato – Carlson and Parkman 1986; Rancho Posolmi, near Santa Clara – Shoup and Milliken 1999).
To address these four issues, this report documents the PASR archaeological work completed to fulfill the contract for the state building seismic program. It extends and supercedes an earlier preliminary report (Silliman 1999). The report consists of seven sections. Following this introduction, the second section outlines the historical and archaeological background of the Petaluma Adobe, especially with regard to the known physical parameters of and alterations to the structure itself. Because excavations were located within this historic structure, background information pertains almost exclusively to the locale itself. Little prehistoric background is offered, although some data related to these periods are presented in the results. The third section details the research design and strategies for fulfilling the mitigation contract. Focus is on excavation locations and methods and on data recovery. The fourth section presents results of stratigraphic analysis, including descriptions and interpretations of strata for each trench. The fifth section provides the artifactual and ecofactual data recovered from excavations. The sixth section summarizes these results in a more synthetic fashion, relating findings to broader historical and archaeological issues regarding prehistoric use of the park lands, construction history of the Petaluma Adobe, material culture of 19th- and 20th-century residents at the site, and use and renovation of individual rooms within the Adobe. The seventh section concludes the report with final syntheses and suggestions for future work and analyses.
3 4 SECTION 2 Historical and Archaeological Background
2.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The history of the Rancho Petaluma began in 1834 with the granting of the land to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, and the Petaluma Adobe – its residential and economic core – is preserved today in the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park (Figure 2.1). Although 1834 marked the rancho's beginning, the Rancho Petaluma did not stand isolated from the flow of colonial or native history. The Rancho Petaluma arose from the preceding 59 years of geopolitical, military, and social events of the San Francisco Bay and North Coast, and it charted a new, but brief, course into the middle of the 19th century. The broader historical canvas has been well documented by 19th-century (Bancroft 1885, 1886, 1888; Vallejo 1875a-e) and 20th-century historians (Lothrop 1929, 1932; McKittrick 1944; Rosenus 1995; Tays 1937, 1938).
FIGURE 2.1. Map of Northern California's Colonial and Native Landscape, Circa 1836.
5 Aside from a handful of landfalls by European explorers in the 16th and 17th centuries (see Lightfoot and Simmons 1998 for review), the official colonial and historical period in Northern California began with the establishment of Mission San Francisco de Asís and the military post of the Presidio de San Francisco on the San Francisco peninsula in 1776 (Milliken 1995). This event marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the San Francisco Bay area. Other missions soon opened at Mission Santa Clara in 1777 and Mission San Jose in 1797. By the early 1800s, all three missions were actively proselytizing, recruiting, and decimating indigenous populations that inhabited the entire ring of the San Francisco Bay and adjoining waterways (Milliken 1995). The missionary arm even stretched up into the Sacramento delta and northward.
Due in part to depauperate health conditions at Mission San Francisco de Asís in the first two decades of the 19th century, the local padres initiated a plan to establish a new mission north of the peninsula that could serve as an asistencia to the main mission. This mission, Mission San Rafael Arcangel, was founded in 1817 on the eastern edge of the Marin Peninsula. Mission San Rafael Arcangel served as a new base for the missionization of indigenous populations that had remained out of immediate reach in the mountains and plains north of San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. Missionaries focused particular effort on the coastal regions of Bodega Bay and western Sonoma County (Milliken 1978). The areas of Marin County and the southern half of Sonoma and Napa counties had already undergone missionization, and native individuals had been relocated south by the efforts of Missions San Francisco de Asís and Santa Clara (Milliken 1978). As conditions worsened at Mission San Francisco de Asís, several padres wanted to actually relocate the mission somewhere northeast of Mission San Rafael Arcangel in the Contra Costa del Norte frontier (Smilie 1975:2-4).
Amidst much political posturing and dissidence, a new mission site was chosen in the Sonoma Valley in 1823, and Mission San Francisco Solano opened (Smilie 1975:16-18). This was the twenty-first and final Franciscan mission to be established in California; in fact, it was the only California mission established under Mexican independence. "By the time of the founding of the Mission San Francisco de Solano, the North Bay, south of a line drawn between Cotati, Glen Ellen, Yountville, and Vacaville, had been stripped of its people" (Milliken 1978:2.39). However, at its founding, native people resident at Missions San Jose, Santa Clara, and San Francisco de Asís who originally hailed from the North Bay were given the option to transfer to the new San Francisco Solano (Smilie 1975:18). Many chose to do so (Milliken 1978). Mission San Francisco Solano soon became a prosperous settlement by mission standards, but Mission San Francisco de Asís did not close operations.
Ten years later in 1833, colonial eyes turned to the Santa Rosa Plain and the Petaluma Valley as the Mexican government pushed for more secular settlements in the region. At this time, Lieutenant Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo made a historic journey to the Russian colony at Ross on a "secret mission" to discuss political matters and to scope out the armaments and composition of the Russian fort (Tays 1937:232-233). On the eve of mission secularization, a Mexican- Californian colony was dispatched to the Petaluma Valley to take up residence, but they encountered mission herders erecting houses and tending cattle (Smilie 1975:45). Native villages
6 were probably long deserted. The mission’s focus had shifted to the Petaluma area only in 1833 when Father Gutiérrez, the padre at Mission San Francisco Solano, sent neophytes to the Petaluma Valley to take up residence in an attempt to thwart secular colonists arriving to settle "mission" lands (Bancroft 1885:255; Hoopes 1965:5-6; Tays 1937:235). With this obstacle, most settler families returned to the Presidio, but a few moved to the Santa Rosa Plain. Nonetheless, Vallejo had 10 bushels of wheat sown in Petaluma for his own use (Tays 1937:235). The Santa Rosa colony was short-lived, attributed to hostility of native groups in the area, but there were plans to found a settlement called Santa Any y Farías in that area. The mission's effort to block secular settlement in Petaluma proved temporarily successful, but in June of 1834, these "mission" lands entered the hands of Mariano G. Vallejo (Tays 1937:235). Although granting of the Rancho Petaluma rode on the heels of mission secularization, ownership change appears to have arisen in part out of deal between Vallejo and the resident padre at San Francisco Solano (Lothrop 1926:24,85; Hoopes 1965:16-17).
Mariano G. Vallejo was one of the most important political figures in Alta California beginning in the fourth decade of the 19th century (Lothrop 1932; McKittrick 1944; Rosenus 1995; Tays 1937, 1938). Vallejo was born in Monterey in 1807, and at the age of 16, he joined the military. Vallejo made his first major appearance in the annals of history in 1829 when he led troops against Estanislao, a fugitive native neophyte who had escaped from Mission San Jose in the South Bay (McNally 1976:53-63; Tays 1937:219-221). Vallejo maintained the military garrison at the Presidio de San Francisco from 1830 until 1834-1835, when he transferred to the Sonoma Valley with orders to secularize Mission San Francisco Solano.
Vallejo's transfer to Mission San Francisco Solano during 1834-1835 was a turning point in North Bay colonial history. Not only did Vallejo officially secularize the mission and turn it into the pueblo of Sonoma, but he also relocated his military headquarters there (Smilie 1975; Tays 1937:236-237). Mission secularization in October of 1834 served to eradicate ecclesiastical control in the area and to disband most native communities living around the quadrangle. Vallejo was in charge of this process. Many of these individuals left for any remaining homelands, received cattle and land as part of the secularization process, or entered various labor roles in the pueblo or on surrounding ranchos. Much of this was slow to happen because of reluctance shown by Father Quijas (Tays 1937:240-241). In 1835, Governor Figueroa designated the Sonoma Valley as the military and political headquarters for the northern frontier (Tays 1937:242-243).
After traveling back and forth from San Francisco to Sonoma for several months, Vallejo returned with presidial troops to Sonoma in July of 1835 to stay. His wife, Francisca Benicia, joined him soon thereafter (Smilie 1975:57). With Governor Figueroa's bestowal of the title of Military Commander and Director of Colonization of the Northern Frontier, Vallejo converted the secularized mission into the pueblo of Sonoma (Tays 1937:242). At this time, Vallejo began to be called General, although his official military rank of colonel in the Mexican army remained unchanged (Rosenus 1995:xv). With this position of power, Vallejo controlled an enormous colonial frontier and impacted an equally large indigenous social landscape.
7 Military relocation in 1835 marked the beginning of 10 years of armed conflict with native groups outside the immediate reach of Mission San Francisco Solano. Vallejo, his brother Salvador, and his indigenous military ally Sem-Yeto (Chief Solano) from the Suisunes group of the Southern Patwin language family ran numerous campaigns against neighboring native groups to the north in order to punish horse thieves, to alleviate fears of native attack on the pueblo, and to secure laborers for North Bay ranchos (Farris 1989; Lothrop 1932; Vallejo 1875c). Some of these confrontations were between newly forged enemies of Vallejo and Sem-Yeto; others developed out of long-standing animosity between indigenous tribelet polities and individuals striving for positions of regional power. Several treaties were signed between native leaders and Vallejo. A famous one was forged between Vallejo and Tucumin Succara of the Satiyomi in 1837 following the capture of Zampay, the leader of Yolotoi peoples from the western flank of the Sacramento Valley (Vallejo 1875c:250-252).
2.2 THE RANCHO PETALUMA: HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
One of the most significant features of Mariano G. Vallejo's advent into Sonoma County was his 1834 receipt of the Rancho Petaluma, an extensive land grant covering over 66,000 acres. The rancho grant was officially confirmed in 1843 when Vallejo applied for duplicate title (Hoopes 1965:7). Much of the land grant covered acreage that was previously "owned" by Mission San Francisco Solano, and at its granting, there may have been few to no extant native villages in the Petaluma Valley. Vallejo received the Rancho Petaluma as repayment for his services to the Mexican government and as incentive for further colonization of Northern California. The rancho provided material, if not also symbolic, compensation to Vallejo for his years of military service in Alta California. Even more so than the founding of Mission San Francisco Solano, the Petaluma land grant was a concerted effort to block Russian expansion inland from their settlements on the Sonoma coastline (Bancroft 1886:164; Lothrop 1926:47; Tays 1937:234). Now, the military and political backing existed to convince Russian managers at Colony Ross that they were only tolerated guests in Mexican California.
At its zenith, the Rancho Petaluma stretched for over 66,600 acres from Sonoma Creek (Arroyo Sonoma) in the east to the Petaluma River (Arroyo Petaluma) in the west and from the northern shore of San Pablo Bay on the south to three leagues inland to the north (see Figure 2.1). As a rule under Mexican law, a land grantee had to immediately build a house and begin making "improvements" to the land (Sánchez 1986:216). In 1834, Vallejo did just that as he began constructing a hacienda on a promontory in the Petaluma Valley alongside the west bank of Arroyo Lema, now known as Adobe Creek. This hacienda was to become known as the Petaluma Adobe. The building location was chosen to command a good view of the entire valley and to have access to a reliable water source (Davis 1929:136). The Petaluma Adobe and its associated buildings and spaces comprised the residential and working core of the rancho (Figure 2.2).
8 FIGURE 2.2. Map of the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park.
During the rancho period, the Rancho Petaluma also included a number of outbuildings and workspaces to accommodate the multiple tasks associated with the hide and tallow trade and the raising of agricultural crops. Some of these features of the Petaluma landscape were depicted on a survey map produced in the late 1840s by Jaspar O’Farrell and James Hudspeth (O’Farrell 1848) and have been investigated archaeologically (Treganza 1958; Clemmer 1961; Gebhardt 1962; Silliman 1998). Northwest of the main adobe stood two stone foundations discovered through archaeological excavations and interpreted as corrals (Clemmer 1961). An alternate hypothesis has been offered that these were early residential and working structures (Hoopes 1965:18).
The same 19th-century survey map (O'Farrell 1848) also depicted two rectangular adobe buildings across Adobe Creek to the east. These buildings existed on the survey map designed to accompany Vallejo’s request for new title to his land under United States jurisdiction, but not a single individual referred to them in the accompanying depositions (US District Court 1852). One historian (Hoopes 1965:31-32) suggested that these buildings were a storehouse and granary, but archival evidence cited by him does not unequivocally situate Vallejo's grist mill, built by H. Petitt in 1838 (Vallejo 1874b), in that area. Given that the particular building in question (i.e.,
9 the "grist mill") later became an American period schoolhouse (e.g., Hoopes 1965:31), this mill was actually located upstream from the Adobe (Mannion n.d.; Elbert Hopkins, personal communication, 1996; Treganza 1958:10).
Although it is possible that the buildings comprised a granary, others have suggested that the structure(s) may have been a housing complex for native laborers (Bowman and Hendry 1940:312; Schuyler 1978:77). Vallejo hinted at a "house for the servants" (Vallejo 1875c:258), and ranchos generally had laborers living nearby (Bancroft 1888:348; Cleland 1941:43; McNally 1976:134; Monroy 1990:151). Excavation in the early 1960s revealed one rectangular foundation in the appropriate area, but no consideration of building use was offered (Gebhardt 1962:18-19). Recent archaeological investigations by the University of California, Berkeley, have demonstrated that substantial deposits of native residential material at site CA-Son-2294/H exist in close proximity to the projected buildings (Silliman 1998, 2000). However, the exact location and function of the building, or buildings, remain uncertain. In addition, an historic-period native residential midden was mapped in this vicinity by Treganza (1958), and the 1956 recollections of Alice Adams, a Petaluma resident whose parents lived in the Adobe in 1859, tentatively placed native living quarters across Adobe Creek (Mannion n.d.).
The unique feature of the Rancho Petaluma was its varied labor force, consisting of former mission neophytes working as artisans; non-missionized natives working as menial laborers and assistants (Davis 1929:136); Mexican colonists serving as carpenters, painters, blacksmiths, and silversmiths (Hoopes 1965:19-20); and four Native Hawaiian wood carvers (Vallejo 1941:3). In title and often in person, Vallejo supervised these workers and ran the Rancho Petaluma. Vallejo or members of his family tended to occupy the Petaluma Adobe only during particular construction episodes or occasional crop harvests, or while entertaining special visitors. The primary Vallejo home was on the north side of the plaza in Sonoma. However, some accounts suggest that Vallejo actually supervised much of the agricultural work (Davis 1929:136). In Vallejo’s consistent absence, daily operation of the Rancho Petaluma rested in the hands of Miguel Alvarado, the majordomo, from at least 1839 until 1849 (Hoopes 1965:15).
Vallejo retained the land and maintained the Petaluma Adobe until the years between 1846-1848 when the United States annexed California. Although he never lost possession of the Rancho Petaluma or the Petaluma Adobe during US annexation, Vallejo did lose much of the rancho's resources to American immigrants and neglect (Larkin 1953:237; Vallejo 1941:3). Native workers who remained on the rancho following the smallpox epidemic of 1838 probably did not remain long thereafter. For instance, Alvarado commented in an 1848 letter to Vallejo that native workers complained of the lack of pay and threatened to leave for work elsewhere (Alvarado 1848). Beginning in the 1850s, Vallejo broke up the Petaluma land grant due to a lack of native labor and acceptable labor overseers, and by the late 1850s he had parceled out almost 30,000 acres (Hoopes 1965:11-12). During the early part of that decade, Vallejo also petitioned the Board of Land Commissioners to uphold his claim to the land (US District Court 1852) and leased the property four separate times in exchange for the residents' labor toward finishing the adobe (Hoopes 1965:27-29). None of these lease agreements were satisfactorily upheld. In April of 1857, having had the land grant confirmed by the US court (Hoopes 1965:10; McKittrick
10 1944:322), Vallejo sold the property to William H. Whiteside, who sold it to William D. Bliss only 5 months later. During the latter's ownership in the 1870s, a classic photograph was taken of the Petaluma Adobe and its deteriorating eastern half (Figure 2.3).
FIGURE 2.3. Photograph of Petaluma Adobe, 1870s. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation.
William D. Bliss retained the property until 1886, when it transferred to William J. A. Bliss (Hoopes 1965:12). In 1910, the property was deeded to the Native Sons of the Golden West (Figure 2.4). While in the hands of the Native Sons of the Golden West, the Petaluma Adobe underwent long-term, though poorly detailed, restoration efforts (Hoopes 1965:13,30). The property title transferred to the State of California in August of 1950, and it entered the state parks system in January of 1951.
FIGURE 2.4. Photograph of Petaluma Adobe, South Face, Circa 1910. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation.
11 2.3 DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION AND USE AT THE PETALUMA ADOBE
The Petaluma Adobe was one of the largest of its type – the "Monterey Style" – in Alta California and definitely the largest in Northern California (Brack 1991:169-170; Woodbridge 1988:32). It sported the thick adobe brick walls, two-story design, and double verandas characteristic of this style. Despite the potential influence of American architectural styles with the fireplace in one room and the plastered or paneled ceilings in some upper-story rooms, the Petaluma Adobe was designed with strong Hispanic elements: enclosed central courtyard, exterior stairways, and single-file arrangement of rooms that were accessed primarily from the exterior porch (Brack 1991). Only the western half of the structure stands today. The variety of room arrangements and designs reflected the Petaluma Adobe's multiple purposes. The structure included residential quarters for Vallejo and his family on their seasonal or special occasion visits to the Rancho Petaluma; housing for the labor overseer, artisans, and perhaps some servants; work rooms for weaving, grinding, leather-working, and other economic pursuits; and storage rooms for grain, hides, and other materials (Hoopes 1965). The current first-level floor plan can be found on the report cover and in Figure 3.1 (next section). This floor plan parallels that of the second floor except that the upper-story has an interior doorway between the north face and north end of the west face.
The Petaluma Adobe was constructed with a particular large-scale design in mind, as data presented in this project will show. Contrary to Vallejo's own claim that "the South Front was 250 feet" (Vallejo 1941:3), the Petaluma Adobe covered approximately 190 feet x 190 feet (or 60 m x 60 m)1. The extant structure now forms a U-shape facing east with a north, south, and west face2 (Figure 2.5) plus a southwest wing, but the deteriorated half recovered archaeologically had completed the quadrangle (Gebhardt 1962; Treganza 1958). Although archaeologists have verified the shape of the eastern half, it is unclear whether the eastern half had one or two stories. The structure may have actually been two stories without an upper floor (Hoopes 1965:30; cf. Treganza 1958:19). The quadrangle within the Petaluma Adobe is best described as a trapezoid with the north and south breezeway "doors" out of alignment by approximately 60 cm and the east wing of the south face 1.5 m shorter than the west wing (Treganza 1958:6).
According to previous archaeological investigations, the sequence of building on the Petaluma Adobe appeared to have been with the south section first, followed by west and north faces (Gebhardt 1962:11-12; Treganza 1958:7). Based on placement of the cobble foundation, the east face would have been constructed last, from north to south, and perhaps in part as a single-story structure (Treganza 1958:7,13). Additional evidence for the single-story east face derived from oral tradition from the Farley family (Treganza 1958:13,19). Yet, the photograph in Figure 2.3 reveals that at least the southern third of the face would have been two story.
1 Measurements are noted in the English unit system if this is the way they were originally reported or used. The metric equivalent is given in parentheses to convert them to the system used in the PASR excavations. 2 Following Treganza (1958:5), I call the three standing sections of the Petaluma Adobe "faces" rather than "wings", reserving the latter for the structural extension to the south from the southwest corner of the building.
12 FIGURE 2.5. Photograph of Extant Petaluma Adobe.
Cobble foundations for all walls measured 12-18 inches (30-35 cm) wide and consisted of a foundation trench filled with stones that diminished in size with depth. That is, footings had small stream cobbles in the bottom of the trench and increasingly larger stones above them to approximately 6 inches (15 cm) above the ground. The largest stones capped the footing and provided the surface on which adobe mud was placed and then adobe bricks were laid (Treganza 1958:6). Internal and external walls were plastered, and a lime whitewash applied (Brown 1956:8; Hoopes 1965:21). Adobe bricks were made of a combination of adobe mud, sand, gravel, and grass; the latter allowed bricks to dry evenly and not crack (Figure 2.6). A portion of the adobe mud derived from the promontory itself, as will be detailed in subsequent chapters of this report, and according to Treganza's (1958:18) speculations, from borrow pits south of the Adobe along the west bank of Adobe Creek. Bricks were generally 21 inches x 11 inches x 3.5 inches (53 cm x 28 cm x 9 cm), although some measured 22 inches (56 cm) (Bowman and Hendry 1940:307).
FIGURE 2.6 Photograph of Adobe Bricks Drying Outside Petaluma Adobe, 1958. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation.
13 First story walls measured 35-36 inches (89-91 cm) in thickness, while second story walls tended to be 33 inches (84 cm) (Bowman and Hendry 1940:307). According to inspections in 1953 by A. D. Pilbrook, inner walls were more consistently 36 inches (91 cm) than outer walls due to weathering (reprinted in Hoopes 1965:63). Verandas along the inside and outside of all building faces were approximately 15 feet (4.6 m) wide, and a ground-level gravel walkway had stretched at least along the south face of the Adobe (Treganza 1958:9). The quadrangle's courtyard was compact, and in the northeast corner it consisted of a "white, semi-hard calcarious [sic] material" (Treganza 1958:9). Edges of the roof and balcony rested on redwood posts anchored to a redwood mudsill (Hoopes 1965:64). These sills sat on small stone foundations, except for the western face's outer wall, which had a retaining wall to bring the floor to grade on the hill slope. The Adobe's roof was shingled thanks to efforts of George C. Yount (Boggs 1913; Hoopes 1965:17), but whether shingling was completed in 1836 or 1844 has not been resolved (Hoopes 1965:17,22). Some windows were converted to doors in the 1950s, and the only door to access the outer balcony on the second floor was on the south wall of the south face (Pilbrook, reprinted in Hoopes 1965:67). All rooms sported redwood lumber for the ceiling, and there were relatively few windows, especially on the outermost wall of the western face. If current reconstructions are accurate, only three upper-floor rooms had a low paneled or plastered ceiling: south face, southwest wing, and north face. However, the ceiling type of the latter is purely speculative, given the absence of a ceiling during the 1958 renovations.
The upper floor of the Petaluma Adobe contained residential spaces and the official or family dining room (Boggs 1913; Vallejo 1941:2). Quarters were for Vallejo and his family when they resided in Petaluma, for visitors and guests, and for the resident majordomo, Miguel Alvarado. Vallejo's family quarters, reconstructed in the southern room of the south face's second floor (the southwest wing), were more ornate with detailed woodwork on the ceiling (Figure 2.7).
FIGURE 2.7 Photograph of the Reconstructed Family Quarters.
14 Accessible from this dining room via an internal doorway was the proposed dining room (Figure 2.8). Although the dining area was upstairs, cooking took place in large ovens and covered spaces in the courtyard (Boggs 1913). On William Boggs' arrival in 1846, he and his family
were met at the main entrance by the General, and escorted into the Courtyard, and up an easy flight of steps, into a wide veranda, and on into a long well lighted apartment, where there was a long table, with linen table cover, spread and covered with smoking dishes of meat and vegetables, cooked spanish [sic] style. After they had partaken of a good warm meal, and tea, the General escorted the old folks to a room in a remote part of the building, where there was a small fireplace, the only room in that structure that had a fireplace in it (Boggs 1913).
Oddly, the only room with a fireplace is the reconstructed dining room and parlor. Since the dining room and the "room in a remote part of the building" cannot be the same room, the current reconstruction may be incorrect. The dining room may have been in the north face or, as Hoopes (1965:25) claimed, in the southwest wing. If the latter is accurate and if Hoopes' (1965:26-27) other assertion that Vallejo's bedroom was between the parlor and the dining room, then the current reconstructed dining room was actually divided into a parlor (east end with fireplace) and a bedroom (west end). The current bedroom would have been the dining room. However, it is still unclear whether the parlor would have seemed "remote" from the dining room in this scenario, except that the exterior door of the dining room was on the outside of the building on the south side and the door to the parlor would have been on the courtyard side of the south face.
FIGURE 2.8 Photograph of the Reconstructed Dining Room and Parlor1.
In addition to Vallejo's residential and dining areas, the upper floor also contained other rooms. The majordomo may have occupied the small room north of the southwest wing along the west face. It is also possible that some native workers, probably house servants or specialized artisans,
1 Note the presence of the flanking steel I-beams added in 1998 following the completion of the archaeological work reported here. They are visible in Figure 2.9 as well.
15 slept in upper rooms of the Adobe. No documents speak directly to this2, but second story rooms in the west (Figure 2.9) and north faces (Figure 2.10) have been reconstructed to reflect this possibility. Given the hypothesized plastered ceiling in the north face room and the room's distance from the fireplace, there is the slight possibility that the upper-story room in the north face, thought to be married servant quarters, could have been the dining room.
FIGURE 2.9 Photograph of the Reconstructed Artisan Quarters.
FIGURE 2.10 Photograph of the Reconstructed Married Servant Quarters.
Lower rooms of the Petaluma Adobe contained workspaces and storage areas (Vallejo 1941:1), but they had neither wooden nor tile floors (Treganza 1958:8). Until the excavations reported here, no archaeological work had been undertaken inside the building itself, and the 1950s and
2 After bypassing the Petaluma Adobe in 1847, James Ward stayed at an adobe house in Marin County. He noted in his diary (Ward 1878) that he saw Indian men and women sleeping on the floor of that adobe.
16 1960s excavators of the deteriorated eastern half of the Adobe did not record artifactual data for their work inside and around those foundation walls. Delineation of activities, practices, or spatial organization is not yet possible for these areas; however, archival sources are illuminating.
Manufacturing activities included tanning, weaving, woodworking, and perhaps blacksmithing (Figure 2.11). The latter was probably undertaken outside, but the other activities undoubtedly occupied interior space. Based on Hoopes' (1965) research, the lower room of the south face was a weaving room, the long lower room of the west face was a woodworking and grinding room, and the lower room of the north face was a hide working and storage room.
FIGURE 2.11 Photograph of the Reconstructed Woodworking and Grinding Room.
Workers at the Petaluma Adobe manufactured blankets, shoes for troops and vaqueros, men's and women's stockings, utilitarian carpets, field stools, saddles, bridles, and spurs (Vallejo 1875c:246, 1941:1). Candles were an important commodity as well (Hoopes 1965:46). Specific products and materials stored in these rooms included agricultural crops such as wheat, beans, barley, and strings of tomatoes and red peppers (Boggs 1913), cattle and possibly deer hides (Boggs 1913), and tallow and lard (Vallejo 1941:2). These agricultural and manufactured goods were for food consumption and use at the Adobe itself, for distribution to native workers, and for trade with vessels at Yerba Buena (San Francisco) and the Russian colony at Ross (Alvarado 1844; Davis 1929:136). Given that Vallejo grew lentils, garbanzos, oats, and corn on the rancho (Davis 1929:136; US District Court 1952:10; Vallejo 1941:2), these products undoubtedly also occupied space in these storage rooms. The deteriorated east face may have served as a stable (Treganza 1958:13), but this may have been a post-Vallejo use, much like the trash pits found along the eastern face foundations dating between the 1880s and 1950s (Treganza 1958:4).
Coupled with questions surrounding the actual uses of the upper- and lower-story rooms is the issue of initial construction of the Petaluma Adobe. Vallejo himself claimed that he constructed the Petaluma Adobe between 1834 and 1844 (Vallejo 1941:1). Although most of Vallejo's
17 contemporaries and current historians generally have agreed that construction did begin at the Petaluma Adobe site in 1834, there is no consensus as to what this construction entailed. In his synthesis of the Petaluma Adobe's material and cultural history completed for the California Department of Parks and Recreation (formerly Department of Beaches and Parks), Chad Hoopes argued that initial construction was not of the current Petaluma Adobe but was instead of the two foundations to the northwest of the Petaluma Adobe (Hoopes 1965:17-18). Located by excavation in 1961, these foundations were interpreted as corral walls (Clemmer 1961). However, Hoopes suggested that these represented a "herders' house" and corral, with the former later reduced to a four-wall structure for sheltering animals and workers during slaughtering (Hoopes 1965:18).
Even though no solid archaeological evidence can be mustered to support this latter claim, the legal depositions of Vallejo’s family and friends during Vallejo’s 1852 land case in the US court system lend some credibility. For instance, the land case of 1852 contained the following depositions regarding the Rancho Petaluma: (1) Salvador Vallejo, Vallejo's brother, claimed that Vallejo had "built several adobe houses on it, corrals, and fences," (US District Court 1852:11- 12) and that Salvador himself had lived in the first house built in 1833 (US District Court 1852:12); (2) Jose de la Rosa noted that Vallejo built a small house in 1833 or 1834 (US District Court 1852:9); and (3) John B. Cooper stated that Vallejo had lived in a small house at Petaluma in 1834 (US District Court 1852:18). It would be hard to believe that anyone ever referred to the Petaluma Adobe as a "small house," even when only partially complete. Given this scenario, the construction date of the Petaluma Adobe proper may be traceable to 1836 (Hoopes 1965:18; see Vallejo 1875c:64) or to 1839, as stated by Jose de la Rosa (US District Court 1852:9).
Aside from this confusion, it seems that the large Petaluma Adobe structure was not completed rapidly, if ever at all. Even four years after American annexation of California, Salvador Vallejo claimed that the Petaluma Adobe was still unfinished (US District Court 1852:13), although the quadrangle had taken shape by 1840 (Boggs 1913; Bowman and Hendry 1940:309-310; Hoopes 1965:21; Vallejo 1941:2). Slightly later, the O'Farrell survey of 1848 showed the ground plan for the entire Adobe, meaning that the quadrangle and at least the walls or foundations must have been in place by then. However, William Boggs' writings during his stay there in 1846 suggested that the building was not fully completed: The main building was two story high, built around a court, or square, inside. The front and west side, and about half of the rear side, was finished upstairs with wide verandas. . . . The east side of the building was not finished, at the time we occupied it. The walls were built up, and covered with tule, to protect them from the rain, as no adobe work could be done in the rainy season (Boggs 1913).
Treganza (1958:12) questioned Boggs' attribution of direction, but Boggs' account meshed with other observations at the time. The same unfinished-building scenario played out again in both 1847 and 1848 in James Ward's diary (Ward 1848): "After losing sight of the Valley of Santa Rosa we descended into that of Petaluma, where is the casa grande, still unfinished, of the General, which, it is said, he intends to occupy at no late day, although it appears to be going to ruin already." In addition, on Horace Bushnell's 1856 visit to the Petaluma Adobe to inspect it as
18 the possible location of the "College of California," he found the eastern half not yet completed (Bushnell 1856).
The state of non-completion was not surprising given that Vallejo's leasing of the Petaluma Adobe property during the 1850s in exchange for additional construction on the east face had resulted in failure (Hoopes 1965:28). Deslander and Lebret, two French settlers, had agreed to finish the east side in exchange for use of the rancho and cattle provisions, but they made little progress. They were replaced by Eugene Lezsay, who also did not complete the east side but did provide upkeep for the south and north faces. In 1852, Leandro Luso assumed residence at the Adobe, and instead of finishing and maintaining the Adobe as contracted by Vallejo, he began stealing lumber for his own personal use (Hoopes 1965:28). Treganza (1958:13) suggested, however, that Luso may have completed the facade on the upper story. Nevertheless, Vallejo evicted Luso, and in 1854 offered the management position to Manville Doyle, who remained only a few months, to be replaced by a Mr. Curtis (Hoopes 1965:28-29).
In addition to the continuous decay that no resident had prevented, the adobe underwent a significant earthquake in 1855, an event that cracked one wall near the main entrance and weakened the building joint between the south and east sections (Hoopes 1965:29). In the 1870s, the situation was far more grave, as a photograph of the Petaluma Adobe shows the eastern half in a serious state of decay and collapse (see Figure 2.3). Also at this time, the east end of the remaining north face was walled with rock and wood (Treganza 1958:18), features that were removed and replaced by adobe brick and veranda during 1950s renovations. By 1894, the Adobe "had fallen away and was partly used as a rancher's home, a dairy house, and a cow barn; the stockade was a cowyard" (Hoopes 1965:31 citing Scudder 1896:28).
Upon the Petaluma Adobe’s entry into the State Parks system in January of 1951, significant renovation began. The following summary of this process draws entirely from Chad Hoopes' detailed account (Hoopes 1965:51-61) and my consultation of archival photographs on file at the Petaluma Adobe. The year 1951 marked the beginning of significant restoration as the south face was targeted for removal of wooden partitions, wiring, and plumbing; repair or installation of doors and windows; construction of a new roof; and refurbishment of the veranda. In addition, walls were to be straightened and strengthened. However, crews redirected work after a ferocious windstorm in the fall of 1951 ripped most of the roof from the west face.
In spring of 1952, actual proposed renovation began with removal of partitions in the south face and of bathroom facilities and wiring in the west face. In 1958, renovators devoted serious attention to the sagging walls of the north face (Figure 2.12). The construction team raised the walls, replaced the foundation and lower adobe bricks, repaired adobe brick segments, removed and then replaced the roof (Figure 2.13), installed a steel-and-concrete support system in the core of the wall, and cut new redwood shingles. According to one photograph, construction workers located a date of "Dec 1910" on part of the concrete foundation underlying the exterior wall of the north face (Figure 2.14). This date confirmed the restoration work completed under the auspices of the Native Sons of the Golden West.
19 The last major renovation effort took place in the summer of 1996 under the direction of Glenn Burch, Park Historian. This restoration project involved removing the existing adobe mud floors of the Petaluma Adobe and replacing them with uniform and chemically-treated mud overlaying steel mesh and builder’s sand.
FIGURE 2.12. Photograph of East End of the North Face, 1958. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation.
FIGURE 2.13. Photograph of North Face after Removal of Roof, 1958. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation.
FIGURE 2.14. Photograph of "1910 Dec" Stamp on Foundation Discovered in 1958. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation. 20 SECTION 3 Archaeological Research Design
3.1 LOCATIONS AND DIMENSIONS OF EXCAVATION TRENCHES
The seismic stabilization contract stipulated the locations and dimensions for the PASR project excavations. The seismic retrofit proposal required placement of steel I-beams and concrete footings inside the three existing faces of the Petaluma Adobe at optimal locations for wall stabilization. The concrete base was to stretch across the entire width of the rooms and required a 0.76 m trench width and a 1.22 m trench depth to accommodate the engineering. Room width determined trench length (approximately 4.4 m) at excavation locations. At the ends of each trench, steel I-beams were to be anchored to these concrete footings, adjacent to the adobe walls, and to the second-floor joists and roof above. Because of the necessity to match trench excavation with the future placement of structural support, two structural engineers from DASSE Design, Inc. of San Francisco preselected the excavation locations to correlate design specifications for steel I-beams with the building's architectural form. Once marked, all decisions regarding how to excavate the trenches fell completely within the purview of archaeological goals and budgets of time and money.
A total of four trenches were marked and excavated. They were labeled Trench 1, 2, 3, and 4 in counter-clockwise order beginning with the trench in the north face (Figure 3.1). In other words, the north face contained Trench 1, the west face had Trenches 2 and 3, and the south face had Trench 4. Ordinal number also reflected general order of excavation. As stated above, ideal trench dimensions were 0.76 m width x 1.22 m depth x 4.4 m (approximate) length. In most cases, the ideal trench dimension was achievable. However, Trench 1 and Trench 4 did not meet the desired depth because we encountered a sterile layer of bedrock-like consistency (see next section).
Although official trench width was 0.76 m, the upper 0.10-0.15 m of every trench was widened to 0.85-0.90 m to facilitate removal of the modern floor. The "modern floor" consisted of an adobe mud surface of approximate 0.10-m thickness overlying a heavy-gauge steel mesh and a 0.03-0.06 m layer of builder's sand. The modern floor was the result of major decorative renovations conducted on the ground floor rooms of the Adobe in 1996 under the direction of Glenn Burch, Park Historian. For the floor replacement, the renovation team had removed the extant floor, screened cobbles out of the floor matrix, laid down builder's sand as a base, placed the wire mesh on the builder's sand to prevent rodent disturbance, and reapplied the newly- agglomerated old floor materials as wet adobe mud with 10% Acryl60 sprayed on the surface (Glenn Burch, personal communication, 1998). No archaeological work was completed prior to or during this renovation.
To maintain consistency, all trenches were divided into four units each. Rather than using the standardized 1-m unit lengths and having a fifth unit of miniscule proportions, the standard unit
21 length was set at 1.1 m. Even though this provided a total unit area of less than 0.85 sq m, the strategy allowed good spatial coverage across the rooms. Having more or fewer units would not have achieved these results. Units were measured from grid south and adjusted in the fourth unit to accommodate any leftover length. This usually required only +5 cm in unit length for the last unit.
A uniform direction system was imposed on the trenches to facilitate trench-to-trench comparisons and excavator shifts between trench areas. Since no rooms were oriented to true cardinal directions, designating "true" directions for any given trench could have been confusing. To render this task less complicated, each trench was assigned grid, rather than true, directions based on the trench's orientation to the quadrangle. All directions given in this report are prefaced by "grid" when they refer to this arbitrary distinction. The end of the trench closest to the quadrangle became grid south, and all directions followed therefrom (see Figure 3.1). For instance, the grid north end of Trench 4 was actually a true south-southwest direction. Orienting to the quadrangle made architectural and spatial sense.
FIGURE 3.1 Locations of Excavation Trenches in the Extant Petaluma Adobe.
22 The reflooring meant two things for archaeological work in 1998: (1) an unconformity existed between the modern floor and the underlying cultural deposits and (2) the steel mesh posed a serious barrier to standard excavation tools. We approached the first issue – the modern floor being a mixture of the upper 0.10 m of the pre-1996 surface – by retrieving artifacts that were visible in the floor as we broke through and removed it. These materials were collected in the hopes that they would provide a temporal range for the removed surface and perhaps a terminus ante quem for the underlying deposits. This proved unsuccessful in the end. Because modern floor constituents at any given trench were not necessarily associated with the actual room in which they occurred, we did not record provenience for any artifacts recovered in the floor matrix.
We attacked the second issue – the steel mesh – with power tools, and it had ramifications for trench dimensions, as mentioned above. We had to widen the trench in the initial foray into the Adobe's floor to provide enough room to cut through the steel mesh with a grinding wheel mounted to a Skilsaw. More importantly, we needed to keep the jagged sawn mesh edges away from excavators' bodies as they maneuvered in the fairly narrow confines of a 0.76 m-wide trench. After floor and mesh removal, builder's sand was swept away to expose the underlying surface, which provided the starting point for controlled archaeological excavation.
3.2 EXCAVATION TECHNIQUES
The excavation strategy involved a modified Harris Matrix system (Harris 1989; Harris et al., eds. 1993) of recovering and recording archaeological materials and deposits. Following the standards of stratigraphic excavation, work in every trench began with the mapping and removal of cultural layers as they were encountered. However, rather than attempt single depositional unit excavation in the extraordinarily narrow trenches, we confined all depositional unit planning to arbitrary excavation units themselves. This allowed for spatial control of artifacts horizontally across the rooms. The excavation goal was to detect stratigraphic layers and interfaces in the horizontal plane before resorting to locating them in vertical profile. This goal was not always achieved due to diffuse interfaces, and stratigraphic profiles proved essential to sorting out the depositional sequence. Nonetheless, numerous inter-unit layer interfaces and contours were reconstructable from level records alone without recourse to a stratigraphic profile.
Each located and defined layer was given an excavation level number that rose sequentially with each new layer discovered. Given the complexity of strata in certain sections of Trenches 2 and 3, it was often the case that actual depositional sequence was determined after levels had been labeled and removed. Consequently, numerical order of levels did not always match depositional order of strata, although the match was remarkably close. In addition, a particular level number in one unit did not necessarily correlate with the number for the same depositional event in an adjacent unit. All level discrepancies were remedied in the final compilation of data by merging excavated levels with stratigraphic layers recorded in profile (see Section 4 and Appendix B for details).
23 To standardize terminology throughout this report, all strata designations recorded while excavating are termed "levels," and all strata labels provided in stratigraphic profile drawings and Harris matrices are "layers." Layer-to-level correlations were determined in the analysis stage through a critical comparison between (1) descriptions and sketches on original field forms and (2) depths below datum recorded in level forms and matched to stratigraphic profiles. Accurate elevation measurements and detailed plan maps with contour elevations were absolutely necessary for this effort. In anticipation of this post-field correlation, all elevation measurements were taken in the field with a transit rather than a line level and string. This decision was based on the general inaccuracy of line levels for detailed depth recording in a stratigraphic excavation and the potential problems of integrating multiple datum locations. In the end, layers offered a more accurate rendition of trench stratification than levels, but they were not prioritized over level observations in interpreting stratum presence or extent.
Because of the nature of cultural deposits inside the Adobe, the number of cultural layers per given vertical measure generally decreased with trench depth. For instance, five to ten layers often occurred within the first 0.20-0.30 m but only five or six in the next 0.80 m. In addition, it was not uncommon for layers to be either diffuse or indistinct at layer boundaries or greater than 0.10 m in thickness. At these junctures, we employed an arbitrary level system to maintain vertical control over artifacts, especially in the thick layers near the base of the trenches. As a corollary of stratigraphic excavation, excavation techniques followed a downward trend of delicate work to heavy-handed removal as work progressed in each trench. Excavation began with trowels, brushes, and archaeological hand picks in the upper reaches of the trench, but most trenches finished with the use of shovels and heavy steel breaker bars. The latter tools were appropriate and fundamentally necessary because clay content increased in the deeper layers, rendering matrix removal a true chore, and because cultural materials diminished noticeably or disappeared altogether. Final excavation depths and number of levels are presented in Table 3.1.
NUMBER OF LEVELS EXCAVATION EXCAVATION DEPTH DEPTH UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 TRENCH (below datum) (below floor) 1 0.77 - 0.81 m 0.79 - 0.83 m 7 5 7 8 2 1.22 m 1.20 - 1.25 m 12 12 11 12 3 1.22 m 1.17 - 1.19 m 15 14 20 18 4 0.94 - 1.00 m 0.97 - 1.01 m 12 9 11 9
TABLE 3.1 Depth of Excavation and Number of Excavated Levels per Trench.
Regardless of level size or location, excavators removed all matrix in standardized quantities. This methodology – simply, the counting of whole or partial 8-liter buckets excavated per unit – guaranteed a more rapid and accurate measure of matrix volume than that reconstructable from plan maps. In addition, the method insured the straightforward quantification of sampling at the screening stage (Table 3.2). The screening strategy involved a tradeoff between maximum recovery and flexibility. Default screening strategy for all layers was 1/8" water screening. In
24 the upper layers of the trenches, this proved successful. However, the screening strategy had to be modified in the lower trench layers to accommodate the problem of increasing clay content and decreasing number of artifacts. The problem was restricted almost entirely to Trenches 1 and 4. In these contexts, water-screening all matrix through 1/8" mesh proved extraordinarily time- consuming with little to no return. Therefore, a sampling strategy was implemented on a trench- by-trench basis. Depending on context, a certain percentage of matrix volume was water screened, dry screened, and/or subjected to simple inspection and discard. The process involved a rotation of buckets through these different options to insure that certain areas of the unit were not unsystematically subjected to discard. Full details are presented in Appendix A.
TOTAL MATRIX VOLUME VOLUME VOLUME VOLUME WET-SCREENED DRY-SCREENED DISCARDED TRENCH liters liters % liters % liters % 1 3,448.2 2,187.0 63.4 0.0 0.0 1,261.2 36.6 2 4,672.2 3,899.2 83.5 413.0 8.8 360.0 7.7 3 4,224.3 3,570.3 84.5 654.0 15.5 0.0 0.0 4 3,360.4 2,483.8 73.9 40.0 1.2 836.6 24.9 Total 15,705.1 12,140.3 77.3 1,107.0 7.0 2,457.8 15.6
TABLE 3.2 Summary of Matrix Volume Excavated and Screened.
Artifacts were collected from both point- and lot-provenience. The collection bags were assigned temporary catalog numbers in the field and analysis stages, and these were replaced by accession numbers (P1183-#) provided by the California Department of Parks and Recreation at the completion of the project. The accession numbers structure the databases included in the appendices. It is worth emphasizing that P-numbers refer to a bag and not necessarily to a specific item within it, depending on how the artifacts were collected in the field and then separated during the pre-analysis sorting.
In addition to recording matrix volume, excavators tabulated counts and weights for rocks larger than 5 cm for all excavated levels. This method provided an efficient system for tracking cobble concentrations between levels and trenches that was independent of plan map records. It also generated a ready vertical distribution of cobbles that section drawings could not possible achieve. Trench summaries are as follows: Trench 1, 295.0 kg; Trench 2, 415.7 kg; Trench 3, 688.5 kg; and Trench 4, 1369.2 kg. Coupled with trench volumes, these values indicate the relative amount of cobbles per trench: Trench 1, 0.086 kg/liter; Trench 2, 0.089 kg/liter; Trench 3, 0.163 kg/liter; and Trench 4, 0.407 kg/liter. By far, Trench 4's cobbles outweighed all other trenches for unit volume.
All soil colors were recorded wet and dry and in natural light using the Munsell Soil Color Charts. If there were one thing that can be said about the rooms of the adobe, it would be that they were very dark. Despite official Munsell Colors being taken in natural light, many matrix descriptions were noted during excavation and thus within the particular lighting condition of the room. This usually entailed a combination of natural light through nearby windows,
25 incandescent flashlights used to examine stratigraphic profiles, overhead fluorescent lights above Trench 2, and halogen floodlamps temporarily installed on the ceilings. The light source held constant at each trench was halogen, but excavators periodically turned the lamp off to observe any distinctions apparent under available natural light.
Numerous soil samples for flotation and chemical analyses were collected. However, due to time and financial constraints, they remain unprocessed.
26 SECTION 4 Results: Stratigraphy
Stratigraphic analyses for the four trenches provide some of the most discrete and informative data for the interior of the Petaluma Adobe. This section focuses almost exclusively on stratigraphic sequences represented in profiles and Harris Matrix diagrams. Although plan maps were critical for constructing these sequences via elevation readings, they are not reproduced here. In addition, photographs are used sparingly because of the low-light conditions and narrow trench widths that characterized the excavation. Each trench presented a unique view of the subsurface, but the trenches could be paired in interpretation. Trenches 2 and 3 contained numerous fill and activity episodes in the depositional sequence, while Trenches 1 and 4 lacked these finer stratigraphic resolutions in place of compact, clay-rich zones. Thus, Trenches 2 and 3 were most similar to each other, as were Trenches 1 and 4.
To facilitate analysis, I have given strata and interfaces a three-part label rather than a single numerical designation. The three-part code denotes trench, type of deposit, and a unique incremental number extension within each deposit type. Deposit types were modern (1996) floor reconstruction deposits (M), upstanding features (U), rodent disturbance of significant size (R), surfaces or activity zones (S), fill deposits (F), pre-construction ground surfaces (G), and basal deposits (B). These prefixes can be considered simply a system to segregate the stratigraphic profiles into manageable segments, but they are, by definition, more interpretive than a simple top-to-bottom incremental numbering system. Therefore, the characteristics of these designations need to be presented explicitly.
The "basal deposit" label was given to any layer that had a yellow to olive color, compact clay- rich composition, and artifacts that were few and almost exclusively lithics. Basal deposits occurred only at the bottom of Trenches 1 and 4. The "pre-construction ground surface" was reserved for those deposits with the organic-rich composition and dark color of a buried soil. They occurred solely at the base of Trenches 2 and 3. "Fill deposits" were defined by composition or by location in the profile. The former was the stronger criterion, involving heavily mottled sediments of brown loam mixed with yellow- or olive-colored silty clays. The latter criterion identified those layers containing no mottling but located above the buried ground surface and below the "surface" layers. Moreover, many of these were sandwiched between mottled layers. The "surface or activity zones" moniker denoted those layers above the defined fill layers. These layers tended to be rich in artifacts, laminated with wood particles, and compact at interfaces. In addition to these features that suggested actual surfaces, their presence above fill indicated that they had to have been part of room use rather than room preparation. Finally, "upstanding features" were those depositional units that rose vertically above, and thereby structured, subsequent depositional events. In the case of these excavations, they were the foundations at one or both ends of any given trench. They are defined near the beginning of each chapter section, even though they occupied a variety of positions within the depositional sequence.
27 Following the practices of stratigraphic excavation and analysis, both interfaces and deposits were important. However, to prevent clutter of the stratigraphic profiles and excessive detail in layer descriptions, only significant interfaces are singled out. The addition of an "i" in the label (e.g., 3Si-1) indicates such interfaces, and their sequential numbers are independent of stratum numbers. Note that color descriptions include a dry Munsell value recorded in natural light.
4.1 TRENCH 1
The stratigraphic sequence of Trench 1 is presented as a stratigraphic profile (Figure 4.1) and a Harris Matrix diagram (Figure 4.2). This section provides descriptions and brief interpretations of each layer represented therein. Appendix A provides supplemental data on cobble weight, matrix volume, and screening strategy per unit-level.
Layer M-1. Layer M-1 refers to the adobe mud floor replaced during the 1996 renovation efforts by the California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Layer M-2. This layer designation corresponds to the steel mesh placed upon the builders’ sand to prevent destruction of the 1996 floor by rodent burrowing.
Layer M-3. This layer was the gray builders’ sand laid down on the exposed, perhaps arbitrary, surface created by the removal of the previous floor in 1996.
Interface 1Si-1. This interface was the unconformity formed by the removal of the room’s floor during the 1996 renovation. This interface holds serious ramifications for archaeological interpretation.
Upstanding Features (U)
1U-1. This deposit was the only upstanding feature recorded in excavation of Trench 1. It consisted of the concrete foundation placed within the foundation trench of 1Si-2 at the grid north end of the trench.
Pre-1996 Surface, Subfloor, and Activity Deposits (S)
Interface 1Si-2. This interface demarcated the foundation trench for the concrete footing along the grid north end of the trench. It may have been first created in 1910, but it was definitely in use in the 1950s. This trench crosscut Layers 1B-1 and 1B-2.
28 29 FIGURE 4.2 Harris Matrix Diagram of Stratigraphic Layering in Trench 1.
30 Layer 1S-1. This deposit refers to the trench excavated for the concrete foundation on the grid north end of the trench. It was the only discrete historic-period layer in Trench 1 aside from the M layers noted above. This brown (10YR5/3) layer contained large wood fragments, many of which were form boards for the pouring of the concrete used in renovation.
Basal Deposits (B)
Layer 1B-1. Layer 1B-1 refers to a hard, very compact deposit of brown (7.5YR5/2), grayish brown (10YR5/2), and very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) silts and clays. Patches of dark gray (10YR4/1) and yellowish brown (10YR5/4) appeared in Unit 2 and Unit 4, respectively. The layer contained significant accumulations of rounded cobbles that were set within the fines with no interstitial air spaces. This layer appeared to pre-date the construction of the Petaluma Adobe by innumerable years, deposited in a high-energy environment with heavy water or mud flows capable of transporting cobbles of this size. Deposition probably occurred when this particular promontory was not so isolated topographically in the valley. A posthole with remnant post intruded into this layer from 1S-1 along the grid east wall of Unit 4, and it is described in Section 6.4.
Layer 1B-2. Layer 1B-2 differed from Layer 1B-1 in two significant ways. First, rounded cobbles disappeared altogether, and second, the clay changed from a dark grayish brown (2.5Y4/2, 10YR4/2) to a light yellowish brown (2.5Y6/4), olive gray (5Y4/2), and light olive brown (2.5Y5/3) color as the layer deepened. Matrix was no looser than Layer 1B-1, but it was softer. This layer appeared to predate construction of the Petaluma Adobe.
Layer 1B-3. This deposit was characterized by a light yellowish brown (2.5Y6/4) clay loam underlying the more compact, darker clay loam above it in Layers 1B-2 and 1B-1. The layer was homogenous, and it served as a transition zone to Layer 1B-4.
Layer 1B-4. Lying below Layer 1B-3, this layer was a very hard pale olive (5Y6/4) clay with a blocky texture. This deposit was lithified marine clay that broke apart only with heavy force. This deposit must have been in the range of several thousand years old, if not older.
4.2 TRENCH 2
The stratigraphic sequence of Trench 1 is presented as a stratigraphic profile (Figure 4.3) and a Harris Matrix diagram (Figure 4.4). This section provides descriptions and brief interpretations of each layer represented therein. Appendix A provides supplemental data on cobble weight, matrix volume, and screening strategy per unit-level.
31 Modern Floor Reconstruction (M)
Layer M-1. Layer M-1 refers to the adobe mud floor replaced during the 1996 renovation efforts by the California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Layer M-2. This layer designation corresponds to the steel mesh placed upon the builders’ sand to prevent destruction of the 1996 floor by rodent burrowing.
Layer M-3. This layer was the gray builders’ sand laid down on the exposed, perhaps arbitrary, surface created by the removal of the previous floor in 1996.
Interface 2Si-1. This interface was the unconformity formed by the removal of the room’s floor during the 1996 renovation. This interface holds serious ramifications for archaeological interpretation.
Upstanding Features (U)
2U-1. This deposit was the concrete foundation placed within the foundation trench of 2Si-2 at the grid south end of Trench 2. It occurred late in the depositional sequence.
2U-2. This feature was the combination of foundation and retaining wall formed by the cobbles at the grid north end of Trench 2 (Figure 4.5). It occurred early in the depositional sequence, lying inside the early foundation trench (2Gi-2 interface). Layer 2U-2 probably occupied the space left vacant by the removal of soil that became Layer 2F-4.
Rodent Disturbance (R)
Layer 2R-1. This brown (10YR4/3) layer represented burrowing activity of rodents along the grid north wall of the trench. Matrix was much less compact and siltier than Layers 2S-6 and 2S- 12, and there was no visible charcoal or wood. This deposit was originally thought to represent a foundation trench for the grid north rock foundation. However, the fact that the stones were actually part of a retaining wall at this height precluded the existence of a trench.
Pre-1996 Surface, Subfloor, and Activity Deposits (S)
Interface 2Si-2. The 2Si-2 interface demarcated the foundation trench along the concrete at the grid south end of the trench. Creation of the trench was just as important stratigraphically as its filling.
32 33 FIGURE 4.4 Harris Matrix Diagram of Stratigraphic Layering in Trench 2.
34 FIGURE 4.5 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 2, Grid North Wall.
Layer 2S-1. This layer represented a foundation trench for the concrete foundation beneath the grid south wall. The trench deposit was silty and loose, partly because it had served as an easy conduit for rodent burrowing. It contained rounded, unsorted pebbles 4-15 mm in size. The color was between dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) and brown (10YR4/3). This layer was virtually identical in shape, form, and content to Trench 3’s Layer 3S-1.
Interface 2Si-3. This interface demarcated a possible posthole feature in Unit 4. Sides of the "feature" were parallel, tilting slightly from top to bottom toward the grid north.
Layer 2S-2. This deposit was the fill of the possible posthole (2Si-2) in Unit 4. The matrix was less compact, less charcoal-rich, and looser than the surrounding Layer 2S-6, although the dark brown (7.5YR3/3) color was similar. Fine sand comprised the main sediment.
Layer 2S-3. Layer 2S-3 abutted Layer 2S-2 in Unit 4 and contained a loose brown sandy/silty matrix. As with Layer 2S-2, the deposit may have represented a posthole because it intruded on 2S-6, but the shape did not suggest such a feature. The brown color was the same as 2S-2 (7.5YR3/3).
35 Layer 2S-4. This layer was a lens within the overall matrix of Layer 2S-3 of Unit 4. The deposit was organic-rich, being a wood-like brown material overlying a very thin white precipitate. Field observations by Roberta Jewett suggested that the white substance looked like dried urine exposed to sunlight.
Layer 2S-5. Like Layers 2S-2 and 2S-3, Layer 2S-5 was an intrusive deposit into Layer 2S-6 contained within Unit 3. The brown-colored matrix contained primarily silts and fine sands, although there were some well-rounded small pebbles. Its origin was unclear, although it may have related in form to Layer 2S-2.
Layer 2S-6. The layer was generally very compact, dense, and flecked with charcoal. It rung when struck with a trowel. The matrix also contained small (<2 cm) rounded pebbles and 1-3 mm nodules of a substance reminiscent of calcium carbonate. This deposit was labeled 2S-6 above the three organic lenses of grayish or brown color (see below), and Layer 2S-12 below. The color varied between dark grayish brown (10YR4/2), brown (10YR4/3, 10YR5/3), grayish brown (10YR5/2). At least in Unit 1, clay lumps increased in size and density with depth.
Interface 2Si-4. This interface was a possible pole or drill imprint in Layer 2S-6 and/or Layer 2S-12 in Unit 2. The feature had a semi-circular profile, but it was difficult to see the top of the hole with the disturbed surface from the 1996 renovations. Sides of the hole were parallel and terminated at a semi-point at the base. Hole diameter was 4 cm, and the feature slanted slightly from grid north at top to grid south at bottom.
Layer 2S-7. Layer 2S-7 was the fill of 2Si-4. Fill slumped out of the hole during excavation, indicating that it must have been loose sand or silt. This layer was related stratigraphically to Layer 2S-8 below it.
Layer 2S-8. This layer was the downward extension of the possible pole/drill imprint (Interface 2Si-4), placing it also in Unit 2. It contained loose material of brown silty soil and unidentified rust particles, one of which was 3 x 2 mm in size.
Layer 2S-9. This layer was one of three organically-rich lenses contained between Layers 2S-6 and 2S-12, and it was the only one to occur in Unit 1. The deposit consisted of a thin dark brown to dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) matrix under a band of charcoal. The charcoal band contained burned wood segments of 1-3 mm size, and it included calcium-carbonate nodules of 2-10 mm size within a dense, compact, dark brown matrix.
Layer 2S-10. The second of the three lenses, Layer 2S-10 rested in the upper reaches of Unit 2. The layer was a dark charcoal lens overlying a band of dark brown organic material. Although charcoal was the primary constituent, caliche-like pieces occurred along the interface of the charcoal/organic lens. One 4 mm-wide caliche piece rested amongst the charcoal, and the grid north end contained two waterworn pebbles.
Layer 2S-11. The third lens of the broad upper layer of Trench 2 was a more indistinct, linear laminated area in Unit 2. The laminations were organic and fibrous.
36 Layer 2S-12. As stated above, this layer was the same as Layer 2S-6 in general composition and description (e.g., very compact, dense, and flecked with charcoal), except that three organic lenses occurred above it (Layers 2S-9, 2S-10, and 2S-11). Logically, portions of the lower section of Layer 2S-12 must have been fill rather than surface or subsurface deposits given the grid south downward trend of its interface with 2F-3; that is, these deposits in the grid south end had to have been used to raise the room to grade. However, physical separation was not possible based on profile data. Although presumed to be the lower continuation of 2S-6, colors of 2S-12 were more variable, including very dark grayish brown (2.5Y3/2, 10YR3/2) and brown (7.5YR5/2), but the most frequent color description was dark grayish brown (10YR4/2).
Room Fill Deposits (F)
Layer 2F-1. Hugging the interface between Layers 2S-12 and 2F-3 in Unit 3, this layer was comprised of chunky yellow clay in a matrix that fractured on a vertical plane. The layer may actually have been burrow disturbance, and it extended along the interface for almost the entire unit.
Layer 2F-2. Similar to Layer 2F-1’s position, Layer 2F-2 rested on the interface of Layers 2S-12 and 2F-3 in Unit 4. This layer was also comprised of chunky yellow clay in a matrix that fractured on a vertical plane and may be a result of bioturbation.
Interface 2Si-5. The 2Si-5 interface referred to the upper surface or contact boundary of 2F-3. This interface was singled out because of the sharp deposit contrast between 2F-3 and 2S-12. The upper surface of 2F-3 was an important depositional, or perhaps nondepositional, event.
Layer 2F-3. This deposit consisted of mottled yellow/yellow-gray clay and brown loamy clay. Colors ranged between olive gray (5Y4/2), very dark gray (2.5Y3/1), light gray (2.5Y7/2), pale yellow (2.5Y7/3), grayish brown (2.5Y5/2), dark grayish brown (2.5Y4/2), and olive (5Y5/3). The deposit was notable because it had a mound-like shape that peaked in Unit 2 and comprised the bulk of the room fill in this trench. It contained many subrounded cobbles that were larger than those contained in Layers 2S-6 and 2S-12, especially in Unit 3. There were numerous rodent burrows, and few artifacts or charcoal fragments were visible in profile. The lower boundary for this deposit was unclear in the profile of Unit 2 and 3, but stratigraphic logic placed it near the interface with Layer 2F-4, since this had to have preceded it. The layer was identical to Layer 2F-5 below it. The only reason for separating them in the stratigraphic analysis is to highlight the indistinct boundary formed with the placement of 2F-4.
Layer 2F-4. Layer 2F-4 was a dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) homogenous clay loam. Its shape and orientation suggested that it may have represented potential reverse stratigraphy relative to 2F-6, resulting from the removal and redeposition of subsoil (Layer G-1, within the 2Gi-2 interface) during initial room construction and filling. The best candidate for the source of the deposit was the foundation trench for the west (grid north in this trench) wall of the adobe. There
37 were neither cobbles nor pebbles apparent in profile, although some charcoal flecks were present. An active rodent hole was noted.
Layer 2F-5. As mentioned above, this brown (7.5YR4/4) deposit was the same as Layer 2F-3 but required analytical separation because of the intervening event denoted by Layer 2F-4. Refer to the description of Layer 2F-3 for details. Differentiation between Layer 2F-5 and 2F-3 was possible only in Unit 3. The grid south terminus of this deposit was hypothesized to be near the grid south end of 2F-7.
Layer 2F-6. Layer 2F-6 was a deposit of yellow and yellow-gray pure clay resting in the grid north edge of Unit 3. Although its clays were those of the mottled 2F-3, this layer was unique in that it had no constituents other than clay. The layer also extended grid north in a thin band underlying 2F-4, a fact that offered support to the “reverse stratigraphy” idea forwarded above for Layer 2F-4.
Layer 2F-7. Like its counterpart in Layer 2F-6, this layer was another deposit of yellow and yellow-gray pure clay. It sat in the grid north half of Unit 3 in an amorphous form.
Layer 2F-8. This layer designated the semi-transitional zone connecting Layers 2F-6 and 2F-7. This mottled layer also served to separate the above layer (2F-5) from the basal G-1 layer.
Original Ground Surface Deposits (G-1)
Interface 2Gi-1. This interface was the one formed between G-1 and 2F-3, 2F-6, 2F-7, and 2F-8. Its importance lay in the fact that the upper surface of G-1 was the original ground surface on which the fill layers and room construction rested. The surface may have been used and/or exposed for a significant amount of time before the 1830s building of the Petaluma Adobe, or it may have been modified just prior to construction.
Interface 2Gi-2. This interface was the one cut into G-1 to form the foundation trench for the cobble footing and retaining wall at the grid north end of the trench.
Layer G-1. The lowest layer in Trench 2 has been designated G-1, the same name given to the basal deposits in Trench 3. As in Trench 3, the matrix was a very dark brown, sticky, homogenous clay loam and occupied one-third to one-half of the trench’s depth. Colors hovered around black (7.5YR2.5/1), very dark gray (5Y3/1,10YR3/1), or very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2). The latter two colors tended to occur more deeply in the layer. This layer appeared to be the original ground surface on which the adobe building was constructed in the 1830s. This interpretation was based on its organic nature, dark color, and artifact content in the upper reaches. In addition, the surface of Layer G-1 had a 7.2% slope downward to the grid north and may have represented the pre-construction slope of the promontory at this location. Layer G-1 did not show the same trend in Trench 3. As Unit 4 approached the base of G-1 (for purposes of archaeological work), water began to seep quickly through the cobble foundation and into the
38 trench. The artifact content of G-1 in Trench 2 included no historical artifacts other than three arguably intrusive items, but the layer did contain several large domestic livestock bones in the very uppermost sections across all units. Other than some shellfish fragments, the primary constituents of the entire layer were lithics and charcoal. Other than the cobble concentrations in Layer G-2 (below), the top of this layer in Unit 2 produced 83.7 g of cobbles at the interface with overlying fill layers. This was ten times the weight and seven times the weight density of cobbles in the preceding layer above it.
Layer G-2. The only differentiation within the G-1 layer was the concentration of stream cobbles in the upper 15 cm in Unit 3. These are considered to date to the very end of deposition in G-1, placing them above the latter in the Harris Matrix diagram. G-2 may have been a cultural feature, but the evidence was equivocal.
Layer G-3. Layer G-3 was a dark gray, moist clay zone lying within G-1 in the far grid north end. As a distinct layer, this deposit was represented only on the grid north wall profile of Trench 2 (see below, Figure 4.5). High moisture content and metallic gray color suggested that this was a zone of G-1 with poor drainage and subsequent precipitates in the matrix. The layer also contained modern root disturbance. Therefore, this "layer" did not appear to be a depositional unit, in the normal usage of the term, and was not considered to precede Layer G-1. In fact, it had to have occurred after G-1 to be a precipitate deposit within it.
Auger. An auger hole was placed into the G-1 layer at the final excavation depth in Unit 3. Taken another 1.1 m deeper, this probe demonstrated a gradual transition from the dark brown moist clay loam of G-1 to a light olive brown clay loam at the base. The sequence was roughly as follows, with approximate depths below the trench base: a very dark gray (10YR3/1) silty clay loam to 0.18 m, a dark gray (10YR4/1) silty clay loam to 0.52 m, a mixture of the dark gray clay with an underlying olive gray clay to 0.62 m, an olive gray (5Y6/2) clay loam to 0.92 m, and a light olive brown (2.5Y5/3) clay loam to the base at 1.1 m. These lower strata suggested a sub- excavation stratigraphic sequence parallel to Trenches 1 and 4.
4.3 TRENCH 3
The stratigraphic sequence of Trench 1 is presented as a stratigraphic profile (Figure 4.6) and a Matrix diagram1 (Figure 4.7). This section provides descriptions and brief interpretations of each layer represented therein. Appendix A provides supplemental data on cobble weight, matrix volume, and screening strategy per unit-level. It is worth noting that Trench 3 had approximately twice the cobble weight density as Trench 2.
1 Trench 3 had layers (3S-2, 3S-9) and a cobble deposit (2G-2) set within broader layers. Obviously, these deposits separated upper and lower segments of the layers encasing them, but it was impossible to demarcate the boundary. This resulted in a laterally, but not vertically, connected "box" in the Harris Matrix diagram. Trench 4 had a similar situation, as depicted in Figure 4.10.
39 Modern Floor Reconstruction (M)
Layer M-1. Layer M-1 refers to the adobe mud floor replaced during the 1996 renovation efforts by the California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Layer M-2. This layer designation corresponds to the steel mesh placed upon the builders’ sand to prevent destruction of the 1996 floor by rodent burrowing.
Layer M-3. This layer was the gray builders’ sand laid down on the exposed, perhaps arbitrary, surface created by the removal of the previous floor in 1996.
Layer 3Si-1. This interface was the unconformity formed by the removal of the room’s floor during the 1996 renovation. This interface holds serious ramifications for archaeological interpretation.
Upstanding Features (U)
3U-1. This deposit was the concrete foundation placed within the foundation trench at the grid south end of Trench 3. The actual interface of the trench was uncertain, although 3Si-5 demarcated portions of it (see below). Layer 3U-1 occurred very late in the depositional sequence.
3U-2. This feature was the combination of foundation and retaining wall formed by the cobbles at the grid north end of Trench 2 (Figure 4.8).
Rodent Disturbance (R)
Layer 3R-1. This deposit was composed of loose, highly disturbed sediments attributable to animal burrowing. Ground squirrels were the likely excavators. Colors hovered around very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) and brown (10YR4/3), and the layer contained numerous small mammal remains, lithics, glass, and metal. When encountered in excavation, the deposit was suspected to be a trench for the cobble foundation, but closer investigation revealed sporadic krotovinas. Moreover, vertical placement of this layer demonstrated that it abutted a retaining wall rather than a subsurface foundation.
40 41 FIGURE 4.7 Harris Matrix Diagram of Stratigraphic Layering in Trench 3.
42 FIGURE 4.8 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 3, Grid North Wall
Pre-1996 Surface, Subfloor, and Activity Deposits (S)
Layer 3S-1. Layer 3S-1 was a dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) loose fill that primarily occupied a trench along the concrete foundation at the grid south end of the trench. The layer filled the approximately 10 cm-wide trench and feathered out to the grid north at approximately 2.3 m. The foundation trench may have been a separate interface, formed partly by 3Si-5 and by the hypothetical "?" vertical interface shown in Figure 4.6. The matrix in the grid north section contained small gravels and a variety of small fibrous laminations. Wood composition was similar to Layers 3S-7, 3S-8, and 3S-9 discussed below. The foundation trench component of the layer contained large numbers of small mammal remains, wood, and glass fragments, and the grid north extension contained wood, glass, nails, ceramics, and faunal remains. In the far grid north end (Unit 2), a 2-3 cm pavement of gravels covered approximately 0.40 sq m, extending into the grid south end of Unit 3. At least in the Unit 3 section of this layer, this gravel area contained wood, faunal remains, lithics, metal, glass, wood, and floral remains.
43 Interface 3Si-2. This referred to the interface of the pit filled with Layers 3S-2, 3S-3, and 3S-4. It existed in the grid north end of the trench in Unit 4. The interface was semi-cone shaped, about 28 cm wide at the aperture and 5 cm wide at the base. Because it truncated Layer 3S-6, this feature was one of the most recent in the trench profile.
Layer 3S-2. This layer was an ash lens in the middle of the pit defined by 3Si-2.
Layer 3S-3. This was an ash lens at the bottom of the pit interface, 3Si-2.
Layer 3S-4. This matrix was the fill of the pit formed by Interface 3Si-2. Although it must have been differentiated in its deposition, given the two ash lenses occurring at different levels within the pit, physical separation was not possible in the field. For this reason, Layer 3S-2 is included as a non-connecting segment in the Harris Matrix.
Layer 3S-5. This deposit rested squarely above 3S-11 and partly above 3F-1 in Unit 1 and the very grid southernmost end of Unit 2. The layer was brittle, laminated, and wood-rich, and it had a distinct pinkish-white color under halogen light. Color in natural light was 5Y5/3. In many respects, the layer was very similar to Layer 3S-7 discussed later, differentiated only by horizontal distance and slight color variation. Cobble weight density was high.
Layer 3S-6. This layer contained disturbed subfloor deposits and rested above Layer 3S-7. The dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) layer occurred only in Unit 3 and in the grid south end of Unit 4 as an isolated pocket. The matrix was very loose, but it was not the builders’ sand of Layer M-3 just above it. It would have been grouped within the zone of 1996 disturbance were it not for its stratigraphic position below Layer 3S-1 at 2.3 m grid north. However, the deposit contained nails, wood, and a cigarette filter tip. The base of the layer also had the northern continuation of the pebble pavement noted for Layer 3S-1. The presence of this pebble deposit across the interface of 3S-1 and 3S-6 suggested that profile boundaries of these two layers may have been in doubt. In fact, Layer 3S-1 may have extended further into Unit 3.
Layer 3S-7. Layer 3S-7 was virtually identical to Layer 3S-8 – loose, laminated, wood-rich – except for color. This particular deposit had a more pinkish-brown hue under halogen light and a grayish brown (2.5Y5/2) color in natural light. Like its counterpart, this layer also occurred only in the grid north end of Unit 3.
Layer 3S-8. Similar to Layer 3S-9 and 3S-7, this organic, brown deposit was a loose, laminated, and wood-rich layer. Laminations consisted of overlapping microlayers of wood fibers. This layer occurred only in the grid north end of Unit 3.
Layer 3S-9. This layer designated a thin, brittle lens that may have been an upper remnant of Layer 3S-8. Less than 5 mm thick, the lens had a pinkish cast under halogen light. Layer 3S-9 occurred only in the grid north end of Unit 3 and the grid south end of Unit 4. Because Layer 3S- 11 encased 3S-9, the latter signaled a stratigraphic break between the upper and lower sections of the former, but no physical distinction was seen in the field. For this reason, Layer 3S-9 is included as a non-connecting segment in the Harris Matrix.
44 Interface 3Si-3. This interface corresponded to the hole that contained the tongue-and-groove wood piece of Layer 3S-10. Excavators determined the entry point of this interface by the probe and flashlight method mentioned for Layer 3S-10. It appeared to begin just at the interface of 3S- 1 (i.e., perhaps a grid north extension of 3Si-3). The interface extended downward approximately 38 cm, smearing at least one layer (Layer 3F-11) in the process.
Layer 3S-10. This “deposit” was actually a planed, tongue-and-groove board of redwood, set at a steep angle downward through much of the trench’s depth. It rested inside the 3Si-3 interface. The upper end of the wood segment was not visible in profile, but excavators determined its terminus by inserting a measuring rod upward through the visible section of the “hole." A flashlight beam was also directed into the hole to see the feature.
Interface 3Si-4. This interface corresponded to the top of Layer 3S-11 – an interface marked by a compact, discrete surface. Interface 3Si-4 was discontinuous across the trench, mirroring its layer counterpart. It demarcated one border of the foundation trench on the grid south end.
Layer 3S-11. This layer existed in five separate deposits below the 3Si-1 interface. Although these individual deposits did not physically touch, they were identical and appeared to represent a once-continuous surface that had since been disturbed. The deposit was a highly compact clay- rich layer with a distinct bluish hue, especially at the top of the layer where it interfaced with several deposits directly above it. Its color in natural light varied between dark grayish brown (10YR4/2), dark brown (10YR3/3), and grayish brown (10YR5/2). There were also small charcoal flecks scattered throughout. The deposit was unique because unlike “Fill” deposits below it, it extended across Units 1, 2 and 3 and into Unit 4, and it appeared to have been a used surface, indicated by a bluish tinge and compaction. Both of these observations lent support to this being the first truly non-fill layer above basal deposits. Depending on unit, the deposit also contained faunal remains, wood, glass, metal, and charcoal. In Unit 3, metal, shellfish, ceramics, wood, and faunal remains rested on the surface (3Si-4) of this layer.
Interface 3Si-5. This interface corresponded to the top of Layer 3F-1 at the grid south end of Trench 3. It demarcated the foundation trench, and it provided the surface on which 3S-11 was laid. The interface terminated approximately 0.50 m to the grid north after its upward turn.
Layer 3S-12. Layer 3S-12 was a very small bounded deposit in the grid south end of Unit 3, lying on the upper interface with Layer 2F-2. The layer was loose, laminated, and wood-rich.
Room Fill Deposits (F)
Layer 3F-1. Layer 3F-1 was a light reddish brown (2.5YR6/3) matrix of clay inclusions in the basal portion of 3S-11. It appears to have been cut into by the foundation trench, or 3Si-5 interface, on the grid south end. This feature and the "spilling over" look of S-11 on top were the characteristics that resulted in this being labeled as a fill layer.
45 Layer 3F-2. This lens was slightly thicker and more undulating than Layer 3F-7, but it displayed the same mottled clay consistency.
Layer 3F-3. This olive brown (2.5Y4/3) matrix has been designated separately from Layer 3F-4, although it appeared to be only a less-compact, rodent-churned segment of it. The profile depicts a questionable reconstructed interface connecting the sections of 3S-11 across the upper part of 3F-3, but the actual interface with the base of Layer 3S-1 forced this layer into a higher section of the Harris Matrix because it appeared to be a large intrusion from above. However, this layer did not display any characteristics that would qualify it for feature status, unlike Interface 3Si-3 and its associated layers.
Layer 3F-4. This deposit was a grayish brown (10YR5/2) matrix that was less compact than overlying layers. It stretched across the grid south half of the trench. Layer 3F-3 actually was a looser version (i.e., disturbed section) of Layer 3F-4. The layer contained lithics, wood, faunal remains, shellfish, leather, and ceramics, but some artifacts may have been recovered from Layer 3F-3 because of difficulties in discerning deposit boundaries in plan view. There was also a significant accumulation of cobbles from 0.21-0.36 cm depth. Oddly, Layer 3F-4 terminated at a vertical face with Layers 3F-6, 3F-7, and 3F-8 just within Unit 3. There is currently no explanation for this, although consistency and color were markedly different.
Layer 3F-5. This layer was a dark grayish brown (10YR4/2), loose, organic-rich deposit. Some areas were a rust brown color with tan chunks of clay scattered throughout. The deposit appeared to be an intrusion, given the relatively vertical interface that it held with deposits to the grid south (Layers 3F-6, 3F-7, and 3F-8) and grid north (Layer 3F-9). The exact nature and boundaries of this deposit were ambiguous.
Layer 3F-6. This grayish layer was fairly compact and clay-rich, and it interfaced directly with the mottled Layer 3F-7, lying directly above it. This layer contained numerous cobbles at 0.22- 0.29 m depth, plus glass, metal, lithics, leather, and faunal remains.
Layer 3F-7. Layer 3F-7 was a thin band of heavily mottled matrix with a color of very dark grayish brown (2.5Y3/2). The lens extended primarily through Unit 3 and contained high quantities of yellow clay inclusions. Artifacts included charcoal, nails, leather, and wood.
Layer 3F-8. This deposit was a loose, organic-rich dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) layer. Some yellow and brown clay inclusions were present, and the soil had a rust brown hue in certain locations. It appeared to grade into 3F-4 at the layer's grid south edge. The layer contained faunal remains, lithics, shellfish, wood, and charcoal.
Layer 3F-9. Layer 3F-9 was a friable, gray-colored clay-rich deposit similar to Layer 3F-8 but with looser consistency. The physical association between the two may have been lost through the appearance of Layer 3F-5. Similar to Layer 2F-5, the deposit was ambiguous in definition.
Layer 3F-10. This layer was a very loose mottled matrix of dark brown (7.5YR3/2) with inclusions of yellow clay. It rested in the middle and grid north end of the trench, sloping
46 upward near the grid north end. It interfaced with 3F-19 and 3F-17 below it. Layer 3F-10 contained more cobbles that surrounding fill layers.
Layer 3F-11. Layer 3F-11 was mottled sediment of loose yellow clay and brown silty loam. It was confined to the grid south half of the trench and contained a high cobble weight density.
Layer 3F-12. This depositional unit was composed of a loose brown (10YR4/2) silty matrix. Importantly, it rested above the mottled clay deposits of Layers 3F-16 and 3F-14. The rest of this depositional unit was contained in Layer 3F-13, as it was dissected by the downwardly intrusive plank hole (Interface 3Si-3). The deposits were considered separately to err on the conservative side. This layer was confined solely to the grid south half of the trench.
Layer 3F-13. This deposit was composed of a loose very dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) silty matrix. It appeared to rest above the mottled clay deposits of Layers 3F-16 and 3F-14. The rest of this depositional unit was contained in Layer 3F-12, where it was dissected by the downwardly intrusive plank hole (Interface 3Si-3). This layer was confined solely to the grid south half of the trench.
Layer 3F-14. Layer 3F-14 was comprised of a mottled matrix of very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) clay loam and yellow clay inclusions, and it appeared only in Unit 1. This layer had the most clay inclusions of any deposit in the entire vertical section.
Layer 3F-15. This layer was a medium brown (7.5YR4/2) compact clay loam matrix with some yellow clay inclusions. It had color, but not consistency, similarities to Layers 3F-12 and 3F-13. The layer was only in Unit 1.
Layer 3F-16. This deposit was a highly mottled matrix of very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) clay loam and yellow clay. The inclusions of yellow clay were similar to Layer 3F-10.
Layer 3F-17. Layer 3F-17 was compact, light brownish gray (10YR6/2) clay loam with sporadic inclusions of yellow clay. The layer interfaced directly with Layer 3F-19 and 3F-18. The layer contained several cobbles.
Layer 3F-18. Layer 3F-18 was a small lens of mottled light reddish brown (2.5YR6/4) silt/clay loam and yellow clay. The isolated lens feathered out at the lateral edges, but it may have been stratigraphically related to Layer 3F-16. The lens existed only in Units 2 and 3, and it contained only charcoal and potentially baked clay.
Layer 3F-19. This layer was a homogeneous, dark grayish brown (best described as 10YR4/2) silty clay loam with low pebble content. The interface with Layer G-1 was clear. Layer 3F-19 existed only in Units 3 and 4 of Trench 3 and not in Trench 2 at all. The upper interface of Layer 3F-19 was an undulating one, and its overall shape and color indicated that it was the result of cultural deposition. It probably represented redeposited G-1. The layer contained lithics, charcoal, bone, and wood, the latter best represented by a large section of decomposing redwood. This may have been the lowest layer of fill in the room construction, or it may have been a cultural deposit preceding room construction.
47 Original Ground Surface Deposits (G)
Interface 3Gi-1. This interface demarcated the boundary between room fill deposits and construction episodes from the original ground surface.
Layer G-1. The lowest layer in Trench 3 has been designated G-1, and it represented approximately one-third of the depth of the trench. It was virtually identical to Layer G-1 in Trench 2. The matrix was compact, moist, very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) to very dark grayish brown (10YR3/1) clay loam, homogenous across the full expanse of the trench. Based on the dark, organic composition of the matrix, Layer G-1 appeared to be the ground surface of the promontory on which the Petaluma Adobe was constructed, at least along the west face of the Adobe. The gradual transition downward in soil texture and color seen in the same layer (G-1) and the auger in Trench 2, Unit 3 (see above) further supported such a conclusion.
Although the interface represented the general surface on which room fill was placed, the presence of historical ceramic sherds and faunal remains in the upper section of Layer G-1 in Units 3 and 4 hinted that some historic-period activity took place prior to full construction of the west face. The depth (0.065 - 0.14 m) of these historical materials in G-1, the association with the cobble concentration, and the subdued slope (0.7%) relative to the G-1 interface in Trench 2 (7.2%) suggested that the grid north end may have undergone some surface modification. That is, the upper G-1 matrix in Unit 4 and perhaps Unit 3 may in fact have been G-1 fill that leveled the 3Gi-1 interface and introduced historical artifacts in that area of the trench matrix. However, the evidence was not nearly as compelling as the 3F-19 layer being fill composed of G-1 matrix.
Layer G-2. The concentration of cobbles in the grid north end of Unit 3 and in Unit 4 provided the only lateral differentiation. The cobble feature began approximately 10-18 cm below the interface in Unit 4 and sharply truncated at its grid south end. Given the association of lithics, faunal remains, and charcoal, this feature may well have had a cultural origin. This cobble concentration may have connected to the same type of "feature" in Trench 2, but there is currently no evidence to support such a statement.
4.4 TRENCH 4
The stratigraphic sequence of Trench 1 is presented as a stratigraphic profile (Figure 4.9) and a Matrix diagram (Figure 4.10). Figure 4.11 displays the grid north wall profile, and Figure 4.12 depicts the grid south wall of the trench. This section provides descriptions and brief interpretations of each layer represented therein. Appendix A provides supplemental data on cobble weight, matrix volume, and screening strategy per unit-level.
Modern Floor Reconstruction (M)
48 Layer M-1. Layer M-1 refers to the adobe mud floor replaced during the 1996 renovation efforts by the California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Layer M-2. This layer designation corresponds to the steel mesh placed upon the builders’ sand to prevent destruction of the 1996 floor by rodent burrowing.
Layer M-3. This layer was the gray builders’ sand laid down on the exposed, perhaps arbitrary, surface created by the removal of the previous floor in 1996.
Interface 4Si-1. This interface was the unconformity formed by the removal of the room’s floor during the 1996 renovation. This interface holds serious ramifications for archaeological interpretation.
Pre-1996 Surface, Subfloor, and Activity Deposits (S)
Layer 4S-1. This layer referred to a deposit of compact dark grayish brown (10YR4/2) to brown (10YR5/3) silt with historical artifacts, wood chips, and other organic inclusions. The layer was one of the only deposits of Trench 4 hypothesized to reflect historical usage in the Petaluma Adobe. The deposit occurred only in the grid north end of the trench and centered primarily in Unit 4. Given that the grid south upward trend of this layer feathered out before the trench midpoint, two scenarios are possible. Either the surface represented by 4S-1 existed at an angle with its grid south components truncated by 1996 renovation work, or 4S-1 layer was comprised of deposits that accumulated in the low spot on the grid north side of the room. The former was more likely given the complexity of the deposit. Excavators required multiple levels to record the variety of laminations and artifact associations contained within 4S-1.
Interface 4Si-2. This interface demarcated the strong break between 4S-1 and 4S-2, perhaps representing a previous floor surface in the room. However, the interface was restricted solely to Unit 4 and portions of Unit 3. The interface was discontinuous between the two sections of 4S-1.
Layer 4S-2. This layer was colored olive brown (2.5Y4/3), pale yellow (2.5Y8/2), and brown (10YR4/3), and it was comprised of compact silts and a fibrous matrix of seeds and other
49 50 FIGURE 4.10 Harris Matrix Diagram of Stratigraphic Layering in Trench 4.
51 vegetal matter. In the field, this was referred to as a "hay matrix." In addition, the layer contained a compact area with white and off-white speckles on its surface. As with 4S-1, more than one excavated level was required to understand the subtleties of the layer. The deposit appeared to be affiliated with 1996 renovation efforts, if only in the sense of being disturbed by them. One “impact” hole was recorded in the surface of this layer, and one small depression was full of builder’s sand. Again, the grid southward component of this layer appeared to have been truncated in the vicinity of Unit 1.
Interface 4Si-3. The interface between 4S-2 and 4B-1 appeared to be a significant one. Its previous existence as a surface was suggested by its stratigraphic relationship and presence of at least two artifacts (see profile) on the contact point. If layer 4B-1 was truly a pre-construction or prehistoric deposit, this interface may have represented initial use of this room.
FIGURE 4.11 Stratigraphic Profile of Trench 4, Grid North Wall.
52 Basal Deposits (B)
Layer 4B-1. Layer 4B-1 referred to a moderately compact deposit of brown (7.5YR5/3) silt that lied beneath 4S-2 in all units where 4S-2 existed (i.e., all but Unit 1). The deposit has been considered the highest “basal” level in Trench 4, although it may have witnessed some historical use as suggested by artifacts found in Unit 2. Like cultural layers above it, this deposit had a downward trend to the grid north.
Layer 4B-2. This thick layer was a moderately to heavily compact brown (7.5YR5/2, 10YR5/3) to dark (10YR4/2) and very dark grayish brown (2.5Y3/2) deposit composed of silts and clays with small gravel inclusions. In addition to gravels, this layer served as the main concentration of cobbles throughout the trench. This layer appeared to pre-date construction of the Petaluma Adobe, deposited in a high-energy environment, potentially fluvial or colluvial, when this promontory was not isolated in the valley. Like all layers succeeding it, this deposit had a downward trend to the grid north.
FIGURE 4.12 Photograph of Grid South Wall, Trench 4.
Layer 4B-3. This layer was heavily compact clay loam ranging from brown (7.5YR5/2) to grayish brown (10YR5/2) to dark grayish brown (2.5Y4/2). The sediment demonstrated high plasticity. The layer contained significant amounts of cobbles, although not nearly as many as layer 4B-2 above it. Large numbers of gravels and pebbles characterized the layer.
Layer 4B-4. Layer 4B-4 was dense, highly plastic clay with light gravels interspersed throughout. The color was a consistently light olive brown (2.5Y5/3, 2.5Y5/4) and olive brown (2.5Y4/3). The surface of the deposit dipped downward slightly at the grid north end, paralleling layers above it. This layer was devoid of artifacts but full of cobbles (414.1 g).
53 Layer 4B-5. This layer was composed of two lenses near the base of Unit 1 that were physically separated by 0.46 cm. The deposits were dark grayish brown (2.5Y4/2) clays.
Layer 4B-6. Layer 4B-6 was a blocky, friable marine clay layer that provided the basal deposit to the trench. The deposit appeared only in Unit 1’s basal level because of the downward trend of the entire suite of layers. A shovel probe placed in the base of Unit 3 to a depth of 0.26 m deeper located and penetrated the same lithified clay. Color of this clay deposit was a pure yellow (2.5Y7/6), and it exhibited few inclusions. No artifacts appeared in this layer.
4.5 SUMMARY
Each of the four excavated trenches offered a unique collection of stratigraphic data on the Petaluma Adobe, but they also demonstrated significant parallels.
Trench 1 contained relatively few layers, but the strata were particularly striking in their prehistoric and geomorphological appearance. Deposits in this trench transitioned from compact brown clay loam encasing large concentrations of waterworn cobbles near the top to culturally- sterile deposits of thick yellowish clay at the bottom. These were underlain by hard, blocky clay. Excavation halted approximately 0.40 m above the anticipated depth because of this stratum. Trench 1 sported a foundation trench along the concrete at the grid north end, and this deposit contained the vast majority of artifactual and ecofactual remains. Trench 1 also contained a posthole feature.
Trench 2 differed remarkably from Trench 1. The stratigraphic sequence contained more levels and vastly more cultural material, and Trench 2 did not produce the compact, light-colored basal sediments of Trench 1 except in the auger exploration below the trench's base. Instead, Trench 2 offered a succession of loose, wood-rich deposits near the surface; mottled loam-clay deposits of room fill below; and a very dark, organic-rich buried soil at the base of the trench. Evidence for the latter being the pre-construction ground surface included the slope of the layer, the dark color and organic composition, and the presence of historical faunal materials in only the uppermost reaches. In addition, Trench 2 had lenses in its near-surface layers, and it possessed intrusive features in several locations. Like Trench 1, Trench 2 had a foundation trench with loose matrix and a multitude of faunal remains. The trench profile provided data necessary for understanding the architectural history of the Adobe, and these are discussed in more detail in Section 6.
Trench 3 was broadly similar to Trench 2 in the nature and content of stratigraphic layers. Like its neighbor, Trench 3 had the fibrous, organic layers near the surface; a series of mottled and unmottled fill layers below; and an almost-black clay-rich substrate at the bottom of the trench. It also revealed several intrusive features from the floor level. However, Trench 3 contrasted sharply with Trench 2 in several ways. For one, Trench 3 possessed significantly more complex stratification than Trench 2. There were more layers, and their physical connections across the trench were occasionally ambiguous and discontinuous. The sequence of fill deposits was particularly complicated. This contrast signified lateral differentiation in depositional sequence
54 and activity beneath the west face. In addition, Trench 3 had a well-defined but sporadic compact surface (Layer 2S-11) not far below the beginning of excavation. Finally, the nature of the G-1 layer proved more ambiguous in Trench 3. Although evidence pointed toward this being the pre-construction surface, Layer G-1 may have witnessed some surface alteration at the grid north end. Specifically, depth of artifacts and lack of slope hinted that some of G-1 might have been placed as redeposited fill on the ground surface in Units 4 and perhaps 3 prior to construction of the Adobe rooms. The cobble feature may demarcate the grid north-south boundary of this filling.
Trench 4 revealed a stratigraphic record that most resembled the one in Trench 1. The similarity hinged on the presence of cobble concentrations set within compact clay-rich sediments and the appearance of the olive- and yellow-colored clay loam deposit midway into the trench. Much as they did in Trench 1, these basal levels halted excavation before the expected depth, but only by 0.22-0.25 m. Despite these similarities, Trench 4 contained at least two layers (4S-1, 4S-2) that reflected room use, and it revealed a discontinuous, thin laminated matrix of plant materials. Trench 4 also possessed a noticeable downward slope to the grid north in its deposits.
In sum, the four excavated trenches provided an unprecedented opportunity to reconstruct the architectural history of the Adobe. In addition to garnering information on life at the Adobe during the 19th and perhaps 20th centuries, the trenches also revealed the ability of these subfloor deposits to address issues of prehistoric native life on the Petaluma Adobe knoll. In contrast, an unfortunate discovery of the trench excavations was the severe impact that the 1996 renovation efforts seemed to have had on the archaeological deposits. Renovations obliterated the interface between the most recent floor and the underlying surfaces, rendering interpretation of the uppermost deposits a precarious endeavor. Such interpretations are crucial to understanding the material history of rooms in the Adobe, but they cannot be forwarded with any real security. The possibility of other refloorings in the Adobe also complicate the cultural surfaces within the rooms. Later sections of this report take up these issues in more detail.
55 56 SECTION 5 Results: Material Remains
To complement the information potential of stratigraphic profiles, this chapter presents the material remains recovered in the excavated trenches. Despite the fact that artifacts were retrieved from field "levels" rather than from stratigraphic "layers" defined during analysis, they are presented here in reference to the latter. These layers relate directly to those discussed in Section 4 and presented in stratigraphic profiles therein, and they form the core of interpretation in Section 6. However, excavated levels did not always match a single stratigraphic layer, as detailed in Appendix B. Because of the layer-level discrepancy, strata are referenced in three ways in this section: (a) descriptive labels in the text if the excavated level corresponded solidly to one or more stratigraphic layers, (b) official stratum codes for layers that defied easy description or produced few artifacts, and (c) actual excavated levels in cases where multiple stratigraphic layers were included or mixed. The latter are used sparingly, but they are included in numerous data tables to link artifacts to particular sections of strata that are summarized in Appendix B. When used, descriptive labels are defined at the beginning of each major trench heading, and their use is standardized throughout.
Discussion of artifacts must begin with a procedural note. Descriptions and counts are provided verbally for many artifact types and proveniences, but frequently they have a counterpart in a table for easier reference. Those with few representative samples are not displayed in tables. A summary of the artifact types and counts per trench for the 10,592 items recovered is provided in Table 5.1. Due to the small number recovered per layer, artifacts are not discussed in terms of density. However, artifact counts can be readily converted to density with matrix volumes provided in Appendix A. Many artifact details are discussed in this chapter, but not all aspects of the data are presented in this report. Nonetheless, these data were recorded and may prove useful to future research interests. The master artifact database can be found in Appendix D, and particular material classes are detailed in subsequent appendices: Appendix E, lithics; Appendix F, glass; Appendix G, metal; Appendix H, ceramics; and Appendix I, faunal remains.
Material analyses focused on the following aspects of the assemblage: ceramics, glass, glass beads, metal, faunal remains, and lithics. Other aspects of the excavated material – for example, cement, charcoal, floral remains, leather, plaster, plastic, wood – are not considered in significant detail aside from counts and general descriptions. The author analyzed the ceramics, glass, and metal following standard conventions. Nails were divided into classes based on material (e.g., iron, steel) and type (e.g., cut, wire). Wire nails were classified as tentative steel ("steel?") when there was any doubt to material type. Metal artifacts that appeared to be nail stocks, however corroded or exfoliated, were tabulated as nail fragments in this section. Glass beads were assigned types based on the nomenclature and classification system employed by Ross (1997), adopted from the pioneering work of Karklins (1982), Sprague (1985), and Kidd and Kidd (1970).
57 The author also analyzed the lithic assemblage, which included obsidian, cryptocrystalline silicates (i.e., chert, chalcedony), fine-grained igneous (with phenocrysts of variable size), quartz, petrified wood, basalt, and other stones. Lithics were placed in types (i.e., flake, flake shatter, angular shatter, biface, nodule) based on technological attributes (following Andrefsky 1998). Samples of the obsidian subassemblage were subjected to energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence and obsidian hydration analysis. The author performed the former in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of California, Berkeley; the Sonoma State Obsidian Hydration Laboratory conducted the latter. Appendix C details the specifics of these techniques. mThe obsidian sampling strategy was designed to obtain a broad picture of the prehistoric sequence beneath the Petaluma Adobe rather than to delve into the subtleties of hydration dating. The relatively few obsidian hydration "dates" based on single samples per context were justified for this goal, as discussed in Section 6.
MATERIAL TYPES TRENCH 1 TRENCH 2 TRENCH 3 TRENCH 4 TOTAL Baked Clay 0 5 168 0 173 Beads 0 7 1 3 11 Brick (potential) 0 0 25 6 31 Cement 83 7 113 6 209 Ceramic 3 11 7 13 34 Chalk 1 8 0 0 9 Charcoal 41 1,481 3,275 73 4,870 Faunal remains 64 540 305 42 951 Floral remains (estimate) 15 46 22 31 114 Glass 2 30 38 46 116 Groundstone 0 1 1 2 4 Hammerstone 0 0 1 1 2 Leather 4 0 13 2 19 Lithic (Flaked) 57 142 149 59 407 Metal (no nails) 9 80 52 47 188 Miscellaneous 0 0 2 3 5 Nails 29 77 37 78 221 Plaster 73 13 2 73 161 Plastic 2 15 4 7 28 Rubber 0 3 1 0 4 Shellfish 12 8 19 20 59 Tile, Baked Clay Roof 0 0 0 1 1 Wire, Insulated 0 6 0 2 8 Wood 628 747 975 617 2,967 TOTAL 1,023 3,227 5,210 1,132 10,592 TABLE 5.1 Total Artifact Counts for Trenches 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Faunal remains underwent partial identification at the University of California, Berkeley, by Julienne Bernard, but the vast majority of the assemblage was analyzed at the Zooarchaeology Laboratory at the University of California, Los Angeles, under the supervision of Thomas Wake. Excluding 288 fragments of unidentifiable bone, a sample of 301 (45.9%) out of 656 identifiable elements was chosen for identification and analysis. This step was necessary given the inordinate
58 amount of intrusive species' elements in the assemblage. Correspondingly, the 355 unidentified, but identifiable, elements all belonged to the broad classes of Rodentia, Chiroptera, Insectivora, or Aves. Sampling occurred at the level of catalog bag rather than element, and but every excavated layer had a sample identified. Teeth comprised 16.1% of the 355 elements, and 43.1% more originated in a single lot provenience in the foundation trench at the grid south end of Trench 2. Faunal data are presented as NISP (number of identified specimens) and MNI (minimum number of individuals) per taxon.
5.1 TRENCH 1
Refer to the stratigraphic profile in Figure 4.1 and the layer descriptions in Section 4.1 to track the strata noted below. To facilitate discussion, the following descriptive labels are used for Trench 1: (1) "foundation trench" refers to Layer 1S-1; (2) "compact cobble layer" refers to Layer 1B-1; and (3) "yellow-olive clay loam" refers to Layer 1B-2.
Regions within each of these are upper, middle, and lower.
5.1.1 Ceramics
Trench 1 contained only three ceramics, all of which occurred in upper compact cobble layer of Units 3 and 4. Two were sherds of Chinese porcelain with underglaze blue decoration and bluish glaze, and the other was a fragment of unrefined earthenware, or terra cotta.
5.1.2 Glass
Unit 3 contained the only two glass pieces: a windowpane fragment in the upper compact cobble layer and a colorless vessel shard in the middle compact cobble layer.
5.1.3 Beads
No beads were recovered.
59 5.1.4 Metal
The most common metal artifact was the nail and nail fragment, totaling 29 (Table 5.2). Nine (31.0%) were from modern floor removal; 17 (58.6%) were from the compact cobble layer in Units 2, 3, and 4; and 3 (10.3%) were from the foundation trench of Unit 4.
Other metal items included 1 long (13.5 cm) circular rod with curved end in the modern floor removal, 7 iron fragments in the upper reaches of the compact cobble layer in Unit 4, and 1 clump of unknown material in the same layer of Unit 2.
LENGTH UNIT LEVEL LAYER MATERIAL TYPE (mm) n 2 1 Compact cobble layer Iron Cut 65.5 1 3 1 Upper compact cobble layer Iron Cut 55.0 1 3 1 Upper compact cobble layer Iron Indeterminate n/a 1 3 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel? Wire n/a 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Iron Cut n/a 2 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Iron Indeterminate n/a 2 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel? Wire n/a 2 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel? Wire 7.5 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel? Wire 69.0 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel Wire n/a 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel Wire 52.5 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel Wire 69.0 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel Wire 90.0 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Steel Wire 96.5 1 4 2 Foundation trench Steel? Wire 67.0 1 4 2 Foundation trench Steel? Wire 80.5 1 4 2 Foundation trench Steel Wire 10.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Iron Indeterminate n/a 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 64.0 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 68.0 5 1-4 Floor Floor Steel Wire 67.0 2
Total 29 TABLE 5.2 Nails Recovered from Trench 1.
5.1.5 Building Materials
A total of 73 plaster pieces were recovered from Trench 1 from Units 1 and 4. The upper compact cobble layer of Unit 1 produced 20, and the same layer in Unit 4 produced 45. The foundation trench had 2 pieces, and the lower compact cobble layer and the upper yellow-olive clay loam produced 6 additional samples. A total of 83 cement pieces were retrieved. The compact cobble layer produced 22 each from Units 2 and 3 and 69 from Unit 4. Unit 4 also had
60 7 pieces in the foundation trench, 1 in the compact cobble layer, and 2 in a level containing the lower compact cobble layer and the upper yellow-olive clay loam.
5.1.6 Baked Clay
No baked clay was recovered.
5.1.7 Miscellaneous
Two pieces of plastic were retrieved. In addition, the trench produced 4 leather objects. Two were of unknown function, but one was a strand fragment and the other a disk. All occurred in the upper compact cobble layer. A final miscellaneous find was a piece of chalk, and it was retrieved from the lower compact cobble layer.
5.1.8 Organics: Charcoal, Unburned Wood, and Plant Remains
Trench 1 had charcoal in very low densities, totaling only 41 pieces. This was less than 1% of the total recovered from all four trenches. Most of the charcoal occurred in the base of the yellow-olive clay loam and Layer 1B-4 in Unit 3 and in the upper compact cobble layer and the lower compact cobble layer/upper yellow-olive clay loam sections in Unit 4. Wood pieces1 numbered 628 for Trench 1, but 53.2% derived from the posthole in Unit 4. Unit 4 actually contained 90% of all wood. In addition, several nutshells, seeds, and a fruit pit were recovered. All but one seed occurred in the upper compact cobble layer.
5.1.9 Lithics
A total of 57 lithics were recovered from Trench 1. Obsidian (n=31) comprised 54.4%, and the other 45.6% included chert (n=14), chalcedony (n=2), quartz (n=6), fine-grained igneous (n=1), and petrified wood (n=3). The combined chert and chalcedony group contained 4 (25.0%) angular shatter, 3 (18.8%) cores, 6 (37.5%) flakes, and 6 (37.5%) pieces of flake shatter (Table 5.3). One flake shatter had >50% cortex, and 2 angular shatter had <50% cortex. Total percentage of debitage with cortex was 23.1%. Two of the cores had cortex.
The 31 obsidian artifacts included 7 (22.6%) pieces of angular shatter, 1 (3.2%) biface, 17 (54.8%) flakes, and 6 (19.4%) pieces of flake shatter (Table 5.4). Only 1 (8.7%) flake and 1 (8.7%) piece of flake shatter displayed cortex. The former had cortex only on the platform, and the latter presented less than 50% dorsal. One piece of angular shatter had cortex, bringing total
1 Wood was counted, not weighed, for all four trenches. See Appendix D for details on particular specimens.
61 percentage of debitage with cortex to 10%. Three pieces of debitage showed use-wear damage on lateral margins. In addition, the biface (P1183-50) in the upper and middle sections of the yellow-olive clay loam in Unit 1 was the only fully-formed, albeit early stage, obsidian tool recovered from all trenches (Figure 5.1). It showed use-wear on a lateral margin. This artifact has been geochemically sourced to Napa Valley and has a 4.1µ reading. Two other artifacts were analyzed for source and hydration reading. A flake (P1183-59) from Unit 2, lower yellow-olive clay loam was Annadel with a 1.7µ band, and a flake (P1183-60) from Unit 3, upper compact cobble layer was also Annadel but with a 1.4µ rind.
UNIT LEVEL LAYERS MATERIAL TYPE n 1 2 Middle compact cobble layer Chalcedony Flake 1 1 3 Lower compact cobble layer/Upper Chert Core 3 yellow-olive clay loam 1 3 Lower compact cobble layer/Upper Chert Flake 1 yellow-olive clay loam 2 3 Middle yellow-olive clay loam Chert Angular Shatter 1 3 1 Upper compact cobble layer Chert Flake 1 3 1 Upper compact cobble layer Chalcedony Flake Shatter 1 3 3 Lower compact cobble layer/Upper Chert Flake 3 yellow-olive clay loam 3 4 Yellow-olive clay loam Chert Angular Shatter 1 3 6 Lower yellow-olive clay Chert Flake Shatter 1 loam/Upper 1B-3? 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Chert Angular Shatter 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Chert Flake Shatter 1 4 6 Lower compact cobble layer/Upper Chert Angular Shatter 1 yellow-olive clay loam Total 16 TABLE 5.3 Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 1.
0 cm 2 cm FIGURE 5.1 Obsidian Biface Recovered from Trench 1.
62 UNIT LEVEL LAYER TYPE n SOURCE MEAN µ 1 1 Upper compact cobble layer Angular shatter 1 1 1 Upper compact cobble layer Flake 3 1 2 Middle compact cobble layer Angular shatter 1 1 2 Middle compact cobble layer Flake 1 1 3 Lower compact cobble layer/ Flake 1 Upper yellow-olive clay loam 1 4 Yellow-olive clay loam Angular shatter 1 1 4 Yellow-olive clay loam Biface 1 Napa 4.1µ 1 4 Yellow-olive clay loam Flake 1 1 4 Yellow-olive clay loam Flake shatter 1
2 1 Compact cobble layer Angular shatter 1 2 1 Compact cobble layer Flake 1 2 3 Middle yellow-olive clay loam Flake 2 2 3 Middle yellow-olive clay loam Flake shatter 1 2 4 Lower yellow-olive clay loam Flake 1 Annadel 1.7µ
3 1 Upper compact cobble layer Flake 2 Annadel 1.4µ 3 1 Upper compact cobble layer Flake shatter 1 3 2 Middle compact cobble layer Angular shatter 2 3 3 Lower compact cobble layer/ Flake shatter 1 Upper yellow-olive clay loam 3 4 Middle yellow-olive clay loam Flake 1
4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Angular shatter 1 4 1 Upper compact cobble layer Flake 1 4 6 Lower compact cobble layer/ Flake 2 Upper yellow-olive clay loam 4 6 Lower compact cobble layer/ Flake shatter 2 Upper yellow-olive clay loam 4 7 Yellow-olive clay loam/1B-3? Flake 1
TOTAL 31 TABLE 5.4 Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 1.
Ten "other" lithics were recovered (Table 5.5). The three petrified wood pieces had indeterminate shapes and may have been fragments of unmodified manuports. The quartz objects were all angular shatter or flakes except for one amorphous chunk.
63 UNIT LEVEL LAYERS MATERIAL TYPE n 1 2 Middle compact cobble layer Quartz Flake 1 1 3 Lower compact cobble layer/Upper Quartz Angular Shatter 1 yellow-olive clay loam 1 3 Lower compact cobble layer/Upper Quartz Flake 1 yellow-olive clay loam
2 1 Compact cobble layer Quartz Flake 1 2 2 Upper yellow-olive clay loam Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 2 3 Middle yellow-olive clay loam Quartz Angular Shatter 1
3 1 Upper compact cobble layer Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 3 2 Middle compact cobble layer Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 3 3 Lower compact cobble layer/Upper Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 yellow-olive clay loam
4 4 Compact cobble layer Quartz Chunk 1
Total 10 TABLE 5.5 Other Lithics Recovered from Trench 1.
5.1.10 Faunal Remains
Only 3 bones were unidentifiable: 2 burned and 1 unburned. In addition, 27 elements of intrusive species were sampled out of the subassemblage before identification. A total of 34 (55.7% of identifiable) bones was subjected to identification and analysis. Faunal data from Trench 1 were confined almost exclusively to the upper compact cobble layer in Unit 1, the compact cobble layer and upper yellow-olive clay loam in Unit 2, and the compact cobble layer and foundation trench in Unit 4 (Table 5.6). The single exception was a vole, Microtus californicus, mandible in the lower compact cobble layer and the upper yellow-olive clay loam in Unit 4. Aside from one element from Sylvilagus bachmani, California Brush Rabbit, all elements belonged to rodent or insectivore genera (Microtus, Peromyscus, Scapanus, Thomomys) or to Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird. These faunal remains were all intrusive beneath the Adobe's floors as small mammals and birds living in, around, and under the room. Approximately half of the species from Unit 4 derived from the foundation trench. No elements had conclusive evidence of cultural modification or association, although a rodent femur in the uppermost layer showed evidence of burning.
Shellfish numbered only 12 fragments. One oyster, one mussel (Mytilus), and two clam (Saxidomus?) shell fragments were found. The rest were unidentified. All occurred within the compact cobble layer or the yellow-olive clay loam.
64 TAXON NISP MNI Microtus californicus 5 4 Microtus sp 3 1 Rodentia 1 1 Mammalia, small 1 1 Microtus townsendii 2 1 Mimus polyglottos 6 2 Peromyscus maniculatus 3 2 Peromyscus sp 2 1 Scapanus latimanus 1 1 Thomomys bottae 8 1 Sylvilagus bachmani 1 1 Vertebrata 1 1
Total 34 17 TABLE 5.6 Faunal Remains Recovered from Trench 1.
5.2 TRENCH 2
Refer to the stratig raphic profile in Figure 4.3 and the layer descriptions in Section 4.2 to track the strata noted below. To facilitate discussion, the following descriptive labels are used for Trench 2:
(1) "foundation trench" refers to 2S-1;
(2) "rodent fill" refers to 2R-1;
(3) "upper surface layer" refers to 2S-6;
(4) "lower surface layer" refers to 2S-12;
(5) "intrusive feature" refers to 2S-2, 2S-3, 2S-4, and 2Si-3.
(6) "mottled fill" refers to 2F-1, 2F-2, 2F-3, and 2F-5;
(7) "base fill" refers to 2F-6, 2F-7, and 2F-8;
(8) "backdirt" refers to the reverse stratigraphy of 2F-4; and
(9) "pre-construction surface" refers to G-1;
Sections within these layers are designated as upper, middle, and lower.
65 5.2.1 Ceramics
A total of 11 sherds were recovered from Trench 2. Six of the sherds occurred in Unit 1 on the grid south end of the trench. These 6 included 2 undecorated whiteware sherds and 4 undecorated clear-glaze porcelain sherds. Two porcelain and 1 whiteware were plate fragments. One whiteware sherd came from the foundation trench; the rest came from the mixture of the upper and lower surface layers. Unit 3 had 1 sherd of undecorated whiteware in the upper reaches of the upper surface layer and one in the mix of the upper surface layer, lower surface layers, and 2S-5 (Level 2). Unit 4 had 3 sherds of similar undecorated white refined earthenware in upper and lower surface layers. One of these artifacts may have been a teacup, and one of the sherds in Unit 3 was identifiable only to flatware.
5.2.2 Glass
Trench 2 produced a total of 30 glass artifacts (Table 5.7). Percentages of glass types included 86.7%, vessel; 2.2%, window; 0.0% oil lamp globe; and 10.0% other. The 3 "other" included 2 tiny mirrored fragments (P1183-314) that appeared to be from thin-walled holiday ball ornaments and 1 unknown item of translucent, patinated glass. The latter (P1183-314) was a 7.7-mm diameter glass sphere fused to a 4.8-mm diameter elliptical piece with a broken surface. Its function is unknown. Except for the fused glass in the mix of backdirt, base fill, and the upper pre-construction surface in Unit 4, all glass occurred above the fill (F-series) layers. The dark green glass item (P1183-326) in Unit 4 was the base of a late 1800s wine bottle.
5.2.3 Beads
Seven beads, or 63.6% of the entire PASR assemblage, were retrieved from Trench 2. Other than 1 probable green plastic bead (Variety PL-1), all were glass (see Table 5.8 for all bead types). Five were white to light gray, drawn, hot-tumbled beads, assigned as Variety 1 (n=4) and Variety 4 (n=1). The former were monochrome and approximately 3.0 x 3.5 mm; the latter was polychrome and slightly larger at 3.8 x 3.5 mm. The sixth bead was a dark blue, translucent wound bead (Variety 6) that measured 9.4 x 9.2 mm. The drawn beads all derived from Level 4 – a mixture of the lower surface layer, mottled fill, and intrusive feature – of Unit 4, which did little to clarify their context other than to indicate a late presence in the stratigraphic sequence. The lower surface layer of Unit 2 produced the large wound bead.
66 UNIT LEVEL LAYER COLOR TYPE n 1 2 Foundation trench Amber Indeterminate bottle 1 1 2 Foundation trench Purple Indeterminate bottle 1 1 3 Lower surface layer/2S-9 lens Brown Indeterminate bottle 2 1 3 Lower surface layer/2S-9 lens Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1 1 3 Lower surface layer/2S-9 lens Dark green Alcohol 2 1 3 Lower surface layer/2S-9 lens Medium green Indeterminate bottle 3
2 1 Upper surface layer Colorless Indeterminate bottle 5 2 1 Upper surface layer Purple Ornaments? 2 2 2 Upper surface layer/2S-9 lens Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1 2 2 Upper surface layer/2S-9 lens Colorless Window 1 2 4 Lower surface layer Colorless Indeterminate bottle 2 2 4 Lower surface layer Medium green Indeterminate bottle 1 2 5 Lower surface layer, grid north Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1
3 1 Upper surface layer Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1 3 2 Upper surface layer/lower surface layer Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1
4 1 Upper surface layer/ Dark green Wine/Champagne 1 lower surface layer/Rodent fill 4 1 Upper surface layer/ Aqua Indeterminate bottle 1 lower surface layer/Rodent fill 4 1 Upper surface layer/ Colorless Indeterminate bottle 2 lower surface layer/Rodent fill 4 10 Backdirt/2F-6 (base fill)/ Colorless Fused spheres 1 pre-construction surface Total 30 TABLE 5.7 Glass Artifacts Recovered from Trench 2.
5.2.4 Metal
Like the other trenches, Trench 2 had nails and nail fragments as the most common metal artifact (Table 5.9). A total of 77 nails and nail fragments were retrieved. This total includes the metal artifacts considered to be potential nail pieces. Of particular interest was the fact that 7 (58.3%) of the iron cut nails derived from the 2S-9 lens/lower surface layer alone. In Unit 2, all nails came from upper and lower surface layers. Unit 3 had a similar restriction of nails per layer, but 2S-5 was included in some level mixtures. Unit 4 had the highest nail density of the trench with 23 nails. The combined upper/lower surface layer contained 10 (43.5%) of these. In addition, the rodent fill and the complex layers in the intrusive feature (Level 3) contained 2 nails; and the mixture of lower surface layer, intrusive feature, and mottled fill in Level 4 produced 9 nails; and the lower section of the pre-construction surface contained
67 INNER INNER VARIETY TYPEa COLOR MUNSELL COLOR MUNSELL DIAPHANEITY PATINA SIZEb n DPR # 1 D/MCHU White, N9.5/, N9.25/ Opaque N 3.0 x 3.4 mm, 4 P1183-149 Light Gray 3.1 x 3.3 mm, 2.5 x 3.5 mm 2 D/MCHU White N9.5/ Opaque N 2.0 x 2.7 mm 1 P1183-1021
3 D/MCHU Off-White 10YR9/2 Opaque Y 1.1 x 2.1 mm 1 P1183-1020
4 D/PCHU Light Gray N9/ Light Gray N9/ Opaque N 3.8 x 3.5 mm 1 P1183-149
68 5 D/PCHU Red 5R3/10 White N9.5/ Translucent Y 2.2 x 3.4 mm 1 P1183-1299
6 W/MOU Dark Blue 5PB2/6 Translucent Y 9.4 x 9.2 mm 1 P1183-148
PL-1c /MCHU Light Green 2.5G5/6 Opaque N 1.5 x 2.6 mm 1 P1183-147 PL-2c /MM2CU Light Red 10RP3/8 Translucent N 4.4 x 4.5 mm 1 P1183-1022 a D = drawn, W = wound; M = monochrone, P = polychrome; C = cut, O = ovoid, M2 = molded with two rows of ground facets; H = hot-tumbled; U = undecorated b Length x least diameter c "PL" = plastic
Table 5.8 Classification of Beads Recovered from Trenches 1, 2, 3, and 4.
68 LENGTH UNIT LEVEL LAYER MATERIAL TYPE (mm) n 1 1 Upper surface layer Iron Cut n/a 2 1 1 Upper surface layer Steel? Wire 39.0 1 1 1 Upper surface layer Steel Cut 49.5 1 1 1 Upper surface layer Steel Wire 64.0 1 1 2 Foundation trench Iron Cut n/a 1 1 2 Foundation trench Steel? Wire 32.5 1 1 3 2S-9 lens/Lower surface layer Iron Cut n/a 3 1 3 2S-9 lens/Lower surface layer Iron Cut 38.5 3 1 3 2S-9 lens/Lower surface layer Iron Cut 76.0 1 1 3 2S-9 lens/Lower surface layer Steel? Wire 36.0 1 1 5 Bottom of lower surface layer Steel? Wire 91.0 1 1 8 Lower section of mottled fill Iron Cut n/a 2 2 1 Upper surface layer Steel? Wire 65.0 1 2 1 Upper surface layer Steel Wire 51.0 1 2 2 Upper surface layer/2S-9 lens Iron Cut n/a 3 2 2 Upper surface layer/2S-9 lens Iron Indeterminate n/a 2 2 3 Upper surface layer Iron Cut n/a 1 2 3 Upper surface layer Iron Cut 78.0 1 2 3 Upper surface layer Steel? Wire 14.0 1 2 3 Upper surface layer Steel? Wire 21.5 1 2 4 Lower surface layer Iron Cut n/a 2 2 4 Lower surface layer Iron Cut 29.5 1 2 4 Lower surface layer Iron Cut 52.0 1 2 4 Lower surface layer Steel Wire 19.5 1 2 5 Lower surface layer Iron Cut n/a 1 3 1 Upper surface layer Iron Cut n/a 6 3 1 Upper surface layer Steel? Wire n/a 2 3 1 Upper surface layer Steel? Wire 101.0 1 3 1 Upper surface layer Steel Wire 19.5 1 3 1 Upper surface layer Steel Wire 33.0 2 3 1 Upper surface layer Steel Wire 39.0 1 3 1 Upper surface layer Steel Wire 65.0 1 3 2 Upper surface layer/lower surface layer, 2S-5 Iron Cut n/a 1 3 2 Upper surface layer/lower surface layer, 2S-5 Steel Wire 38.0 1 3 ?? Unknown Iron Cut n/a 1 4 1 Upper surface layer/lower surface layer/ rodent Iron Cut 26.5 1 fill 4 1 Upper surface layer/lower surface layer/ rodent Iron Indeterminate n/a 9 fill 4 2 Rodent fill Steel? Wire 90.5 1 4 3 Intrusive feature Iron Cut 45.5 1 4 4 Lower surface layer/mottled fill/intrusive Iron Indeterminate n/a 9 feature 4 12 Steel Wire 42.5 2 1-4 Floor Floor Iron Cut 84.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 91.5 1 Total 77
TABLE 5.9 Nails Recovered from Trench 2.
69 In addition to nails and nail fragments, Trench 2 provided other metal objects (Figure 5.2). A total of 62 iron sheet-like and chunky pieces appeared throughout the four units and above the lower surface layer in Units 1-2 and above the lower surface layer and mottled fill in Units 3-4. Unit 1 produced a heavily-corroded portion (approximately one-third) of a Lincoln Head penny (P1183-433, Figure 5.2a) and a standard-head screw in the upper surface layer, a piece of aluminum foil and wood staple in the foundation trench; and a large brass spherical button (P1183-440, Figure 5.2b), unique iron rod, and fired .22 bullet casing in the 2S-9 lens/lower surface layer. The button measured 13.6 mm in diameter and had a bulbous head, single-loop shank, and no decoration or maker's mark. No metal objects occurred in the next several layers until the upper middle section of the pre-construction surface with the recovery of an uncorroded brass pin-like item (P1183-447, Figure 5.2c) that appeared to be part of 20th-century mechanical equipment. Unit 2 had less variety, including a single unfired percussion cap in the upper surface layer/2S-9 lens, and a barb and wood staple in the lower surface layer. Unit 3 sported a staple (perhaps from a staple gun) and a wood staple in the upper surface layer, and a wood staple in Level 2 (a mixture of Layer 2S-5 and the upper and lower surface layers). Unit 4 had a wood staple in the mix of the upper and lower surface layer with rodent fill, a 22-mm wide and 87-mm long strap of iron in the rodent fill, and an elliptical, flat copper object in the complex array of layers in the intrusive feature. The mottled fill had only a small piece of aluminum foil.
0 cm 1 cm FIGURE 5.2 Metal Artifacts Recovered from Trench 2.
5.2.5 Building Materials
Trench 2 had only 13 pieces of plaster: 1 in the upper surface layer of Unit 2, 1 in the lower section of the mottled fill of Unit 2, and 1 in upper surface layer/lower surface layer/rodent fill level of Unit 4. Cement pieces were in short supply, numbering only 7. Three were in Unit 1's foundation trench, and there was 1 each in Unit 2, upper surface layer; Unit 2, lower surface
70 layer; Unit 3, upper and lower surface layer combination with Layer 2S-5; and Unit 4, upper and lower surface layers.
5.2.6 Baked Clay
Only 5 baked clay pieces were found in Trench 2: 1 in Unit 1 at the base of the lower surface layer, and 4 in Unit 3 in mottled fill.
5.2.7 Miscellaneous
Trench 2 also produced 6 pieces of insulated wire, 8 pieces of chalk, 3 rubber band fragments, and 15 plastic bits. The 6 pieces of insulated wire numbered 3 pieces in the upper surface layer Unit 2, 2 pieces in the upper surface layer/2S-9 lens of Unit 2, and 1 piece in the upper surface layer of Unit 3. Unit 2 contained 8 pieces of blue chalk in the upper surface layer/2S-9 lens and rubber band fragments in the intrusive feature. Rubber band fragments were also recovered from Unit 1 in the mix of the 2S-9 lens and lower surface layer. Plastic items numbered 15. The upper surface layer also contained 9 pieces of plastic across the trench, and Unit 1's foundation trench produced 4 plastic fragments. In Unit 4, 1 piece of plastic appeared in the upper surface layer/lower surface layer/rodent fill mixture and 1 appeared in mottled fill.
5.2.8 Organics: Charcoal, Unburned Wood, and Plant Remains
Trench 2 had the second highest density of charcoal of the four trenches. With 1481 pieces, the trench contained 30.5% of total charcoal from the Adobe’s interior. Densest concentration was in the lower surface layer/2S-9 lens of Unit 1, which contained 16.3% of the trench’s total. Not far behind were Unit 1, lower section of the lower surface layer (10.8%); Unit 2, lower surface layer (10.5%); and Unit 3, mixture of lower surface layer, upper surface layer, and 2S-5 (8.4%). The remainder extended across numerous levels in all units. Trench-wide patterns were unequivocal: Highest densities of charcoal occurred just above fill layers, dropping off noticeably at the 2Si-5 interface. The only exception was the backdirt, which contained the second highest density of charcoal in Unit 3.
A total of 747 wood pieces were recovered. The upper surface layer of Unit 2 contained 42.6% of the total wood count for Trench 2. In fact, the upper surface layer, lower surface layer, 2S-9 lens, rodent fill, and Layer 2S-5 in all four units contained 88.9% of the wood. An array of seed and nut remains was collected from excavation and screening, including walnut, peanut, acorn, fruit pits, and numerous Malvaceae seeds. Counts and identifications were tentative. Many of the Malvaceae seeds occurred in the depths of the mottled fill of 2F-3, but the rest of the floral materials occurred in the lower surface layer or above. Floral materials may have been introduced by fossorial animals given their good state of preservation.
71 5.2.9 Lithics
Flaked lithics numbered 142 in Trench 2. The 66 obsidian artifacts comprised 46.5% of that total; other lithic materials included basalt (n=2), chert (n=43), chalcedony (n=4), petrified wood (n=3), quartz (n=15), fine-grained igneous (n=8), unknown igneous (n=1), and unknown (n=1). Non-obsidian lithics in this trench were primarily cryptocrystalline silicates, including chert and chalcedony (Table 5.10). There were 20 (42.5%) pieces of angular shatter, 20 (42.5%) flakes, 4 (8.5%) pieces of flake shatter, 1 (2.1%) core, and 2 (4.3%) nodules. One angular shatter had >50% cortex; three angular shatter had <50% cortex. The core retained cortex as well. A large (>30 mm) chert flake in Layer 2S-6/2S-12/2R-1 of Unit 4 showed evidence of use wear at the distal end. The nodule in Unit 3 (P1183-391) was first thought to be obsidian, but EDXRF analysis indicated that it was probably a chert or close geological relative by virtue of its virtual absence of rubidium and very low zirconium.
As Table 5.11 shows, obsidian manufacturing types included 10 (15.4%) angular shatter, 1 (1.5%) biface tip, 21 (32.3%) flakes, and 33 (50.1%) flake shatter. Only 2 (6.1%) pieces of flake shatter showed evidence of cortex, but always less than 50% dorsal. Therefore, cortical flakes were only 3.7% of flakes and flake shatter. Four of the angular shatter displayed cortex, bringing total percentage of debitage with cortex to 9.4%. Five flake shatter pieces showed evidence of use on a lateral margin; three occurred as one each in the mottled fill of Unit 4 and one each in the lower surface layer and mottled fill of Unit 2. In addition, one flake shatter from the mottled fill of Unit 3 showed acute, unimarginal retouching.
Six obsidian artifacts were subjected to geochemical sourcing, and three of these underwent obsidian hydration analysis. Two pieces of flake shatter from Units 1 and 2 were from Napa Valley, and they had hydration rims of 4.7µ (P1183-350) and 4.9µ (P1183-364), respectively. The angular shatter (P1183-380) from Unit 3 was also Napa Valley, and it sported a 3.1µ hydration band. The two pieces of flake shatter, one each in Units 3 (P1183-382) and 4 (P1183- 412), were both from Annadel. The flake shatter (P1183-359) examined from Unit 2 in the grid south end of the lower surface layer was assigned to an “Unknown A” source. See Appendix C for geochemical profiles and additional obsidian hydration information.
The 30 "other" lithics included petrified wood, quartz, fine-grained igneous, basalt, and two unknowns (Table 5.12). The single unknown igneous stone is of interest because it appeared to be a small core with numerous flakes removed. The bulk of quartz pieces have been termed angular shatter, but some may not have been products of intentional knapping. As in Trench 1, petrified wood pieces were indeterminate with regard to lithic technology. They may not have even been worked pieces or products thereof. In sum, the only noticeable vertical pattern was that most of chert and chalcedony occurred below the upper two or three levels.
72 UNIT LEVEL LAYER MATERIAL TYPE n 1 3 2S-9 lens/Lower surface layer Chert Flake 1 1 4 Middle of lower surface layer Chert Flake 1 1 5 Bottom of lower surface layer Chert Angular shatter 2 1 5 Bottom of lower surface layer Chert Flake 1 1 10 Upper pre-construction surface Chert Flake 1 1 12 Lower pre-construction surface Chert Flake 1
2 5 Lower surface layer, grid north Chert Angular shatter 1 2 5 Lower surface layer, grid north Chert Nodule 1 2 7 Upper mottled fill Chert Angular shatter 1 2 8 Middle mottled fill Chert Angular shatter 1 2 9 Lower mottled fill Chert Flake 1 2 11 Middle pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 2 11 Middle pre-construction surface Chert Core 1 2 11 Middle pre-construction surface Chert Flake 1
3 2 Upper surface layer/lower surface layer/2S-5 Chert Angular shatter 2 3 4 Mottled fill Chert Angular shatter 1 3 6 Lower mottled fill/base fill Chert Flake 1 3 8 Upper pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 3 8 Upper pre-construction surface Chert Flake 1 3 9 Upper and middle pre-construction surface Chert? Nodule 1 3 10 Lower and middle pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 2 3 10 Lower and middle pre-construction surface Chalcedony Flake 1 3 11 Lower pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 3 Wall Wall Chert Flake 1 4 1 Upper surface layer/lower surface Chert Angular shatter 2 layer/rodent fill 4 1 Upper surface layer/lower surface Chert Flake 2 layer/rodent fill 4 4 Lower surface layer/mottled fill/2S-2 Chalcedony Flake 1 4 5 Mottled fill Chalcedony Flake 1 4 6 Middle mottled fill Chert Angular shatter 2 4 6 Middle mottled fill Chert Flake 1 4 7 Middle mottled fill Chert Flake shatter 1 4 8 Lower mottled fill, grid north Chert Flake shatter 1 4 9 Lower mottled fill, grid north Chert Flake 1 4 9 Lower mottled fill, grid north Chalcedony Angular shatter 1 4 10 Backdirt/base fill/pre-construction surface Chert Flake 1 4 12 Pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 2 4 12 Pre-construction surface Chert Flake 2 4 12 Pre-construction surface Chert Flake shatter 2
Total 47
TABLE 5.10 Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 2.
73 UNIT LEVEL LAYER TYPE n SOURCE MEAN µ 1 2 Foundation trench Flake 1 1 3 2S-9 lens/Lower surface layer Flake shatter 1 1 5 Bottom of lower surface layer Flake 1 1 5 Bottom of lower surface layer Flake shatter 1 1 7 Upper mottled fill Flake 2 1 7 Upper mottled fill Flake shatter 1 1 10 Upper and middle pre-construction surface Biface 1 1 10 Upper and middle pre-construction surface Flake 2 1 10 Upper and middle pre-construction surface Flake shatter 6 Napa 4.7µ 2 6 Lower surface layer, grid south Flake shatter 1 Unknown A 2 7 Upper mottled fill Flake 2 2 7 Upper mottled fill Flake shatter 1 Napa 4.9µ 2 8 Middle mottled fill Flake shatter 1 2 9 Lower mottled fill Flake 1 2 9 Lower mottled fill Flake shatter 1 2 11 Middle pre-construction surface Flake 1 2 12 Lower pre-construction surface Flake 1 3 4 Mottled fill Angular shatter 1 Napa 3.1µ 3 5 Mottled fill Angular shatter 1 3 5 Mottled fill Flake shatter 2 Annadel 3 6a Mottled fill, grid north Flake 1 3 7 Backdirt Angular shatter 2 3 7 Backdirt Flake shatter 1 3 8 Upper pre-construction surface Flake shatter 2 3 9 Upper and middle pre-construction surface Flake shatter 1 3 10 Middle and lower pre-construction surface Flake 2 3 10 Middle and lower pre-construction surface Flake shatter 1 3 Wall Wall Flake 1 4 1 Upper surface layer/lower surface layer Angular shatter 1 4 1 Upper surface layer/lower surface layer Flake 1 4 4 Lower surface layer/mottled fill Flake shatter 2 4 5 Mottled fill Flake 1 4 5 Mottled fill Flake shatter 1 Annadel 4 6 Middle mottled fill Angular shatter 1 4 6 Middle mottled fill Flake 1 4 6 Middle mottled fill Flake shatter 3 4 7 Middle mottled fill Flake 1 4 7 Middle mottled fill Flake shatter 1 4 8 Lower mottled fill, grid north Angular shatter 1 4 8 Lower mottled fill, grid north Flake shatter 1 4 9 Lower mottled fill, grid north Angular shatter 1 4 9 Lower mottled fill, grid north Flake shatter 2 4 10 Base fill/backdirt/upper pre-construction Flake 1 4 10 Base fill/backdirt/upper pre-construction Flake shatter 1 4 12 Lower pre-construction surface Angular shatter 2 4 12 Lower pre-construction surface Flake 1 4 12 Lower pre-construction surface Flake shatter 2 Total 65
TABLE 5.12 Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 2.
74 UNIT LEVEL LAYER MATERIAL TYPE n 1 3 2S-9 lens/Lower surface layer Quartz Flake 1 1 4 Middle of lower surface layer Fine-Grained Igneous Angular shatter 1 1 5 Bottom of lower surface layer Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 1 6 Bottom of lower surface Quartz Angular shatter 1 layer/mottled fill/2Gi-1 1 7 Upper mottled fill Quartz Angular shatter 1
2 1 Upper surface layer Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 2 1 Upper surface layer Quartz Angular shatter 1 2 3 Upper surface layer Quartz Angular shatter 1 2 6 Lower surface layer, grid north Quartz Flake 1 2 7 Upper mottled fill Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 2 7 Upper mottled fill Quartz Angular shatter 1 2 7 Upper mottled fill Fine-Grained Igneous Indeterminate 1 2 11 Middle pre-construction surface Quartz Angular shatter 1
3 4 Mottled fill Quartz Angular shatter 1 3 4 Mottled fill Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 3 5 Mottled fill Fine-Grained Igneous Flake shatter 1 3 7 Backdirt Quartz Nodule 1 3 8 Upper pre-construction surface Igneous Core 1 3 8 Upper pre-construction surface Unknown Flake 1 3 10 Lower and middle pre- Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 construction surface 3 11 Lower pre-construction surface Basalt Flake 2
4 1 Upper surface layer/lower Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 surface layer/rodent fill 4 1 Upper surface layer/lower Quartz Angular shatter 2 surface layer/rodent fill 4 2 Rodent fill Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 4 4 Lower surface layer/mottled Fine-Grained Igneous Indeterminate 1 fill/2S-2 4 6 Middle mottled fill Quartz Flake shatter 2 4 9 Lower mottled fill, grid north Quartz Angular shatter 1
Total 30
TABLE 5.12 Other Lithics Recovered from Trench 2.
As part of the broad lithic category, Trench 2 also produced one groundstone fragment in 2F-4 of Unit 3. The fragment was small, but it showed likely wear polish on the exterior.
75 5.2.10 Faunal Remains
Unidentifiable bones numbered 118 unburned and 37 burned. Sampling removed 241 (62.6%) elements of projected intrusive species in the upper surface layers prior to identification and analysis. One lot provenience – part of the foundation trench – provided 153 (63.1%) of that excluded segment. A total of 144 bones were identified and analyzed. Two patterns were visible in the identified faunal remains from Trench 2.
First, the subassemblage demonstrated more species diversity than that offered by Trench 1 (Table 5.13). In addition to the rodent and insectivore genera (Microtus, Peromyscus, Scapanus, Thomomys) and avid species (Mimus polyglottos) shared with Trench 1, Trench 2's faunal subassemblage also included Perognathus, Pocket Mouse; possible Tamias, chipmunk; and a potential Spermophilus, ground squirrel, vertebrae and rib. Pocket gopher remains reflected primarily sub-adult death(s). The Tamias identification seemed questionable given the absence of the species in the area. Bird species included Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher; Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove; and a potential Hylocichla, Thrush. One element of the California Brush Rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani, was also discovered. Elements were unmodified, unburned, and mostly whole. As in Trench 1, these animals appeared to have been denizens of the Adobe's ceilings, walls, floors, and subfloors. They represented the effects of bioturbation and the results of animals inhabiting the rooms, perhaps during periods when the rooms were little used by humans. The latter refers particularly to bird species.
However, larger mammals of more cultural significance were well-represented in Trench 2: Bos taurus, cattle; Odocoileus hemionus, Black-Tailed Deer; Sus scrofa, pig; Capra/Ovis, goat/sheep; and Equus caballus, horse. Cattle, deer, pig, horse, and sheep NISP measures were 11, 1, 1, 1, and 3, respectively, but MNI rested at only one individual for each species. There were also 13 elements identified to the large mammal class.
Second, distribution of species varied by stratigraphic position. Most rodent or bird species occurred in the first four strata of any given unit, but the majority of larger mammals rested in deeper levels. Other than 4 large mammal fragments and one pig bone fragment in the middle of the lower surface layer, Units 1-4 contained only rodent and bird species from the beginning of excavation to the very bottom of the lower surface layer, near the interface with the first fill layer (2F-3). From just above and on this interface (2Si-5) to the bottom of the trench in the pre- construction surface, the assemblage showed a complete reversal. Bird elements disappeared, rodents dropped to only a few elements, and large mammals such as cattle, deer, sheep/goat, pig, and horse dominated. Cut marks were present on cattle vertebrae, metatarsals, and tarsals and on one sheep/goat scapula but not on the deer metapodial. Only 3 elements were burned. Two were unidentified, butchered mammal fragments, and the third was a Bos tooth.
These patterns indicated strongly (1) that upper levels contained few unambiguous cultural fauna, (2) that evidence of bioturbation above fill layers and small animal habitation was substantial, although the layers were compact, and (3) that faunal elements in the fill and underlying buried ground surface provided data on pre- and peri-construction dietary practices and faunal
76 utilization. Data from these fill and pre-construction layers are provided in Table 5.14. It was significant that virtually all large mammal elements – cattle, sheep/goat, deer, horse – disappeared completely within the uppermost sections of the pre-construction surface. The single exception was the cow tooth recovered from Unit 4 at the bottom of the pre-construction surface, but field observations placed it in direct association with the rodent tooth in a crushed krotovina.
TAXON NISP MNI Aves 3 1 Aves, medium 1 1 Aves, small 6 1 Bos taurus 11 1 Capra/Ovis sp 3 1 Equus caballus 1 1 Hylocichla sp? 1 1 Mammalia 2 1 Mammalia, large 13 1 Mammalia, medium 1 1 Mammalia, small 12 1 Mammalia, very small 1 1 Microtus californicus 4 1 Microtus sp 3 2 Microtus townsendii 2 1 Mimus polyglottos 11 1 Odocoileus hemionus 1 1 Perognathus californicus 1 1 Perognathus sp 2 1 Peromyscus boylii 3 2 Peromyscus maniculatus 1 1 Peromyscus sp 3 1 Peromyscus truei 3 2 Rodentia 4 1 Rodentia, small 5 1 Scapanus latimanus 6 2 Sus scrofa 1 1 Sylvilagus bachmani 1 1 Tamias sp (cf) 2 1 Thomomys bottae 18 2 Toxostoma redivivum 2 1 Vertebrata 13 1 Zenaida macroura 2 1 Total 143 38 TABLE 5.13 Faunal Remains Recovered from Trench 2.
77 TAXON NISP MNI1 ELEMENT CONTEXT Capra/Ovis sp 1 1 tibia Bottom of lower surface layer/ top of mottled fill Mammalia, large 1 1 indeterminate Bottom of lower surface layer/ top of mottled fill Bos taurus 1 1 phalanx Bottom of lower surface layer/ top of mottled fill
Bos taurus 7 -- tarsals, metatarsals, teeth Mottled fill Capra/Ovis sp 1 -- vertebra Mottled fill Equus caballus 1 1 tibia Mottled fill Mammalia, large 7 -- rib?, indeterminate Mottled fill
Bos taurus 3 -- rib, vertebra, teeth Pre-construction surface Capra/Ovis sp 1 -- scapula Pre-construction surface Mammalia, large 3 -- scapula, vertebrae Pre-construction surface Mammalia, medium 1 1 vertebra Pre-construction surface Odocoileus hemionus 1 1 metapodial Pre-construction surface Total 28 7 1 Separate MNI calculations were not performed for each depositional unit, in large part based on the possibility that fill and pre-construction layers were separated by only a matter of hours during initial construction. Therefore, only the first occurrence in this table receives the MNI count unless subsequent elements contributed to the MNI count in the preceding table. TABLE 5.14 Faunal Remains Recovered from Lower Layers of Trench 2
Only 8 shellfish fragments were recovered from Trench 2. A large almost-complete clam (Saxidomus) shell was recovered from the lower surface layer in Unit 2. Other shellfish included 1 oyster and 1 clam shell fragment, plus 5 unidentified specimens. The small clam shell fragment was the only one to occur in fill; all others were retrieved from surface (S-series) deposits above.
5.3 TRENCH 3
Refer to the stratigraphic profile in Figure 4.6 and the layer descriptions in Section 4.3 to track the strata noted below. To facilitate discussion, the following descriptive labels are used for Trench 3:
(1) "upper surface" refers to 3S-1;
(2) "compact surface" refers to 3S-11;
(3) "rodent fill" refers to 3R-1;
(4) "grid south upper fill" refers to 3F-1, 3F-3, 3F-4, 3F-11, 3F-12, and 3F-13;
78 (5) "grid south lower fill" refers to 3F-14, 3F-15, 3F-16, and 3F-17;
(6) "grid north upper fill" refers to 3F-2, 3F-5, 3F-6, 3F-7, 3F-8, and 3F-9;
(7) "grid north lower fill" refers to 3F-10, 3F-17, and 3F-18;
(8) "intrusive feature" refers to 3F-4;
(9) "dark fill" refers to 3F-19; and
(10) "pre-construction surface" refers to G-1.
More specific layers within these broad zones are singled out when level excavation matched specific stratum, and distinctions within a given layer are distinguished by upper, middle, and lower. In addition, the 3S-6, 3S-7, 3S-8, and 3S-9 surfaces are referred to as such.
5.3.1 Ceramics
Trench 3 produced 7 ceramics. Unit 1 produced only 1 sherd of undecorated whiteware in the lower part of the foundation trench, and Unit 2 produced 1 sherd each of black transferprint whiteware in both the upper surface and part of the upper fill (Level 6). The former transferprint sherd (P1183-744) had part of a crown-design maker’s mark; the (P1183-745) had a floral pattern (Figure 5.3). Deeper than the other two trenches, Unit 3 produced 1 blue transferprint whiteware sherd in the combination of the compact surface and part of the surfaces (Level 6) and 1 undecorated whiteware sherd in the upper to middle reaches of the pre-construction surfaces. Similarly, Unit 4 had 1 fragment of blue transferprint whiteware each in the dark fill and in the upper to middle pre-construction surface on the grid north.
FIGURE 5.3 Black Transferprint Whiteware Ceramics Recovered from Trench 3.
79 5.3.2 Glass
Trench 3 contained 38 glass shards (Table 5.15). Percentages of glass types for all but the single sherd removed from the modern floor involved 70.1%, vessel; 16.2%, window; 13.5% oil lamp globe; and 0.0%, other. Unit 1 contained 6 glass shards, Unit 2 had 11, Unit 3 had 18, and Unit 4 had only 2. These ranged from dark green alcohol and indeterminate colorless bottle shards to oil lamp globe fragments. Unit 3 also contained an amber bottle base fragment and a brown condiment bottle fragment. Surprisingly, a dark green shard from an alcohol bottle was recovered during removal of the modern floor appeared to have use wear on one edge.
UNIT LEVEL LAYER COLOR TYPE n 1 3 Upper surface Colorless Indeterminate vessel 2 1 3 Upper surface Dark Green Alcohol 1 1 3 Upper surface White Indeterminate vessel 2 1 9 3F-14/3F-15 (grid south lower fill) Light Green Indeterminate vessel 1 2 1 Upper surface Aqua Indeterminate vessel 1 2 1 Upper surface Colorless Globe/Chimney 1 2 1 Upper surface Colorless Indeterminate vessel 1 2 1A Upper surface/3F-3 grid north Aqua Indeterminate vessel 3 2 1A Upper surface/3F-3 grid north Colorless Globe/Chimney 1 2 1A Upper surface/3F-3 grid north Light Green Indeterminate vessel 1 2 2 Pebble layer at base of upper surface White Indeterminate vessel 1 2 4 3F-3 (grid south upper fill) Colorless Window 1 2 5 Compact surface Colorless Window 1 3 2 Upper surface and 3S-6 surface Brown Condiment 1 3 2 Upper surface and 3S-6 surface Amber Indeterminate vessel 1 3 2 Upper surface and 3S-6 surface Colorless Globe/Chimney 3 3 2 Upper surface and 3S-6 surface Colorless Indeterminate vessel 2 3 3 Compact surface and 3S-6 surface Colorless Indeterminate vessel 1 3 3 Compact surface and 3S-6 surface Colorless Window 1 3 3 Compact surface and 3S-6 surface Light Green Indeterminate vessel 1 3 5 3S-6 and 3S-7 surfaces Colorless Indeterminate vessel 3 3 5 3S-6 and 3S-7 surfaces Colorless Window 3 3 8 Compact surface/grid north upper fill Colorless Indeterminate vessel 2 4 1 Upper rodent fill Colorless Indeterminate vessel 1 4 8 Compact surface/grid north upper Medium Green Indeterminate vessel 1 fill/Intrusive feature 1-4 Floor Floor Dark Green Alcohol 1
Total 38
TABLE 5.15 Glass Artifacts Recovered from Trench 3.
80 5.3.3 Beads
Trench 3 provided a single glass bead. The specimen (Variety 5) was a polychrome red-on- white, drawn, hot-tumbled bead that sized in at 2.2 x 3.4 mm (see Table 5.8). Of particular interest was its provenience: the mixture Layers 3F-8 and 3F-10 (transition between grid north upper and lower fill) of Unit 3. This hinted that it may have been incorporated during initial construction of the building.
5.3.4 Metal
Trench 3 contained 37 nails and nail fragments (Table 5.16). Seven (18.9%) of these derived from modern floor removal. Unlike Trench 2, nails were not restricted almost exclusively to the surface layers. Although predominantly in the upper trench elevations, Trench 3 did have nails in fill layers or level mixtures with fill deposits.
Other metal items were also retrieved. Most of these included iron sheet fragments or clumps that numbered 49 in all units, and many of these (approximately 61%) were probably disintegrating iron nail shafts. In addition, 2 large wood staples were recovered, 1 in the upper surface of Unit 1 and the other in the modern floor removal. The only other metal object was the head of a square-head bolt in Unit 4 the combination of the grid north upper fill, 3F-10 of grid north lower fill, and the intrusive feature (Level 10)
5.3.5 Building Materials
Only 2 pieces of plaster were located in Trench 3: 1 in the grid south lower fill of Unit 1 and 1 in grid south upper fill of Unit 2. In contrast, cement pieces totaled 113. Of these, 111 came from Unit 1, with 18 in the upper surface, 89 in the foundation trench, and 4 in the lower foundation trench. The other 2 were discovered in general floor removal (n=1) and in the upper surface of Unit 2 (n=1). In addition, Trench 3 revealed 25 brick fragments. The modern floor produced 2, the upper surface of Unit 1 produced 12, the lowest reaches of the foundation trench in Unit 1 produced 5, the upper surface of Unit 2 produced 5, and the pre-construction surface in Unit 3 produced 1 potential brick fragment. In other words, all brick fragments were seemingly restricted to the last 50 years of activities and renovations in the Adobe.
81 LENGTH UNIT LEVEL LAYER MATERIAL TYPE (mm) n 1 1 Upper surface Iron Cut n/a 2 1 2 Foundation trench Steel? Wire n/a 3 2 1 Upper surface Steel? Wire 31.0 1 2 1 Upper surface Steel? Wire 39.5 1 2 1 Upper surface Steel? Wire 92.5 2 2 1 Upper surface Steel Wire 28.0 3 2 1a Upper surface/ Iron Cut n/a 2 Top of grid south upper fill 2 1a Upper surface/ Steel? Wire n/a 1 Top of grid south upper fill 2 7 Grid south upper fill Iron Indeterminate n/a 1 3 1 Upper surface/3S-6 surface Steel? Wire 28.0 1 3 3 3S-6 surface/compact surface Iron Indeterminate n/a 1 3 5 3S-6 and 3S-7 surfaces Iron Cut n/a 1 3 11 3F-7 (grid north upper fill) Iron Indeterminate n/a 2 4 1 Rodent fill Iron Cut n/a 2 4 1 Rodent fill Iron Cut 39.0 1 4 1 Rodent fill Steel Wire 38.5 1 4 1b Bottom of rodent fill Steel? Wire 38.0 1 4 2 Compact surface/3S-6 surface Iron Cut 64.0 1 4 4 Intrusive feature/ Iron Cut n/a 1 3F-5 and 3F-9 of grid north upper fill 4 8 Compact surface/intrusive feature/ Steel Wire 20.0 1 grid north upper fill 4 12 3F-5 (grid north upper fill)/ Iron Indeterminate n/a 1 3F-10 (grid north lower fill)/dark fill
1-4 Floor Floor Iron Cut 66.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Iron Cut 75.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 87.0 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 89.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 91.0 2 1-4 Floor Floor Steel Wire 88.0 1
Total 37
TABLE 5.16 Nails Recovered from Trench 3.
82 5.3.6 Baked Clay
Other than the five pieces in Trench 2, Trench 3 contained the remainder of baked clay pieces. In both trenches, baked clay specimens were amorphous, variably sized, and lacking obvious impressions. Interestingly, all but one of the 168 pieces occurred in or below the compact surface/3F-11 (grid south upper fill layer) in all units (see Table 5.17). The one piece in a higher level was in the upper surface of Unit 1. In Units 3 and 4, baked clay pieces occurred quite deeply.
UNIT LEVEL LAYER n 1 1 Upper surface 1 1 10 Lower 3F-15/upper 3F-16 1 1 11 Upper pre-construction surface 9 2 7 Grid south upper fill 2 2 8 Grid south upper fill 1 2 9 Grid south upper fill/grid south lower/dark fill 1 2 11 Upper pre-construction surface 3 3 12 3F-8 (grid north upper fill)/3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 18 3 13 Grid north lower fill 12 3 14 Grid north lower fill/dark fill 39 3 15 3F-18 (grid north lower fill) 3 3 16 Dark fill 11 3 17 Dark fill/upper pre-construction surface 4 4 10 Grid north upper fill/3F-10 (grid north lower fill)/Intrusive feature 10 4 11 3F-5 (grid north upper fill)/3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 26 4 12 3F-5 (grid north upper fill)/3F-10 (grid north lower fill)/dark fill 26 4 17 Lower-middle pre-construction surface 1 Total 168
TABLE 5.17 Baked Clay Recovered from Trench 3.
5.3.7 Miscellaneous
The upper surface and 3S-6 surface of Unit 3 had a cigarette filter, and the upper rodent fill of Unit 4 had electrical tape. The modern floor removal turned up a rubber band. Thirteen leather pieces were retrieved, primarily occurring in various fill layers. One was from the modern floor removal. Three pieces of plastic occurred in the foundation trench, and one plastic wrapper appeared in the removed floor.
83 5.3.8 Organics: Charcoal, Unburned Wood, and Plant Remains
Trench 3 contained the majority of all charcoal recovered from the Adobe: 3275 pieces, or 67.2%. Unit 2, grid south upper fill and Unit 3, Layers 3F-7 and 3F-8 (grid north upper fill) contained the highest density from the trench with 12.6% (n=413) and 9.6% (n=314). Next highest were Unit 3, 3F-6 and 3F-7 of the grid north upper fill with 7.3% (n=239); Unit 4, dark fill and upper section of pre-construction surface with 6.6% (213); and Unit 2, grid south upper fill with 6.3% (n=206). Across the trench, charcoal occurred in the highest densities in mid- range elevations, placing them squarely within the bulk of the room fill.
Trench 3 produced 975 wood pieces. Unit 3 contained 43.5% (n=424) of that total, with 33.8% (n=330) of the trench total in the upper surface and the 3S-6 surface alone. Units 1, 2, and 4 had percentages of 14.2% (n=138), 29.1% (n=284), and 0.9% (n=88), respectively. Moreover, the dark fill in Unit 3 contained a large section of a decomposing redwood plank (P1183-1006) (see Figure 4.6).
Various seeds, especially charred ones, occurred throughout the levels. Charred nut fragments were also recovered from the fill as well as the very lowest reaches of Unit 4. Layers 3S-6, 3S-7, and 3S-11 actually contained high proportions of organic material, represented by fibrous but sturdy laminations. These resembled Trench 4's "hay matrix," as described in Sections 4.4 and 5.4.
5.3.9 Lithics
Trench 3 contained 149 flaked lithics in its four units. Obsidian occupied 47.0% with 70 pieces. The other 53% included 43 chert, 9 chalcedony, 4 petrified wood, 13 quartz, 8 fine-grained igneous, and 2 unknown pieces. The 52 pieces of chert and chalcedony included 22 (42.3%) angular shatter, 3 (5.8%) cores, 14 (26.9%) flakes, 9 (17.3%) flake shatter, 3 (5.8%) nodules, and 1 (1.9%) bifacially-worked piece (Table 5.18). The only debitage with cortex were three angular shatter with <50%, and one core also had cortex. One chert angular shatter from Unit 3, Level 18 showed signs of use wear on multiple edges.
UNIT LEVEL LAYERS MATERIAL TYPE n 1 9 Lower 3F-14/Upper 3F-15 Chert Flake 2 1 9 Lower 3F-14/Upper 3F-15 Chert Nodule 1 1 10 Lower 3F-15/Upper 3F-16 Chert Flake 1 1 10 Lower 3F-15/Upper 3F-16 Chalcedony Biface 1 1 12 Upper pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 1 12 Upper pre-construction surface Chert Core 1 1 13 Upper-middle pre-construction surface Chert Flake 1
TABLE 5.18 Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 3 (continued below).
84 UNIT LEVEL LAYERS MATERIAL TYPE n 2 6 Grid north of 3F-3/Grid south of 3F-4 Chert Angular shatter 1 2 6 Grid north of 3F-3/Grid south of 3F-4 Chert Flake 1 2 6 Grid north of 3F-3/Grid south of 3F-4 Chalcedony Angular shatter 1 2 7 Grid south upper fill Chert Flake 1 2 8 Lower section of grid south upper fill Chert Angular shatter 1 2 11 Upper pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 2 11 Upper pre-construction surface Chert Flake 1 2 12 Upper-middle pre-construction surface Chert Flake shatter 1 2 12 Upper-middle pre-construction surface Chalcedony Flake 1 2 14 Lower pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 2 14 Lower pre-construction surface Chert Flake shatter 1 2 14 Lower pre-construction surface Chalcedony Flake 1 3 8 Grid north upper fill/compact surface Chert Angular shatter 3 3 8 Grid north upper fill/compact surface Chert Flake shatter 2 3 8 Grid north upper fill/compact surface Chalcedony Angular shatter 1 3 8 Grid north upper fill/compact surface Chalcedony Flake shatter 1 3 9 3F-6/3F-7 (grid north upper fill) Chert Flake 1 3 12 Lower 3F-8 (grid north upper fill)/ Chert Flake 2 3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 3 13 3F-10/3F-17 (grid north lower fill) Chert Angular shatter 1 3 16 Dark fill Chert Flake shatter 1 3 17 Dark fill/pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 3 17 Dark fill/pre-construction surface Chert Flake 1 3 18 Upper-middle pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 3 18 Upper-middle pre-construction surface Chert Core 2 3 18 Upper-middle pre-construction surface Chert Flake shatter 1 3 19 Lower-middle pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 1 3 20 Lower pre-construction surface Chalcedony Flake 1 4 4 Intrusive feature/3F-5/ Chert Angular shatter 2 3F-9 (grid north upper fill) 4 4 Intrusive feature/3F-5/ Chert Flake shatter 1 3F-9 (grid north upper fill) 4 8 Grid north upper fill/compact Chalcedony Angular shatter 1 surface/intrusive feature 4 9 Grid north upper fill/intrusive feature Chert Flake shatter 1 4 10 Grid north upper fill/intrusive Chert Angular shatter 2 feature/3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 4 10 Grid north upper fill/intrusive Chert Nodule 1 feature/3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 4 18 Lower pre-construction surface Chert Angular shatter 3 4 18 Lower pre-construction surface Chalcedony Nodule 1
Total 52 TABLE 5.18, continued Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 3.
85 Obsidian artifact types, as detailed in Table 5.19, included 16 (22.9%) pieces of angular shatter, 3 (4.3%) biface fragments, 40 (57.1%) flakes, 9 (12.9%) pieces of flake shatter, and 2 (2.9%) nodules. One of the nodules was a small (<20 mm) half-nodule produced through bipolar reduction. Three flakes had cortex on the platform, and 3 flakes and 1 flake shatter had greater than 50% dorsal cortex. This rendered 14.3% of flakes and flake shatter with cortex. Four angular shatter pieces had cortex, which produced 15.7% of total debitage with cortex present. Four flakes and one shatter showed use-wear evidence on at least one lateral margin. Two of these flakes derived from Unit 2 with one each in the grid south lower fill/dark fill and in the upper pre-construction surface. The other two appeared in Unit 3 with one each in upper 3F-8 and in the upper-middle pre-construction ground surface.
UNIT LEVEL LAYER TYPE n SOURCE MEAN µ 1 6 Grid south upper fill Angular shatter 1 1 7 Grid south upper fill/lower fill Flake 2 1 8 3F-13? (grid south upper fill) Flake 1 1 9 Lower 3F-14/3F-15 Flake 1 1 9 Lower 3F-14/3F-15 Flake shatter 1 Annadel 1 11 3F-16/3F-17 (grid south lower fill) Flake 1 1 11 3F-16/3F-17 (grid south lower fill) Flake shatter 1 Trinity 0.9µ 1 13 Upper pre-construction surface Angular shatter 1 1 15 Lower pre-construction surface Flake shatter 1
2 1a Upper surface/3F-3 on grid north Angular shatter 2 2 6 3F-1/3F-4 (grid south upper fill) Angular shatter 1 2 6 3F-1/3F-4 (grid south upper fill) Flake 3 2 7 Lower sections of grid south upper fill Angular shatter 2 2 7 Lower sections of grid south upper fill Flake 1 2 8 3F-13? Nodule 1 2 9 Upper section of grid south lower fill Angular shatter 1 2 9 Upper section of grid south lower fill Flake 1 2 11 Upper pre-construction surface Angular shatter 2 2 11 Upper pre-construction surface Biface1 2 Napa 1.6µ 2 11 Upper pre-construction surface Flake 5 2 11 Upper pre-construction surface Flake shatter 3 2 12 Upper-middle pre-construction Flake 5 surface 2 12 Upper-middle pre-construction Flake shatter 1 surface 2 14 Lower pre-construction surface Flake 1
TABLE 5.19 Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 3 (continued below).
86 UNIT LEVEL LAYER TYPE n SOURCE MEAN µ 3 5 3S-6/3S-7 surfaces Flake 1 3 8 Compact surface/grid north upper fill Flake 2 3 8 Compact surface/grid north upper fill Flake shatter 1 3 10 3F-8 (grid north upper fill) Angular shatter 1 3 10 3F-8 (grid north upper fill) Flake 3 3 12 3F-8 (grid north upper fill)/ Flake 1 3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 3 13 Grid north lower fill Flake 1 Annadel diffuse 3 13 Grid north lower fill Flake shatter 1 3 17 Lower dark fill/ Flake 1 upper pre-construction surface 3 18 Upper-middle Flake 1 pre-construction surface 3 19 Lower-middle Nodule 1 pre-construction surface 3 20 Lower pre-construction surface Flake 1 4 1b Lower section of rodent fill Flake 1 Napa 4 9 Intrusive feature/grid north upper fill Flake 2 4 10 Intrusive feature/ Angular shatter 2 Annadel grid north upper fill/3F-10 4 12 3F-5 (grid north upper fill)/ Angular shatter 2 3F-10 (grid north lower fill)/dark fill 4 12 3F-5 (grid north upper fill)/ Flake 2 3F-10 (grid north lower fill)/dark fill 4 14 Lower dark fill/ Biface 1 Napa diffuse upper pre-construction surface 4 14 Lower dark fill/ Flake 2 upper pre-construction surface 4 15 Upper-middle Flake 1 pre-construction surface 4 17 Lower-middle Angular shatter 1 Napa 4.2µ pre-construction surface
Total 70 1 The EDXRF and obsidian hydration analyses were conducted on only one specimen. TABLE 5.19, continued Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 3.
Eight obsidian artifacts underwent EDXRF sourcing (see Table 5.19 for details). Annadel was represented by 3 pieces: flake shatter (P1183-763) in Unit 1, flake with diffuse hydration (P1183- 826) in Unit 3, and angular shatter (P1183-853) in Unit 4. Four items were of Napa Valley origin, including the biface (1.6µ) (P1183-770) in Unit 2, biface with diffuse hydration (P1183- 858) in Unit 4, angular shatter (4.2µ) (P1183-860) in Unit 4, and flake (P1183-844) in Unit 4. The flake shatter (P1183-765) dating to 0.9µ in Unit 1 was assigned to the Trinity source. This obsidian occurs on the west side of Sonoma Valley in Glen Ellen Formation secondary deposits (mixed with Los Guilicos obsidian) and in situ on the east side of Sonoma Valley at the base of
87 rhyolitic flows (see Jackson 1986:53-54). This source is a very rare find in archaeological deposits. See Appendix C for geochemical profiles and additional hydration data.
A total of 27 "other" lithics also retrieved (Table 5.20). Quartz pieces, other than one nodule, were angular shatter or flakes. Fine-grained igneous included angular shatter, flakes, and flake shatter.
UNIT LEVEL LAYERS MATERIAL TYPE n 1 6 3F-1 and 3F-4 (grid south upper fill) Quartz Angular shatter 1 1 10 Lower 3F-15/Upper 3F-16 Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 2 6 Grid north of 3F-3/Grid south of 3F-4 Fine-Grained Igneous Flake shatter 1 2 6 Grid north of 3F-3/Grid south of 3F-4 Unknown Angular shatter 1 2 6 Grid north of 3F-3/grid south of 3F-4 Unknown Indeterminate 1 2 7 Grid south upper fill Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 2 7 Grid south upper fill Quartz Angular shatter 1 2 8 Lower section of grid south upper fill Quartz Angular shatter 1 2 9 3F-3 (grid south upper fill)/ Quartz Angular shatter 1 3F-16 (grid south lower fill)/dark fill 2 9 3F-3 (grid south upper fill)/ Quartz Flake 1 3F-16 (grid south lower fill)/dark fill 2 11 Upper pre-construction surface Quartz Flake 1 3 2 Grid south end of upper surface/ Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 3S-6 surface 3 9 3F-6/3F-7 (grid north upper fill) Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 3 9 3F-6/3F-7 (grid north upper fill) Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 3 10 Upper 3F-8 (grid north upper fill) Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 3 10 Upper 3F-8 (grid north upper fill) Fine-Grained Igneous Angular shatter 1 3 12 Lower 3F-8 (grid north upper fill)/ Quartz Flake 1 3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 3 12 Lower 3F-8 (grid north upper fill)/ Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1 3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 3 13 3F-10/3F-17 (grid north lower fill) Quartz Flake 1 3 14 Lower 3F-10/3F-17/dark fill Quartz Flake 1 3 17 Dark fill/pre-construction surface Quartz Angular shatter 2 3 17 Dark fill/pre-construction surface Fine-Grained Igneous Flake shatter 1 3 19 Lower-middle pre-construction surface Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 4 8 Grid north upper fill/compact Quartz Angular shatter 1 surface/intrusive feature 4 10 Grid north upper fill/intrusive Fine-Grained Igneous Angular shatter 1 feature/3F-10 (grid north lower fill) 4 14 Lower dark fill/ Quartz Nodule 1 upper pre-construction surface Total 27 TABLE 5.20 Other Lithics Recovered from Trench 3.
In addition to flaked stone, two other lithics were recovered. A potential hammerstone appeared in the upper surface of Unit 1. Its identification was very tentative. In addition, a single metate
88 fragment (P1183-742) was retrieved from Trench 3, found within the compact surface/3S-6 combination in Unit 4 (Figure 5.4). The groundstone had a concave, highly-polished surface.
0 cm 4 c m FIGURE 5.4 Groundstone Fragment Recovered from Trench 3.
5.3.10 Faunal Remains
Unidentified bones included 78 unburned and 27 burned fragments. A total of 87 (44.8%) identifiable, but potentially-intrusive species' elements were sampled out prior to identification. The 107 identified elements of Trench 3 (Table 5.21) produced patterns not unlike its room counterpart, Trench 2. That is, small rodents and birds dominated the upper reaches of the trench, and mainly medium and large mammals – Sus scrofa, Bos taurus, and Ovis/Capra – comprised the basal deposits. As expected, rodents and insectivores included Microtus, Peromyscus, Perognathus, Scapanus, and Thomomys. Birds proved more diverse with Mimus polyglottos; Zenaida macroura; Pipilo fuscus, Brown Towhee; Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager; Gallus gallus, chicken; Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird; and two unknown Passeriformes. Two bats, Eptesicus fuscus, Big Brown Bat, and an unidentifiable species, also contributed to the assemblage. With possible exception of the domestic chicken, all of these species may have entered the archaeological record through non-cultural processes. One Canis sp tooth was also recovered.
Although grossly similar to Trench 2, Trench 3 had a different vertical array of species. Because of the complex stratigraphy in Trench 3, it was difficult to detect correlations between species and stratum. For instance, potentially intrusive species appeared at lower depths, such as the presence of Thomomys bottae and an unidentified bird element in the pre-construction surface. The "S" surface layers exhibited considerable bioturbation, but lower surface and mixed fill layers harbored a diversity of non-intrusive species, including chicken and pig. Basal deposits of the dark fill and the pre-construction surface paralleled the composition of Trench 2, harboring primarily medium and large mammals. Many of these were identifiable to cattle or sheep/goat. The canid tooth derived from this lower layer. Cut marks were visible on a small proportion of
89 the cattle and sheep/goat remains as well as the large and medium mammal classes. Only two bones had been burned, and both belonged to the small mammal category. To facilitate data presentation, Table 5.22 displays additional tabulations of NISP, MNI, and element distribution for fill/lower surface and pre-construction layers.
TAXON NISP MNI Agelaius phoeniceus 1 1 Aves 1 1 Aves, medium 2 1 Aves, small 4 1 Bos taurus 8 1 Canis sp 1 1 Capra/Ovis sp 2 1 Chiroptera 1 1 Eptesicus fuscus 1 1 Gallus gallus 1 1 Mammalia, large 8 1 Mammalia, medium 1 1 Mammalia, small 5 1 Microtus californicus 22 3 Microtus sp 3 1 Mimus polyglottos 7 2 Passeriformes 2 2 Perognathus sp 1 1 Peromyscus boylii 2 1 Peromyscus sp 3 2 Peromyscus truei 3 1 Pipilo fuscus 1 1 Piranga ludoviciana 1 1 Rodentia, small 2 1 Scapanus latimanus 3 2 Sus scrofa 4 1 Thomomys bottae 11 2 Thomomys sp 1 1 Zenaida macroura 5 1 Total 107 37 TABLE 5.21 Faunal Remains Recovered from Trench 3.
A total of 19 shellfish fragments appeared in Trench 3. These included 3 fragments of clam (Saxidomus?), 1 possible abalone (Haliotis) fragment, 8 fragments of a presumed single mussel (Mytilus), 2 other mussel fragments, and 5 unidentified fragments of assorted shellfish. All but the one clam fragment in 3F-8 occurred in "S" layers.
90 TAXON NISP MNI1 ELEMENT CONTEXT2
Agelaius phoeniceus 1 1 sternum Fill/3Gi-1 Interface Bos taurus 1 1 phalanx Fill/3Gi-1 Interface Gallus gallus 1 1 humerus Fill/3Gi-1 Interface Mammalia, large 2 1 rib Fill/3Gi-1 Interface Mammalia, medium 1 1 indeterminate Fill/3Gi-1 Interface Mammalia, small 2 1 limb Fill/3Gi-1 Interface Pipilo fuscus 1 1 tibiotarsus Fill/3Gi-1 Interface Scapanus latimanus 1 1 humerus Fill/3Gi-1 Interface Sus scrofa 3 1 tooth, premaxilla Fill/3Gi-1 Interface
Bos taurus 5 -- phalanx, sesamoid, long bone Pre-construction surface Canis sp 1 1 tooth, premolar Pre-construction surface Capra/Ovis sp 2 1 scapula, femur Pre-construction surface Mammalia, large 3 -- patella, rib Pre-construction surface Mammalia, small 1 -- indeterminate Pre-construction surface Thomomys bottae 1 1 femur Pre-construction surface Aves, medium 1 1 tibiotarsus Pre-construction surface Total 27 13 1 Separate MNI calculations were not performed for each depositional unit, in large part based on the possibility that fill and pre-construction layers were separated by only a matter of hours during initial construction. Therefore, only the first occurrence in this table receives the MNI count unless subsequent elements contributed to the MNI count in the preceding table. 2 "Fill" includes grid south upper fill, grid south lower fill, grid north upper fill, and grid north lower fill.
TABLE 5.22 Faunal Remains Recovered from Lower Layers of Trench 3.
5.4 TRENCH 4
Refer to the stratigraphic profile in Figure 4.9 and the layer descriptions in Section 4.4 to track the strata noted below. To facilitate discussion, the following descriptive labels are used for Trench 4:
(1) "compact surface" refers to 4B-1;
(2) "compact cobble layer" refers to 4B-2 and 4B-3;
(3) "yellow-olive clay loam" refers to 4B-4, 4B-5, and 4B-6;
Sections of these three layers are divided into upper, middle, and lower for discussion purposes. The two surfaces, 4S-1 and 4S-2, are referred to by their actual stratum designations.
91 5.4.1 Ceramics
A total of 13 ceramics appeared in Trench 4. Unit 1 contained only 2 sherds – one of an undecorated terra cotta flowerpot and one of an undecorated tin-glazed vessel. These occurred in the upper-middle and lower-middle compact cobble layer, respectively. In the upper 4S-2 surface only, Unit 2 provided a sherd of an undecorated pearlware vessel, classified broadly as hollowware, and an undecorated sherd of whiteware. In Unit 3 in the grid south end of the 4S-1 surface and grid north end of the 4S-2 surface were two hand-painted fragments of terra cotta, one of which can be positively identified as a flowerpot. The upper-middle 4S-2 surface also contained another fragment of unrefined earthenware, but the material did not appear to be terra cotta. Like its neighbor, Unit 4 produced 3 hand-painted sherds of terra cotta unrefined earthenware, 1 in the grid south upper 4S-1 surface and 2 in the middle of 4S-1. From within the modern floor, 3 other terra cotta flowerpot fragments were recovered.
5.4.2 Glass
Trench 4 contained 46 glass artifacts (Table 5.23). From unprovenienced modern adobe floor removal, 11 glass items were retrieved. An interesting find was a complete spectacle lens. Sherd counts for the units were 3 in Unit 1, 4 in Unit 2, 21 in Unit 3, and 7 in Unit 4. Percentages of glass types in the excavated layers were 77.1%, vessel; 14.3%, window; 5.7%, globe, and 2.9%, other. As in Trenches 2 and 3, the bottle glass from Trench 4 ranged across a variety of colors including colorless, dark green, light green, medium green, and white. Windowpane fragments were also recovered. In addition, a worn, colorless sphere (P1183-1109) with a fractured edge appeared in the lower 4S-2 surface of Unit 4. It measured 4.2 mm in diameter, and it bore a remarkable semblance to the broken section of the "fused glass spheres" recovered from Trench 2.
5.4.3 Beads
Trench 4 produced 3 beads. A white (Variety 2) and an off-white (Variety 3) drawn, hot-tumbled glass bead appeared in Trench 3 (see Table 5.8). The former measured 2.0 x 2.7 mm, and the latter 1.1 x 2.1 mm. The white bead occurred in the lower-middle 4S-2 surface in Unit 3; the off- white bead occurred in upper-middle compact cobble layer Unit 1. In addition, one light red plastic bead (Variety PL-2), measuring 4.4 x 4.5 mm, was excavated from Unit 4 in the upper 4S- 2 surface.
92 UNIT LEVEL LAYER COLOR TYPE n 1 3 Upper-middle compact cobble layer White Indeterminate bottle 1 1 4 Lower-middle compact cobble layer Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1 1 6 Interface within compact cobble layer Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1 2 1 Upper 4S-2 Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1 2 1 Upper 4S-2 White Indeterminate bottle 1 2 4 Lower 4S-2 Colorless Window 2 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 Brown Indeterminate bottle 1 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 Colorless Indeterminate bottle 10 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 Colorless Window 2 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 Dark Green Alcohol 1 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 Light Green Indeterminate bottle 1 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 Medium Green Indeterminate bottle 2 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 White Globe/Chimney 1 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 White Indeterminate bottle 1 3 1 4S-1 on grid south/upper 4S-2 Brown Alcohol 1 3 3 Lower-middle 4S-2 Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1 4 2 Upper 4S-1, grid south Colorless Indeterminate bottle 1 4 3 Middle 4S-1/4S-2, grid south Aqua Window 1 4 3 Middle 4S-1/4S-2, grid south Brown Indeterminate bottle 1 4 3 Middle 4S-1/4S-2, grid south Dark Green Alcohol 1 4 3 Middle 4S-1/4S-2, grid south Medium Green Indeterminate bottle 1 4 3 Middle 4S-1/4S-2, grid south White Globe/Chimney 1 4 5 Lower 4S-2 Colorless Sphere 1 1-4 Floor Floor Colorless Spectacle 1 1-4 Floor Floor Dark Green Alcohol 1 1-4 Floor Floor Brown Indeterminate bottle 1 1-4 Floor Floor Bright Green Indeterminate bottle 1 1-4 Floor Floor Colorless Globe/Chimney 1 1-4 Floor Floor Colorless Indeterminate bottle 2 1-4 Floor Floor Colorless Window 2 1-4 Floor Floor Medium Green Indeterminate bottle 1 1-4 Floor Floor White Indeterminate bottle 1 Total 46
TABLE 5.23 Glass Artifacts Recovered from Trench 4.
5.4.4 Metal
This trench contained a total of 78 nails and nail fragments (Table 5.24). Seventeen of these derived from removal of the modern floor. With the exception of 7 nails in the lower depths of the compact clay layer and in the yellow-olive clay loam, the remainder of the nails occurred in the 4S-1 and 4S-2 surfaces. By far, the upper 4S-2 surface had the densest concentration.
93 Nails were not the only metal objects recovered. Thirty-two metal chunks and sheets occurred throughout the trench, and many of these – as in Trench 3 – may have been exfoliated nail shafts. Except for one of these deep in the yellow-olive clay loam of Unit 1, all were in and above the upper reaches of the compact cobble layer, regardless of unit. Removal of the modern floor located 1 large screw and 2 pieces of long, coiled iron wire. Two pieces of a similar wire, but made of steel, was recovered from the upper 4S-2 surface in Unit 2, perhaps at the base of the modern floor. It strongly resembled the steel mesh overlying the builders sand. The upper 4S-2 surface in Unit 2 also produced 2 iron barbs. Unit 3 offered 2 pieces of aluminum foil, 1 curved iron piece, 1 wood staple, and 1 square nut in grid south portion of the 4S-1 surface/upper 4S-2 surface. Oddly, the upper 4S-2 surface produced 1 unfired lead ball (7.4 mm diameter). In Unit 4, a square nut and a paper clip appeared in middle 4S-1.
5.4.5 Building Materials
Trench 4 had the highest number of plaster pieces in the PASR excavation with 73 pieces. Unit 1 had 6 pieces in the upper 4S-2, 3 in the upper-middle 4S-2, and 5 in the lower-middle compact cobble layer. Unit 2 had 5 in upper 4S-2 (Level 1) and 6 in upper 4S-2 (Level 2). Unit 3 had plaster only in 4S-1's grid south section and upper 4S-2, but they numbered 30. Unit 4 contained 8 pieces in upper 4S-1, 8 in middle 4S-1 with portions of 4S-2, and 2 in upper 4S-2 in rodent burrows. Like Trench 2, cement fragments numbered very few with only 6. One occurred in Unit 1's lower-middle compact cobble layer, and the other 5 came from Unit 3 in 4S-1's grid south section and upper 4S-2. In combination with Trench 3, Trench 4 produced the project's only brick fragments. The modern floor held 4 fragments, the grid south end of 4S-1 and upper 4S-2 in Unit 3 had 1 fragment, and 1 large almost-complete brick piece in middle 4S-1 in Unit 4.
The only fragment of baked clay tile occurred in this trench. The artifact was small and had the appearance of roof tile. It rested on the 4Si-3 interface, between the 4S-2 surface and the underlying compact surface (4B-1).
5.4.6 Baked Clay
No baked clay was located in Trench 4.
94 LENGTH UNIT LEVEL LAYER MATERIAL TYPE (mm) n 1 2 Upper compact cobble layer Iron Cut n/a 1 1 4 Lower-middle compact cobble layer Iron Indeterminate n/a 4 2 2 Upper 4S-2 surface Iron Cut n/a 3 2 2 Upper 4S-2 surface Steel? Wire n/a 1 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Iron Cut n/a 6 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Iron Cut 33.5 1 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Steel? Wire n/a 4 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Steel? Wire 27.0 1 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Steel? Wire 32.0 1 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Steel? Wire 34.0 1 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Steel? Wire 42.0 1 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Steel? Wire 83.5 1 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Steel Wire 33.0 4 3 1 4S-1 surface on grid south/upper 4S-2 Steel Wire 37.5 1 3 8 Lower compact cobble layer/upper Steel? Wire n/a 1 yellow-olive clay loam 3 8 Lower compact cobble layer/upper Steel? Wire 57.0 1 yellow-olive clay loam 4 1 Upper 4S-1 surface Steel? Wire 53.0 1 4 1 Upper 4S-1 surface Steel Wire 93.0 1 4 2 Upper 4S-1 surface, grid south Iron Cut n/a 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Cut n/a 5 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Cut 39.0 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Cut 47.0 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Cut 65.0 6 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Cut 65.5 2 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Cut 66.0 3 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Cut 76.0 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Cut 89.0 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Iron Indeterminate n/a 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Steel? Wire n/a 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Steel? Wire 23.0 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Steel? Wire 37.0 1 4 3 Middle 4S-2 surface, grid south Steel? Wire 64.5 1 4 Profile Grid east profile Iron Cut 33.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Iron Cut n/a 2 1-4 Floor Floor Iron Cut 64.0 3 1-4 Floor Floor Iron Cut 72.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Iron Cut 79.5 2 1-4 Floor Floor Iron Cut 82.0 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 52.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 55.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 61.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 78.0 3 1-4 Floor Floor Steel? Wire 78.5 1 1-4 Floor Floor Steel Wire 93.0 1 Total 78 TABLE 5.24 Nails Recovered from Trench 4.
95 5.4.7 Miscellaneous
The 4S-2 and upper 4S-1 surfaces in Unit 4 produced two pieces of insulated wire and one piece of Styrofoam. Two leather pieces were also found in the middle section of 4S-1 in Unit 4. In addition, plastic was recovered as 3 pieces in Unit 4's compact cobble layer, 1 piece in upper 4S- 2 in Unit 3, and 3 pieces in the middle section of 4S-1 in Unit 4. Finally, a piece of bakelite was recovered from the grid south section of 4S-1 and upper 4S-2 in Unit 3.
5.4.8 Organics: Charcoal, Unburned Wood, and Plant Remains
Like Trench 1, Trench 4 had charcoal in very low densities, totaling only 73 pieces or 1.5%. Highest density, although numbering only 17 and 15, occurred in Unit 3 in the 4S-1 isolate and upper 4S-2 and in lower 4S-2, respectively. Excavation retrieved 617 pieces of unburned wood in Trench 4. Units 1 and 3 contained the highest percentages at 31.4% (n=194) and 33.1% (n=204), respectively. Units 2 and 4 displayed similarity with percentages of 15.1% (n=93) and 19.0% (n=117), respectively. Of particular significance was the fact that the first level, regardless of unit, held 53.5% (n=330) of the trench's total wood. Oddly, the upper-middle compact cobble layer of Unit 1 contained 68 pieces, despite this level being in the presumably pre-Adobe matrix of clay and cobbles.
Various upper levels of Trench 4 produced a few seed and nut fragments. Of particular interest was the matrix of fibrous floral material (the "hay matrix") in Layer 4S-2. It resembled that recovered from Trench 3, although the matrix seemed more matted and grass-like in this site locus.
5.4.9 Lithics
Only 59 flaked lithics were recovered from Trench 4. Similar to Trenches 2 and 3, obsidian held 45.8% with 27 pieces. Chert had another 30.5% with 18 pieces, and the remainder included chalcedony (n=7), petrified wood (n=1), quartz (n=4), and fine-grained igneous (n=2). Cryptocrystalline lithics – chert and chalcedony – included 15 (60.0%) angular shatter, 6 (24.0%) flakes, and 4 (16.0%) flake shatter (Table 5.25). Only one angular shatter displayed cortex (>50% coverage) out of all debitage pieces. Unit 2 produced the only lithic, a chert flake, demonstrating use-wear.
Table 5.26 displays obsidian artifact data, and they can be summarized as follows: 1 (3.7%) angular shatter, 1 (3.7%) biface, 10 (37.0 %) flakes, and 15 (55.6%) flake shatter. One (10%) flake and one (6.7%) flake shatter had cortex on more than 50% of the dorsal surface. This equaled 8.0% of obsidian flakes and flake shatter with cortex. In fact, since no angular shatter displayed cortex, the percentage of total debitage with cortex present was 7.7%. In addition, two flake shatter artifacts from the upper-middle compact cobble layer of Unit 1 showed signs of use-
96 wear. Moreover, one flake shatter each from the compact surface of Unit 2 and the upper-middle compact cobble layer of Unit 3 showed steep, unimarginal retouch. The latter piece was larger than 30 mm. Seven obsidian artifacts were subjected to EDXRF analysis, and two underwent obsidian hydration analysis. The biface (P1183-1129) in Unit 1, the flake shatter (P1183-1154) in Unit 3, and the two flakes (P1183-1162, P1183-1161) in Unit 4 were from Annadel. The flake (3.5µ) (P1183-1141) and flake shatter (P1183-1145) from Levels 2 and 3, respectively, of Unit 3 were from Napa Valley. The flake shatter (P1183-1151) in Level 4 of Unit 3 was an unknown source, named “Unknown B” (see Appendix C).
UNIT LEVEL LAYERS MATERIAL TYPE n 1 1 Upper compact cobble layer Chert Angular shatter 1 1 3 Upper-middle compact cobble layer Chert Angular shatter 1 1 4 Lower-middle compact cobble layer Chalcedony Flake 1 1 7 Middle compact layer Chalcedony Angular shatter 1 1 10 Lower yellow-olive clay loam (4B-6) Chert Angular shatter 2 1 10 Lower yellow-olive clay loam (4B-6) Chert Flake 2
2 4 Lower 4S-2 Chert Flake shatter 1 2 5 Upper compact surface Chert Flake 1 2 5 Upper compact surface Chert Flake shatter 1 2 6 Lower compact surface/ Chert Flake shatter 1 upper compact cobble layer
3 1 4S-1 grid south isolate/upper 4S-2 Chert Angular shatter 1 3 2 Middle 4S-2 Chert Angular shatter 1 3 2 Middle 4S-2 Chalcedony Angular shatter 1 3 2 Middle 4S-2 Chalcedony Flake 1 3 3 Lower-middle 4S-2 Chert Angular shatter 1 3 3 Lower-middle 4S-2 Chalcedony Angular shatter 1 3 3 Lower-middle 4S-2 Chalcedony Flake shatter 1 3 4 Lower 4S-2/upper compact surface Chert Angular shatter 1 3 5 Upper compact cobble layer Chert Angular shatter 1 3 7 Middle compact cobble layer Chalcedony Angular shatter 1
4 3 Middle 4S-2, grid south Chert Angular shatter 1 4 5 Lower 4S-2, grid north Chert Angular shatter 1 4 5 Lower 4S-2, grid north Chert Flake 1
Total 25
TABLE 5.25 Cryptocrystalline Artifacts Recovered from Trench 4.
97 UNIT LEVEL LAYER TYPE n SOURCE MEAN µ 1 1 Upper compact cobble layer Flake shatter 1 1 3 Middle compact cobble layer Flake 1 1 3 Middle compact cobble layer Flake shatter 3 1 6 Interface within compact cobble layer Biface 1 Annadel 1 7 Middle compact cobble layer (4F-3) Flake 1
2 2 Upper 4S-2 Flake shatter 1 2 5 Upper compact surface Flake shatter 2
3 2 Upper-middle 4S-2 Flake 1 Napa 3.5µ 3 3 Lower-middle 4S-2 Angular shatter 1 3 3 Lower-middle 4S-2 Flake 1 3 3 Lower-middle 4S-2 Flake shatter 2 Napa 3 4 Lower 4S-2/Upper compact surface Flake shatter 1 Unknown B 3 5 Upper-middle compact clay layer Flake 1 3 5 Upper-middle compact clay layer Flake shatter 1 Annadel
4 3 Middle 4S-1/4S-2 in grid south Flake 1 Annadel 4 5 Bottom of 4S-2 Flake 1 Annadel weathered 4 6 Compact surface Flake 2 4 6 Compact surface Flake shatter 3 4 7 Lower compact clay layer, grid south Flake 1 4 7 Upper-middle compact clay layer Flake shatter 1
Total 27
TABLE 5.26 Obsidian Artifacts Recovered from Trench 4.
In addition, there were 7 "other" lithics in Trench 4 (Table 5.27). Two of the four quartz pieces were crystals; one was amorphous, and the other was a 10-mm-x-6-mm six-sided crystal with a notch in one end.
UNIT LEVEL LAYERS MATERIAL TYPE n 1 8 Base of compact cobble layer Fine-Grained Igneous Flake 1
3 2 Middle 4S-2 Quartz Nodule 1 3 3 Lower-middle 4S-2 Quartz Angular shatter 1 3 5 Upper compact cobble layer Petrified Wood Indeterminate 1 3 5 Upper compact cobble layer Quartz Flake 1 3 5 Upper compact cobble layer Fine-Grained Igneous Angular shatter 1 3 7 Middle compact cobble layer Quartz Nodule 1 Total 7
TABLE 5.27 Other Lithic Artifacts Recovered from Trench 4.
98 In addition to the flaked stone artifacts, three other lithics were recovered. Two particularly interesting modified sedimentary cobbles were recovered from the upper and middle compact cobble layer of Unit 3. One was modified on one surface in a very coarse serration (Figure 5.5a). The other cobble had a single ground pit on a relatively flat surface (Figure 5.5b). No identifications are currently available, and their occurrence within the large course of cobbles suggested that they many not be cultural. In addition, a potential but unlikely hammerstone was retrieved from the lower reaches of the lower surface.
0 cm 4 cm FIGURE 5.5 Modified Stones Recovered from Trench 4.
5.4.10 Faunal Remains
Unidentifiable unburned and burned bones totaled 20 and 5, respectively. Because of the small sample size (n=17) of identifiable elements in Trench 4, all seventeen elements were analyzed. Despite resembling Trench 1 in stratification, Trench 4 contained a vastly different faunal subassemblage (Table 5.28). Trench 4 included the only unequivocal (see Trench 1) specimen of Spermophilus beecheyi, California ground squirrel, despite this animal's current high abundance around the Adobe. No other rodent bones were recovered. One element of Lepus californicus, Black-Tailed Jackrabbit, was retrieved. Remaining mammal bones represented Sus scrofa, Bos taurus, and indeterminate large mammal species. Notably, all identifiable cattle bones were butchered ribs. One juvenile rib had cut marks from a steel knife. Trench 4 offered the only probable fish bone from the PASR excavations, and it may have been sturgeon. Other than three bones in the compact cobble layer in Unit 1 and a ground squirrel bone in the modern floor, all other skeletal elements rested in the lower surface (4S-2) in Units 2-4 (Table 5.29). This depositional restriction and absence of rodent bones suggested that the lower surface retained depositional integrity.
Only 20 shellfish fragments appeared in this trench. All but 5 fragments were oyster. The majority of shellfish remains occurred within 4S-2, although 1 unknown shell and 1 mussel (Mytilus) shell fragment appeared in 4B-2 of Units 1 and 3, respectively.
99 TAXON NISP MNI Actinopterygii 1 1 Bos taurus 4 1 Lepus californicus 1 1 Mammalia, large 7 1 Spermophilus beecheyi 1 1 Sus scrofa 2 1 Vertebrata 1 1
Total 17 7 TABLE 5.28 Faunal Remains Recovered from Trench 4.
TAXON NISP MNI1 ELEMENT CONTEXT Actinopterygii 1 1 post-temporal Lower surface (4S-2) Bos taurus 3 -- rib Lower surface (4S-2) Lepus californicus 1 1 tibia Lower surface (4S-2) Sus scrofa 2 1 teeth Lower surface (4S-2)
Mammalia, large 7 1 indeterminate Upper compact cobble layer Vertebrata 1 1 indeterminate Upper compact cobble layer
Bos taurus 1 1 rib Middle compact cobble layer
Spermophilus beecheyi 1 1 femur Modern floor
Total 17 7 1 Separate MNI calculations were not performed for each depositional unit, in large part based on the possibility that fill and pre-construction layers were separated by only a matter of hours during initial construction. Therefore, only the first occurrence in this table receives the MNI count unless subsequent elements contributed to the MNI count in the preceding table. TABLE 5.29 Faunal Remains Recovered from All Layers of Trench 4.
5.5 SUMMARY
Rather than summarizing each material class per trench, this final summary elucidates broad comparisons between trenches and material classes. The four trenches produced a variety of artifacts and ecofacts that spanned time, from prehistoric lithics to 1830s faunal remains to 20th- century insulated wire. The most numerous material remains were charcoal, faunal remains, lithics, metal, and wood. The least numerous were groundstones, rubber, tile, and beads. The strongest patterns per trench were (1) high quantities of charcoal in Trenches 2 and 3; (2) almost exclusive presence of baked clay chunks and brick fragments in Trench 3; (3) higher quantities of cement in Trenches 1 and 3; (4) highest count of glass in Trench 4; (5) largest number of nails in
100 Trenches 2 and 4; (5) highest quantities of plaster in Trenches 1 and 4; (6) most abundant wood in Trench 4; and (7) almost three times the number of lithics in Trenches 2 and 3 as in Trenches 1 and 4.
Artifact counts were not converted to densities in the preceding descriptions because of remarkably low numbers per stratum, but density conversions at a broad scale proved insightful. Based on counts with and without charcoal, Trenches 1 and 4 each contained from 10-19% of the total artifacts, while Trenches 2 and 3 held roughly 30-50% (Table 5.30). Although artifact counts varied significantly between the four trenches, actual densities were remarkably similar. With the high quantities of charcoal removed from artifact counts, artifact density varied little between trenches, ranging between 0.40-0.46 artifacts/liter with an average of 0.43 artifacts/liter. This suggests that artifact discard and incorporation patterns in these different site loci were relatively comparable, despite the discrepancy in artifact counts.
TRENCH n1 % n2 % DENSITY3 DENSITY4 items/liter items/liter 1 1,023 9.7 982 17.2 0.47 0.45 2 3,227 30.5 1,746 30.5 0.75 0.40 3 5,210 49.2 1,935 33.8 1.23 0.46 4 1,132 10.7 1,059 18.5 0.45 0.42 Total 10,592 100.1 5,722 100.0 0.80 0.43 1 Includes all material items recovered, taken from Table 5.1 2 Excludes charcoal counts 3 Calculated as total count divided by total volume of matrix wet- and dry-screened 4 Calculated as total count (minus charcoal) divided by total volume of matrix wet- and dry-screened TABLE 5.30 Counts, Percentage, and Density Comparisons of Artifacts from Each Trench.
Density conversions clarified the specific patterns of artifact distribution recorded in Table 5.1. For instance, volume corrections demonstrated that lithic quantities in Trenches 2 and 3 were truly higher than those in Trenches 1 and 4, but that the second highest quantity of wood (n=747) in Trench 3 was the lowest wood density (0.17 wood pieces/liter). In addition, density calculations confirmed that Trench 3 did possess the highest density of charcoal (0.78 charcoal pieces/liter) and that Trench 2 had the highest density of faunal remains (0.13 bones/liter). However, the high quantity of nails (n=77) in Trench 4 proved to be almost twice the density of nails as the almost identical count (n=78) in Trench 2: 0.031 nails/liter vs. 0.018 nails/liter.
Despite the relatively low quantity of materials recovered from the four trenches, several material classes are poised to offer insights into archaeology and history at the Petaluma Adobe. As the next section demonstrates, their potential is strengthened when coupled with stratigraphic analyses.
101 102 SECTION 6 Discussion
The purpose of this section is to summarize and synthesize the data presented in the preceding chapters. Four salient issues to be considered are (1) prehistoric use of the promontory on which the Petaluma Adobe was built, (2) construction history of the Petaluma Adobe, (3) history of 20th-century renovation efforts, and (4) use of the Petaluma Adobe interior.
6.1 PREHISTORIC USE OF THE PROMONTORY
Excavation of the four trenches in the Petaluma Adobe offered unique insights into the prehistoric use of the promontory on which the Adobe now sits, despite the fact that areal coverage was limited. Stratigraphic analysis of trench profiles indicated that prehistoric layers were differentially represented in the four trench locations. In Trenches 1 and 4, the appearance of prehistoric layers was almost immediately below the modern floor removal; in Trenches 2 and 3, they appeared at some depth. In addition, lithic artifacts occurred in historical construction layers, but they appeared to be redeposited from prehistoric or protohistoric contexts. As such, they are considered prehistoric for this discussion. Native workers who helped construct the Petaluma Adobe may have discarded lithic debitage during their activities there in the 1830s and 1840s, but it was unlikely that flintknapping would have taken place on top of the construction site nor inside the Adobe rooms.
6.1.1 Trench 1
Trench 1 was the most extreme in the rapid appearance of prehistoric layers, as Layer 1B-1 proved to be the first definable layer encountered during excavation after the loose upper materials were swept away. The heavily-compact, clay-rich nature of the deposit indicated a probable geomorphological, rather than cultural, origin of sediment. Similarly, the significant concentration of cobbles throughout suggested a previous high-energy environment, perhaps before the area became isolated as a promontory. The flake of Annadel obsidian with a 1.4µ hydration rim, located just above the cobble zone in Unit 3, confirmed a late prehistoric date, although not a very old one (see Section 6.1.5). Further confirmation for the majority of Layer 1B-1 truly being a "B", or basal prehistoric, layer was the lack of historic-period artifacts below the midline elevation of this layer. Ceramics, glass, and nails occurred almost exclusively in Level 1 of Units 2-4, which comprised the uppermost reaches of Layer 1B-1. These artifacts suggested that construction took place upon these arguably prehistoric sediment deposits, a point that I return to later.
103 Situated below Layer 1B-1, Layer 1B-2 was an even older deposit. The layer was characterized by virtually no cobbles and a yellower, more refined clay loam deposit. This material appeared to derive from old bay mud deposits, given the fine particle size. The deposit contained lithic materials, including obsidian, chert, chalcedony, and fine-grained igneous. These appeared mostly in the upper and middle sections of Layer 1B-2, although they extended to the interface with Layer 1B-3 in Units 2-4. The two obsidian hydration values obtained from this layer suggested a long period of use. The Annadel flake returned a 1.7µ reading near the lower section of Layer 1B-2 in Unit 2, but the Napa Valley biface from the upper middle section of Layer 1B-2 in Unit 1 had a 4.1µ reading. Why these two artifacts were reversed in superposition was unclear, given the lack of visible bioturbation in this layer. The 1.7µ lithic derived from lot provenience, but the 4.1µ biface was recorded in situ, embedded in the yellow clay loam at a depth of 0.58 m below datum. The former may have accidentally fallen from the sidewall, or the latter may have been a recycled piece from the time of the 1.7µ use of the area.
Layers 1B-3 and 1B-4 were the oldest deposits encountered, and they were culturally sterile. Highly compact and lithified, these deposits must have been the interface zone with an underlying mudstone bedrock. They could only be excavated using picks and breaker bars, and they disaggregated into angular chunks. These deposits presented a virtually impenetrable barrier to further hand excavation at this depth.
6.1.2 Trench 2
Evidence for prehistoric use of the promontory beneath the Petaluma Adobe was different beneath the west face (Trenches 2 and 3) than it was under either the north face (Trench 1) or the south face (Trench 4). The primary difference was the lack of “B”, or basal, deposits in Trench 2, meaning the lack of in situ deeper prehistoric materials. Below surface (2S-#) and fill (2F-#) layers rested an actual buried soil referred to as G-1, or the pre-construction surface. This thick layer was a dark, moist, clay-rich deposit that strongly resembled a buried A horizon, although no evidence of previous vegetation cover was noticed. An auger probe into the trench's base in Unit 3 demonstrated that basal layers comparable to those witnessed in Trenches 1 and 4 did exist in this location but at much greater depths than the 1.2 m of our investigation. This stratigraphic discovery provided two venues for investigating prehistoric use of the area: (1) late prehistoric deposits in the pre-construction surface (G-1) and (2) redeposited prehistoric artifacts in fill layers.
First, the pre-construction surface offered data on late prehistoric and perhaps protohistoric use of the Petaluma Adobe building site, in addition to providing a glimpse of historical use prior to construction. Not only did excavation reveal the actual ground surface (2Gi-1 interface) on which the Adobe was built, but the PASR trench excavations also removed 0.35-0.50 m of the deposit’s upper component. With the exception of two steel wire nails and the unidentified brass object, there were no historical artifacts within the pre-construction surface in Trench 2. Given that steel wire nails were not produced much before the 1880s (Well 1998:91), their appearance in Level 12 of Unit 1 must have been fortuitous, perhaps falling from the loose builder's sand
104 beneath the modern floor. Historic-period faunal remains occurred in the upper portions of the pre-construction deposit of G-1, but their presence did not undermine the ability to explore prehistoric native life in this locality. The upper middle section of G-1 in Unit 2 produced a hydration rim value of 4.7µ on flake shatter of Napa Valley obsidian. However, this particular zone did not necessarily show the most abundant prehistoric artifacts. Depending on unit, percentage of obsidian and chert in the pre-construction surface versus upper levels ranged from 20-56% and 29-60%, respectively.
Second, fill layers used during initial architectural raising of subfloor deposits contained prehistoric artifacts. Although it was possible that these fill layers incorporated material culture of California Indian workers who labored to build the Adobe, it seemed more likely that these items were redeposited from the location of fill material itself. Evidence for the latter included prehistoric obsidian hydration rim values on selected artifacts and mottled nature of fill deposits. The former involved a 4.9µ reading (Napa Valley) on flake shatter from the upper section of Layer 2F-3 in Unit 2 and a 3.1µ reading (Napa Valley) on angular shatter from the upper section of Layer 2F-3 in Unit 3. Two examples of Annadel flake shatter also derived from Layer 2F-3, one each in Unit 3 and 4.
Variegation also indicated source of the fill. Since the yellow-olive clay loam is not exposed near the ground surface anywhere in the state park, it is likely that it was removed from the promontory itself after developed soil was cleared away to flatten the hill and to secure matrix for adobe bricks (see Section 6.2). If true, then contents of the variegated fill consisted of mixed prehistoric deposits and sediments from the immediate locality. This redeposition, rather than 19th-century initial deposition, was further supported by the fact that 83% of all obsidian artifacts from outside the G-1 layer appeared in fill layers. Oddly, only 54% of chert artifacts outside of G-1 occurred in fill, indicating their greater frequency in "surface" layers.
6.1.3 Trench 3
As in Trench 2, Trench 3 contained evidence for prehistoric material beneath the Petaluma Adobe. Again, reasons were identical: lack of basal deposits, presence of buried soil (G-1), and redeposited prehistoric artifacts in fill layers. Although no auger penetrated the base of Trench 3, there was every reason to predict that subtrench deposits paralleled those in Trench 2 since both occurred in the same room of the west face and showed similar general patterns of infilling. These fill variations are detailed in Section 6.2.
Layer G-1 provided a similar view of prehistory across Trench 3 as it had Trench 2. The very upper reaches of Layer G-1 in Unit 2 produced a biface tip made from Napa Valley obsidian with a 1.6µ hydration value. This date perhaps marked late prehistoric use of this ground surface. In addition, angular shatter produced from Napa Valley obsidian rendered a 4.2µ reading on a piece from the lower-middle section of G-1 in Unit 4. Barring bioturbation complications, these two artifacts may provide an approximate range of use for the upper 0.25 m of the G-1 deposit. The percentage of obsidian and chert in G-1 versus the upper levels ranged from 20-61% and from
105 23-40%, respectively. Yet, because Layer G-1 was the surface on which the Adobe was constructed, it contained more than prehistoric obsidian in Trench 2. Three ceramic sherds derived from the upper section of Layer G-1: an undecorated whiteware sherd in Unit 3 and two blue transferprint sherds in Unit 4. A red-on-white glass bead was also recovered. These ceramics have manufacturing date ranges that definitely include an 1830s date for the construction of Adobe. In addition, cattle and sheep/goat remains were recovered from the upper third of the visible G-1 layer.
To complement the view of prehistory from Layer G-1, fill deposits (the 3F-# series) contained a number of redeposited lithics that further clarified the occupation of the Petaluma Adobe knoll before the 1800s. With an even stronger pattern than Trench 2, distribution of lithics in the strata indicated their origin as redeposited items. Although Layer G-1 held, on average, only 43% and 31% of all obsidian and chert/chalcedony lithics, respectively, the fill layers of Trench 3 contained 95% of all obsidian and 100% of all chert and chalcedony outside of Layer G-1. These included items in Level 8 of Unit 3 and Levels 4, 9, and 10 of Unit 4. Surface layers ("S") did occupy less volume than fill deposits, but the pattern was strong. Of items from non-fill contexts, one of the obsidian artifacts occurred in the rodent fill (3R-1), and the other appeared in the 3S-6/3S-7 surfaces. The obsidian items lodged within fill included one Annadel flake shatter and one Trinity (0.9µ) flake shatter in the grid south lower fill of Unit 1, one Annadel (diffuse hydration) flake in the grid north lower fill, and one piece of Annadel angular shatter in Unit 4 in the grid north upper fill, grid north lower fill, and intrusive feature mixture of Level 10.
Aside from artifacts, Trench 3 also offered another clue for the redeposition of pre-construction, if not prehistoric, materials. Unlike the other three trenches, Trench 3 contained quantities of baked earth interspersed throughout the fill layers and upper portions of Layer G-1. Given their similarity to in situ baked clay earth at Son-2294/H (see Silliman 2000), they represented potential vestiges of a hearth or burned feature on or in the ground surface. Their presence in fill did not suggest that such a feature had been created during filling episodes.
6.1.4 Trench 4
Like Trench 1, prehistoric deposits beneath the Adobe floor in Trench 4 were encountered quickly during excavation. Layer 4B-1 was the “highest” prehistoric layer within Trench 4, although it existed only in Units 2-4. The deposit began near the grid south end of Unit 2 and sloped, as did all deposits above and below it, downward toward grid north. Although the deposit received a "B" designation, indicating that it was an exposed basal deposit rather than an actual developed ground surface, it may have been a prehistoric surface. The lack of cobbles within its confines indicated this possibility. The sharp interface (4Si-3) and the bone and tile fragment resting on it attested to the fact that it had been a pre-construction surface, although immediately pre-construction it may have been.
Underlying 4B-1, Layer 4B-2 represented the next earliest prehistoric layer. Compact silts and clays comprised the layer, which contained a vast, dense array of cobbles, pebbles, and gravel.
106 The layer produced obsidian in all but Unit 2, and chert in all but Unit 4. Regardless of level or unit, seven obsidian artifacts subjected to EDXRF and three submitted for hydration analyses provided additional insight into prehistory. Five items derived from the lower surface (4S-2) in Units 3 and 4; two others came from the compact cobble layer (4B-2) in Units 1 and 3. Four pieces were Annadel, two were Napa Valley, and one was an unknown. The two obsidian hydration readings provided a 3.5µ value on a Napa Valley flake in the upper-middle lower surface of Unit 3 and diffuse hydration rims on the two Annadel flakes from Unit 4 (one in the middle upper surface/lower surface mixture, one from the bottom of the lower surface).
Overall, it seemed unproblematic to consider this layer as prehistoric. However, Unit 1 posed an exception on two fronts. First, it contained neither the upper clay loam (Layer 4B-1) beneath modern floor removal nor any surface (4S-1, 4S-2) deposits. Second, Unit 1 contained historical artifacts in Layer 4B-2, not only in the upper reaches (i.e., Levels 3 and perhaps 4) where they might be expected given the pre-construction and construction use of that exposed surface, but also in the lower section of the layer and at its interface with 4B-3 (Levels 5 and 6). These latter artifacts were glass, but plaster and cement also appeared in the middle section of Layer 4B-2. Currently, no explanation satisfactorily accounts for the discrepancy, at least not one that relies on subfloor bioturbation. A possibility is that Layer 4B-1, or yet another layer, existed below the 4Si-1 interface but that it went unrecognized in the field. Yet, lowering the upper boundary of 4B-2 in Unit 1 would run counter to the trench-wide cobble pattern and to the grid north downward slope seen in every layer. Although Unit 1 was an enigma, there seemed no reason to alter 4B-2’s designation as prehistoric.
Further below rested Layer 4B-3, a highly compact layer containing slightly fewer cobbles but more gravels. This layer contained one specimen of chalcedony angular shatter and a quartz nodule in Unit 3 and an flake obsidian in Unit 1. Oddly, an iron wire nail and nail fragment appeared in this layer in Unit 3, finds feasibly attributable to bioturbation or wall fall. Below this were Layers 4B-4, 4B-5, and 4B-6 – a series of olive brown and yellow clays with no artifacts. Layer 4B-6 was a highly compact and lithified deposit that resembled an underlying bedrock stratum, arguably on the order of several thousand years old. As in Trench 1, this layer could only be excavated using picks and breaker bars, and the matrix was removed in angular chunks. These deposits introduced an impenetrable barrier to further hand excavation.
6.1.5 Synthesis of All Trenches
The foregoing discussion of Trenches 1-4 highlighted several features of prehistory at the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park. Mean obsidian hydration readings across all trenches were 1.6µ, 3.1µ, 3.5µ, 4.1µ, 4.2µ, 4.7µ, and 4.9µ for Napa Valley; 1.4µ and 1.7µ for Annadel; and 0.9µ for Trinity. Napa Valley and Annadel pieces also produced diffuse hydration bands on one and two specimens, respectively. In a gross fashion, data suggested five periods of use of the
107 Petaluma promontory1: (1) 0.9µ; (2) 1.4-1.7µ; (3) 3.1-3.5µ; (4) 4.1-4.5µ; and (5) 4.7-4.9µ. The first two indicated Upper Emergent Period obsidian use; the latter three denoted use throughout the Upper and Middle Archaic Period (after Origer 1987:Table 18).
Two patterns stand out. First, individuals residing at this locality did not use Annadel obsidian until relatively late (Emergent Period). Initial reliance on Napa Valley obsidian and, to some degree, these same broad periods of occupation are supported by excavations in other areas of the park (Silliman 2000). Second, lack of obsidian between 1.7-3.1µ (Napa Valley) suggested that the promontory was not in use at the time of the cremation (Son-1281) recovered along Adobe Creek a few hundred meters away (Amaroli and Origer 1982). This find was unexpected.
The appearance of Trinity obsidian from the Santa Rosa region near Annadel was also significant, not only because its use has rarely, if ever, been documented archaeologically (see Jackson 1986), but also because it was the only obsidian that potentially dated to the historical period. The Trinity source has an unknown hydration rate, but 0.9µ tends to indicate a 19th- century date for North Coast Range obsidians, especially in the warm climates in the greater Santa Rosa and Petaluma region. Having rare or unknown obsidian in the historical period also mirrored the patterns discovered in California Indian living areas across the stream at Son- 2294/H (Silliman 2000).
The composition of the lithic assemblage shed additional light on prehistoric lithic reduction practices at the site. Presence of use-wear attested that a range of activities took place that involved more than obsidian tool production and/or reworking, but the lack of many formal tools or tool fragments was striking. Only 6 (3.1%) obsidian artifacts (n=194) and 1 (0.7%) chert/chalcedony artifacts (n=139) were bifacially worked. In addition, the lack of obsidian cores, except for the one waterworn nodule cracked open through bipolar reduction, indicated that most obsidian core reduction did not occur on-site. The low percentage (11.4%) of debitage2 with cortex present further accentuated the lack of early-stage lithic reduction on obsidian (Table 6.1). In addition, the predominance (63.8%) of obsidian less than 10 mm in size indicated the prevalence of pressure flaking, tool rejuvenation, or small parent pieces (Table 6.2). Bipolar reduction on a tiny obsidian nodule suggested that small nodules might have been one factor. In addition, this evidence demonstrated that individuals had procured obsidian float from secondary deposits rather than directly from quarry locations. It is highly likely that the obsidian artifact from the Trinity source was also acquired from secondary deposits.
1 Napa Valley and Annadel have different rates of hydration (Origer 1987; Tremaine 1989), but lack of overlap between Napa Valley and Annadel here, barring one Napa reading at 1.6µ, renders the conversion worthy only of mention. There are too few dates in this assemblage to create a temporal series per source. With obsidian hydration problems in mind, these broad date assignments are tentative and based on the empirically-derived diffusion formulas in Origer (1987). 2 Debitage includes flakes, flake shatter, and angular shatter.
108 FLAKE SHATTER/ DEBITAGE % WITH FLAKE SUBSET % WITH TRENCH n CORTEX n CORTEX 1 30 10.0 23 8.7 2 64 9.4 54 3.7 3 65 16.7 49 14.3 4 26 8.0 25 8.0 Total 185 11.4 151 8.6 TABLE 6.1 Percentage of Obsidian Debitage with Cortex.
ANGULAR FLAKE SHATTER FLAKE SHATTER TOTAL % OF TRENCH SIZE (mm) n n n n TOTAL 1 5<10 5 12 5 22 73.3 10<15 2 5 1 8 26.7 15<20 0 0 0 0 0.0 20<30 0 0 0 0 0.0 >30 0 0 0 0 0.0 Total 7 17 6 30 100.0% 2 5<10 5 19 20 44 68.8 10<15 4 3 8 15 23.4 15<20 1 0 4 5 7.8 20<30 0 0 0 0 0.0 >30 0 0 0 0 0.0 Total 10 22 32 64 100.0% 3 5<10 6 28 5 39 60.0 10<15 8 10 3 21 32.3 15<20 1 1 1 3 4.6 20<30 1 1 0 2 3.1 >30 0 0 0 0 0.0 Total 16 40 9 65 100.0% 4 5<10 1 4 8 13 50.0 10<15 0 3 2 5 19.2 15<20 0 2 3 5 19.2 20<30 0 1 1 2 7.7 >30 0 0 1 1 3.8 Total 1 10 15 26 99.9% 1-4 5<10 17 63 38 118 63.8 10<15 14 21 14 49 26.5 15<20 2 3 8 13 7.0 20<30 1 2 1 4 2.2 >30 0 0 1 1 0.5 Total 34 89 62 185 100.0%
TABLE 6.2 Size Fractions for Obsidian Debitage.
109 Chert and chalcedony lithics displayed a slightly different pattern. First, six cryptocrystalline cores were discovered, indicating that primary reduction took place on the promontory. However, the percentage of debitage with remnant cortex was quite low (8.7%) (Table 6.3), considerably less than that for obsidian. Second, although the number of obsidian tools seemed low, the numbers for chert and chalcedony were even smaller – only one in a lower fill layer in Unit 1 of Trench 3. Third, in contrast to obsidian, chert and chalcedony debitage less than 10 mm in size comprised only 40.5% of the total (Table 6.4). However, the 10<15 mm size at 33.3% paralleled that of obsidian. For the cryptocrystalline silicates, the pattern of minimal cortex and medium size conveyed the greater focus on primary reduction of cores that may have been decorticated elsewhere.
The quartz, fine-grained igneous, and various unique lithic materials did not offer as much information, in part due to the potential that some were not intentionally reduced or modified. Moreover, determining cortex on many of these was difficult at best. The 38 quartz pieces had 52.6% as <10 mm and 39.5% as 10<15 mm. The fine-grained igneous was considerably different with 10% of its 20 total pieces at <10 mm, but 25% at both 10<15 mm and 15<20 mm. Petrified wood fragments were questionable as actual lithics because of their lack of technological features and consistent breakage, but they did not appear to be natural soil constituents. For any of the above items, native individuals must have carried these materials to the site, but their purpose and technological aspects remain unclear.
FLAKE SHATTER/ DEBITAGE % WITH FLAKE SUBSET % WITH TRENCH n CORTEX n CORTEX 1 13 23.1 9 11.1 2 44 9.3 24 0.0 3 45 6.7 23 0.0 4 25 4.0 10 0.0
Total 127 8.7 66 1.5
TABLE 6.3 Percentage of Chert and Chalcedony Debitage with Cortex.
110 ANGULAR FLAKE % OF SHATTER FLAKE SHATTER TOTAL TOTAL TRENCH SIZE (mm) n n n n n 1 5<10 2 0 1 3 23.1 10<15 1 2 2 5 38.5 15<20 0 3 0 3 23.1 20<30 0 1 0 1 7.7 >30 1 0 0 1 7.7 Total 4 6 3 13 100.1% 2 5<10 11 7 1 19 44.2 10<15 5 6 1 12 27.9 15<20 2 4 1 7 16.3 20<30 2 0 1 3 7.0 >30 0 2 0 2 4.7 Total 20 19 4 43 100.1% 3 5<10 8 5 5 18 40.0 10<15 10 6 3 19 42.2 15<20 2 1 1 4 8.9 20<30 2 1 0 3 6.7 >30 0 1 0 1 2.2 Total 22 14 9 45 100.0% 4 5<10 7 3 1 11 44.0 10<15 3 3 1 7 28.0 15<20 3 0 2 5 20.0 20<30 1 0 0 1 4.0 >30 1 0 0 1 4.0 Total 15 6 4 25 100.0% 1-4 5<10 28 15 8 51 40.5 10<15 19 17 7 43 34.1 15<20 7 8 4 19 15.1 20<30 5 2 1 8 6.3 >30 2 3 0 5 4.0 Total 60 45 20 126 100.0%
TABLE 6.4 Size Fractions for Chert and Chalcedony Debitage.
6.2 CONSTRUCTION HISTORY OF THE PETALUMA ADOBE
To complement the prehistoric angle, the PASR excavations offered critical information on the construction history of the Adobe building itself. Each trench contributed a different window into the structure’s material history, but an integrated perspective across the trenches proved even
111 more enlightening. Combined data from all four trenches suggested the following scenario for construction in the 1830s: (1) native workers removed the upper, developed soils and part of the subsurface of the hill to flatten the promontory; (2) workers used at least some of the removed soil to make adobe bricks; (3) construction crews laid a cobble foundation for the south, west, north, and perhaps east faces of the projected building; (4) for the west face of the Adobe, workers placed eastern wall foundations in the ground of the existing hill and built a combination cobble foundation/retaining wall for the outer west wall to raise the level to the now-flattened promontory, and (5) builders deposited portions of the shaved-off hilltop soils and sediments into subfloor deposits of the west face to bring the room's floor to the grade of the quadrangle.
The remainder of this section presents the evidence to support these claims. Evidence for soil removal to flatten the promontory and soil addition to raise the western hillslope for the building’s west face involved the stratigraphic contrast between Trenches 1 and 4 and Trenches 2 and 3. Trenches 1 and 4 provided details on the removal of matrix, while Trenches 2 and 3 offered details on the addition of the removed soil as room fill.
6.2.1 Trenches 1 and 4
As revealed by Trenches 1 and 4, the foundations in the north and south faces raised a central question regarding construction. What size of foundations supported the Petaluma Adobe? The grid north end of Trench 1 had a concrete foundation that offered little insight into original construction practices. On the other hand, the grid south end of Trench 1 demonstrated no evidence of 20th-century renovation, but it did not appear to contain a cobble footing either aside from a single course of stones. This was an unexpected finding. In Trench 4, a similar situation held for the grid south end (quadrangle-side) of the face. No cobble foundation appeared other than a single ground-level course of stones (see Figure 4.12). More unexpectedly, little in the way of a cobble foundation was seen at the grid north end of Trench 4. Figure 4.11 depicts the course of large stones in and on the upper surface (4S-1) that served as a footing, but the relationship of stones in the lower surface (4S-2) to the footing was unclear. The footing styles exposed in Trenches 1 and 4 suggested that the cobble-filled foundation trenches that Treganza (1958:6) discussed for the excavated eastern half of the Adobe did not appear to hold across the entire building. Alternatively, cobbles at the base of the extant walls may have been slightly wider than the underlying foundation trench, accounting for the absence of foundation stones in the profiles at the end of Trenches 1 and 4. The PASR excavation team avoided undercutting the Adobe's walls, but some probing and exploration confirmed that minimal stones were beneath these walls.
Trenches 1 and 4 contained no evidence of room fill or an original, developed soil on which the Adobe was constructed. If workers had constructed the Adobe on the available, natural ground surface in the 19th century, floors of the north and south face rooms should have rested on a developed soil. Instead, basal levels of Trenches 1 and 4 included clay-rich subsoils, cobble concentrations, and decomposing mudstone-like bedrock. These substrates mirrored the "yellow- buff colored soil" recovered beneath the west wall of the missing east face (Gebhardt 1962:12).
112 As described earlier, the clay-rich subsoils and cobble layers appeared immediately below the base of the modern floor, despite their ancient age. In excavating his Unit 23 along the west wall of the missing east face, Gebhardt found the "hardpan-like, sterile, yellow-buff colored soil to slope sharply . . . to the south" (Gebhardt 1962:12). This southward trend mirrored that found in Trench 4.
In addition to lacking evidence of pedogenesis and organic material expected for a mature, or at least maturing, soil, this yellow-olive clay layer is not one found exposed near the surface anywhere in the park. Clemmer's shallow excavations to 18 inches (0.46 m) northwest of the Adobe encountered only grayish adobe matrix (Clemmer 1961:1). In fact, other than beneath the Adobe's south, east, and north faces, the yellow clay layer has only appeared archaeologically at 0.60-0.95 m depth below the actual ground surface. For instance, it appeared at depths of > 0.81 m in a large excavation area called Unit 21 located 30.5 m north of the current east end of the north face (Gebhardt 1962:9-11). In the excavation of Unit 29 approximately 49 m east of the Adobe’s south face, Gebhardt noted that the midden on the eastern hillslope abutted a "culturally sterile yellow-buff colored base material" between 24-30 inches, or 0.61-0.76 m (Gebhardt 1962:14-16). Furthermore, only when augering into the base of Unit 3 in Trench 2 during the PASR project did excavation encounter this olive/olive-brown clay-rich deposit. It appeared approximately 0.58 m below the base of the trench and 0.95 cm below the top of Layer G-1, the hypothesized 19th-century ground surface. Perhaps most importantly, all of these local data match USDA Sonoma County soil surveys. The Petaluma Adobe sits on the Haire Series (gravelly loam, 9-15% slopes) where pale yellow and pale brown clay loam appear at 0.76-1.2 m (Miller 1972:42-43).
Therefore, the presence of this layer at or near the surface of the knoll, immediately beneath the adobe mud floor, must be explained. The most compelling interpretation is that the promontory’s rounded apex was shaved off during initial construction of the Petaluma Adobe, a process that exposed underlying subsoil sediments. Such an event would also account for the flattened ground on which the quadrangle and rooms were built. Removal of the hilltop probably required only 0.75-1.0 m of soil depth to be extracted from an area not much larger than that covered by the quadrangle's north, east, and west face foundations. This matrix undoubtedly became mud for sun-dried adobe bricks used for the walls of the Petaluma Adobe. It also became room fill in the west face to bring the floor to the level of the quadrangle.
6.2.2 Trenches 2 and 3
That workers used the removed matrix as room fill in the west face was a viable explanation logically and empirically. Layers depicted in the profile drawings and excavations of Trenches 2 and 3 confirmed that fill layers contained large quantities of yellow/olive-colored clay. In some layers, there were large (0.10 m x 0.10 m) clumps of this material in its "pure" form; in others, this matrix expressed a more mottled appearance. Given the evidence for the typical depth of such sediment below surface, this variegated fill could have only come from backdirt of the leveled promontory.
113 In addition to evidence of reconstituted hilltop fill, Trenches 2 and 3 revealed the Vallejo-period soil substrate (Layer G-1) on which the Adobe was constructed. This dark, organic-rich zone and underlying natural progression to the olive-colored subsoil layer visible in the auger probe indicated that little to no promontory soil had been removed at this site locus during primary construction. This was exactly the buried soil that neither Trench 1 nor 4 produced. For the west face, workers built on the hillslope as it had existed, accounting for the slope in Trench 2's G-1 (see Figure 4.3) and the need for extensive amounts of fill to level the room’s floor. The only inconsistency was the relatively level, but locally undulating, 3Gi-1 interface in Trench 3 and the related possibility that portions of the pre-construction ground surface could have been fill, at least in the grid north end of Trench 3. Similarly, if the cobble features that transected Trenches 2 and 3 were historical ones, then more of this surface may have been fill than currently hypothesized.
More than a cobble footing in the west face was required to hold such volumes of fill. Although the grid south end of Trenches 2 and 3 contained a concrete foundation that had obliterated the original foundation, both trenches sported a cobble footing and large retaining wall at the grid north end, beneath the west wall of the west face (compare Figures 4.5 and 4.8). Most of the vertical expanse of these rock arrays uncovered in excavation comprised retaining walls that raised the base of the adobe brick wall to the grade level of the quadrangle. The true subsurface foundation stones appeared only in or near Layer G-1. For example, a foundation trench interface with mottled fill can be seen hugging the grid north end of Trench 2 (see Figure 4.3). However, Layer G-1 in Trench 3’s grid north wall profile did not have large foundation stones extending much below the upper reaches of G-1. In addition, no foundation trench wall appeared in profile or excavation. It may have been that workers placed foundation stones for buttressing retaining walls on the ground surface rather than in excavated trenches at this location. Although cobble walls compared favorably between Trenches 2 and 3, the larger rocks of Trench 3’s wall showed two sections where smaller rocks were clustered, presumably as "patches" in the wall prior to room filling.
6.2.3 Implications
The construction history of the Petaluma Adobe presented above carried five implications. The first of these was that Vallejo's original architectural plans for the Petaluma Adobe involved a structure of immense size. Stripping soil from the knoll to provide an extensive level base on which to build the Adobe supported this conclusion, but building on a slope after the hill surface had been flattened solidified it. Although the entire structure was constructed sequentially and apparently over several years (see Chapter 2), the initial design called for a large structure. Vallejo had the west face built in preparation for that. The reasons that Vallejo designed such a large structure are unknown, but they may have related to ostentatious display of his power in the North Bay, preparation of the rancho for massive economic production, or fortification of work and living space in the event of attacks by native or other groups. I suspect that it was a combination of all three.
114 The second implication concerned observations made by Gebhardt (1962) regarding rock surfaces that he exposed in and around the Adobe. In an excavation locus called Unit 20 just northeast of the north wall of the north face, Gebhardt encountered a "distinct, rock strewn surface" at 0.46 m (Gebhardt 1962:9). In addition, the 0.15-0.30 m (6-12 inches) level of his Unit 23 in the courtyard, along the west wall of the missing east face, produced "rocks ranging in size from hen’s eggs to small cobbles . . . [that] exhibited a degree of concentration suggesting a disturbed surface" (Gebhardt 1962:12). In both cases, Gebhardt (1962:9,12) claimed that the cobbles were encased within a matrix of adobe melt and hypothesized that the two units revealed "the Vallejo surface" and "a cobbled courtyard," respectively.
However, PASR trench data suggested an alternative explanation. Cobble concentrations described by Gebhardt were virtually identical to those noted throughout most of Trench 1 (Figure 6.1) and all of Trench 4. As Gebhardt noted, these cobbles did occur in a concentrated form, but I argue that their origin was geomorphological rather than architectural. Three aspects were relevant for this reinterpretation. (1) Extrapolating from Gebhardt’s rock surfaces and those in Trench 1 and 4, this concentrated scatter of cobbles must exist beneath the courtyard; under the north, east, and south face floors and walls; and all through the area 7.6-18.3 m north of the Adobe uncovered in Gebhardt’s Unit 20. The vast extent of these cobbles and their occurrence beneath the floors of the Adobe indicated that they formed neither a cobble courtyard nor even a cultural surface. (2) The substantial thickness (> 0.40 m) of this cobble zone in sections of Trench 4 and its discontinuous extent in Trench 1 suggested that this "feature" was not a functional or designed one. At least in the rooms, stones were oriented haphazardly so as to have had no level surface for walking. (3) The "adobe melt" that Gebhardt identified must have been the compact, brown clay-rich matrix overlying and surrounding the cobbles in Trenches 1 and 4. Excavation data and stratigraphic analysis of Trenches 1 and 4 pointed toward this being a non- cultural deposit. Its relatively sterile nature, noted by Gebhardt (1962:9) and confirmed in the PASR excavations, was more a function of its natural origin than its source in deteriorated, artifact-free adobe bricks. Moreover, there was no evidence that walls of the north and especially the south faces of the Adobe ever disintegrated to the degree required to spread thick adobe brick melt across the room interiors.
The third implication of these architectural findings affected the analysis of artifacts per fill layer in Trenches 2 and 3. That is, historical artifacts in the fill deposits offered information on life and activities in the 1830s because these items were deposited during construction, but the superpositional order of fill deposits (the F series) containing them provided little interpretive clarity. The fill deposits were presumably created in a relatively short historical moment as the west face room was brought to grade, and objects may have been tossed in as refuse or incorporated from the ground surface providing the fill source. For instance, the difference in Trench 3 between a mottled fill layer and an underlying brown homogenous fill layer indicated a different source of fill for those particular baskets (?) of dirt, but it offered virtually no temporal information. There was no sound method for estimating time lapse (e.g., 15 minutes, 18 hours, 3 days) between deposition of these fill layers in either trench. Therefore, the only significant superposition relationships with regard to artifact provenience interpretation were those between the pre-construction surface (G-1) and fill, between fill layers as a whole and surface layers, and
115 between individual surface layers. This recognition structured much of the data presentation throughout this report.
FIGURE 6.1 Photograph of Compact Cobble Layer (1B-1) in Trench 1.
A fourth implication of the construction data involved the projected number of rooms in the Petaluma Adobe. As currently restored, the extant western half of the Petaluma Adobe contains very few rooms on the ground floor. Other than the current State Park office and museum gift shop divided into two small rooms in the southwest corner of the Adobe, the three faces of the building contain only one actual room apiece. However, the excavated eastern half of the Adobe involved a total of nine rooms, delineated by interior partition wall foundations (Treganza 1958:Figure 2). Why would the eastern face have had so many rooms? Alternatively, where were the room divisions in the extant faces? Albeit restricted in areal coverage, the four seismic retrofit excavation trenches had the potential to discover partition wall foundations, but none were encountered. Unless the cobble arrays noted in Trenches 1 and 4 were extremely crude and very thick footings for interior walls, the openness of the Adobe’s rooms seems reasonable. However, this does not preclude the existence of above-ground partitions in the form of curtains or other temporary walls. Some of these partitions were removed during the 1950s (see Section 2.2). This discrepancy in room partitions suggests that understanding of interior room use and division in the Adobe during the 1830s and 1840s is currently limited. Room location and use during and after that period may have varied significantly, especially if the appearance and disappearance of windows and doors are any indication. For instance, it is unlikely that single rooms in the Adobe would have had multiple doors. Moreover, the current north wall of the north face has no fenestration whatsoever, but this was not always the case (Figure 6.2).
116 FIGURE 6.2 Photograph of Petaluma Adobe, North Wall of North Face, 1958. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation.
The fifth implication concerned the water seepage in Trench 2. As noted in Chapter 4, the cobble foundation at the grid north end of Trench 2 began to seep water quite rapidly near the base of excavation. A potential explanation for this was that the foundation stones served as a dam for water draining downslope (west) from the quadrangle or that the foundation trench provided an impermeable channel for water draining along the base of the building. Yet, the PASR excavations occurred at least three months after the last seasonal rainfall, precluding the availability of surface or near-surface water even in the wake of an El Niño event. On the other hand, the previous discovery of a well in the southwest corner of the quadrangle (Gebhardt 1962:12-13; Treganza 1958:10) may point to the possibility of a natural spring or small perched water table beneath the Adobe. Yet, it remains unclear why this seepage occurred in Trench 2 rather than Trench 3, since the latter was located closer to the southwest corner of the quadrangle and, therefore, the possible well.
6.3 MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE PETALUMA ADOBE
In the context of construction, this section discusses material aspects of life at the Petaluma Adobe. Discussion centers around two aspects: (1) artifacts and features recovered from the fill layers and the underlying buried ground surface, both of which provided a glimpse into the 1830s, and (2) artifacts from "surface" layers above the fill, which hinted at room use during various times. Although material remains discarded or lost inside the rooms had the potential to shed light on room functions over time, it was no surprise that these artifacts were few in number and small in size. In many cultural settings, rooms are frequently swept clean of activity debris, especially in rooms with prepared floors. Therefore, significant accumulations of artifactual materials tend to occur during initial construction or final abandonment.
Unless conditions warrant, no lithics are discussed as part of these historical deposits because they appeared to be redeposited prehistoric artifacts. Although it is an undisputed fact that native workers living and working at the Rancho Petaluma continued to use lithic technology, as
117 demonstrated at Son-2294/H (Silliman 2000), it is unlikely that much lithic debris would have made it into the Adobe itself. Presumably, native individuals were not flaking stone tools while filling the rooms during initial construction. Similarly, the activities that took place in the Adobe rooms (e.g., spinning, weaving, food processing, storage) were not conducive to lithic production or use, much unlike the activities of butchering and hide-processing that would have occurred outside the building.
6.3.1 Pre-Construction Surface and Fill Deposits
Materials from fill deposits (F series) and the upper surface of G-1 in Trenches 2 and 3 provided the best evidence for 19th-century material culture and activities. In contrast to upper floor surfaces not being well defined and perhaps heavily disturbed for reflooring episodes, lower layers of fill were relatively discrete and temporally restricted. The main problem plaguing the integrity of deposits was rodent burrowing, which was often severe. The original ground surface of G-1 may have recorded activity areas or primary use and deposition, but fill layers undoubtedly contained materials discarded during room filling or churned up during soil removal. The discard hypothesis gained credence from the occurrence of large bones at fill interfaces, especially in Trench 2. On this backdrop, discussion in this subsection on middle 19th-century material relates only to the fill (F-series) and upper G-1 deposits, unless otherwise noted. This restricts discussion also to Trenches 2 and 3.
Representation of metal from the 1830s was sparse. In Trench 2, metal objects were found in the fill deposits of only Units 1 and 4. In Trench 3, Units 3 and 4 contained the only metal in fill layers. Other than several iron cut nail fragments, the units of Trench 2 produced aluminum foil, the small brass mechanical part, and two steel wire nails of the type use for nailing drywall. These latter items were decidedly not from the mid-1800s and may have entered the deposits from rodent burrowing given their proximity to heavily-churned deposits along the grid north and grid south ends of the trench. Trench 3 produced almost exclusively iron fragments, many of which resembled deteriorated nail shaft remnants, but a square-sided bolt head was recovered from Level 10. However, this level contained portions of the 3S-4 intrusive feature, and the latter artifact may not have been from true fill.
Glass proved even more sparse than metal in the fill layers of Trenches 2 and 3. The two fused glass spheres in Unit 4 represented the only "fill" glass in Trench 2. Trench 3 provided only two fragments of colorless vessel glass in Level 8 of Unit 3 and one small medium-green shard from Level 8 of Unit 4. In both units, these levels included primarily grid north upper fill deposits, but they incorporated a portion of an "S" layer. Unit 1 produced a single light green bottle shard from the 3F-14/3F-15 fill combination. In addition, Unit 2 contained a fragment of colorless window glass in the 3F-3 layer in the grid south upper fill, and it provided three aqua and one light green vessel shard plus one colorless lamp chimney globe fragment in Level 1A, a mixture of the upper surface (3S-1) and the uppermost section of the 3F-3 grid north upper fill layer. None of the artifacts contributed significantly to an interpretation of the 1830s except to suggest the potential use of glazed windows and oil lamps.
118 Glass beads were infrequent, despite their likely direct association with native workers building and using the Adobe. The only bead perhaps associated with native workers was the red-on- white bead found in the pre-construction surface, Layer G-1, of Trench 3. Other beads all occurred in mixed strata, although the white and off-white beads in Trench 4 occurred in layers (4S-2, 4B-2) that may very well have represented mid-19th-century use of the south face.
Ceramics from fill layers were rare and only in Trench 3. The solitary sherd in Unit 2's fill layers was a black transferprint whiteware sherd. Ceramics in Units 3 and 4 were more interesting stratigraphically because they rested at the very top of Layer G-1, which pointed to pre- construction discard. These sherds were very small blue transferprint sherds, one in Unit 3 and two in Unit 4. All were consistent with, but not exclusive to, an 1830s date.
Faunal remains generated an interesting suite of data for the pre-construction ground surface and fill sequence. With few exceptions, the pre-construction ground surface visible in Trenches 2 and 3 contained only large mammals: cattle, sheep/goat, and deer. Cattle elements included rib, vertebra, teeth, phalanx, and sesamoid; sheep/goat included scapula and femur. Deer was represented by a metapodial. Other than Bos teeth and Ovis/Capra scapulae, all large mammal elements were represented by a single specimen. Indeterminate large and medium mammal elements included scapula, patella, vertebra, rib, and long bone. The vast majority of these bones displayed butchery marks, none of which appeared to be sawn. These data indicated that individuals involved in the occupation and planning of the Petaluma knoll – probably both California Indians and Californios – were consuming primarily large mammals, especially domesticated ones. The array of skeletal elements represented a range of dietary "value", from high meat (ribs) to low meat (phalanx). Of particular interest was the lack of Sus scrofa specimens in original ground surface deposits, given their presence in the upper reaches of Trenches 2-4. This pattern may have indicated a lack of pig consumption at the Petaluma Adobe's founding, especially since the contemporaneous faunal assemblage from Son-2294/H also contained no pig bones (Silliman 2000).
Faunal composition of room fill (F-series) in Trenches 2 and 3 showed divergent patterns with respect to the underlying pre-construction matrix. The Trench 2 fill subassemblage mirrored the G-1 elements in the predominance of large mammals such as cattle, deer, and sheep/goat. However, the fill produced the only Equus bone from the PASR excavations, a juvenile with no cut marks. The fill of Trench 3 differed markedly from the underlying buried surface, but it was frequently difficult to distinguish between fill and overlying surface deposits at this site locus. Nevertheless, the fill in Trench 3 contained cattle and several indeterminate large/medium mammal elements, but it also produced bones from pig, chicken, and other birds. Particularly important was the presence of canid and chicken.
Although their origins and purposes were unclear, the enigmatic cobble concentrations within the G-1 pre-construction surface in both Trenches 2 and 3 (see description of G-1 in Sections 4.2 and 4.3) may have been a cultural feature built or used in the 19th century (Figure 6.3). If forming a continuous surface between Trenches 2 and 3, the cobbles might have represented an early field stone footing for a smaller building, potentially related to the original adobe house discussed in
119 Section 2.2. However, there was no solid evidence for the interconnection. The cobbles in Trench 2 trended toward the grid northwest, while those in Trench 3 angled toward grid northeast. They may have comprised adjacent walls that met a corner just outside the west face, but such a statement is highly speculative. The cobbles in Trench 3 also averaged 10-15 cm deeper in absolute elevation than those in Trench 2. In addition, faunal remains were directly associated with these features. In Trench 2, a probable deer metapodial, probable cow rib, and unknown large mammal element rested directly on top of the cobble feature at -0.82 to -0.83 m below datum. In Trench 3, two heavily decomposing large mammal bones were retrieved just to the grid northwest of the feature at approximately –1.00 m below datum. The only other associated artifacts were lithics.
FIGURE 6.3 Photograph of Cobble Feature in Trench 3.
6.3.2 Surface Layers
Surface, or "S", layers in all four trenches produced the highest density and diversity of artifacts, and they offered the best entry for considering room use. However, it was expected that actual floor surfaces would have been swept relatively clean of artifacts and that they may have recorded multiple room uses over time. All floor-like surfaces that contained historical artifacts and rested beneath the modern floor appeared to post-date the original use of the structure in the 1830s and 1840s. High quantities of steel wire nails supported conclusion.
It was possible that some trenches contained original Vallejo-period floors, but no artifacts served to falsify, or to provide any support for, this hypothesis. This section considers the possibilities. Potential Vallejo-period "surface" deposits in all four trenches were as follows: upper reaches of 1B-1 (Trench 1); lower sections of 2S-12 (Trench 2); segments of 3S-5, 3S-7, 3S-8, 3S-9, and 3S-11 (Trench 3); and portions of 4S-2 (Trench 4). As noted in a previous chapter, 1996 renovation efforts may have obliterated part of these surfaces' upper reaches in
120 preparation for the new floor. However, if these proposed surfaces were post-Vallejo, then their depth was remarkable.
6.3.2.1 North Face
The top of Layer 1B-1, the compact cobble layer, was assigned a tentative Vallejo-period date simply because there were no other surfaces available. It was the basal clay deposit on which all room construction took place. Yet, this fact did not preclude the potential elimination of "original" floor or subfloor surfaces during small- or large-scale renovations at the Petaluma Adobe.
Trench 1 demonstrated the least material evidence for activities in the surface zones, suggesting that the room was not heavily used, was utilized only in ways that left little material residue, or was severely disturbed during 20th-century renovations. For example, the locus contained only 1.1% of the total glass recovered from inside the Petaluma Adobe. However, Trench 1 contained some of the only sherds of porcelain – a Chinese porcelain with bluish glaze. Trench 2 contained the only other porcelain sherd, but it was American or British porcelain with a white glaze and highly-fired body.
6.3.2.2 South Face
Layer 4S-2 of Trench 4 may rest on one of the only early room surfaces in the Adobe, but the presence of barbed wire suggested otherwise. Layer 4Si-3 was a discrete interface between the "surface" and "basal" layers of Trench 4 that had behavioral significance. Resting on this interface were two mapped artifacts that were visible on the section drawing: bone in Unit 2 and clay tile in Unit 3 (see Figure 4.9). The clay tile probably occurred early at the Petaluma Adobe, and ladrillo (roof) fragments were also located in 1958 when renovators removed the original sill timbers at the east end of the north face. Other than these two objects, only glass artifacts were retrieved at the base of Layer 4S-2 as it contacted 4B-1. One was a windowpane fragment, and the other a worn glass sphere. The latter was identical, aside from being a single specimen, to the glass spheres in Trench 2 within the fill layers. Both suggested that these spheres were from the mid-19th century, although their purpose was unclear.
In terms of room use, the window glass in Trench 4 suggested the potential presence of glazed or pane windows in this room at some point. Their occurrence in 4S-2 may point to an 1830-1850s date. In light of vessel glass totals from excavated proveniences, Trench 4 was remarkably similar to Trenches 2 and 3, but adding the eleven glass artifacts from the modern floor removal inflated vessel glass counts in Trench 4 to the point of suggesting more intensive residential or consumption practices in this locus. However, the uncertain origin of these modern-floor artifacts prevented any further consideration of this pattern.
121 Other patterns were revealing. Most of the ceramic fragments from this trench were terra cotta, which suggested more decorative potted plants than anything else. In addition the lack of dining dishes here and in other faces was not surprising given the strong archival evidence for dining quarters being on the second floor. However, cattle bones occupied the surface deposits, and all five identifiable specimens displayed butchering marks. This trench also contained the only fish bone. It is conceivable that this room served partly as a kitchen (Hoopes 1965:26), even though most cooking occurred outside in the quadrangle. What the unfired lead shot ball in the lower surface (4S-2) does to this scenario is unclear.
Finally, the "hay matrix" discovered in these deposits may be evidence of either a vegetation mat placed beneath adobe mud floors or a room use that involved a hay-covered floor (i.e., stable) or extensive grain processing with no clean up. As a corollary of the stable possibility, this hay matrix may actually have been dried manure. Although this contrasts sharply with the kitchen scenario offered above, it coincides with the known use of some the lower floor rooms as a stable. Recall the earlier statement that the Petaluma Adobe had become a dairy house and cow barn in the 1890s. In the end, neither of these interpretations is particularly convincing at this time, but the variety of artifacts and strata that lead to these ambiguous interpretations surely reflect the variety of uses of these rooms over time.
6.3.2.3 West Face
In Trench 2, portions of 2S-12, especially in the transition space between 2S-6, seemed to be possible candidates for a mid-1800s surface, but the evidence was ambiguous. Vertical position of the small lenses (2S-4, -9, -10, and -11) and an array of mappable artifacts around 4-6 cm below the beginning of excavation provided the only clues to a previous surface. Ceramics from this zone included undecorated whiteware and clear-glazed porcelain – neither of which ruled out a date in the mid-1800s. However, layers 2S-9 and 2S-12 contained a large brass button, a fired .22 bullet case, and a percussion cap. They also had brown- and aqua-colored glass. Together, these pointed to a time after approximately 1850. The level immediately above, 2S-6, was definitely out of consideration as Vallejo-period because it contained a Lincoln-head penny, standard head screw, and wood staples.
In Trench 3, Layer 3S-11 formed a clearly defined interface and formal surface, but it was discontinuous across the trench. More importantly, Layer 3S-11 dipped downward along the 3Si- 4 interface at the grid south end as though part of an earlier foundation trench. Despite compelling stratigraphy, there was no reason to suspect such a wide foundation trench for the original footing because otherwise the entire trench would have been filled with stream cobbles. This may weigh in favor of interpreting the surface as one that appeared following the concrete foundation renovations in the 1950s. Therefore, if Layer 3S-11 was not a Vallejo-period surface, then neither were the overlying 3S-5, 3S-7, 3S-8, and 3S-9 surfaces nor the intrusive feature defined by the 3Si-2 interface.
122 Related to the surface ambiguity, Trenches 2 and 3 offered relatively little insight into room use. Both trenches contained laminated wood-rich deposits in the "surface" layers. These organic lenses suggested that a wooden floor of some sort might have occupied this room with only its remnants being left behind when removed or that woodworking was a common activity in this room. Similarly, these may have represented shavings from the re-roofing that occurred during the 1950s. On the other hand, charcoal appeared in the highest densities and counts in these "surface" layers in Trenches 2 and 3, and Trench 3 revealed a blackened surface in association with artifacts and wood in Level 6 (Layer 3S-7). These data hinted of activities that required high heat, such as blacksmithing, but such an interpretation is highly speculative.
Oddly, Trench 3 produced a unique feature that reinforced the possibility of controlled fire in the interior of the room. Interface 3Si-2 marked the boundary of a pit visible in the grid west profile, and its contents included two ash layers (Layers 3S-2, 3S-3). However, why would a pit be placed in the room's floor? What do the burned lenses suggest about its use? Even more confusing, why did the feature's upper extent terminate, or even truncate, at the modern floor? Answers are not currently available, but the information pointed to a definite post-Vallejo use. In fact, they may have been some of the most recent "layers" (see Figure 4.6).
6.3.2.4 Summary
In sum, the preceding layers may have been Vallejo-period (i.e., 1830s-1850s) surfaces, but the evidence was ambiguous at best. Ultimately, most of the potential surfaces may prove to have been post-1850 given their artifact content. If nothing else, they may have been surfaces that existed during initial occupation but survived well into latter decades of the 1800s. Despite their actual date, these surfaces did reveal a number of possible room functions.
However, as these discussions have emphasized, the likelihood of recovering solid evidence of room surfaces or uses that pre-date the early or middle 1900s is severely limited by 20th-century renovation events. The extent of surface obliteration and mixing that occurred during the 1910s, 1950s, and 1996 restorations is currently unknown, but their effects appear to have been significant.
123 6.4 RENOVATION HISTORY
Beyond the original construction and room use, the PASR excavations uncovered information on the history and effects of renovation on the Petaluma Adobe. Photographs of the Petaluma Adobe during the 20th century illuminated additional aspects of the renovation history.
Although concrete foundations were visible in Trench 1 at the grid north end and in Trenches 2 and 3 at the grid south end prior to excavation, the nature of their creation was not discernible until trenches were opened. These foundations had replaced both original cobble footings used during initial construction and later 1910s concrete, and they rested in foundation trenches that extended 0.15-0.35 m into the room interiors. The foundation trench matrix was loose, organic, and artifact-rich, due in large part to rodent burrowing. The foundation connecting Trenches 2 and 3 showed a pronounced lip at the base where liquefied concrete oozed beneath form boards. Trench 1’s concrete foundation showed no such lip, but trench fill contained seven pieces of wood, some of which were large enough to have served as form boards.
Beneath the north wall of the north face, Trench 1 had a concrete footing attributable to the 1950s. Although a concrete foundation from 1910 once anchored this wall (see Figure 2.14), the 1950s renovation crew replaced it with the current low-lying foundation. The earlier foundation rose well above the floor level in an effort to raise the sagging wall, as depicted in photographs taken during the 1950s renovation (Figure 6.4). Trenches 2 and 3 also possessed a concrete footing at their grid south end, or on the quadrangle side. Except for the greater width extending it well into the actual room, the west face foundation looked similar to the 1950s foundation found in the north face. However, photographic and archival records from the 1950s restoration revealed neither a foundation replacement nor even attention to room floors in the west face. They documented primarily the roof replacement.
In addition to investigating renovated foundations, the PASR excavations addressed the impact of previous renovation efforts on the integrity of floor deposits. As evidenced by discontinuity between modern floor and subfloor deposits, the 1996 restoration efforts may have obliterated interfaces between older surfaces and fill as well as the actual floor. The recorded "S," or surface, deposits should predate 1996 given that design specifications for the 1996 renovation required workers to line the base of floor removal with builder’s sand. However, the large number of 20th century objects in the surface layers beneath this sand suggested that other refloorings might have occurred prior to 1996. In addition, the wood composition of subfloor layers in the west face may have been detritus from roof replacement in the 1950s.
In a related vein, Trenches 1, 2 and 3 each contained an intrusive feature that probably related to renovation efforts rather than actual use of the room. Trench 1 had a posthole and remnant post in the grid east edge and wall of Unit 4 (Level 3) that was set within the compact clay of Layer 1B-1 (Figure 6.5, scale approximate). The upper terminus was only approximately 5 cm below the beginning of excavation, and it was located 65-80 cm grid north from the grid south edge of Unit 4. The wood appeared to be heavily-splintered redwood, angled toward the top of the adjacent grid north adobe brick wall. Its function and date are unknown, although it may have
124 related directly to shoring walls during the 1950s restoration (Figure 6.6). Note the long pole leaning against the north wall from the center of the room.
FIGURE 6.4 Photograph of North Face of Petaluma Adobe, Facing West, 1958. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation.
0 m 0.1 m FIGURE 6.5 Photograph of Posthole Feature in Grid East Wall of Trench 1, Unit 4.
125 FIGURE 6.6 Photograph of Interior of North Face, Facing East, 1958. Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Trenches 2 and 3 possessed more likely 20th-century intrusive features. In the stratigraphic profile of Trench 2 (Figure 4.3), the 2Si-4 interface demarcated one of these features. The feature displayed a round cross-section, had subtle ridges on interface walls, and contained rusted iron flecks in the matrix of Layer 2S-8. These three characteristics pointed to this being a hole left by removal of a round iron pole or bar. A reasonable source for this bar might have been the 1996 restoration efforts, since the team inserted surveyor’s bars into the floor to guide the relaying of the mud floor. On the other hand, Trench 3 contained what might be termed a “plank hole” rather than a posthole. The interface, 3Si-3, outlined the edges of a missing tongue-and- groove plank that connected to the decomposing wood still intact below (see Figure 4.6). Since the feature trended grid west into the trench wall, the upper terminus had to be estimated using a measuring rod. The feature seemed to reach only to the lower interface of 3S-1, suggesting that it may have been older than the 20th-century restorations. Its purpose is still unknown.
A comparison of Trench 4 and Trench 1 was enlightening. According to existing documents and photographs, the south face experienced the least amount of renovation over the last 90 years, and subsequently, this may explain the absence of intrusive features. The high quantity of artifacts recovered in this trench may further accentuate the lack of disturbance. In contrast, the room bracketing Trench 1 underwent considerable impact. The photograph in Figure 6.6 recorded a particularly stark moment of these disturbances. It is unclear whether or not the 1950s renovation efforts compromised the historical floor deposits based on this photograph, but the disturbance may have been severe, producing the paucity of artifacts in the room's floor and immediately subfloor deposits. Yet, the floor visible in this 1950s photograph appeared to have remained level and intact throughout the renovation, but visibility of the foundation trench on the grid north side of the room indicated a much lower floor surface than the 1996 one removed in this project to reach underlying deposits.
126 6.5 SUMMARY
In its synthesis of the stratigraphic and artifactual data from the PASR excavations, this section addressed four key issues in the archaeology and history of the Petaluma Adobe.
First, the section demonstrated that important insights were possible regarding the prehistoric use of the promontory beneath the Petaluma Adobe. Predictably, the strongest insights were limited to the lithic assemblage, which occurred in both the buried ground surface and in the redeposited fill layers. Issues that were addressed included obsidian procurement patterns, potential prehistoric periods of occupation, and patterns of lithic reduction and use on-site.
Second, the section revealed significant clues regarding the construction history of the Petaluma Adobe. More than just revealing the presence or absence of particular types of foundations, the trench excavations exposed a complex process of cutting and filling that occurred prior to and during construction. Evidence pointed strongly toward the promontory being partially stripped of its topsoil to prepare for construction, with the removed sediment used to make adobe bricks and to fill the subfloor space of the west face. The latter was necessary because despite the hilltop flattening, Vallejo chose to situate the west face on an incline. The effort required for this architectural choice indicated that Vallejo's original design plans called for a building of enormous proportions. Equally significant, the construction data had direct implications for reconsidering previous archaeological interpretations, for interpreting room partitions and use, and for evaluating current structural problems with the extant Adobe.
Third, this section attempted to pull together the various artifactual strands that might produce a picture of life at the Petaluma Adobe during and after construction. The pre-construction surface and fill layers of Trenches 2 and 3 provided the clearest data set for interpreting material and cultural practices at the site during construction. The artifacts were greatly limited in scope in the pre-construction surface, but the fill layers offered additional clues. The strongest evidence of 19th-century life stemmed from the faunal data. The element and species representation suggested that large domesticated mammals were the mainstay of the diet, although fill layers in Trench 3 provided evidence of pig and chicken utilization. In contrast to the temporally-bounded nature of the fill and pre-construction surface deposits, the surface layers generated more ambiguous insights. Potential Vallejo-period surfaces were explored, but few unequivocal statements could be made. The hopes of investigating room use were little achieved, although the west face had evidence of intramural use of fire and the south face had tantalizing evidence of having been a kitchen or stable or both.
Fourth, this section ended by directing the PASR excavation data to questions of renovation history at the Petaluma Adobe. The results were mixed. On one hand, the excavations revealed information on concrete foundations that had replaced cobble ones and on intrusive features that cut into the floor and subfloor from relatively modern activities. On the other hand, the excavation trenches brought to light the enormous and destructive impact that these renovation efforts have had on the integrity of archaeological deposits.
127 128 SECTION 7 Conclusions
Set upon the backdrop of a rich historical scene, the Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit Project revealed new data on Native American use of the state park lands prior to the advent of Mariano G. Vallejo's Rancho Petaluma, shed considerable light on the construction methods of the Petaluma Adobe structure itself in the 1830s and perhaps 1840s, and generated information on the material culture of the 19th- and 20th-century builders, residents, and renovators of the Petaluma Adobe. In addition to addressing novel questions regarding the Petaluma Adobe's construction and use, excavations also revealed new insights into questions of site structure that had arisen during early excavations in the park. As stated in the Introduction, the project intersected four major issues.
First, it provided the first glimpse into the subsurface of the extant Petaluma Adobe. The stratigraphic record provided essential data on the construction sequence of the Adobe's three standing faces but only limited information on the uses of the rooms before and after construction. A key architectural discovery was the large-scale planning and hill modification during initial construction of the Petaluma Adobe. Stratigraphic and photographic analysis also helped track the renovation history of the structure. These results complemented the archaeological data retrieved from the deteriorated eastern half of the Adobe in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
Second, prehistoric deposits were encountered during the trench excavations, as expected, but they offered more insights than first believed possible. The combination of redeposited prehistoric artifacts and restricted areal coverage precluded extensive interpretations, but the lithic assemblage did contribute to a more solid interpretation of prehistory and protohistory on the state park lands. For example, obsidian sourcing and hydration data revealed diachronic patterns of obsidian procurement from the main sources of Annadel and Napa Valley. They also revealed unknown sources as well as a specimen of Trinity obsidian, a very rare find in archaeological contexts. Combining these lithic data with archaeological results from nearby prehistoric sites such as Son-1281, Son-1382, and others promises to be a worthwhile effort.
Third, the PASR excavation data complemented the archaeological results from excavation at Son-2294/H, across Adobe Creek to the east. The material culture recovered from the pre- construction grade and fill deposits in the Adobe provided a small, but important, comparative base for interpreting 19th-century material culture on the Rancho Petaluma. Understanding native life on the Rancho Petaluma, as exemplified at Son-2294/H, will benefit from comparison between that site assemblage and the assemblage from the Petaluma Adobe proper. Unfortunately, that comparison is beyond the scope of this report. Somewhat surprisingly, most of the information potential rested within the fill and subfill deposits, which related directly to mid-1800s construction episodes at the origin of the Adobe. Very little data on rancho life could
129 be secured from the mixed and later activity surfaces found above the fill. In truth, the best data on life in and around the Petaluma Adobe may yet derive from the unexcavated trash features that encircle the building. However, California Indian workers may have discarded much of the debris found in the fill and on the old ground surface beneath the Adobe's floors, despite the impossibility of sorting out the specifics. This is important because individuals responsible for almost all of the artifacts and features at Son-2294/H were also California Indians (Silliman 2000).
Fourth, the trench excavations supplied significant new data on this particularly important rancho in California's history. The nature and extent of Mariano G. Vallejo's influence in the 19th- century political, social, and military landscape of Mexican and American California renders the archaeology of his material world pertinent to historians as well as anthropologists. At the same time, the PASR excavations revealed aspects of the Petaluma Adobe's material history such as the hilltop modification, room filling, and material culture of the middle 19th century that historical documents could have never provided. In addition, research on the interior of the Petaluma Adobe complements the wealth of data on other ranchos in California, especially those in the southern half of the state. However, the opportunity for comparison with these other ranchos was limited by the nature of the data from this report. Most previous investigations of adobe buildings, such Ontiveros (Frierman, ed. 1982), Bandini-Cota (Greenwood et al. 1983), and Yorba-Slaughter (Greenwood et al 1987), included excavation of intramural and extramural features and cross-sections of adobe walls and foundations. The richness of rancho life retrievable from these excavation strategies far exceeded that possible from the trenches inside the Petaluma Adobe. The Petaluma subfloor artifact assemblage was relatively small in size and limited in scope. Nonetheless, the insights into the specifics of the Petaluma Adobe itself were significant, and the combination of these results with those obtained from other areas of the state park, especially Son-2294/H, will offer a strong comparative case for other California ranchos.
Based on the PASR project, several recommendations are pertinent for research on and management of the Petaluma Adobe.
1. Any further renovation work on the Petaluma Adobe should involve a concerted effort between historians, architects, archaeologists, and other specialists. The value of this historic building should not be underestimated, and it should not be assumed that the full information potential has already been tapped.
2. Particular attention should be paid to finding, documenting, and perhaps excavating refuse deposits immediately surrounding the Petaluma Adobe. Trash dumps or pits would offer potential snapshots of history at the Adobe from its inception through its acquisition as a historical monument. The number and integrity of such features are unknown, but their presence seems assured. For instance, the grading that took place in 1996 for the walkway replacement to the south and east of the Adobe overturned a sample of faunal remains and artifacts of glass, metal, and ceramics. Moreover, cultural materials are scattered on the surface outside the west face.
130 3. Archaeological testing is recommended outside the exterior walls of the west face. If designed properly, such controlled investigation could complement the stratigraphic interpretations offered here for Trenches 2 and 3. Specifically, the stratigraphic sequence outside the building could offer a clearer picture of the natural progression of deposits. This sequence is integral for evaluating the attribution of the G-1 layer as a buried ground surface with potential fill (as opposed to primarily surface soil redeposited as fill).
4. The archaeological and archival studies completed for this project suggest that current historical interpretations of both extant and missing rooms of the Petaluma Adobe may need be to be revised slightly. Questions have been raised about room function and partitioning, especially during Vallejo's ownership of the building. However, no recommendations are possible at this time because the combination of documents and archaeological deposits has so far only revealed, rather than clarified, the ambiguity.
5. The water seepage beneath the west face discovered in Trench 2 requires management attention. It is worth determining the effect of this moisture on the structural integrity of the west face.
In conclusion, the legal requirement to excavate inside the Petaluma Adobe was an unprecedented opportunity to explore the subtle nuances of historical and archaeological issues surrounding this important site. As this and other historical archaeological projects have demonstrated, material remains from the historic period offer significant insights that rarely can be obtained from archival sources alone but that cannot be truly generated without them. Many other avenues of archaeological inquiry exist at the Petaluma Adobe State Historic Park, and it is imperative that this potential be carefully protected, monitored, and investigated as part of the site's long-term preservation in the California State Parks system.
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140 APPENDIX A Rock Weights, Matrix Volumes, and Screen Sampling for All Trenches
TRENCH 1
ROCK MATRIX WET SCREENED DRY SCREENED DISCARDED LEVEL WEIGHT (kg) VOLUME (liters) (liters) (liters) (liters) Unit 1 1 66.3 64.0 64.0 0.0 0.0 2 18.2 52.0 52.0 0.0 0.0 3 14.9 128.0 128.0 0.0 0.0 4 0.5 128.0 128.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.0 74.6 24.0 0.0 50.6 6 0.0 140.0 48.0 0.0 92.0 7 0.0 246.0 64.0 0.0 182.0
Unit 2 1 46.0 120.0 120.0 0.0 0.0 2 14.9 140.0 140.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 288.0 112.0 0.0 176.0 4 0.0 128.0 128.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.0 192.0 96.0 0.0 96.0
Unit 3 1 1.1 122.0 122.0 0.0 0.0 2 29.2 30.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 140.0 140.0 0.0 0.0 4 0.0 150.0 150.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.0 114.6 24.0 0.0 90.6 6 0.0 206.0 48.0 0.0 158.0 7 0.0 152.0 48.0 0.0 104.0
Unit 4 1 28.5 66.0 66.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 32.0 32.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 4 61.9 34.6 34.6 0.0 0.0 5 0.0 86.0 86.0 0.0 0.0 6 13.5 150.4 150.4 0.0 0.0 7 0.0 312.0 96.0 0.0 216.0 8 0.0 136.0 40.0 0.0 96.0
Total 295.0 3448.2 2187.0 0.0 1261.2
A-1 TRENCH 2
ROCK MATRIX WET SCREENED DRY SCREENED DISCARDED LEVEL WEIGHT (kg) VOLUME (liters) (liters) (liters) (liters) Unit 1 1 0.0 12.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.3 26.0 26.0 0.0 0.0 3 2.7 110.0 110.0 0.0 0.0 4 0.0 78.0 78.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.0 73.0 73.0 0.0 0.0 6 0.6 52.0 52.0 0.0 0.0 7 0.2 38.0 38.0 0.0 0.0 8 5.2 80.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 9 0.5 229.6 229.6 0.0 0.0 10 0.0 104.0 64.0 40.0 0.0 11 0.0 128.0 88.0 40.0 0.0 12 0.0 156.0 56.0 100.0 0.0
Unit 2 1 0.0 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 3 4.7 8.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 4 5.5 112.0 112.0 0.0 0.0 4a 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.7 38.0 38.0 0.0 0.0 6 1.5 86.0 86.0 0.0 0.0 7 3.5 105.0 105.0 0.0 0.0 8 3.1 106.0 106.0 0.0 0.0 9 7.8 164.0 164.0 0.0 0.0 10 83.7 266.6 266.6 0.0 0.0 11 3.6 144.0 48.0 96.0 0.0 12 0.0 156.0 56.0 100.0 0.0
Unit 3 1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2 10.1 129.0 129.0 0.0 0.0 3 2.7 34.6 34.6 0.0 0.0 4 8.5 36.0 36.0 0.0 0.0 5 8.1 121.4 121.4 0.0 0.0 6 8.5 208.0 208.0 0.0 0.0 6a 3.5 56.0 56.0 0.0 0.0 7 3.5 88.0 88.0 0.0 0.0 8 31.0 84.0 84.0 0.0 0.0 9 86.0 60.0 50.0 10.0 0.0 10 9.0 50.0 40.0 10.0 0.0 11 0.0 89.0 72.0 17.0 0.0
Unit 4 1 5.1 154.6 154.6 0.0 0.0 2 1.2 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 3 1.8 7.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 4 5.0 104.8 104.8 0.0 0.0
A-2 TRENCH 2, CONTINUED
ROCK MATRIX WET SCREENED DRY SCREENED DISCARDED LEVEL WEIGHT (kg) VOLUME (liters) (liters) (liters) (liters) 5 13.0 96.0 96.0 0.0 0.0 6 16.2 150.0 150.0 0.0 0.0 7 21.3 124.0 124.0 0.0 0.0 8 37.5 158.0 158.0 0.0 0.0 9 11.6 44.0 44.0 0.0 0.0 10 3.0 82.6 82.6 0.0 0.0 11 5.5 236.0 32.0 0.0 204.0 12 0.0 236.0 80.0 0.0 156.0
Total 415.7 4672.2 3899.2 413.0 360.0
A-3 TRENCH 3
ROCK MATRIX WET SCREENED DRY SCREENED DISCARDED LEVEL WEIGHT (kg) VOLUME (liters) (liters) (liters) (liters) Unit 1 1 0.0 54.0 54.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 12.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 12.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 3a 4.1 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 4 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 5 1.3 24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 6 15.3 96.0 96.0 0.0 0.0 7 87.5 52.0 52.0 0.0 0.0 8 0.0 28.0 28.0 0.0 0.0 9 15.8 56.0 56.0 0.0 0.0 10 18.0 106.6 66.6 40.0 0.0 11 13.8 136.0 96.0 40.0 0.0 12 0.0 176.0 76.0 100.0 0.0 13 0.0 124.0 124.0 0.0 0.0 14 0.0 120.0 40.0 80.0 0.0 15 0.0 120.0 40.0 80.0 0.0
Unit 2 1 0.0 48.0 48.0 0.0 0.0 2 25.3 14.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.9 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 4 1.3 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 4a 15.7 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.4 8.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 6 17.7 104.0 104.0 0.0 0.0 7 37.8 116.0 116.0 0.0 0.0 8 13.5 58.6 58.6 0.0 0.0 9 52.0 102.0 102.0 0.0 0.0 10 13.0 72.0 72.0 0.0 0.0 11 17.0 112.0 112.0 0.0 0.0 12 0.0 120.0 120.0 0.0 0.0 13 0.0 128.0 128.0 0.0 0.0 14 0.0 152.0 152.0 0.0 0.0
Unit 3 1 0.4 2.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 2 7.2 7.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 32.8 32.8 0.0 0.0 4 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.0 8.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 6 0.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 7 0.8 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 8 13.8 82.0 82.0 0.0 0.0 9 2.8 24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 10 14.4 49.6 49.6 0.0 0.0 11 0.0 8.0 8.0 0.0 0.0
A-4 TRENCH 3, CONTINUED
ROCK MATRIX WET SCREENED DRY SCREENED DISCARDED LEVEL WEIGHT (kg) VOLUME (liters) (liters) (liters) (liters) 12 16.0 84.0 84.0 0.0 0.0 13 41.0 52.0 52.0 0.0 0.0 14 23.5 68.0 68.0 0.0 0.0 15 3.0 18.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 16 2.3 88.0 88.0 0.0 0.0 17 0.1 124.0 124.0 0.0 0.0 18 1.6 156.0 156.0 0.0 0.0 19 7.7 124.0 44.0 80.0 0.0 20 7.6 176.0 56.0 120.0 0.0 Unit 4 1 0.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 1a 1.9 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 1b 1.7 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 8.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.0 8.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 4 10.9 34.0 34.0 0.0 0.0 5 0.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7 0.2 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 8 20.6 68.0 68.0 0.0 0.0 9 5.1 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 10 24.3 90.0 90.0 0.0 0.0 11 12.9 79.1 79.1 0.0 0.0 12 6.4 80.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 13 1.4 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 14 0.6 112.0 112.0 0.0 0.0 15 0.0 56.0 56.0 0.0 0.0 16 4.7 40.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 17 59.0 132.0 32.0 100.0 0.0 18 46.2 66.0 52.0 14.0 0.0
Total 688.5 4224.3 3570.3 654.0 0.0
A-5 TRENCH 4
ROCK MATRIX WET SCREENED DRY SCREENED DISCARDED LEVEL WEIGHT (kg) VOLUME (liters) (liters) (liters) (liters) Unit 1 1 0.8 88.0 88.0 0.0 0.0 2 2.5 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 3 1.0 64.0 64.0 0.0 0.0 4 142.0 66.0 66.0 0.0 0.0 5 3.4 18.6 18.6 0.0 0.0 6 76.9 62.0 62.0 0.0 0.0 7 5.1 66.0 66.0 0.0 0.0 8 29.3 90.6 90.6 0.0 0.0 9 414.1 94.0 94.0 0.0 0.0 10 7.9 110.4 110.4 0.0 0.0 11 0.9 32.0 32.0 0.0 0.0 12 0.0 160.0 56.0 0.0 104.0
Unit 2 1 0.0 2.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 10.6 10.6 0.0 0.0 3 0.9 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 4 8.5 48.0 48.0 0.0 0.0 5 1.5 54.4 54.4 0.0 0.0 6 151.5 66.0 66.0 0.0 0.0 7 62.5 62.0 62.0 0.0 0.0 8 51.5 250.0 144.0 40.0 66.0 9 13.5 232.0 80.0 0.0 152.0
Unit 3 1 0.4 36.0 36.0 0.0 0.0 2 3.0 32.0 32.0 0.0 0.0 3 4.4 40.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 4 14.0 34.0 34.0 0.0 0.0 5 22.1 113.0 113.0 0.0 0.0 6 15.0 76.0 76.0 0.0 0.0 7 48.0 105.0 105.0 0.0 0.0 8 3.0 152.0 48.0 0.0 104.0 9 0.0 136.0 40.0 0.0 96.0 10 0.0 88.0 24.0 0.0 64.0 11 0.0 n/a
Unit 4 1 0.0 40.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.2 36.0 36.0 0.0 0.0 4 0.0 14.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 5 13.0 80.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 6 2.5 82.6 82.6 0.0 0.0
A-6 TRENCH 4, CONTINUED
ROCK MATRIX WET SCREENED DRY SCREENED DISCARDED LEVEL WEIGHT (kg) VOLUME (liters) (liters) (liters) (liters) 7 218.8 160.0 160.0 0.0 0.0 8 51.0 192.0 192.0 0.0 0.0 9 0.0 346.6 96.0 0.0 250.6
Total 1369.2 3360.4 2483.8 40.0 836.6
A-7 A-8 ted as yellow clay with more pebbles, which
APPENDIX B APPENDIX pper section of 1B-2; interface was not noticeable in excavation pper section of 1B-2; interface was
Comments Comments of the cobble layer Upper section of layer to the exposure matrix among numerous cobbles Middle section of layer, interstitial Lower section of 1B-1, u Upper middle section of layer Lower middle section of layer Lower section of layer silty clay Numerous cobbles, very compact Upper section of layer as olive-green Middle section of layer, characterized Lower section of layer; lower stretches of level no interfaced with 1B-3 and 1B-4 Layers Report Layers 1B-1 1B-1 1B-1, 1B-2 1B-2 1B-2 1B-2 1B-4 1B-1 1B-2 1B-2 1B-2 Report Correlation of Excavated Levels with Stratigraphic Layers for All Trenches for All Layers Stratigraphic Levels with of Excavated Correlation 1 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 2 3 4 Levels TRENCH 1 UNIT 1 Field UNIT 2 Field “Level” refers to field labels for strata recorded during excavation, while “layer” refers to strata identified from a combination of refers to strata identified from a excavation, while “layer” field labels for strata recorded during “Level” refers to analysis produced layers, and stratigraphic some levels with no corresponding and field notes. Excavation produced section drawings Note that large part to lateral variation in deposits. This discrepancy relates in no corresponding excavated levels. some layers with not to its ultimate of excavation of that layer and for layers refer only to the depth and “upper” section designations “lower”, “middle”, excavated trenches. be much below the base of the depth, which may Levels
B-1 in grid south end of unit based on depth in grid south end
atrix from cobble concentration in 1B-1 atrix from cobble concentration in Lower section of layer of 1B-2 Lower section of 1B-1, upper section elevations, but must have included portions of 1B-3 given Lower section of 1B-2, based on yellow ‘decomposing bedrock’ level form comments on hard, rocky, but it was not visible in excavation Discrete boundary seen on profile, Upper section of layer to the exposure of the cobble layer layer to the exposure of the cobble Upper section of numerous cobbles layer, interstitial matrix among Middle section of of 1B-2 1B-1; presumably upper section Lower section of section in grid north layer in grid south, upper to middle Middle section of on the clay (1B-3?) that was not visible layer; grid northeast had yellow Lower section of grid west wall profile appeared suggested that 1B-3 may have of 1B-2, although level form Mostly lower section of trench excavation Contained all of both levels to base Comments of the cobble layer Upper section of layer to the exposure wall of room Foundation trench on grid north contents on grid east wall Posthole and its wood and sediment Interstitial m Described as decomposing marine clay bedrock, very difficult to break apart very difficult marine clay bedrock, as decomposing Described Comments , 1B-3? 1B-1 1B-1, 1B-2 1B-2, 1B-3 1B-3, 1B-4 1B-1 1B-1 1B-1, 1B-2 1B-2 1B-2 1B-2 1B-3, 1B-4 Report Layers 1B-1 1S-1 ---- 1B-1 1B-3, 1B-4 Report Layers 5 6 7 8 1 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 UNIT 4 Field Levels UNIT 3 Field Levels
B-2
; probably loose enough to slip out as exposed on of layer included on profile since it was a rodent burrow recorded in plan view included on profile since it was Comments Comments recorded inclusion of 2S9 was questionable although the Level Form Layer not well represented on profile; speckles of 2S-9 the wood and white precipitate-like Not well represented on profile and but not noted on Level Form aside from the embedded wood Must have included 2S-10 and 2S-11, cracked surface of this layer white precipitate-like speckles in Not in excavation Interface of drill/pole imprint unrecognized Fill of 2Si-2 interface not recognized in excavation Wedge in grid north end of Unit 2 Level ended at approximately .11 m below datum, equaling top of 2S-9 .11 m below datum, Level ended at approximately mixing Coherent level, no with lenses deposits below profile demarcation Very compact, included layer Middle section of Bottom secti and 2Gi-1 interface Bottom of 2S-12 layer Upper section of Lower section of layer Upper section of layer Upper middle section of layer Lower middle section of layer Lower section of layer 12 eport Report Layers Layers 2S-6 2S-6, 2S-9 2S-6 2S-12 ---- 2Si-4 2S-7 2S-6 2S-1 2S-9, 2S-12 2S-12 2S-12 2S-12, 2F-3 2F-3 2F-3 G-1 G-1 G-1 G-1 R 2S-
2 ---- 1 3 4 4a ---- 1 6 5 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 UNIT 1 Field TRENCH 2 TRENCH Levels Levels UNIT 2 Field
B-3 no vertical distinction existed ; middle of unit with 2F-3 not visible in profile with 2F-3 not visible
section of layer; correlated with Unit 2, Layer 11 section of layer; correlated with Unit ion of layer; composed of sandy, rough clay and smoother, more plastic clay and smoother, sandy, rough clay composed of ion of layer; tion of layer Primarily in central to grid south sections of unit as 2F-1 was encountered in grid north end; notation in grid north end; was encountered of unit as 2F-1 south sections in central to grid Primarily west side of unit along grid in grid south end flecks to 2S-8 with rust-colored referring Upper sect Middle section of layer; more uniformly yellow than Layer 7 layer; more uniformly yellow than Middle section of layer Lower section of in excavation at interface sections of layer; rocks located Upper and middle Middle section of layer; correlated with Unit 1, Layer 11 layer; correlated with Unit 1, Layer Middle section of 12 layer; correlated with Unit 1, Layer Lower section of Comments south end; did not appear to link to similar layer in Unit 2 Upper section of layer in far grid of Layer 2S-5 during excavation Upper section of layer 2S-6; no recognition between Layers 2S-6 and 2S-12 in excavation between Layers 2S-6 and 2S-12 of 2S-5, which was recorded on the Level Form as looser matrix Probably also contained portion not noticed in excavation; cobble layer in Probably also contained 2F-1, but Matrix darkened from grid south to grid north Matrix darkened from grid south grid south end to accommodate the appearance of Layer 2F-4 Layer excavated much deeper in Grid north half of unit Coherent level, no layer mixing Upper sec Upper middle section of layer Lower middle Lower section of layer; correlated with Unit 2, Layer 12 Lower section of layer; correlated ,2F-8 2S-12 2F-3 2F-3 2F-3 G-1 G-1 G-1 Report Layers 2S-6 2S-6, 2S-5 2S-12 2S-12, 2S-5 2F-3 2F-3 2F-3 2F-5 2F-4 G-1 G-1 G-1 G-1
6 7 8 9 10 11 1 12 2 3 4 5 9 6 6a 7 8 10 11 UNIT 3 Field Levels
B-4 epth end of Unit 4; also included small part of Layer 1 west stretch of 2F-3 in far grid north end of unit alongside rock wall west stretch of 2F-3 in far grid north
r; only in grid north end of unit since 2F-4 had appeared in grid south half; more r; only in grid north end of unit since strip of 2F-6 crossing the unit; Layer G-1 appeared in grid north end with faunal remains; may also have G-1 appeared in grid north end with faunal remains; may also strip of 2F-6 crossing the unit; Layer it terminated in the grid north included lower reaches of 2F-3 as Upper section of layer; perhaps lo Lower section of layer correspondence to the profile; increasing numbers and sizes of clay inclusions to the profile; increasing numbers correspondence increased; grid southwest corner showed darker soil with no mottling Middle section of layer; cobbles Middle section of layer Lower section of laye gravels than previous level side of unit Lower section of layer on grid north downward from Unit 3, in grid south Lower reaches of layer, extending Comments grid south end of 2R-1 appear to link to 2R-1; contained layer in far grid south end; did not Upper section of as because grid south removed Grid north end only while excavating; thought to be rodent disturbance and 2S-3 not possible in excavation; Recognition of 2S-2 excavation lens) too small for detection in bottom of 2S-2; Layer 2S-4 (the not excavated to only very bottom ending elevation suggested otherwise; ended before entering 2F-3, but Layer theoretically based on profile of 2S-2 encountered level d have been removed based on although portions of 2F-3 must Predominantly 2F-2, , Report Layers G-1 G-1 G-1 2F-3 2F-3 2F-3 2F-3 2F-4, 2F-6, 2S-12, 2F-3 2F-2, 2S-2 2F-3, 2F-2 2R-1 2R-1 2S-3, 2S-4 2S-6, 2S-12 2Si-1, 2S-2 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 2 4 5 1 3 UNIT 4 Field Levels
B-5 the foundation trench; terminated ; surface very hard section of 3F-15 (loose silty loam); upper section of 3F-16 (mottled) section of 3F-15 (loose silty loam); ll layer, contained only part of 3S-1 and grid south end of 3S-11 only part of 3S-1 and grid south ll layer, contained cluded almost all of 3F-1 as a deposit and all of 3F-4 in Unit 1; may have dipped slightly into 3F-11 near and all of 3F-4 in Unit 1; may have dipped slightly into 3F-11 cluded almost all of 3F-1 as a deposit Referred only to foundation trench part of Layer 3S-1 foundation trench part of Layer Referred only to (see above) lower reaches of foundation trench Referred only to no layer mixing Coherent level with Sma Comments of loose and firm soils Alternating layers to have removed the 3F-1 at base of level but appeared may have dipped slightly into Very compact layer, of 3F-1 in grid north end of unit uppermost reaches In in mottling base of level with the recorded increase undifferentiated during excavation Contained three distinct fill layers, it did not appear in profile May have been 3F-13, although of 3F-15, evidenced by excavation notes on clay inclusions; upper section Lower section of Layer 3F-14, as matrix as noted by excavators with darker Lower 3F-17 appears in grid north end 3F-16 is in grid south end, while Upper section of layer Upper middle section of layer Lower middle section of layer Lower section of layer Comments related to Grid north feathering extension of 3S-1 that is no longer directly at cobble surface that is not visible on profile 3S-1 3S-1 3S-5 3S-1, 3S-11 Report Layers 3S-1 3S-11, 3F-1 3F-1, 3F-4 3F-11, 3F-12, 3F-14 ---- 3F-14, 3F-15 3F-15, 3F-16 3F-16, 3F-17 G-1 G-1 G-1 G-1 Report Layers 3S-1
2 3 3a 4 5 8 11 1 6 7 9 10 12 13 14 15 1 UNIT 1 Field UNIT 2 Field TRENCH 3 TRENCH Levels Levels
B-6 id north end of unit some clay inclusions did not match profile some clay inclusions ; primarily 3F-19 ; upper section of 3S-6 in grid north end of level, which ; upper section of 3S-6 in grid north soils in the grid south of the unit; lower section of 3F-3 excavated in grid of the unit; lower section of soils in the grid south signalled 3F-16’s arrival, though it would have been higher based on the profile signalled 3F-16’s arrival, though grayish-brown sand, occurred in 20-cm wide section along grid eastern wall of entire unit grid eastern wall section along in 20-cm wide sand, occurred grayish-brown y excavators as very compact, but the underlying matrix recorded as less compact is at odds y excavators as very compact, but 3F-13 represented by reddish-brown matrix; 3F-19 marked by appearance of gray clay 3F-13 represented by reddish-brown Rest of 3S-1 excavated here with looser 3F-3 excavated in grid north 3F-3 excavated in with looser excavated here Rest of 3S-1 end of Unit 2 in grid north at base of 3S-1 Cobble layer in Loose gravel Depression-shaped excavated layer; stayed within bounds of 3F-3 excavated layer; stayed within Depression-shaped 3F-3 have included small portion of organic materials; may also Contained the fibrous 3F-3 in grid north in grid south half of unit, Layer Layer 3F-4 revealed of 3F-11 excavated here, middle section in grid north; all 3F-4 excavated in grid south and Lower section of the mottled gray as represented by north with appearance of charcoal-rich and loose matrix; upper section of 3F-12 encountered and removed matrix; upper section of 3F-12 encountered of charcoal-rich and loose north with appearance with of dark reddish-brown matrix Level form description grid east off the profile that the deposit varied to the these three profile layers, indicating characteristics of and into the trench Mottling in grid south noticed in excavation based on the profile, but it was not matrix the unit from the grid south; the pebble pavement in silty-sandy terminated one-third of the way into represented on profile recorded in excavation notes not 3S-11 noted b difference in deposition with stratigraphic layering recorded in profile, suggesting lateral Small pocket excavated in center of unit elevation; in this level; 3F-18 must have been present in gr Lower section of 3F-16 disappeared Upper section of layer Upper middle section of layer Lower middle section of layer Lower section of layer Comments south end; predominantly 3S-6 3S-1 appeared only briefly in grid south end 3S-1 appeared only briefly in grid 3S-1, 3F-3 ------3F-3 3S-11 3F-4, 3F-3 3F-11, 3F-3, 3F-4, 3F-12 3F-12, 3F-13, 3F-4 3F-13, 3F-16, 3F-18 3S-6, 3S-11 3S-6 3F-19 3F-16, 3F-19, G-1 G-1 G-1 G-1 Report Layers 3S-1, 3S-6 3S-1, 3S-6
1a 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 UNIT 3 Field Levels
B-7 tency harcoal only in lty-sandy loam with clay inclusions; lty-sandy loam with rownish loam with moderate plasticity; rownish loam with but was not recognized until removed; noted as a very loose, but was not recognized until removed; silty/sandy soil on of 3F-19 noted as dark brown silty clay loam with reddish-brown mottling; G-1 appeared as on of 3F-19 noted as dark brown nly in grid north end of unit; upper section of this level eradicated 3S-6 (silty-sandy, light grayish light 3S-6 (silty-sandy, of this level eradicated upper section north end of unit; nly in grid grid north end where it trends upward grid north end where Layer o 3S-7 appeared in end; Layer south of the unit’s just .20 m grid grid north end, at the layer’s brown matrix) laminations of the wood-rich a characteristic that lifted easily, with a hard crust spongy deposit plan as a recorded in profile grid north end of level of 3S-7; 3S-11 appeared in far Mostly comprised by light, b center of 3S-11, as represented Level went through in profile did not laminations; lens noted as 3S-9 patchy clay and loose wood-rich 3S-8 denoted by excavation appear clearly in excavation of si 3F-2 and 3F-6 apparent through Mixture of 3S-11, based on the profile have been in grid north end measurements, Layer 3F-7 should according to level of c reddish brown soil with a high quantity 3F-6; 3F-7 represented as very Lower section of Lower middle section of layer Lower section of layer, increase in gravels the of reddish-brown, loose and loamy matrix surrounded by inclusions Upper section of layer noted as dark grayish-brown clay and rocks Level 10, Occurred stratigraphically above light yellowish-brown Layer 3F-8 is represented in upper section of level across entire unit; Layer 3F-10 appeared in center and section of level across entire unit; Layer 3F-10 appeared in center Layer 3F-8 is represented in upper compact clay chunks within loosely-packed silty loam grid north with heavily mottled, as medium brown silty loam with rust-colored, hard-packed clay Majority of level is Layer 3F-10 inclusions; to grid east plan of Level 13 because the deposit trends downward slightly more 3F-17 shows in profile than and in center of unit with 3F-17 increasing as dark brown loamy matrix Lower section of 3F-10 vanishes loam with compact clay inclusions throughout 3F-19 appearing as dark brown clay ‘marine clay’ with large light gray compact areas Characterized as yellowish mottled of sections of grid; characterized as dark brown silty loam with pockets Level only in center and grid north reddish-brown clay loam Lower secti evidence of the more clayey soil in the grid south evidence of the more clayey soil as dark brown, moist, plastic clay loam of uniform consis Upper middle section of layer, characterized 3S-6, 3S-7 3S-7, 3S-11 3S-11, 3S-8 3S-9 3S-11, 3F-2 3F-6, 3F-7 3F-6, 3F-7 G-1 G-1 3F-8 3F-7 3F-8, 3F-10 3F-10, 3F-17 3F-10, 3F-17 3F-19 3F-18 3F-19 3F-19, G-1 G-1 5 6 7 8 9 19 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
B-8 as loosely packed rge patches of moist clay ging to lighter yellow below 3 mm ging to lighter yellow -1 ; considered thick, highly plastic dark brown clay yer, characterized as silty, darker, and looser than rest of unit as silty, darker, and looser than yer, characterized loam mixed with light pink (under halogen light) sandy soils light pink (under halogen light) loam mixed with cterized as dark brown silty loam with patches of yellow-gray clay matrix; lower section of 3F-5 and with patches of yellow-gray clay matrix; lower section of 3F-5 cterized as dark brown silty loam Comments la Upper section of layer, characterized as Level 1 Lower section of of layer Lowermost section of 3S-6 3S-11 as it trends into Unit 4; all Upper section of Gray-brown clay Upper section of all three layers; characterized as clay loam interspersed with mottled clay chunks clay loam interspersed with mottled all three layers; characterized as Upper section of on surface, chan layer; expressed black mottling Upper section of clay loam of unit; mostly comprised of 3F-19; considered dark brown silty Lower section of 3F-10 in center of uniform consistency and few rocks upper section of G Lower section of 3F-19, but mostly only in grid north half of unit; considered dark brown, moist, highly Upper middle section of layer, but plastic clay Upper middle section of layer, but only in grid south Mixture of layers in unit, visible only as highly mottled silty loam with yellow and brown clay chunks with only as highly mottled silty loam with yellow and brown clay chunks Mixture of layers in unit, visible loam at -0.32 m may reflect 3F-5; middle section of 3S-4 and 3F-9 gravels; change to reddish-brown Chara and 3F-9 3F-8 and lower sections of 3S-4 upper grid north section of 3F-10; level described Lower section of 3F-5, 3F-9, 3S-4; Middle section of layer; characterized as very dark brown/blackish-gray surface scraped to burned color brown/blackish-gray surface scraped layer; characterized as very dark Middle section of compact silty clay loam above mottled yellow/brown Lower section of layer; lighter gray-brown silty clay loam with lumps of clay and high organic content silty clay loam with lumps of clay 3F-5; in its upward trend in the grid north end of unit; lower section of Upper to middle section of 3F-10 medium brown silty clay loam with yellow/gray clay chunks characterized as relatively loose, lower section of 3F-10; upper section of 3F-19 at grid north end; Lower section of 3F-5; middle and brown silty clay loam with medium to la characterized as medium to dark 3F-6, Report Layers 3R-1 3R-1 3R-1 3S-11, 3S-6 ---- 3S-4, 3F-5, 3F-9 3S-11 3F-10, 3F-19 3F-19, G-1 G-1 G-1 3F-5, 3F-9, 3S-4 3F-5, 3F-8, 3S-4, 3F-9 3F-5, 3F-8, 3S-11 3S-11 3S-11, 3F-9, 3S-4, 3F-10 3F-10, 3F-5 3F-5, 3F-10, 3F-19 1a 1 1b 2 3 4 5 13 15 14 16 9 10 6 7 8 11 12 UNIT 4 Field Levels
B-9 section of layer; characterized as dark brown silty clay, moderately plastic, uniform with light uniform with plastic, silty clay, moderately as dark brown layer; characterized section of middle Lower matrix gravel in in grid south dark brown clay to denser in grid north trending as silty clay of layer; noted Lower section G-1 G-1 17 18
B-10 tion of layer f layer Comments layer Upper section of matrix Grid southeast, adobe-like of layer Upper middle section Lower middle sec layer Lower section of Interface zone layer Middle section of Bottom section of layer All of layer Upper section of layer Level too thick to only be this layer Bottom section of layer Comments Upper section of layer 1 Upper section of layer beneath Level Middle section of layer Lower section o Upper section of layer of 4B-2 Lower section of 4B-1, upper section Middle section of 4B-2 Lower section of 4B-2, most of 4B-3 of unit Grid north terminus of 4B-4 in center ,4B-2 Report Layers 4B-2 ---- 4B-2 4B-2 4B-2 4B-2, 4B-3 4B-3 4B-3 4B-4 4B-6 4B-5? 4B-6 Report Layers 4S-2 4S-2 4S-2 4S-2 4B-1 4B-1 4B-2 4B-2,4B-3 4B-4, 4B-6
5 5 TRENCH 4 TRENCH 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 UNIT 1 Field Levels UNIT 2 Field Levels
B-11 include interface with 4B-1 include interface n rodent burrows on grid south end of unit n rodent burrows on grid south end .30 m depth (.26 m below base of Level 10) .30 m depth (.26 m below base of of layer
Comments of 4S-2 portion of 4S-1, upper section Grid south isolated of layer Upper middle section of layer, may Lower middle section of 4B-1 4S-2, interface, and upper section Lowest section of course of rocks) sections of layer (includes thick Upper and middle 4B-2, upper section of 4B-3 Lower section of Middle section Lower section of 4B-3, upper section of 4B-4 Lower section of sections of layer Upper and middle Lower sections of layer Shovel probe to 1 Comments Upper section of layer Grid south, upper section of layer in grid south end Middle section of layer, 4S-2 appeared Upper section of layer i Bottom section of layer, especially in grid north end Bottom section of layer, especially Entire layer part unexcavated in grid north end Lower section of 4B-2, leaving only Entire 4B-3, upper section of 4B-4 Coherent level, no layer mixing ,4B-3 ,4B-4 ,4B-4 ,4S-2 ,4B-1 Report Layers 4S-1 4S-2 4S-2 4B-2 4B-2 4B-3 4S-2 4B-3 4B-4 4B-4 ---- Report Layers 4S-1 4S-1 4S-1 4S-2 4S-2 4B-1 4B-2 4B-3 4B-4 1 2 3 5 6 7 4 8 1 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNIT 3 Field Levels UNIT 4 Field Levels
B-12 n/a n/a n/a 0.063µ 0.041µ 0.098µ 0.041µ 0.041µ 0.117µ 0.000µ 0.052µ 0.110µ 0.052µ Standard Deviation b 1.7µ 1.4µ 4.1µ 4.7µ 4.9µ 3.1µ 0.9µ 1.6µ 4.2µ 3.5µ Mean diffuse diffuse Micron weathered Trinity Source Annadel Annadel Annadel Annadel Annadel Annadel Annadel Annadel Annadel Annadel Annadel Assigned Unknown B Unknown A Napa Valley Napa Valley Napa Valley Napa Valley Napa Valley Napa Valley Napa Valley Napa Valley Napa Valley Napa Valley + 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.7 5.2 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.2 5.8 9.7 6.6 4.6 8.1 2.7 8.9 6.7 9.4 7.1 9.9 9.4 7.7 4.5 8.0 7.7 Nb 12.1 11.0 14.0 14.9 12.2 11.7 19.5 10.6 13.5 ppm a + 4.8 5.0 4.7 5.0 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.6 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.5 5.2 Zr ppm 283.9 254.6 206.9 195.9 302.6 251.7 280.7 247.8 281.4 275.0 133.2 289.3 294.6 284.6 255.0 230.2 231.2 492.4 224.9 235.2 210.7 188.4 261.7 223.1 + Artifacts 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.9 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.9 3.3 2.9 3.3 2.8 3.6 Y 49.8 37.9 38.5 43.9 51.9 41.5 51.0 36.0 46.6 47.8 50.7 51.9 50.4 49.0 48.2 41.9 36.2 54.7 44.2 40.8 38.8 31.3 44.1 45.7 ppm + 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.9 4.7 5.1 Sr 7.8 6.9 6.8 4.2 6.3 8.4 5.9 4.2 8.8 3.3 1.7 51.6 47.0 11.5 54.0 43.5 52.3 44.8 48.9 48.4 13.5 53.4 54.8 52.2 ppm APPENDIX C APPENDIX + 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.4 2.5 2.9 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.8 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.6 Rb ppm 199.7 148.9 131.5 168.1 194.4 193.5 176.3 150.2 129.1 146.5 135.3 176.3 128.6 188.4 139.5 182.9 156.1 141.8 194.7 196.0 163.5 142.8 146.5 139.9 + 9.2 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.7 9.5 9.2 9.5 9.3 X-Ray Fluorescence and Obsidian Hydration Data Hydration and Obsidian Fluorescence X-Ray for Selected Obsidian for Selected 10.9 10.6 11.6 10.3 10.6 17.1 10.8 11.7 11.8 26.4 116.8 Th 9.9 22.7 20.8 30.8 24.4 22.7 26.2 22.7 29.4 24.1 22.9 17.3 23.6 19.5 12.8 31.2 24.6 24.1 24.2 13.7 15.0 21.9 26.3 11.0 ppm + 387.7 382.6 381.3 386.2 384.7 380.5 391.2 380.3 383.4 381.1 384.0 378.3 388.6 390.5 383.2 387.0 381.1 381.5 383.1 384.9 383.5 392.9 381.7 387.2 Fe ppm 9940.4 9978.0 12930.3 16800.5 17842.4 11658.5 12745.0 13085.9 17434.6 18125.5 17966.5 12002.3 19340.4 16911.0 10524.5 11047.3 11269.6 10683.6 18868.6 15738.0 18060.7 20488.6 10463.6 15861.9 + 37.3 35.2 34.7 36.7 36.0 34.6 37.3 34.5 36.0 34.8 35.5 33.5 37.3 39.1 35.5 36.8 34.7 34.6 35.3 36.3 35.9 38.9 35.1 37.0 Energy-Dispersive Energy-Dispersive Mn 92.5 ppm 351.1 312.3 197.5 288.8 137.2 301.5 122.2 213.6 269.7 395.9 314.2 364.7 135.7 281.6 133.4 309.9 310.4 114.5 122.5 155.2 145.0 338.9 238.7 DPR # P1183-1161 P1183-1162 P1183-1145 P1183-1151 P1183-1154 P1183-860 P1183-1129 P1183-1141 P1183-844 P1183-853 P1183-858 P1183-763 P1183-765 P1183-770 P1183-826 P1183-380 P1183-382 P1183-412 P1183-350 P1183-359 P1183-364 P1183-50 P1183-59 P1183-60
C-1 ) TX 6100 X-ray analyzer. Software ran on a PC-based microprocessor with a PC-based microprocessor Software ran on X-ray analyzer. ) TX 6100 TM ppm value of analytical uncertainty. The EDXRF trace element analysis was trace element The EDXRF of analytical uncertainty. ppm value + intensity values against the Compton Scatter Peak to remove overlapping Kb values. The X- remove overlapping Kb values. The the Compton Scatter Peak to intensity values against a . The following methodology is paraphrased from Origer (1999). The Sonoma State analyst secured . The following methodology is paraphrased µ 0.2 + 440 (United Scientific Corporation) energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, equipped with a rhodium (Rh) with a rhodium equipped fluorescence spectrometer, dispersive X-ray energy Scientific Corporation) 440 (United TM Obsidian hydration data were provided by the Sonoma State University Obsidian Hydration Laboratory, and the mean value is the average of the by the Sonoma State University Obsidian Hydration Laboratory, and Obsidian hydration data were provided All geochemical data reported in parts per million (ppm) with a (ppm) with in parts per million data reported All geochemical Tracor reduction software capable of ratioing the K Tracor reduction software six readings obtained for each specimen. The standard deviation is provided in place of all six readings. It is important to note that the optical The standard deviation is provided in place of all six readings. It six readings obtained for each specimen. of measurement has an inherent error b ray tube was operated at 30 kV, 0.20 mA, using a 0.127 Rh primary beam filter in an air path at 250 sec livetime to derive X-ray intensity values path at 250 sec livetime to derive X-ray Rh primary beam filter in an air at 30 kV, 0.20 mA, using a 0.127 ray tube was operated For many obsidians zirconium (Zr), and niobium (Nb). (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), rubidium for titanium (Ti), in Northern California Fe:Mn ratios have proven useful and Zr are discriminatory, although incompatible elements of Rb, Sr, Y, in California, the calibration values by employing a least-squares intensities were transformed to concentration 1988, 1994). Trace element (Jackson 1986; Hughes and Energy the Canadian Centre for Mineral Standards, the U.S. Geological Survey, element by the U.S. Bureau of line provided for each quantitative (ppm (see Govindaraju 1989). The data yield et Géochimiques in France Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques Technology, and the standard for instrument accuracy, the international results from EDXRF. To evaluate semi-quantitative (peak intensity counts) values) rather than (1989). All concentration values reported in Govindaraju calibration against the standard was included to insure proper machine rhyolite, RGM-1, assigned this status from "unknown" sources were only standard. NOTE: The two samples statistically identical values to the runs demonstrated and Northern Mexico. were consulted for California, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, after obsidian geochemical profiles the obsidian-hydration section by using a four-inch diameter circular lapidary saw, which produced a segment approximately 1 mm in thickness. a four-inch diameter circular lapidary saw, which produced a segment the obsidian-hydration section by using #500 silicon carbide abrasive on plate approximately half their original size by manual grinding in a slurry of Sections were then ground down to of the hydration rim. The analyst then to remove saw nicks and to prepare a smooth face for optimal visibility glass. This stage of grinding served ground in the same slurry, with Lakeside Brand thermoplastic cement. The exposed face was subsequently mounted the section on a glass slide also measured by "touch" to determine to allow light to pass through the thin section. The specimen was reducing the thickness of the specimen were measured with a strainfree 60- Then, a coverslip was affixed over each sample, and hydration bands that the piece was the desired thickness. 12.5 power filar micrometer eyepiece on a Nikon petrographic microscope. power objective and a Bausch and Lomb X-ray tube, a 50 kV X-ray generator, and a Tracor X-ray (Spectrace generator, and a Tracor a 50 kV X-ray X-ray tube, conducted on a Spectrace conducted a
C-2 subcode (ART-2), unit, subcode (ART-2), : trench, artifact code (ART-1), artifact : trench, artifact APPENDIX D APPENDIX NOTE ON THE CATALOG SYSTEM NOTE ON THE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN APPENDIX D ABBREVIATIONS USED IN Subcode Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit Project Seismic Adobe Petaluma Accession Number with Department of Parks and Recreation Accession Number with Department Catalog Number Assigned at UC-Berkeley Trench Unit Level Artifact Code Artifact Count Notes on provenience, descriptions, etc. Complete Database for Artifacts Catalogued in the in Catalogued for Artifacts Database Complete ======DPR # CATALOG # T U L ART-1 ART-2 N COMMENTS level, and count. Extensions are provided in subsequent databases (Appendices E-I) to analytically, but not physically, separate to analytically, but not physically, databases (Appendices E-I) Extensions are provided in subsequent level, and count. bag. items in one catalog The "PA" refers to the assigned to the bag during field collection and laboratory processing. CATALOG # is the catalog number by that particular collection Project. This prefix is followed by the date of collection and then Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit These collection words, the fifth bag completed on 17 July 1998 would be "PA-7/17/98-05". bag's order during the day. In other number is followed by an by material type and given different catalog bags. The catalog bags were subdivided in the laboratory many artifact types (e.g., ART-2 and by a numerical extension that simply designates how artifact code, corresponding to ART-1, assigned during laboratory within that field collection bag. These latter two suffixes were subcodes, etc.) needed to be separated processing. COLUMN HEADINGS DPR # is the official accession number (P1183) followed by a suffix number that begins with one and rises incrementally for every begins with one and rises incrementally by a suffix number that accession number (P1183) followed DPR # is the official following order cataloged bags are sorted in the catalog bag. The
D-1 Subcode of BE Subcode of BE Subcode of FA Subcode of FA Subcode of FA Subcode of FA Subcode of FA Subcode of LI Subcode of LI Subcode of LI Subcode of LI Subcode of LI Subcode of LI Subcode of LI Subcode of ME Subcode of ME Subcode of OT Subcode of OT Subcode of OT Subcode of OT ble /igneous Glass Plastic Burned identifiable Burned unidentifia Teeth Unburned identifiable Unburned unidentifiable Basalt Chert Chalcedony Obsidian Other Petrified wood Quartz/quartzite Nail Lead shot Baked clay Cement Plaster Rubber Charcoal Bead Fauna Flora Glass Groundstone Historic ceramic Hammerstone Leather Lithic Metal Mollusk Other, historic Other Plastic Tile Wood ======PL BI BU TE UI UN BA CH CY OB OT PW QZ NA PB BC CE PL RU GL CR BE FA FL GL GR HC HS LE LI ME MO OH OT PL TI WO
ART-1 ART-2
D-2 COMMENTS .? FRAG Porc; 1 Ref Earth POSSIBLE EGGSHELLS POSSIBLE POST HOLE INTERSTITIAL PEACH PIT 1 SEED NUT SHELL NUT SHELL SEEDS AND CASING UNIDENTIFIED BUCKET SEED Window Indet, Very clear 1 Porc UNIDENTIFIED BUCKET TRENCH -.475 BD SAMPLE; .0N, .35E, UNIDENTIFIED BUCKET TRENCH INTERSTITIAL 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 9 4 3 1 7 1 2 1 n 10 19 24 11 BI UI UI UI UI UI TE TE OT BU BU UN ART-2 FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA GL GL CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR HC HC ART-1 l 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 1 4 1 3 6 7 1 1 2 6 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 6 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T Petaluma Adobe Seismic Retrofit Project Seismic Adobe Petaluma Complete Database for Artifacts Catalogued in the in Catalogued for Artifacts Database Complete CATALOG # PA-7/8/98-12-FL-1 PA-7/7/98-06-FL-1 PA-7/8/98-01-FL-1 PA-7/7/98-05-FL-1 PA-7/14/98-05-FL-1 PA-7/8/98-14-FL-1 PA-7/14/98-11-FL-1 PA-7/7/98-05-GL-1 PA-7/9/98-04-GL-1 PA-7/7/98-05-HC-1 PA-7/14/98-05-HC-1 PA-7/8/98-14-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-08-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-09-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-07-FA-2 PA-7/14/98-11-FA-1 PA-8/19/98-11-CR-1 PA-7/7/98-06-CR-1 PA-7/10/98-04-CR-1 PA-8/25/98-01-CR-1 PA-8/25/98-06-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-05-CR-1 PA-7/8/98-14-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-08-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-03-CR-1 PA-8/25/98-05-CR-1 PA-7/8/98-12-FA-1 PA-7/8/98-12-FA-2 PA-7/7/98-06-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-05-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-05-FA-2 PA-7/14/98-05-FA-3 DPR # P1183-29 P1183-30 P1183-31 P1183-32 P1183-33 P1183-23 P1183-24 P1183-25 P1183-26 P1183-27 P1183-28 P1183-17 P1183-18 P1183-19 P1183-20 P1183-21 P1183-22 P1183-10 P1183-11 P1183-12 P1183-13 P1183-14 P1183-15 P1183-16 P1183-4 P1183-5 P1183-6 P1183-7 P1183-8 P1183-9 P1183-1 P1183-2 P1183-3
D-3 COMMENTS INTERSTITIAL INTERSTITIAL ADDITIONAL MATERIALS ADDITIONAL MATERIALS INTERSTITIAL INTERSTITIAL INTERSTITIAL EDXRF & OH OE 36N, -56 BELOW SURFACE EDXRF & OH 1 - EDXRF & OH INTERSTITIAL 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 n QZ QZ QZ QZ CH OB CH CH CH CH OB CH OB OB OB CY OB CH OB CH CH OB OB OB OB OB OB CH OB OB OB CY PW PW PW QZT ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LE LE LE ART-1 l 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 4 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/7/98-05-LI-2 PA-7/7/98-05-LI-3 PA-7/9/98-04-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-04-LI-2 PA-7/9/98-04-LI-2 PA-7/9/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-05-LI-2 PA-7/9/98-05-LI-3 PA-7/9/98-05-LI-4 PA-8/20/98-15-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-15-LI-2 PA-7/10/98-04-LI-2 PA-7/10/98-04-LI-3 PA-7/10/98-04-LI-4 PA-7/10/98-10-LI-1 PA-7/7/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/7/98-05-LI-2 PA-7/8/98-12-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-03-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-03-LI-2 PA-7/8/98-13-LI-1 PA-7/8/98-13-LI-1 PA-7/8/98-13-LI-2 PA-7/9/98-09-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-09-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-09-LI-2 PA-7/9/98-09-LI-3 PA-7/9/98-09-LI-4 PA-8/19/98-11-LI-1 PA-8/19/98-11-LI-2 PA-8/19/98-11-LI-3 PA-7/7/98-06-LI-1 PA-7/7/98-06-LI-2 PA-7/7/98-06-LI-3 PA-7/8/98-01-LI-1 PA-7/10/98-04-LI-1 PA-7/8/98-12-LE-1 PA-7/7/98-05-LE-1 PA-7/14/98-05-LE-1 DPR # P1183-69 P1183-70 P1183-71 P1183-72 P1183-62 P1183-63 P1183-64 P1183-65 P1183-66 P1183-67 P1183-68 P1183-56 P1183-57 P1183-58 P1183-59 P1183-60 P1183-61 P1183-49 P1183-50 P1183-51 P1183-52 P1183-53 P1183-54 P1183-55 P1183-43 P1183-44 P1183-45 P1183-46 P1183-47 P1183-48 P1183-37 P1183-38 P1183-39 P1183-40 P1183-41 P1183-42 P1183-34 P1183-35 P1183-36
D-4 COMMENTS UNIDENTIFIED BUCKET INTERSTITIAL UNIDENTIFIED BUCKET MODERN FLOOR ABOVE MESH INTERSTITIAL UNIDENTIFIED BUCKET TRENCH TRENCH TRENCH MODERN FLOOR ABOVE MESH INTERSTITIAL 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 7 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 4 3 n 67 45 13 10 16 PL PL PL PL PL CE CE CE CE CE QZ CH OB CH OB CH OB RU CH OB CH NA NA NA NA NA ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OH OH ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME MO MO MO MO MO MO ART-1 l 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 6 6 6 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 7 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 4 1 3 4 4 U 1-4 1-4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/8/98-13-OT-1 PA-7/9/98-09-OT-1 PA-7/9/98-09-OT-2 PA-7/7/98-06-OT-1 PA-7/7/98-05-OT-1 PA-7/14/98-05-OT-3 PA-7/8/98-14-OT-1 PA-7/14/98-05-OT-2 PA-7/14/98-05-OT-1 PA-7/14/98-08-OT-2 PA-7/14/98-08-OT-1 PA-7/7/98-05-MO-1 PA-7/14/98-05-MO-1 PA-8/25/98-05-MO-1 PA-7/8/98-12-OH-1 PA-7/14/98-11-OH-1 PA-7/8/98-12-OT-1 PA-7/14/98-05-LI-3 PA-7/8/98-14-LI-1 PA-7/14/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/14/98-11-LI-1 PA-7/14/98-11-LI-2 PA-7/14/98-11-LI-2 PA-8/25/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/7/98-06-ME-2 PA-7/7/98-06-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-05-ME-2 PA-7/7/98-05-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-14-ME-1 PA-7/14/98-05-ME-1 PA-7/14/98-08-ME-1 PA-7/13/98-05-ME-2 PA-7/13/98-05-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-13-MO-1 PA-7/9/98-09-MO-1 PA-7/10/98-04-MO-1 PA-8/25/98-01-LI-1 PA-7/14/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/14/98-05-LI-2 DPR # P1183-108 P1183-109 P1183-110 P1183-111 P1183-101 P1183-102 P1183-103 P1183-104 P1183-105 P1183-106 P1183-107 P1183-95 P1183-96 P1183-97 P1183-98 P1183-99 P1183-100 P1183-88 P1183-89 P1183-90 P1183-91 P1183-92 P1183-93 P1183-94 P1183-82 P1183-83 P1183-84 P1183-85 P1183-86 P1183-87 P1183-76 P1183-77 P1183-78 P1183-79 P1183-80 P1183-81 P1183-73 P1183-74 P1183-75
D-5 COMMENTS WO A WO B WO C WO D WO E WO F WO G TRENCH PLAN MAP TOP OF DEBRIS INTERSTITIAL WALL FALL UNIDENTIFIED BUCKET PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; TRENCH POSSIBLE POST HOLE INTERSTITIAL 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 9 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 n 15 10 14 24 20 20 155 130 203 PL PL PL CE CE GL GL ART-2 PL PL BE BE BE CR OT OT OT OT OT OT WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO ART-1 l 2 3 3 3 6 7 7 1 4 4 1 6 6 6 4 3 1 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 1 4 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/14/98-08-WO-2 PA-7/13/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/13/98-11-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-09-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-11-WO-1 PA-8/25/98-05-WO-1 PA-8/25/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/8/98-02-BE-1 PA-7/10/98-06-BE-1 PA-7/13/98-12-BE-1 PA-7/7/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-06-WO-3 PA-7/14/98-06-WO-4 PA-7/14/98-06-WO-5 PA-7/14/98-06-WO-6 PA-7/14/98-06-WO-7 PA-7/14/98-08-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-11-OT-2 PA-7/14/98-11-OT-3 PA-7/14/98-11-OT-1 PA-7/10/98-10-PL-1 PA-7/13/98-10-PL-1 PA-7/8/98-12-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-09-WO-1 PA-8/19/98-11-WO-1 PA-7/7/98-06-WO-1 PA-7/7/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-04-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-05-WO-1 PA-8/20/98-16-WO-1 PA-8/25/98-01-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-05-WO-2 PA-7/8/98-14-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-06-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-06-WO-2 PA-7/14/98-07-OT-1 PA-7/14/98-10-OT-1 PA-7/24/98-03-OT-1 DPR # P1183-147 P1183-148 P1183-149 P1183-150 P1183-140 P1183-141 P1183-142 P1183-143 P1183-144 P1183-145 P1183-146 P1183-134 P1183-135 P1183-136 P1183-137 P1183-138 P1183-139 P1183-127 P1183-128 P1183-129 P1183-130 P1183-131 P1183-132 P1183-133 P1183-121 P1183-122 P1183-123 P1183-124 P1183-125 P1183-126 P1183-115 P1183-116 P1183-117 P1183-118 P1183-119 P1183-120 P1183-112 P1183-113 P1183-114
D-6 CR; 27N, 15E, -27.8BD CR COMMENTS MATRIX;EXC. TO FLATTEN LEVEL AT 30 CM MATRIX;EXC. TO FLATTEN LEVEL CR A CR A 50> SEE FORMS GRID W WALL; GOPHER FILL ADD'L LEVEL LOOSE RODENT DISTURBANCE LOOSE RODENT PLAN MAP PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP AS COAL A, BUT IS PLAN MAP AS COAL B, BUT IS SAMPLE; .02N, .65E, -.46BD ADDITIONAL MATERIAL ADDITIONAL MATERIAL ADDITIONAL 2 2 1 2 3 7 4 5 1 2 1 8 1 1 1 1 6 1 6 n 16 91 63 13 72 74 54 10 67 52 15 14 41 11 14 50 191 160 155 121 ART-2 CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR ART-1 l 6 7 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 2 2 3 6a 4a 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/21/98-09-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-11-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-08-CR-1 PA-8/14/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/22/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/8/98-10-CR-1 PA-7/7/98-07-CR-1 PA-7/9/98-06-CR-1 PA-7/7/98-10-CR-1 PA-7/13/98-12-CR-1 PA-7/15/98-05-CR-1 PA-7/9/98-02-CR-2 PA-7/9/98-02-CR-3 PA-7/10/98-03-CR-1 PA-7/10/98-11-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/15/98-06-CR-1 PA-7/7/98-03-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-12-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-13-CR-1 PA-7/16/98-04-CR-1 PA-7/17/98-07-CR-1 PA-7/17/98-15-CR-1 PA-7/8/98-04-CR-1 PA-7/8/98-05-CR-1 PA-7/10/98-06-CR-1 PA-7/10/98-07-CR-1 PA-7/9/98-07-CR-1 PA-7/9/98-08-CR-1 PA-7/13/98-07-CR-1 PA-7/15/98-13-CR-1 PA-7/17/98-08-CR-1 PA-7/17/98-09-CR-1 PA-7/20/98-05-CR-1 PA-7/9/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/9/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-04-CR-1 PA-7/7/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/10/98-09-CR-1 DPR # P1183-186 P1183-187 P1183-188 P1183-189 P1183-179 P1183-180 P1183-181 P1183-182 P1183-183 P1183-184 P1183-185 P1183-173 P1183-174 P1183-175 P1183-176 P1183-177 P1183-178 P1183-166 P1183-167 P1183-168 P1183-169 P1183-170 P1183-171 P1183-172 P1183-160 P1183-161 P1183-162 P1183-163 P1183-164 P1183-165 P1183-154 P1183-155 P1183-156 P1183-157 P1183-158 P1183-159 P1183-151 P1183-152 P1183-153
D-7 COMMENTS PLAN MAP; UNDER MODERN CEMENT; GRID SO SIDE WALL PLAN MAP; UNDER MODERN CEMENT; ADDITIONAL MATERIAL ADDITIONAL MATERIAL ADDITIONAL MATERIAL PLAN MAP WALL MATRIX ADDITIONAL MATERIAL 2 1 1 3 2 2 4 5 9 1 2 1 2 2 7 4 1 2 1 4 1 4 6 9 5 5 1 1 5 n 15 30 36 12 16 11 22 26 39 153 UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI TE TE TE TE BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN ART-2 FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA CR CR CR CR CR CR ART-1 l 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 1 2 2 2 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 10 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/16/98-04-FA-4 PA-7/16/98-05-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-15-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-15-FA-2 PA-7/23/98-13-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-13-FA-2 PA-7/8/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/8/98-04-FA-1 PA-7/8/98-04-FA-2 PA-7/8/98-04-FA-3 PA-7/14/98-13-FA-2 PA-7/14/98-13-FA-3 PA-7/14/98-13-FA-4 PA-7/16/98-04-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-04-FA-2 PA-7/16/98-04-FA-3 PA-7/20/98-08-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-13-CR-1 PA-8/26/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/7/98-01-FA-1 PA-7/7/98-01-FA-2 PA-7/7/98-01-FA-3 PA-7/14/98-04-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-04-FA-2 PA-7/7/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/7/98-02-FA-2 PA-7/10/98-09-FA-1 PA-7/10/98-09-FA-2 PA-7/7/98-03-FA-1 PA-7/7/98-03-FA-2 PA-7/7/98-03-FA-3 PA-7/7/98-04-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-12-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-12-FA-2 PA-7/14/98-13-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-08-CR-1 PA-7/17/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/20/98-02-CR-1 DPR # P1183-225 P1183-226 P1183-227 P1183-228 P1183-218 P1183-219 P1183-220 P1183-221 P1183-222 P1183-223 P1183-224 P1183-212 P1183-213 P1183-214 P1183-215 P1183-216 P1183-217 P1183-205 P1183-206 P1183-207 P1183-208 P1183-209 P1183-210 P1183-211 P1183-199 P1183-200 P1183-201 P1183-202 P1183-203 P1183-204 P1183-193 P1183-194 P1183-195 P1183-196 P1183-197 P1183-198 P1183-190 P1183-191 P1183-192
D-8 COMMENTS FA 1 FA 2 FA 3 FA 4 FA 5 PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; GRID W WALL; GOPHER FILL GRID W WALL; GOPHER FILL PLAN MAP A PLAN MAP; 57N,28E,-17BD :BONE 50> SEE FORMS 50> SEE FORMS GRID W WALL; GOPHER FILL GRID W PROFILE GRID E PROFILE 50> SEE FORMS 5 1 3 5 1 2 4 6 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 5 2 2 1 4 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 n 18 UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI TE TE TE TE BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN ART-2 FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA ART-1 l 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 6 6 6 3 4 4 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 U 2/1 2/3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/21/98-08-FA-1 PA-7/21/98-08-FA-2 PA-7/21/98-08-FA-3 PA-8/21/98-03-FA-1 PA-8/21/98-03-FA-2 PA-8/21/98-03-FA-3 PA-8/21/98-03-FA-4 PA-8/21/98-03-FA-5 PA-8/14/98-01-FA-1 PA-8/14/98-01-FA-2 PA-8/14/98-01-FA-3 PA-7/9/98-01-FA-3 PA-7/9/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-01-FA-1 PA-7/21/98-09-FA-1 PA-7/21/98-09-FA-2 PA-7/21/98-09-FA-3 PA-7/9/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/13/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/13/98-07-FA-2 PA-7/15/98-13-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-08-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-08-FA-2 PA-7/17/98-09-FA-1 PA-7/20/98-05-FA-1 PA-7/20/98-05-FA-2 PA-7/20/98-05-FA-3 PA-7/22/98-03-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-03-FA-2 PA-8/27/98-01-FA-1 PA-8/27/98-01-FA-2 PA-7/8/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/8/98-07-FA-2 PA-7/8/98-07-FA-3 PA-7/9/98-01-FA-1 PA-7/9/98-01-FA-2 PA-7/8/98-05-FA-1 PA-7/10/98-06-FA-1 PA-7/10/98-06-FA-2 DPR # P1183-264 P1183-265 P1183-266 P1183-267 P1183-257 P1183-258 P1183-259 P1183-260 P1183-261 P1183-262 P1183-263 P1183-251 P1183-252 P1183-253 P1183-254 P1183-255 P1183-256 P1183-244 P1183-245 P1183-246 P1183-247 P1183-248 P1183-249 P1183-250 P1183-238 P1183-239 P1183-240 P1183-241 P1183-242 P1183-243 P1183-232 P1183-233 P1183-234 P1183-235 P1183-236 P1183-237 P1183-229 P1183-230 P1183-231
D-9 COMMENTS PLAN MAP; BONE A PLAN MAP; BONE A; 1.01-1.04N, .38-.41E, -.763BD PLAN MAP; BONE A; 1.01-1.04N, WALL MATRIX 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 9 3 1 3 1 8 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 9 1 1 4 n 32 19 10 11 19 UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI TE TE TE BU BU BU BU BU UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN ART-2 FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA ART-1 l 2 3 8 1 2 5 6 9 1 2 4 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 12 12 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/7/98-02-FL-1 PA-7/7/98-03-FL-1 PA-7/17/98-15-FL-1 PA-7/8/98-02-FL-1 PA-7/8/98-04-FL-1 PA-7/9/98-07-FL-1 PA-7/13/98-07-FL-1 PA-7/20/98-05-FL-1 PA-7/8/98-10-FL-1 PA-7/7/98-07-FL-1 PA-7/13/98-12-FL-1 PA-7/21/98-12-FA-1 PA-7/21/98-13-FA-1 PA-7/21/98-13-FA-2 PA-8/26/98-01-FA-1 PA-8/26/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/7/98-01-FL-1 PA-7/8/98-10-FA-2 PA-7/8/98-10-FA-3 PA-7/7/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/7/98-07-FA-2 PA-7/13/98-12-FA-1 PA-7/15/98-05-FA-1 PA-7/15/98-05-FA-2 PA-7/15/98-05-FA-3 PA-7/16/98-08-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-08-FA-2 PA-7/17/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-02-FA-2 PA-7/17/98-02-FA-3 PA-7/20/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/20/98-02-FA-2 PA-7/20/98-02-FA-3 PA-7/20/98-03-FA-1 PA-7/20/98-08-FA-1 PA-7/20/98-08-FA-2 PA-7/22/98-01-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-01-FA-2 PA-7/8/98-10-FA-1 DPR # P1183-303 P1183-304 P1183-305 P1183-306 P1183-296 P1183-297 P1183-298 P1183-299 P1183-300 P1183-301 P1183-302 P1183-290 P1183-291 P1183-292 P1183-293 P1183-294 P1183-295 P1183-283 P1183-284 P1183-285 P1183-286 P1183-287 P1183-288 P1183-289 P1183-277 P1183-278 P1183-279 P1183-280 P1183-281 P1183-282 P1183-271 P1183-272 P1183-273 P1183-274 P1183-275 P1183-276 P1183-268 P1183-269 P1183-270
D-10 COMMENTS Porc; 1 Ref Earth 1- EDXRF & OH ADDITIONAL MATERIAL Alcohol Indet Indet ornament?, 1 use-wear Indet, Mirror-like glass Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet, "Coca-Cola"? Wine/Champ Indet, 2 fused spheres Ref Earth Porc 2 Ref Earth Ref Earth Ref Earth Indet Alcohol 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 7 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 7 2 1 n QZ QZ QZ CH OB CH CH CH OB CH OB OB OB CH QZT QZT ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI FL GS GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL HC HC HC HC HC HC ART-1 l 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 7 3 3 3 1 2 4 5 1 2 1 1 1 7 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 4 7 2 3 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/14/98-12-LI-2 PA-7/14/98-13-LI-1 PA-7/14/98-13-LI-2 PA-7/14/98-13-LI-2 PA-7/14/98-13-LI-3 PA-7/14/98-13-LI-4 PA-7/16/98-04-LI-1 PA-7/17/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/17/98-07-LI-2 PA-8/20/98-13-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-13-LI-2 PA-7/8/98-10-HC-1 PA-7/7/98-02-LI-1 PA-7/10/98-09-LI-1 PA-7/7/98-03-LI-1 PA-7/7/98-03-LI-2 PA-7/14/98-12-LI-1 PA-7/7/98-04-GL-1 PA-7/10/98-09-GL-1 PA-7/7/98-03-GL-1 PA-7/8/98-02-GL-1 PA-7/8/98-04-GL-1 PA-7/10/98-06-GL-1 PA-7/9/98-07-GL-1 PA-7/8/98-07-GL-1 PA-7/9/98-01-GL-1 PA-7/8/98-10-GL-1 PA-7/8/98-09-GL-1 PA-7/8/98-09-GL-2 PA-7/21/98-13-GL-1 PA-7/21/98-08-GS-1 PA-7/7/98-02-HC-1 PA-7/7/98-03-HC-1 PA-7/7/98-04-HC-1 PA-7/8/98-07-HC-1 PA-7/9/98-01-HC-1 PA-7/17/98-02-FL-1 PA-7/7/98-02-GL-1 PA-7/7/98-03-GL-1 DPR # P1183-347 P1183-348 P1183-349 P1183-350 P1183-340 P1183-341 P1183-342 P1183-343 P1183-344 P1183-345 P1183-346 P1183-334 P1183-335 P1183-336 P1183-337 P1183-338 P1183-339 P1183-327 P1183-328 P1183-329 P1183-330 P1183-331 P1183-332 P1183-333 P1183-321 P1183-322 P1183-323 P1183-324 P1183-325 P1183-326 P1183-310 P1183-311 P1183-312 P1183-314 P1183-318 P1183-320 P1183-307 P1183-308 P1183-309
D-11 COMMENTS EDXRF & OH 1- EDXRF 50> SEE FORMS EDXRF 1- EDXRF & OH 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n QZ QZ QZ QZ QZ QZ QZ CH OB OB CH OB OB CH CH CH OB CH OB CH OB CH OB CH CH CH OB OB CH CH OB OB CH PW PW QZT QZT QZT UNK ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI ART-1 l 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 1 3 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 2 2 4 4 1 6a 11 11 11 11 11 12 10 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/10/98-11-LI-3 PA-7/10/98-11-LI-4 PA-7/14/98-01-LI-1 PA-7/14/98-01-LI-2 PA-7/21/98-09-LI-1 PA-7/21/98-11-LI-1 PA-7/21/98-08-LI-1 PA-7/21/98-08-LI-2 PA-8/21/98-04-LI-1 PA-8/21/98-04-LI-2 PA-8/21/98-04-LI-3 PA-8/21/98-06-LI-5 PA-8/25/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-01-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-01-LI-2 PA-7/10/98-11-LI-1 PA-7/10/98-11-LI-2 PA-7/8/98-02-LI-2 PA-7/8/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/9/98-07-LI-2 PA-7/13/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/13/98-07-LI-2 PA-7/15/98-13-LI-1 PA-7/15/98-13-LI-1 PA-7/15/98-13-LI-1 PA-7/15/98-13-LI-1 PA-7/15/98-13-LI-2 PA-7/17/98-08-LI-1 PA-7/17/98-08-LI-2 PA-7/20/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/20/98-05-LI-3 PA-8/21/98-06-LI-1 PA-8/21/98-06-LI-2 PA-8/21/98-06-LI-3 PA-8/21/98-06-LI-4 PA-8/20/98-13-LI-3 PA-8/25/98-04-LI-1 PA-7/8/98-02-LI-1 DPR # P1183-386 P1183-387 P1183-388 P1183-389 P1183-379 P1183-380 P1183-381 P1183-382 P1183-383 P1183-384 P1183-385 P1183-373 P1183-374 P1183-375 P1183-376 P1183-377 P1183-378 P1183-366 P1183-367 P1183-368 P1183-369 P1183-370 P1183-371 P1183-372 P1183-360 P1183-361 P1183-362 P1183-363 P1183-364 P1183-365 P1183-354 P1183-355 P1183-356 P1183-357 P1183-358 P1183-359 P1183-351 P1183-352 P1183-353
D-12 COMMENTS MATRIX;EXC. TO FLATTEN LEVEL AT 30 CM MATRIX;EXC. TO FLATTEN LEVEL GRID W WALL; GOPHER FILL GRID W WALL; GOPHER FILL GRID W WALL; GOPHER ADD'L LEVEL 1- EDXRF PLAN MAP 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 n QZ QZ QZ QZ CH CH OB CH CY CH BA CH OB CH CH OB CY OB OB CY OB CH CH CY OB OB CH OB OB OB CH OB CH OB OB PW IGN QZT QZT QZT ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI ART-1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 7 7 8 8 9 12 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 12 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-8/26/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/26/98-01-LI-2 PA-7/15/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/15/98-05-LI-2 PA-7/16/98-08-LI-1 PA-7/16/98-08-LI-2 PA-7/16/98-08-LI-3 PA-7/17/98-02-LI-1 PA-7/17/98-02-LI-2 PA-7/20/98-02-LI-1 PA-7/20/98-02-LI-2 PA-7/20/98-08-LI-1 PA-7/20/98-08-LI-2 PA-7/20/98-08-LI-2 PA-7/20/98-08-LI-3 PA-7/20/98-08-LI-4 PA-7/21/98-13-LI-1 PA-7/21/98-13-LI-2 PA-8/25/98-08-LI-1 PA-8/25/98-08-LI-2 PA-8/25/98-08-LI-3 PA-8/25/98-08-LI-3 PA-8/25/98-08-LI-3 PA-8/25/98-09-LI-1 PA-8/25/98-09-LI-2 PA-8/14/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/14/98-01-LI-2 PA-7/22/98-01-LI-1 PA-7/22/98-01-LI-2 PA-7/8/98-10-LI-1 PA-7/8/98-10-LI-2 PA-7/8/98-10-LI-3 PA-7/8/98-10-LI-4 PA-7/9/98-06-LI-1 PA-7/13/98-12-LI-1 PA-7/13/98-12-LI-1 PA-7/13/98-12-LI-2 PA-8/21/98-04-LI-4 PA-8/25/98-02-LI-1 PA-8/25/98-03-LI-1 DPR # P1183-425 P1183-426 P1183-427 P1183-428 P1183-429 P1183-418 P1183-419 P1183-420 P1183-421 P1183-422 P1183-423 P1183-424 P1183-412 P1183-413 P1183-414 P1183-415 P1183-416 P1183-417 P1183-405 P1183-406 P1183-407 P1183-408 P1183-409 P1183-410 P1183-411 P1183-399 P1183-400 P1183-401 P1183-402 P1183-403 P1183-404 P1183-393 P1183-394 P1183-395 P1183-396 P1183-397 P1183-398 P1183-390 P1183-391 P1183-392
D-13 COMMENTS PLAN MAP ADDITIONAL MATERIAL LOOSE RODENT DISTURBANCE BURROW PLAN MAP PLAN MAP PLAN MAP 2 3 2 1 1 2 7 1 4 1 1 3 2 5 5 1 3 3 2 1 3 7 1 3 2 6 6 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 n 16 13 CH CH NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ART-2 LI LI ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 l 4 4 4 4 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 8 8 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 4a 5a 10 12 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 1 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/10/98-06-ME-2 PA-7/10/98-06-ME-3 PA-7/10/98-06-ME-1 PA-7/10/98-08-ME-1 PA-7/9/98-07-ME-2 PA-7/9/98-07-ME-1 PA-7/10/98-07-ME-1 PA-7/9/98-07-ME-3 PA-7/8/98-07-ME-2 PA-7/8/98-07-ME-3 PA-7/8/98-07-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-04-ME-2 PA-7/8/98-04-ME-3 PA-7/8/98-04-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-05-ME-2 PA-7/8/98-05-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-06-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-01-ME-3 PA-7/7/98-01-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-02-ME-2 PA-7/7/98-02-ME-3 PA-7/7/98-02-ME-4 PA-7/7/98-02-ME-1 PA-7/10/98-09-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-03-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-03-ME-3 PA-7/10/98-09-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-03-ME-2 PA-7/14/98-14-ME-1 PA-7/17/98-15-ME-1 PA-7/17/98-15-ME-2 PA-8/20/98-13-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-02-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-02-ME-3 PA-7/8/98-02-ME-2 PA-7/8/98-03-ME-1 PA-8/26/98-01-LI-3 PA-8/26/98-01-LI-4 PA-7/7/98-01-ME-2 DPR # P1183-465 P1183-466 P1183-467 P1183-468 P1183-458 P1183-459 P1183-460 P1183-461 P1183-462 P1183-463 P1183-464 P1183-452 P1183-453 P1183-454 P1183-455 P1183-456 P1183-457 P1183-445 P1183-446 P1183-447 P1183-448 P1183-449 P1183-450 P1183-451 P1183-439 P1183-440 P1183-441 P1183-442 P1183-443 P1183-444 P1183-433 P1183-434 P1183-435 P1183-436 P1183-437 P1183-438 P1183-430 P1183-431 P1183-432
D-14 COMMENTS GRID W WALL; GOPHER FILL WALL; GOPHER GRID W PLAN MAP; A PLAN MAP: A PLAN MAP: NAIL A PLAN MAP: FLOOR ABOVE WIRE MESH MODERN ADOBE PLAN MAP GRID W WALL; GOPHER FILL 2 4 3 5 1 1 3 1 3 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 6 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 n 10 PL PL CE CE CE CE CE BC BC RU RU NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ART-2 OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OH ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME MO MO MO MO MO MO MO ART-1 l 1 1 2 2 5 6 9 1 2 7 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 1 3 7 6 1 4 3 2 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 2 2 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 U 1-4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/8/98-02-OT-4 PA-7/8/98-02-OT-1 PA-7/8/98-04-OT-1 PA-7/8/98-04-OT-2 PA-7/9/98-07-OT-1 PA-7/13/98-07-OT-1 PA-7/20/98-05-OT-1 PA-7/8/98-07-OT-1 PA-7/9/98-01-OT-1 PA-7/21/98-08-OT-1 PA-7/8/98-10-OT-1 PA-7/7/98-03-OT-3 PA-7/7/98-03-OT-1 PA-7/7/98-03-OT-2 PA-7/14/98-13-OT-1 PA-7/8/98-02-OT-3 PA-7/8/98-02-OT-2 PA-8/14/98-01-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-09-ME-1 PA-7/8/98-10-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-07-ME-2 PA-7/7/98-09-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-10-ME-1 PA-7/13/98-12-ME-1 PA-7/15/98-05-ME-1 PA-8/26/98-01-ME-1 PA-7/13/98-04-ME-1 PA-7/7/98-01-MO-1 PA-7/7/98-03-MO-1 PA-7/17/98-07-MO-1 PA-7/13/98-08-MO-1 PA-8/14/98-01-MO-1 PA-7/8/98-10-MO-1 PA-7/13/98-12-MO-1 PA-7/7/98-03-OH-1 PA-7/7/98-02-OT-1 PA-7/8/98-11-ME-1 PA-7/9/98-01-ME-2 PA-7/9/98-01-ME-1 DPR # P1183-504 P1183-505 P1183-506 P1183-507 P1183-497 P1183-498 P1183-499 P1183-500 P1183-501 P1183-502 P1183-503 P1183-491 P1183-492 P1183-493 P1183-494 P1183-495 P1183-496 P1183-484 P1183-485 P1183-486 P1183-487 P1183-488 P1183-489 P1183-490 P1183-478 P1183-479 P1183-480 P1183-481 P1183-482 P1183-483 P1183-472 P1183-473 P1183-474 P1183-475 P1183-476 P1183-477 P1183-469 P1183-470 P1183-471
D-15 WO A COMMENTS MATRIX;EXC. TO FLATTEN LEVEL AT 30 CM PLAN MAP; 83N, 3E, -12BD; 50> SEE FORMS ADD'L LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATERIAL ADDITIONAL MATERIAL PLAN MAP LOOSE RODENT DISTURBANCE PLAN MAP BURROW 4 8 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 n 49 19 67 13 46 46 17 66 70 19 14 28 13 11 248 PL ART-2 PL PL PL PL PL OT OT OT WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO ART-1 l 1 2 2 5 6 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 2 3 3 5 8 9 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 9 1 4 6a 4a 5a 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/8/98-07-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-01-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-02-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-01-WO-1 PA-7/21/98-09-WO-1 PA-7/21/98-11-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-01-WO-1 PA-7/8/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/7/98-07-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-06-WO-1 PA-7/13/98-12-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-07-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-08-WO-1 PA-7/9/98-07-WO-2 PA-7/13/98-07-WO-1 PA-7/15/98-13-WO-1 PA-7/20/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/7/98-02-PL-1 PA-7/8/98-02-PL-1 PA-7/8/98-07-PL-1 PA-7/8/98-10-PL-1 PA-7/15/98-05-PL-1 PA-7/7/98-01-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-04-WO-1 PA-7/7/98-02-WO-1 PA-7/10/98-09-WO-1 PA-7/7/98-03-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-13-WO-1 PA-7/17/98-15-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-13-WO-1 PA-7/8/98-02-WO-1 PA-7/8/98-04-WO-1 PA-7/8/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/10/98-06-WO-1 PA-7/10/98-08-WO-1 PA-7/10/98-07-WO-1 PA-7/8/98-10-OT-2 PA-7/13/98-12-OT-1 PA-8/26/98-01-OT-1 DPR # P1183-543 P1183-544 P1183-545 P1183-546 P1183-536 P1183-537 P1183-538 P1183-539 P1183-540 P1183-541 P1183-542 P1183-530 P1183-531 P1183-532 P1183-533 P1183-534 P1183-535 P1183-523 P1183-524 P1183-525 P1183-526 P1183-527 P1183-528 P1183-529 P1183-517 P1183-518 P1183-519 P1183-520 P1183-521 P1183-522 P1183-511 P1183-512 P1183-513 P1183-514 P1183-515 P1183-516 P1183-508 P1183-509 P1183-510
D-16 CR MAY BE 10 COMMENTS PLAN MAP PLAN MAP SAMPLE IN FOIL; UNOPENED LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD BE LEVEL 10 LEVEL ARTIFACTS "RECONSTRUCTED;" SOME PLAN MAP; UNCONTAMINATED SAMPLE PLAN MAP; UNCONTAMINATED PLAN MAP RECOVERED UNDER ROCK A 3 1 8 1 4 1 1 4 6 3 1 4 7 4 1 1 5 2 n 29 11 14 78 74 72 30 32 11 47 15 115 237 314 152 168 107 101 409 207 122 ART-2 CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR WO ART-1 l 2 2 3 6 7 8 9 9 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 2 5 1 3 1a 10 11 12 10 11 13 10 11 11 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 1 1 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/16/98-10-CR-1 PA-7/16/98-10-CR-2 PA-7/17/98-10-CR-1 PA-7/16/98-16-CR-1 PA-7/17/98-12-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-04-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-10-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-10-CR-2 PA-7/22/98-04-CR-1 PA-7/22/98-06-CR-1 PA-8/13-98-09-CR-1 PA-8/13/98-10-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-01-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-02-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-02-CR-2 PA-8/18/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/16/98-09-CR-1 PA-7/16/98-13-CR-1 PA-7/17/98-04-CR-1 PA-7/22/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/24/98-14-CR-1 PA-7/24/98-15-CR-1 PA-8/18/98-13-CR-1 PA-8/19/98-08-CR-1 PA-8/19/98-10-CR-1 PA-8/19/98-16-CR-1 PA-7/14/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/22/98-12-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-12-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-14-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/24/98-11-CR-1 PA-7/24/98-13-CR-1 PA-8/12/98-02-CR-1 PA-8/12/98-03-CR-1 PA-8/13/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/15/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/15/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/15/98-08-CR-1 DPR # P1183-582 P1183-583 P1183-584 P1183-585 P1183-575 P1183-576 P1183-577 P1183-578 P1183-579 P1183-580 P1183-581 P1183-569 P1183-570 P1183-571 P1183-572 P1183-573 P1183-574 P1183-562 P1183-563 P1183-564 P1183-565 P1183-566 P1183-567 P1183-568 P1183-556 P1183-557 P1183-558 P1183-559 P1183-560 P1183-561 P1183-550 P1183-551 P1183-552 P1183-553 P1183-554 P1183-555 P1183-547 P1183-548 P1183-549
D-17 COMMENTS CR A, B, AND C; UNCONTAMINATED MODERN ADOBE FLOOR ABOVE WIRE MESH MODERN ADOBE FLOOR ABOVE PLAN MAP; WALL FALL; LEVEL 12/13; -.42-.60BD LEVEL 12/13; WALL FALL; .92N, .51E, -.67BD CR SAMPLE 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 1 1 1 2 3 5 1 4 1 n 14 73 24 60 39 12 18 22 15 66 28 82 71 72 21 38 23 24 23 213 UI UI UI UI UI TE TE BU BU UN UN UN ART-2 FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR ART-1 l 1 1 3 4 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 3 4 7 8 9 1 1a 14 15 16 16 17 18 1b 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 12 13 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 3 3 3 U 1-4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/15/98-02-FA-2 PA-7/15/98-02-FA-3 PA-7/15/98-08-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-13-FA-1 PA-7/24/98-15-FA-1 PA-8/18/98-13-FA-1 PA-8/18/98-13-FA-2 PA-7/13/98-03-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/14/98-02-FA-2 PA-7/14/98-02-FA-3 PA-7/23/98-16-CR-1 PA-7/24/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/24/98-04-CR-1 PA-8/20/98-11-CR-1 PA-8/21/98-02-CR-1 PA-7/15/98-02-FA-1 PA-8/15/98-04-CR-2 PA-8/15/98-07-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-10-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-10-CR-2 PA-8/18/98-06-CR-1 PA-8/18/98-14-CR-1 PA-7/15/98-15-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-2-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-07-CR-1 PA-7/16/98-12-CR-1 PA-7/17/98-05-CR-1 PA-7/20/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/20/98-07-CR-1 PA-7/21/98-06-CR-1 PA-7/22/98-08-CR-1 PA-7/22/98-10-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-03-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-05-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-15-CR-1 PA-8/18/98-03-CR-1 PA-8/14/98-04-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-04-CR-1 DPR # P1183-621 P1183-622 P1183-623 P1183-624 P1183-614 P1183-615 P1183-616 P1183-617 P1183-618 P1183-619 P1183-620 P1183-608 P1183-609 P1183-610 P1183-611 P1183-612 P1183-613 P1183-601 P1183-602 P1183-603 P1183-604 P1183-605 P1183-606 P1183-607 P1183-595 P1183-596 P1183-597 P1183-598 P1183-599 P1183-600 P1183-589 P1183-590 P1183-591 P1183-592 P1183-593 P1183-594 P1183-586 P1183-587 P1183-588
D-18 COMMENTS PLAN MAP; BONE B PLAN MAP BONE B BONE A A PLAN MAP; BONE PLAN MAP; BONE B PLAN MAP; BONE C PLAN MAP; BONE E PLAN MAP PLAN MAP; -.574M BD PLAN MAP; -.574M PLAN MAP; BONE D PLAN MAP; BONE F 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 7 2 1 1 1 7 n UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI TE TE TE BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN ART-2 FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA ART-1 l 3 3 3 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 3 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1a 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 14 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/17/98-10-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-10-FA-2 PA-7/17/98-11-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-02-FA-2 PA-7/16/98-02-FA-3 PA-7/16/98-16-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-17-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-12-FA-1 PA-7/21/98-04-FA-1 PA-7/21/98-04-FA-2 PA-7/15/98-10-FA-1 PA-7/15/98-10-FA-2 PA-7/15/98-10-FA-3 PA-7/16/98-09-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-09-FA-2 PA-7/16/98-10-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-12-FA-2 PA-7/23/98-14-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/24/98-11-FA-1 PA-7/24/98-11-FA-2 PA-8/12/98-02-FA-1 PA-8/12/98-03-FA-1 PA-8/13/98-02-FA-1 PA-8/13/98-02-FA-2 PA-8/13-98-11-FA-1 PA-8/15/98-02-FA-1 PA-8/15/98-03-FA-1 PA-8/15/98-03-FA-2 PA-8/15/98-03-FA-3 PA-8/15/98-03-FA-4 PA-8/15/98-03-FA-5 PA-8/15/98-03-FA-6 PA-8/18/98-09-FA-1 PA-7/15/98-01-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-12-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-13-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-12-FA-1 DPR # P1183-660 P1183-661 P1183-662 P1183-663 P1183-653 P1183-654 P1183-655 P1183-656 P1183-657 P1183-658 P1183-659 P1183-647 P1183-648 P1183-649 P1183-650 P1183-651 P1183-652 P1183-640 P1183-641 P1183-642 P1183-643 P1183-644 P1183-645 P1183-646 P1183-634 P1183-635 P1183-636 P1183-637 P1183-638 P1183-639 P1183-628 P1183-629 P1183-630 P1183-631 P1183-632 P1183-633 P1183-625 P1183-626 P1183-627
D-19 COMMENTS FA 1 FA 2 PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP PLAN MAP; BONE A (WRAPPED IN FOIL) PLAN MAP; BONE B (WRAPPED IN FOIL) PLAN MAP; BONE A PLAN MAP; BONE PLAN MAP PLAN MAP 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 5 5 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 40 18 BI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI UI TE TE TE TE BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN UN ART-2 FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA ART-1 l 1 1 2 5 8 8 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 17 17 17 14 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 20 1b 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/23/98-05-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-05-FA-2 PA-7/23/98-15-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-15-FA-2 PA-7/23/98-16-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-16-FA-2 PA-7/24/98-01-FA-1 PA-7/24/98-02-FA-1 PA-8/20/98-10-FA-1 PA-8/20/98-10-FA-2 PA-8/20/98-11-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-08-FA-2 PA-7/22/98-09-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-10-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-10-FA-2 PA-7/23/98-03-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-03-FA-2 PA-8/15/98-04-FA-2 PA-8/15/98-10-FA-1 PA-8/15/98-10-FA-2 PA-8/15/98-10-FA-3 PA-8/18/98-06-FA-1 PA-8/18/98-06-FA-2 PA-8/18/98-07-FA-1 PA-8/18/98-14-FA-1 PA-8/18/98-14-FA-2 PA-8/18/98-15-FA-1 PA-8/20/98-02-FA-1 PA-7/15/98-15-FA-1 PA-7/15/98-15-FA-2 PA-7/21/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/16/98-06-FA-1 PA-7/17/98-06-FA-1 PA-7/20/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/20/98-07-FA-2 PA-7/22/98-08-FA-1 PA-8/13/98-09-FA-1 PA-8/14/98-04-FA-1 PA-8/15/98-04-FA-1 DPR # P1183-699 P1183-700 P1183-701 P1183-702 P1183-692 P1183-693 P1183-694 P1183-695 P1183-696 P1183-697 P1183-698 P1183-686 P1183-687 P1183-688 P1183-689 P1183-690 P1183-691 P1183-679 P1183-680 P1183-681 P1183-682 P1183-683 P1183-684 P1183-685 P1183-673 P1183-674 P1183-675 P1183-676 P1183-677 P1183-678 P1183-667 P1183-668 P1183-669 P1183-670 P1183-671 P1183-672 P1183-664 P1183-665 P1183-666
D-20 CR MAY BE 10 CR MAY SKIMMED@WATER COMMENTS Indet, waterworn indet Indet Indet; weare on one edge Indet PLAN MAP Ref Earth Ref Earth LEVEL ARTIFACTS "RECONSTRUCTED;" SOME "RECONSTRUCTED;" LEVEL ARTIFACTS SOILS IN L 5; PROB. FROM LAMINATED Window Indet Indet, Very clear Indet Ref Earth Ref Earth Ref Earth Ref Earth Alcohol, Indet Alcohol, Use Globe, Very thin; Globe, Very clear; Indet Window Window Condiment Globe, Very thin Globe, Very thin; 1 Indet Indet Window Indet 1 1 1 1 7 1 4 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 n ART-2 FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL GS GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL HC HC HC HC HC HC ART-1 l 5 8 1 8 2 3 1 6 6 5 5 6 9 9 3 9 1 2 4 5 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 7 6 1a 1a 18 14 11 1b 12 12 18 3 3 4 4 4 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 U 1-4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/16/98-07-GL-1 PA-7/21/98-04-GL-1 PA-7/15/98-15-GL-1 PA-7/20/98-07-GL-1 PA-7/16/98-14-GS-1 PA-7/15/98-08-HC-1 PA-7/14/98-02-HC-1 PA-7/24/98-11-HC-1 PA-7/16/98-17-HC-1 PA-8/18/98-14-HC-1 PA-7/23/98-15-HC-1 PA-7/16/98-10-GL-1 PA-7/15/98-10-GL-1 PA-7/16/98-09-GL-1 PA-7/17/98-10-GL-1 PA-7/17/98-11-GL-1 PA-7/16/98-02-GL-1 PA-7/22/98-06-FL-1 PA-7/16/98-07-FL-1 PA-7/17/98-03-FL-1 PA-7/16/98-16-FL-1 PA-7/21/98-10-FL-1 PA-7/21/98-07-FL-1 PA-7/21/98-06-FL-1 PA-7/23/98-03-FL-1 PA-7/23/98-03-FL-2 PA-8/21/98-02-FL-1 PA-7/15/98-08-GL-1 PA-8/18/98-13-GL-1 PA-7/13/98-03-GL-1 PA-7/14/98-02-GL-1 PA-7/22/98-12-GL-1 PA-7/22/98-13-GL-1 PA-7/23/98-14-GL-1 PA-7/23/98-02-GL-1 PA-7/15/98-10-GL-2 PA-7/24/98-14-FL-1 PA-7/22/98-12-FL-1 PA-7/24/98-11-FL-1 DPR # P1183-745 P1183-746 P1183-747 P1183-748 P1183-737 P1183-738 P1183-740 P1183-741 P1183-742 P1183-743 P1183-744 P1183-730 P1183-731 P1183-732 P1183-734 P1183-735 P1183-736 P1183-719 P1183-720 P1183-723 P1183-726 P1183-727 P1183-728 P1183-729 P1183-712 P1183-713 P1183-714 P1183-715 P1183-716 P1183-718 P1183-706 P1183-707 P1183-708 P1183-709 P1183-710 P1183-711 P1183-703 P1183-704 P1183-705
D-21 CR MAY BE 10 COMMENTS LEVEL ARTIFACTS "RECONSTRUCTED;" SOME LEVEL ARTIFACTS EDXRF EDXRF & OH EDXRF & OH Ref Earth PLAN MAP ABOVE WIRE MESH ADOBE FLOOR MODERN 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 10 QZ QZ CH OB OB OB CH CH CY OB OB OB CH CH CH OB OB OB OB CH OB OB OB CY CH CH CH OB OB QZT QZT UNK ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LE LE LE LE LE HS HC ART-1 l 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 9 6 6 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 1 1a 1a 13 13 15 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 12 12 15 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 U 1-4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-8/19/98-16-LI-1 PA-8/19/98-16-LI-2 PA-8/20/98-09-LI-1 PA-7/22/98-12-LI-1 PA-7/22/98-12-LI-2 PA-7/24/98-11-LI-1 PA-7/24/98-11-LI-2 PA-7/24/98-11-LI-3 PA-7/24/98-11-LI-4 PA-7/24/98-11-LI-5 PA-7/24/98-11-LI-6 PA-8/15/98-02-LI-5 PA-8/19/98-08-LI-1 PA-8/19/98-08-LI-2 PA-8/19/98-08-LI-3 PA-8/19/98-12-LI-1 PA-8/19/98-12-LI-2 PA-8/12/98-02-LE-1 PA-8/12/98-03-LE-1 PA-7/22/98-06-LE-1 PA-7/21/98-10-LE-1 PA-7/22/98-02-LI-1 PA-7/22/98-02-LI-2 PA-7/24/98-14-LI-1 PA-7/24/98-15-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-13-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-13-LI-2 PA-8/18/98-13-LI-3 PA-8/18/98-13-LI-4 PA-8/18/98-13-LI-5 PA-8/19/98-10-LI-1 PA-8/19/98-10-LI-2 PA-8/15/98-02-LI-1 PA-8/15/98-02-LI-2 PA-8/15/98-02-LI-3 PA-8/15/98-02-LI-4 PA-7/24/98-01-HC-1 PA-7/22/98-11-HS-1 PA-7/13/98-03-LE-1 DPR # P1183-784 P1183-785 P1183-786 P1183-787 P1183-777 P1183-778 P1183-779 P1183-780 P1183-781 P1183-782 P1183-783 P1183-771 P1183-772 P1183-773 P1183-774 P1183-775 P1183-776 P1183-764 P1183-765 P1183-766 P1183-767 P1183-768 P1183-769 P1183-770 P1183-758 P1183-759 P1183-760 P1183-761 P1183-762 P1183-763 P1183-752 P1183-753 P1183-754 P1183-755 P1183-756 P1183-757 P1183-749 P1183-750 P1183-751
D-22 COMMENTS LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD BE LEVEL 10 LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD BE LEVEL 10 LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD BE LEVEL 10 LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD 1- EDXRF & OH LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD BE LEVEL 10 LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD PLAN 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 n QZ QZ QZ QZ QZ CH OB OB OB CH CH OB CH OB CH OB OB CH CY OB CY OB CH CH OB OB CH CY CH OB OB PW PW PW QZT QZT QZT QZT UNK ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI ART-1 l 9 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 2 5 8 8 8 8 9 9 6 7 7 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 14 14 14 14 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/21/98-10-LI-3 PA-7/22/98-04-LI-1 PA-7/22/98-04-LI-2 PA-7/22/98-04-LI-3 PA-7/22/98-04-LI-4 PA-8/13/98-09-LI-1 PA-8/13/98-09-LI-2 PA-8/13/98-09-LI-3 PA-8/13/98-09-LI-4 PA-8/13/98-09-LI-5 PA-8/14/98-04-LI-1 PA-7/21/98-04-LI-1 PA-7/21/98-04-LI-2 PA-7/21/98-04-LI-2 PA-7/21/98-04-LI-3 PA-7/21/98-10-LI-1 PA-7/21/98-10-LI-2 PA-8/12/98-02-LI-3 PA-8/12/98-02-LI-4 PA-8/12/98-02-LI-5 PA-8/12/98-03-LI-1 PA-8/13/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/13/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/13/98-01-LI-2 PA-8/13/98-10-LI-1 PA-8/13/98-10-LI-2 PA-8/13/98-10-LI-3 PA-8/18/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-01-LI-2 PA-8/18/98-09-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-09-LI-2 PA-8/18/98-09-LI-3 PA-8/18/98-09-LI-4 PA-7/15/98-10-LI-1 PA-7/16/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/24/98-12-LI-1 PA-8/12/98-02-LI-1 PA-8/12/98-02-LI-2 DPR # P1183-823 P1183-824 P1183-825 P1183-826 P1183-816 P1183-817 P1183-818 P1183-819 P1183-820 P1183-821 P1183-822 P1183-810 P1183-811 P1183-812 P1183-813 P1183-814 P1183-815 P1183-803 P1183-804 P1183-805 P1183-806 P1183-807 P1183-808 P1183-809 P1183-797 P1183-798 P1183-799 P1183-800 P1183-801 P1183-802 P1183-791 P1183-792 P1183-793 P1183-794 P1183-795 P1183-796 P1183-788 P1183-789 P1183-790
D-23 COMMENTS EDXRF & OH EDXRF & OH EDXRF 1 - EDXRF 4 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 n QZ QZ QZ QZ QZ OB OB OB OB OB CH CY CH OB CH CH OB CH CH OB CH CY OB OB CH CH CY OB CH CH CH OB CH NA NA PW QZT QZT ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI ME ME ME ART-1 l 1 1 2 4 4 8 8 9 9 12 14 14 14 15 17 18 18 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 1b 10 10 10 10 13 13 14 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/23/98-03-LI-1 PA-7/23/98-15-LI-1 PA-7/23/98-15-LI-2 PA-7/23/98-15-LI-3 PA-7/24/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-11-LI-1 PA-8/21/98-02-LI-1 PA-8/21/98-02-LI-2 PA-7/15/98-02-ME-2 PA-7/15/98-02-ME-1 PA-7/24/98-05-ME-1 PA-7/21/98-06-LI-1 PA-7/21/98-06-LI-2 PA-7/22/98-08-LI-1 PA-7/22/98-08-LI-2 PA-7/22/98-08-LI-3 PA-7/22/98-08-LI-4 PA-8/15/98-10-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-06-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-06-LI-2 PA-8/18/98-06-LI-3 PA-8/18/98-06-LI-3 PA-8/18/98-06-LI-3 PA-8/18/98-14-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-14-LI-2 PA-8/18/98-14-LI-3 PA-8/20/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-01-LI-2 PA-8/20/98-01-LI-3 PA-8/20/98-02-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-02-LI-2 PA-7/21/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/17/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/17/98-05-LI-2 PA-7/20/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/20/98-07-LI-2 PA-8/14/98-04-LI-2 PA-8/14/98-04-LI-3 PA-8/15/98-04-LI-1 DPR # P1183-862 P1183-863 P1183-864 P1183-865 P1183-855 P1183-856 P1183-857 P1183-858 P1183-859 P1183-860 P1183-861 P1183-849 P1183-850 P1183-851 P1183-852 P1183-853 P1183-854 P1183-842 P1183-843 P1183-844 P1183-845 P1183-846 P1183-847 P1183-848 P1183-836 P1183-837 P1183-838 P1183-839 P1183-840 P1183-841 P1183-830 P1183-831 P1183-832 P1183-833 P1183-834 P1183-835 P1183-827 P1183-828 P1183-829
D-24 CR MAY BE 10 COMMENTS PLAN MAP "RECONSTRUCTED;" SOME LEVEL ARTIFACTS WIRE MESH MODERN ADOBE FLOOR ABOVE PLAN MAP LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD BE LEVEL 10 WALL FALL; -.243 BD; GRID EAST WALL -.243 BD; GRID WALL FALL; WIRE MESH MODERN ADOBE FLOOR ABOVE WIRE MESH IN SAND MODERN ADOBE FLOOR BELOW 1 4 2 3 1 9 6 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 8 1 7 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 3 n 10 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ART-2 OH OH OH ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO ART-1 l 5 9 6 9 1 6 6 7 8 8 1 2 2 3 5 5 6 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 7 8 1 2 1 7 1a 10 11 10 12 1b 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 2 2 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/17/98-04-MO-1 PA-8/18/98-13-MO-1 PA-7/24/98-11-MO-1 PA-8/13/98-10-MO-1 PA-7/15/98-01-MO-1 PA-7/16/98-16-MO-1 PA-7/16/98-17-MO-1 PA-7/17/98-12-OH-1 PA-7/21/98-04-OH-1 PA-7/21/98-04-OH-2 PA-7/22/98-04-MO-1 PA-7/21/98-07-ME-1 PA-7/13/98-03-ME-2 PA-7/13/98-03-ME-1 PA-7/13/98-06-ME-1 PA-7/15/98-02-MO-1 PA-7/24/98-05-MO-1 PA-7/15/98-01-ME-1 PA-7/15/98-10-ME-1 PA-7/16/98-09-ME-1 PA-7/17/98-10-ME-1 PA-7/16/98-02-ME-1 PA-7/16/98-07-ME-1 PA-7/16/98-16-ME-1 PA-7/16/98-17-ME-1 PA-7/17/98-12-ME-1 PA-7/21/98-04-ME-1 PA-7/22/98-06-ME-1 PA-7/15/98-15-ME-1 PA-7/16/98-06-ME-1 PA-7/16/98-12-ME-1 PA-7/17/98-05-ME-1 PA-7/20/98-01-ME-1 PA-7/20/98-07-ME-1 PA-7/22/98-08-ME-1 PA-7/23/98-03-ME-1 PA-7/14/98-02-ME-1 PA-8/12/98-04-ME-1 PA-7/22/98-12-ME-1 DPR # P1183-901 P1183-902 P1183-903 P1183-904 P1183-894 P1183-895 P1183-896 P1183-897 P1183-898 P1183-899 P1183-900 P1183-888 P1183-889 P1183-890 P1183-891 P1183-892 P1183-893 P1183-881 P1183-882 P1183-883 P1183-884 P1183-885 P1183-886 P1183-887 P1183-875 P1183-876 P1183-877 P1183-878 P1183-879 P1183-880 P1183-869 P1183-870 P1183-871 P1183-872 P1183-873 P1183-874 P1183-866 P1183-867 P1183-868
D-25 COMMENTS MODERN ADOBE FLOOR ABOVE WIRE MESH MODERN ADOBE GRID NE QUAD OF L5 SOIL SAMPLE; GRID NE QUAD OF OF L 6(SEE P MAP 2) MINI SOIL SAMPLE FROM SW EDGE PLAN MAP; GRID SE PLAN MAP; GRID SAND FLOOR BELOW WIRE MESH IN MODERN ADOBE WIRE MESH MODERN ADOBE FLOOR ABOVE WALL WALL FALL; .359 BD; GRIP WEST RECOVERED UNDER ROCK A 6 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 5 1 1 9 1 1 2 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 n 18 12 33 34 12 89 19 18 PL PL CE CE CE CE CE BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC RU ART-2 OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT MO ART-1 l 3 3 5 6 6 8 1 1 2 3 3 5 1 1 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 12 13 14 14 15 10 11 11 11 11 11 13 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/17/98-10-OT-1 PA-7/17/98-10-OT-2 PA-7/15/98-11-OT-1 PA-7/16/98-11-OT-1 PA-7/16/98-16-OT-1 PA-7/21/98-04-OT-1 PA-8/13-98-09-OT-1 PA-8/14/98-04-OT-1 PA-8/15/98-04-OT-1 PA-8/15/98-04-OT-2 PA-8/15/98-07-OT-1 PA-8/13/98-01-OT-1 PA-8/13/98-10-OT-2 PA-8/13/98-10-OT-1 PA-8/15/98-02-OT-1 PA-8/15/98-02-OT-2 PA-7/15/98-01-OT-1 PA-7/15/98-02-OT-2 PA-7/15/98-02-OT-4 PA-7/24/98-05-OT-1 PA-7/15/98-08-OT-1 PA-7/15/98-08-OT-2 PA-7/17/98-01-OT-1 PA-8/19/98-08-0T-1 PA-8/19/98-10-OT-3 PA-8/19/98-10-OT-2 PA-8/19/98-10-OT-1 PA-7/13/98-06-OT-1 PA-7/13/98-03-OT-2 PA-7/13/98-03-OT-1 PA-7/14/98-02-OT-1 PA-7/14/98-02-OT-2 PA-7/24/98-11-OT-1 PA-7/24/98-11-OT-2 PA-8/12/98-03-OT-1 PA-8/12/98-05-OT-1 PA-8/14/98-04-MO-1 PA-7/15/98-02-OT-1 PA-7/15/98-02-OT-3 DPR # P1183-940 P1183-941 P1183-942 P1183-943 P1183-933 P1183-934 P1183-935 P1183-936 P1183-937 P1183-938 P1183-939 P1183-927 P1183-928 P1183-929 P1183-930 P1183-931 P1183-932 P1183-920 P1183-921 P1183-922 P1183-923 P1183-924 P1183-925 P1183-926 P1183-914 P1183-915 P1183-916 P1183-917 P1183-918 P1183-919 P1183-908 P1183-909 P1183-910 P1183-911 P1183-912 P1183-913 P1183-905 P1183-906 P1183-907
D-26 COMMENTS WO A MODERN ADOBE FLOOR ABOVE WIRE MESH MODERN ADOBE WIRE MESH IN SAND MODERN ADOBE FLOOR BELOW PLAN MAP PLAN MAP PLAN MAP PLAN MAP PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP WIRE MESH MODERN ADOBE FLOOR ABOVE 1 3 1 1 6 1 5 1 6 3 1 4 2 2 1 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 4 5 5 1 n 17 41 19 11 25 26 64 38 14 130 BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC ART-2 PL PL OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO ART-1 l 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 1 4 1 1 2 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 9 1a 20 10 10 11 11 12 17 1b 10 11 16 17 18 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/13/98-06-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-02-WO-1 PA-7/14/98-02-WO-2 PA-7/14/98-02-WO-3 PA-7/22/98-11-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-12-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-13-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-12-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-14-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-17-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-02-WO-1 PA-7/24/98-14-WO-1 PA-7/24/98-15-WO-1 PA-8/18/98-13-WO-1 PA-8/19/98-08-WO-1 PA-8/19/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/13/98-03-WO-1 PA-8/20/98-02-OT-1 PA-7/15/98-15-OT-1 PA-7/17/98-05-OT-1 PA-7/22/98-08-OT-1 PA-7/22/98-09-OT-1 PA-7/22/98-10-OT-1 PA-7/22/98-10-OT-2 PA-7/23/98-03-OT-1 PA-8/20/98-11-OT-1 PA-7/13/98-03-PL-1 PA-7/21/98-07-PL-1 PA-7/15/98-02-WO-1 PA-7/15/98-03-WO-1 PA-7/15/98-04-WO-1 PA-7/24/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/15/98-08-WO-1 PA-7/16/98-15-WO-1 PA-7/17/98-04-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-02-WO-1 PA-8/15/98-10-OT-1 PA-8/18/98-06-OT-1 PA-8/18/98-14-OT-1 DPR # P1183-979 P1183-980 P1183-981 P1183-982 P1183-972 P1183-973 P1183-974 P1183-975 P1183-976 P1183-977 P1183-978 P1183-966 P1183-967 P1183-968 P1183-969 P1183-970 P1183-971 P1183-959 P1183-960 P1183-961 P1183-962 P1183-963 P1183-964 P1183-965 P1183-953 P1183-954 P1183-955 P1183-956 P1183-957 P1183-958 P1183-947 P1183-948 P1183-949 P1183-950 P1183-951 P1183-952 P1183-944 P1183-945 P1183-946
D-27 CR MAY BE 10 COMMENTS LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD BE LEVEL 10 LEVELS 10 AND 11 MIXED: SHOULD SOME LEVEL ARTIFACTS "RECONSTRUCTED;" PLAN MAP WEST WALL PROFILE WEST WALL PROFILE PLAN MAP GRID W PROFILE 3 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 4 5 3 3 6 3 1 1 8 3 8 1 4 1 7 2 8 4 3 n 16 10 18 29 21 39 11 18 24 19 201 111 GL GL ART-2 BE BE WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO ART-1 l 3 4 4 5 8 1 3 3 8 9 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 1 2 6 7 7 1a 10 11 17 10 10 11 12 1b 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/16/98-12-WO-1 PA-7/17/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/17/98-13-WO-1 PA-7/17/98-06-WO-1 PA-7/20/98-07-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-08-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-10-WO-1 PA-8/20/98-11-WO-1 PA-7/15/98-02-ME-2 PA-7/24/98-09-BE-1 PA-7/24/98-07-BE-1 PA-8/13/98-09-WO-1 PA-8/30/98-01-WO-1 PA-7/15/98-15-WO-1 PA-7/21/98-2-WO-1 PA-7/21/98-07-WO-1 PA-7/16/98-06-WO-1 PA-8/13/98-01-WO-1 PA-8/13/98-10-WO-1 PA-8/27/98-04-WO-1 PA-8/27/98-04-WO-2 PA-7/15/98-01-WO-1 PA-7/15/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/16/98-09-WO-1 PA-7/17/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/16/98-03-WO-1 PA-7/16/98-02-WO-1 PA-7/16/98-07-WO-1 PA-7/16/98-16-WO-1 PA-7/17/98-12-WO-1 PA-7/21/98-04-WO-1 PA-7/21/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/21/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-04-WO-1 PA-8/13/98-05-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-06-WO-1 PA-7/24/98-11-WO-1 PA-8/12/98-02-WO-1 PA-8/12/98-03-WO-1 DPR # P1183-1018 P1183-1019 P1183-1020 P1183-1021 P1183-1011 P1183-1012 P1183-1013 P1183-1014 P1183-1015 P1183-1016 P1183-1017 P1183-1005 P1183-1006 P1183-1007 P1183-1008 P1183-1009 P1183-1010 P1183-998 P1183-999 P1183-1000 P1183-1001 P1183-1002 P1183-1003 P1183-1004 P1183-992 P1183-993 P1183-994 P1183-995 P1183-996 P1183-997 P1183-986 P1183-987 P1183-988 P1183-989 P1183-990 P1183-991 P1183-983 P1183-984 P1183-985
D-28 COMMENTS FA A PLAN MAP: SAND MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS SAND MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 PLAN: BONE A-RIB PLAN MAP GRID W PROFILE; SEE PROFILE MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS SAND MODERN FLOOR .61E, -.436 BD; UNCONTAMINATED PLAN MAP; .91N, BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 2 3 1 8 9 1 1 2 3 1 5 2 1 1 8 2 1 3 4 n 15 23 UI UI UI UI PL TE TE OT BU BU BU UN UN UN UN UN UN ART-2 FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA BE CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR ART-1 l 3 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 3 5 2 3 4 5 7 1 1 2 3 5 6 7 3 3 4 4 6 1 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 U 2,3 1-4 1-4 1-4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/24/98-10-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-14-FA-1 PA-7/22/98-14-FA-2 PA-8/15/98-12-FA-1 PA-8/15/98-13-FA-1 PA-8/18/98-16-FA-1 PA-8/19/98-14-FA-1 PA-8/27/98-03-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-18-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-18-FA-2 PA-7/23/98-19-FA-1 PA-8/20/98-17-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-08-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-08-FA-2 PA-7/24/98-09-FA-1 PA-7/24/98-09-FA-2 PA-7/24/98-09-FA-3 PA-7/24/98-09-CR-1 PA-8/13/98-08-CR-1 PA-7/22/98-14-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-11-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-13-CR-1 PA-8/18/98-16-CR-1 PA-8/19/98-14-CR-1 PA-8/21/98-01-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-18-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-18-CR-2 PA-7/24/98-06-CR-1 PA-7/24/98-07-CR-1 PA-8/14/98-05-CR-1 PA-8/15/98-08-CR-1 PA-8/18/98-04-CR-1 PA-8/19/98-03-CR-1 PA-8/20/98-07-CR-1 PA-8/19/98-09-CR-1 PA-8/20/98-06-CR-1 PA-8/19/98-09-BE-1 PA-7/23/98-08-CR-1 PA-7/23/98-10-CR-1 DPR # P1183-1057 P1183-1058 P1183-1059 P1183-1060 P1183-1050 P1183-1051 P1183-1052 P1183-1053 P1183-1054 P1183-1055 P1183-1056 P1183-1044 P1183-1045 P1183-1046 P1183-1047 P1183-1048 P1183-1049 P1183-1037 P1183-1038 P1183-1039 P1183-1040 P1183-1041 P1183-1042 P1183-1043 P1183-1031 P1183-1032 P1183-1033 P1183-1034 P1183-1035 P1183-1036 P1183-1025 P1183-1026 P1183-1027 P1183-1028 P1183-1029 P1183-1030 P1183-1022 P1183-1023 P1183-1024
D-29 Indet; 2 Window COMMENTS Indet; 2 Window Indet PLAN MAP; BONE A PLAN MAP; AND BUILDERS SAND MODERN FLOOR PLAN MAP; FL A PLAN MAP; FL B PLAN MAP; FL C BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 Indet Window 2 Alcohol; 1 Globe, thin; 8 Indet Indet Indet Alcohol; 1 Globe; 2 Window Indet, worn sphere Ref Earth PLAN MAP; BONE B PLAN MAP; BONE Indet Indet Indet Alcohol, Ripple surface; Globe; 6 Spectacle Indet 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 5 7 2 1 1 2 7 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 13 UI UI UI BU UN UN UN UN UN ART-2 FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA FA GS GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL GL HC ART-1 l 1 4 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 1 2 8 2 2 2 2 1 1 9 3 4 3 4 6 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-8/15/98-05-GL-1 PA-8/18/98-16-GL-1 PA-7/23/98-18-GL-2 PA-7/23/98-18-GL-1 PA-7/24/98-07-GL-1 PA-8/18/98-11-GL-1 PA-8/19/98-03-GL-1 PA-8/19/98-05-GL-1 PA-8/20/98-05-GL-1 PA-8/14/98-05-GS-1 PA-7/24/98-09-HC-1 PA-7/24/98-09-GL-1 PA-8/13/98-04-GL-1 PA-8/14/98-03-GL-1 PA-7/22/98-14-GL-1 PA-7/22/98-14-GL-2 PA-8/15/98-05-GL-1 PA-7/24/98-08-FA-1 PA-7/24/98-08-FA-2 PA-8/19/98-03-FA-1 PA-8/19/98-03-FA-2 PA-8/19/98-09-FA-1 PA-8/20/98-05-FA-1 PA-7/23/98-08-FL-1 PA-7/23/98-10-FL-1 PA-8/18/98-08-FL-1 PA-7/22/98-14-FL-1 PA-8/15/98-11-FL-1 PA-8/15/98-12-FL-1 PA-8/15/98-12-FL-2 PA-8/15/98-12-FL-3 PA-7/23/98-18-FL-1 PA-7/23/98-18-FL-2 PA-8/19/98-13-FL-1 PA-8/19/98-03-FL-1 PA-8/20/98-06-FL-1 PA-7/24/98-06-FA-1 PA-7/24/98-07-FA-1 PA-7/24/98-07-FA-2 DPR # P1183-1108 P1183-1109 P1183-1110 P1183-1111 P1183-1093 P1183-1094 P1183-1095 P1183-1097 P1183-1103 P1183-1104 P1183-1105 P1183-1083 P1183-1084 P1183-1085 P1183-1086 P1183-1090 P1183-1092 P1183-1076 P1183-1077 P1183-1078 P1183-1079 P1183-1080 P1183-1081 P1183-1082 P1183-1070 P1183-1071 P1183-1072 P1183-1073 P1183-1074 P1183-1075 P1183-1064 P1183-1065 P1183-1066 P1183-1067 P1183-1068 P1183-1069 P1183-1061 P1183-1062 P1183-1063
D-30 COMMENTS LI A PLAN EDXRF & OH 1 - EDXRF EDXRF Ref Earth Unref Earth Unref Earth Unref Earth Unref Earth Unref Earth PLAN MAP; Unref Earth Unref Earth Ref Earth 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 n QZ QZ CH OB CY CH OB CY CH CY CH OB CH OB CH CH CY OB OB CY CH CH OB CH CH OB CH QZT ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LE HS HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC HC ART-1 l 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 4 6 7 7 8 2 4 5 5 6 4 1 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 U 1-4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/23/98-19-LI-1 PA-7/24/98-06-LI-1 PA-7/24/98-06-LI-2 PA-7/24/98-06-LI-3 PA-7/24/98-06-LI-4 PA-7/24/98-07-LI-1 PA-7/24/98-07-LI-2 PA-7/24/98-07-LI-3 PA-7/24/98-07-LI-3 PA-7/24/98-07-LI-4 PA-8/12/98-01-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-03-LI-2 PA-8/15/98-11-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-16-LI-1 PA-8/19/98-14-LI-1 PA-8/19/98-14-LI-2 PA-8/20/98-12-LI-1 PA-8/15/98-06-HC-2 PA-7/23/98-18-HC-1 PA-7/24/98-06-HC-1 PA-8/18/98-11-HC-1 PA-8/19/98-03-HC-1 PA-8/19/98-05-HC-1 PA-7/24/98-08-HS-1 PA-8/19/98-03-LE-1 PA-7/23/98-08-LI-1 PA-7/23/98-08-LI-2 PA-7/24/98-09-LI-1 PA-7/24/98-09-LI-2 PA-7/24/98-09-LI-3 PA-8/13/98-04-LI-1 PA-8/14/98-03-LI-1 PA-8/15/98-09-LI-1 PA-8/15/98-09-LI-2 PA-8/18/98-08-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-03-LI-1 PA-8/13/98-04-HC-1 PA-7/22/98-14-HC-1 PA-8/15/98-06-HC-1 DPR # P1183-1147 P1183-1148 P1183-1149 P1183-1150 P1183-1140 P1183-1141 P1183-1142 P1183-1143 P1183-1144 P1183-1145 P1183-1146 P1183-1134 P1183-1135 P1183-1136 P1183-1137 P1183-1138 P1183-1139 P1183-1127 P1183-1128 P1183-1129 P1183-1130 P1183-1131 P1183-1132 P1183-1133 P1183-1121 P1183-1122 P1183-1123 P1183-1124 P1183-1125 P1183-1126 P1183-1115 P1183-1116 P1183-1117 P1183-1118 P1183-1119 P1183-1120 P1183-1112 P1183-1113 P1183-1114
D-31 COMMENTS PLAN MAP PLAN MAP BAG 1 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 2 OF 2 EDXRF #5; EDXRF PLAN MAP; MAP EDXRF & OH BAG 1 OF 2 EDXRF 1 1 3 8 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 n 14 QZ QZ OB CH CY CH OB OB CH CH OB OB OB OB OB NA NA NA NA NA PW QZT ART-2 LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI LI ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 l 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 7 7 3 3 5 5 5 6 6 7 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 1 2 2 4 5 5 11 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-8/15/98-12-ME-2 PA-8/15/98-11-ME-1 PA-8/15/98-12-ME-1 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-8 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-4 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-6 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-7 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-8 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-1 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-2 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-5 PA-8/13/98-04-ME-1 PA-8/13/98-08-ME-1 PA-8/20/98-04-ME-1 PA-8/15/98-05-ME-1 PA-8/15/98-11-ME-2 PA-8/15/98-11-ME-3 PA-8/14/98-05-LI-3 PA-8/14/98-05-LI-4 PA-8/14/98-05-LI-4 PA-8/14/98-05-LI-5 PA-8/18/98-04-LI-1 PA-8/18/98-04-LI-2 PA-8/19/98-03-LI-1 PA-8/19/98-05-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-05-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-05-LI-2 PA-8/20/98-05-LI-3 PA-8/20/98-17-LI-1 PA-8/20/98-17-LI-2 PA-8/21/98-05-LI-1 PA-7/23/98-08-ME-1 PA-7/23/98-10-ME-2 PA-7/23/98-10-ME-1 PA-7/24/98-09-ME-1 PA-8/13/98-04-ME-2 PA-8/12/98-01-LI-2 PA-8/14/98-05-LI-1 PA-8/14/98-05-LI-2 DPR # P1183-1186 P1183-1187 P1183-1188 P1183-1189 P1183-1179 P1183-1180 P1183-1181 P1183-1182 P1183-1183 P1183-1184 P1183-1185 P1183-1173 P1183-1174 P1183-1175 P1183-1176 P1183-1177 P1183-1178 P1183-1166 P1183-1167 P1183-1168 P1183-1169 P1183-1170 P1183-1171 P1183-1172 P1183-1160 P1183-1161 P1183-1162 P1183-1163 P1183-1164 P1183-1165 P1183-1154 P1183-1155 P1183-1156 P1183-1157 P1183-1158 P1183-1159 P1183-1151 P1183-1152 P1183-1153
D-32 COMMENTS MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS SAND MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS SAND MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS SAND BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 2 OF PLAN MAP:#1 PLAN MAP:#2 PLAN MAP:#3 PLAN MAP:#4 PLAN MAP; #10 PLAN MAP; #11 PLAN MAP; #12 GRID E PROFILE BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 3 1 1 2 2 9 6 3 1 5 1 1 4 4 5 3 7 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 n 56 14 17 10 PL PL PL PL PB CE NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ART-2 OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OH ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME MO MO MO MO MO MO ART-1 l 1 1 3 4 4 5 8 9 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 1 1 5 1 1 1 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-7/23/98-08-OT-1 PA-7/23/98-08-OT-2 PA-7/24/98-09-OT-1 PA-8/13/98-04-OT-1 PA-8/13/98-04-OT-2 PA-8/13/98-08-OT-1 PA-8/18/98-08-OT-1 PA-8/19/98-07-OT-1 PA-7/22/98-14-OT-1 PA-8/15/98-05-OT-1 PA-8/15/98-05-OT-2 PA-8/15/98-11-MO-1 PA-7/23/98-18-MO-1 PA-7/23/98-18-MO-2 PA-8/14/98-05-MO-1 PA-8/18/98-10-MO-1 PA-8/18/98-10-OH-1 PA-8/18/98-10-ME-1 PA-8/18/98-11-ME-1 PA-8/19/98-03-ME-1 PA-8/19/98-03-ME-3 PA-8/20/98-07-ME-1 PA-8/19/98-03-ME-2 PA-8/20/98-07-ME-2 PA-8/19/98-05-ME-1 PA-8/19/98-05-ME-2 PA-8/19/98-05-ME-3 PA-8/19/98-05-ME-4 PA-8/19/98-05-ME-5 PA-8/19/98-05-ME-6 PA-8/19/98-05-ME-7 PA-8/27/98-05-ME-1 PA-7/22/98-14-ME-3 PA-7/22/98-14-ME-1 PA-7/22/98-14-ME-2 PA-8/13/98-04-MO-1 PA-7/23/98-18-ME-3 PA-7/24/98-06-ME-1 PA-8/19/98-06-ME-1 DPR # P1183-1225 P1183-1226 P1183-1227 P1183-1228 P1183-1218 P1183-1219 P1183-1220 P1183-1221 P1183-1222 P1183-1223 P1183-1224 P1183-1212 P1183-1213 P1183-1214 P1183-1215 P1183-1216 P1183-1217 P1183-1205 P1183-1206 P1183-1207 P1183-1208 P1183-1209 P1183-1210 P1183-1211 P1183-1199 P1183-1200 P1183-1201 P1183-1202 P1183-1203 P1183-1204 P1183-1193 P1183-1194 P1183-1195 P1183-1196 P1183-1197 P1183-1198 P1183-1190 P1183-1191 P1183-1192
D-33 COMMENTS WO A WO B WO C WO D WO E PLAN MAP; #9 MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS SAND MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP; PLAN MAP: PLAN MAP: PLAN MAP: BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 2 OF BAG 1 OF 2 BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 BAG 2 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 BAG 1 OF 2 SOIL 2 DEPTH 0.177BD SOIL SAMPLE; 4 CM THICK; TOP PLAN MAP PLAN MAP SPECIAL SOIL SAMPLE SPECIAL 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 6 8 1 1 1 1 4 5 1 4 8 5 8 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 3 1 n 59 16 47 13 12 18 16 35 PL PL PL PL PL PL CE CE ART-2 TI PL PL PL PL PL PL PL OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT OT WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO ART-1 l 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 4 10 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 3 3 4 2 2 2 U 2,3 1-4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-8/19/98-05-PL-1 PA-8/27/98-03-TI-1 PA-7/23/98-08-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-09-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-09-WO-2 PA-7/23/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-11-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-11-WO-2 PA-7/23/98-11-WO-3 PA-7/24/98-09-WO-1 PA-7/24/98-09-WO-2 PA-7/23/98-08-PL-1 PA-7/24/98-09-PL-1 PA-7/22/98-14-PL-1 PA-7/23/98-18-PL-1 PA-7/24/98-06-PL-1 PA-8/19/98-03-PL-1 PA-7/23/98-18-OT-2 PA-7/23/98-18-OT-4 PA-7/23/98-18-OT-1 PA-7/23/98-18-OT-7 PA-7/23/98-18-OT-3 PA-7/23/98-18-OT-5 PA-7/23/98-18-OT-6 PA-7/23/98-18-OT-8 PA-8/20/98-14-OT-1 PA-8/18/98-10-OT-1 PA-8/18/98-11-OT-1 PA-8/19/98-03-OT-1 PA-8/19/98-02-OT-1 PA-8/19/98-03-OT-2 PA-8/19/98-03-OT-3 PA-8/19/98-03-OT-4 PA-8/19/98-04-OT-1 PA-8/20/98-08-OT-1 PA-8/19/98-09-OT-1 PA-8/15/98-11-OT-2 PA-8/15/98-11-OT-1 PA-8/18/98-18-OT-1 DPR # P1183-1264 P1183-1265 P1183-1266 P1183-1267 P1183-1257 P1183-1258 P1183-1259 P1183-1260 P1183-1261 P1183-1262 P1183-1263 P1183-1251 P1183-1252 P1183-1253 P1183-1254 P1183-1255 P1183-1256 P1183-1244 P1183-1245 P1183-1246 P1183-1247 P1183-1248 P1183-1249 P1183-1250 P1183-1238 P1183-1239 P1183-1240 P1183-1241 P1183-1242 P1183-1243 P1183-1232 P1183-1233 P1183-1234 P1183-1235 P1183-1236 P1183-1237 P1183-1229 P1183-1230 P1183-1231
D-34 COMMENTS WO A WO B Out of order MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS SAND MODERN FLOOR AND BUILDERS SAND MODERN FLOOR A PLAN MAP WOOD B PLAN MAP WOOD BAG 2 OF 2 SOIL 2 PLAN MAP; #8 PLAN MAP: PLAN MAP: PLAN MAP: 1 2 1 4 1 1 8 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 4 3 5 3 n 16 29 22 10 28 73 86 30 11 69 16 29 GL ART-2 BE WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO WO ART-1 l 5 6 7 5 8 1 2 3 4 4 4 5 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 12 4 4 4 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 U 1-4 1-4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T CATALOG # CATALOG PA-8/20/98-05-WO-1 PA-8/20/98-17-WO-1 PA-8/21/98-05-WO-1 PA-8/13/9809-BE-1 PA-8/18/98-11-WO-1 PA-8/19/98-03-WO-1 PA-8/19/98-05-WO-1 PA-8/20/98-07-WO-1 PA-8/19/98-09-WO-1 PA-8/20/98-06-WO-1 PA-8/13/98-08-WO-1 PA-8/18/98-08-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-14-WO-1 PA-7/22/98-14-WO-2 PA-8/15/98-05-WO-1 PA-8/15/98-11-WO-1 PA-8/15/98-13-WO-1 PA-8/18/98-16-WO-1 PA-8/18/98-17-WO-1 PA-8/18/98-17-WO-2 PA-8/19/98-14-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-18-WO-1 PA-7/23/98-18-WO-2 PA-7/24/98-06-WO-1 PA-7/24/98-07-WO-1 PA-8/12/98-01-WO-1 PA-8/14/98-05-WO-1 PA-8/18/98-04-WO-1 PA-8/18/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/24/98-10-WO-1 PA-7/24/98-10-WO-2 PA-8/13/98-04-WO-1 DPR # P1183-1296 P1183-1297 P1183-1298 P1183-1299 P1183-1290 P1183-1291 P1183-1292 P1183-1293 P1183-1294 P1183-1295 P1183-1283 P1183-1284 P1183-1285 P1183-1286 P1183-1287 P1183-1288 P1183-1289 P1183-1277 P1183-1278 P1183-1279 P1183-1280 P1183-1281 P1183-1282 P1183-1271 P1183-1272 P1183-1273 P1183-1274 P1183-1275 P1183-1276 P1183-1268 P1183-1269 P1183-1270
D-35 D-36 Comments oolitic? ; May be part of bifacially-worked piece May have distal termination, though odd and one lateral Broken at proximal May be shatter, but has bulb May not be lithic May not be lithic Less cortex than P1183-46, Ext. -1 May be too coarse-grained for chert Missing basal section; 35.5 x 23.2 Appears to be a feather- termination Lat Use- None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Marg None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch >30 >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 10<15 15<20 20<30 10<15 One Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet None Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cortex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex >50% D <50% D <50% D Platform APPENDIX E APPENDIX Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Distal Proximal Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition Lithic Analysis Database Analysis Lithic 2 Core Core Core Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Biface Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material Chalcedony Chalcedony 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -2 Ext DPR # P1183-50 P1183-49 P1183-49 P1183-47 P1183-48 P1183-45 P1183-46 P1183-46 P1183-44 P1183-44 P1183-44 P1183-43 P1183-43 P1183-43 P1183-41 P1183-42 P1183-42 P1183-40 P1183-40 P1183-41 P1183-38 P1183-39 P1183-37 P1183-37
E-1 Comments 22.5 x 16 x 3.5 Slightly worn on one face Slightly worn on one face Almost transparent, thin Almost transparent, 40 x 15 , linear section Jagged cream band "Cortex" is opaque hard to Almost perfect rectangle; classify Hinge termination Slightly weathered, difficult to see Very distal end (step) fractured Platform vague, may be too coarse-grained for chert Blunt point on distal end 11.5 x 6.5 Crescent shape, steep dorsal scars shape, steep dorsal Crescent narrow, thin Feather termination; Lat Lat Use- Mult None None None None None None None None None None None None Marg None Marg None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 20<30 10<15 10<15 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 15<20 10<15 20<30 15<20 10<15 10<15 15<20 15<20 15<20 One One One Two Two Two Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet None Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cortex Complex Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex <50% D <50% D >50% D <50% D >50% D <50% D <50% D <50% D Platform Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition Midsection 2 Indet Indet Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous FG Igneous Chalcedony Chalcedony Petrified Wood Petrified Wood Petrified Wood 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 L 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 Ext DPR # P1183-72 P1183-73 P1183-69 P1183-70 P1183-71 P1183-67 P1183-68 P1183-66 P1183-66 P1183-67 P1183-64 P1183-65 P1183-65 P1183-62 P1183-62 P1183-63 P1183-60 P1183-61 P1183-61 P1183-59 P1183-60 P1183-57 P1183-58 P1183-55 P1183-56 P1183-56 P1183-52 P1183-53 P1183-54 P1183-51
E-2 Comments Has some mica-like minerals, like FG Igneous Has some mica-like minerals, like FG Igneous More lithic like than some of the Quartz pieces Almost translucent Waterworn a nodule More of a chunk than core May be exhausted Weathered slightly Weathered slightly Weathered Use- None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 steep None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Unimar- Retouch >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 15<20 10<15 Two Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Complex Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex <50% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Distal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous FG Igneous FG Igneous 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 7 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 2 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 4 6 L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 T -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-347 P1183-344 P1183-345 P1183-346 P1183-343 P1183-343 P1183-342 P1183-342 P1183-340 P1183-341 P1183-341 P1183-337 P1183-338 P1183-339 P1183-82 P1183-335 P1183-336 P1183-81 P1183-81 P1183-81 P1183-80 P1183-80 P1183-80 P1183-78 P1183-79 P1183-75 P1183-76 P1183-77 P1183-74
E-3 Comments Cortex cream/gray Step termination Weathered Feather termination (tip); one side more finely worked 14 x 7 Has thin opaque cortex, almost like Chalcedony Rod-shape, petrified wood type cortex, but fine-grained inside Petrified wood?, long and slender Petrified wood?, long and slender Weathered Lat Use- None Marg None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 15<20 15<20 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 10<15 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 One One Two Indet Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex <50% D <50% D >50% D <50% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Mids Distal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Biface Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous FG Igneous Petrified Wood Petrified Wood Petrified Wood Petrified Wood 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 7 7 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 1 3 5 7 7 7 L 10 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 10 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -1 -7 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -4 -5 -6 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 Ext DPR # P1183-362 P1183-362 P1183-361 P1183-361 P1183-361 P1183-360 P1183-360 P1183-361 P1183-360 P1183-360 P1183-357 P1183-358 P1183-359 P1183-356 P1183-353 P1183-354 P1183-355 P1183-350 P1183-351 P1183-352 P1183-350 P1183-350 P1183-350 P1183-350 P1183-350 P1183-350 P1183-347 P1183-348 P1183-349 P1183-347
E-4 Comments May not be lithic Petrified wood?, long and slender Petrified wood?, and slender Petrified wood?, long face; Tiny fractures on one (tool?) multiple flake scars Strongly banded, opaque Has gray banding on one end Overshot flake? Bipolar perhaps? Light brown inclusion Lat Use- None None None None None None None None None None None None None Marg None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 acute None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Unimar- Retouch mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 15<20 15<20 10<15 15<20 15<20 10<15 10<15 15<20 10<15 10<15 15<20 10<15 20<30 15<20 10<15 Two Two Two Two Two Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet None Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cortex Cortex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex <50% D <50% D >50% D Platform Platform Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Distal Distal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Core Indet Indet Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous FG Igneous FG Igneous FG Igneous Petrified Wood 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 n 6 2 2 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 L 12 11 11 11 11 11 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -3 -4 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-383 P1183-382 P1183-382 P1183-380 P1183-381 P1183-382 P1183-377 P1183-378 P1183-379 P1183-374 P1183-375 P1183-376 P1183-371 P1183-372 P1183-373 P1183-368 P1183-369 P1183-370 P1183-366 P1183-367 P1183-368 P1183-364 P1183-365 P1183-363 P1183-363 P1183-364 P1183-362 P1183-363 P1183-363 P1183-362
E-5 Comments Odd concave fracture on one edge White cortex Feather termination with slight Feather termination step at distal end Very weathered Two fractured edges Phenocrysts, large flat core surface Probably chert based on EDXRF Weathered Step termination, barely 5 mm Stripes on several surfaces, may be cortex? Stripes on several surfaces, may be cortex? Stripes on several surfaces, may be cortex? Coarse, small platform with large flake Fairly large; mica-like minerals Fairly large; mica-like Use- None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch <5 >30 >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 20<30 15<20 15<20 15<20 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 20<30 Two Two Two Two Two Two Two Two Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet None None None Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex >50% D >50% D >50% D <50% D <50% D <50% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Core Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Nodule Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Basalt Quartz Igneous Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material Unknown FG Igneous FG Igneous FG Igneous Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 7 7 7 7 8 L 6a 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-397 P1183-397 P1183-398 P1183-399 P1183-396 P1183-397 P1183-396 P1183-396 P1183-395 P1183-395 P1183-394 P1183-394 P1183-395 P1183-392 P1183-393 P1183-394 P1183-389 P1183-390 P1183-391 P1183-387 P1183-388 P1183-388 P1183-385 P1183-386 P1183-387 P1183-385 P1183-385 P1183-384
E-6 Comments Coarse, small platform with large platform with Coarse, small flake, 51 long 43 x 22 mm May be obsidian Transparent Highly translucent Shatter has three parallel, narrow flake scars Lat Lat Use- None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Marg None None None None Marg None None Wear Distal 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch >30 >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 20<30 20<30 15<20 10<15 15<20 10<15 15<20 15<20 15<20 15<20 Two Two Two Indet Indet None None Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex 100% D 100% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Indet Indet Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Basalt Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous FG Igneous FG Igneous Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Petrified Wood 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 L 11 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -3 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-415 P1183-416 P1183-415 P1183-415 P1183-414 P1183-414 P1183-414 P1183-413 P1183-414 P1183-414 P1183-412 P1183-412 P1183-410 P1183-410 P1183-411 P1183-408 P1183-409 P1183-409 P1183-406 P1183-407 P1183-407 P1183-404 P1183-404 P1183-405 P1183-402 P1183-403 P1183-404 P1183-400 P1183-401 P1183-399
E-7 Comments May be core fragment Drill-like point, maybe bipolar? Barely 5 mm Smooth, rounded cortex Cortex smooth and thin Feather termination Barely 5 mm Barely 5 mm Cortex is white Inclusions (phenocrysts = not chert) Weathered Lat Use- None None None None None None None None None None Marg None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 20<30 15<20 20<30 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 20<30 20<30 15<20 10<15 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 Two Two Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex <50% D <50% D <50% D >50% D <50% D >50% D <50% D <50% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Distal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material Chalcedony 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 6 7 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 L 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 12 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -1 -5 -1 -1 -2 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-757 P1183-758 P1183-431 P1183-756 P1183-430 P1183-430 P1183-431 P1183-428 P1183-429 P1183-430 P1183-428 P1183-428 P1183-428 P1183-426 P1183-427 P1183-428 P1183-424 P1183-425 P1183-426 P1183-422 P1183-423 P1183-423 P1183-421 P1183-422 P1183-420 P1183-420 P1183-421 P1183-418 P1183-418 P1183-419 P1183-417
E-8 Comments Blocky, one long thin scar with hinge termination Phenocrysts Thick flake Large flake with extensive chert weathering, or tabular Broken during OH Narrow in width, slight chipping on both sides Very distal tip snapped off Very weathered (Tip); Substantial sharpening, but not thinning flakes Bifacially-worked, use wear damage Triangular fragment, "base" of triangle is lateral edge Lat Use- Mult None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Marg None None None None None None None None Wear 4 steep None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Unimar- Retouch <5 >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 10<15 20<30 20<30 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 10<15 15<20 Two Two Two Two Two Two Indet Indet None Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cortex Cortex Complex Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex 100% D >50% D <50% D <50% D >50% D >50% D Platform Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Distal Lateral Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Biface Biface Biface Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous Chalcedony 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 9 9 7 8 9 9 9 L 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -1 -8 -9 -1 -1 -1 -1 -5 -6 -7 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-774 P1183-772 P1183-773 P1183-770 P1183-771 P1183-769 P1183-769 P1183-769 P1183-769 P1183-769 P1183-769 P1183-769 P1183-768 P1183-769 P1183-769 P1183-766 P1183-767 P1183-768 P1183-763 P1183-764 P1183-765 P1183-762 P1183-759 P1183-760 P1183-761 P1183-758
E-9 mm ), Comments More chunk than shatter 28 x 11 mm Angular cortex, primary? 31.5 mm widest diameter 31.5 mm Weathered White cortex? smooth Primary cortex?, Very Waterworn very slightly Waterworn very slightly Tabular piece Prismatic in shape probably Weathered slightly, small flake overall Transparent with bands, larger flake than 5<10 mm Some FG Igneous minerals May be Chert or FG Igneous Rect. Rock (117 x 62 scraper edge? Improbable Angular exterior, primary cortex? Wide platform, weathered slightly Bipolar reduction, half-nodule Lat Use- None None Marg None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 steep None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Unimar- Retouch >30 >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 20<30 10<15 10<15 10<15 20<30 10<15 20<30 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 Two Two Two Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cortex Cortex Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex 100% D 100% D <50% D <50% D <50% D >50% D <50% D Platform Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Distal Lateral Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Core Indet Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material Unknown Unknown FG Igneous Chalcedony Petrified Wood 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 L 1a 1a 12 12 13 13 15 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -3 -4 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-798 P1183-795 P1183-796 P1183-796 P1183-797 P1183-794 P1183-795 P1183-791 P1183-792 P1183-793 P1183-789 P1183-790 P1183-786 P1183-787 P1183-788 P1183-784 P1183-785 P1183-783 P1183-783 P1183-782 P1183-783 P1183-783 P1183-779 P1183-780 P1183-781 P1183-776 P1183-777 P1183-778 P1183-775
E-10 Comments Feather termination Banded white/transparent cream Banded white/transparent cream Small flake scars on both sides almost <5 mm almost <5 mm Chert-like, but has grain and white cortex Weathered, then use/chipping Weathered, damage Use- Mult None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 10<15 15<20 15<20 15<20 15<20 10<15 10<15 15<20 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 15<20 Two Two Indet Indet Indet None None Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cortex Cortex Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex <50% D <50% D Platform Platform Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Distal Distal Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous FG Igneous Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Petrified Wood 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 2 5 8 9 9 9 L 12 12 12 12 12 14 14 14 14 12 12 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -3 -4 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-815 P1183-812 P1183-813 P1183-814 P1183-812 P1183-812 P1183-812 P1183-811 P1183-811 P1183-811 P1183-810 P1183-810 P1183-811 P1183-808 P1183-809 P1183-810 P1183-805 P1183-806 P1183-807 P1183-803 P1183-803 P1183-804 P1183-802 P1183-803 P1183-803 P1183-801 P1183-801 P1183-802 P1183-799 P1183-800 P1183-799
E-11 Comments Must have gotten use-wear on Must have gotten use-wear larger piece Waterworn slightly 14 x 20.5 mm Slightly banded Step termination; Only one subjected EDXRF/OH May have platform (flat) Completelete flake would be in this size range Numerous phenocrysts, different minerals Numerous phenocrysts, different minerals Lat Use- None None None None None None None None None None Marg None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch >30 >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 20<30 10<15 20<30 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 Two Two Indet Indet Indet Indet Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Complex Complex Complex Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex <50% D >50% D <50% D >50% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous FG Igneous FG Igneous FG Igneous Petrified Wood 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 9 L 17 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 10 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 10 10 10 10 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-835 P1183-834 P1183-834 P1183-835 P1183-833 P1183-834 P1183-832 P1183-833 P1183-833 P1183-830 P1183-831 P1183-827 P1183-828 P1183-829 P1183-826 P1183-826 P1183-823 P1183-824 P1183-825 P1183-820 P1183-821 P1183-822 P1183-818 P1183-819 P1183-817 P1183-817 P1183-817 P1183-816
E-12 Comments Orange 'staining' in translucent body Worked heavily, almost pointed (tool fragment?) Waterworn Numerous phenocrysts, different Numerous minerals used Wide platform; lateral distal margin is more like shoveling?) Refit (broken during Waterworn, no flaking than Seems more fine-grained in other Petrified Wood assemblage Feather termination Feather termination Chunkier Concave ventral surface Lat Use- Mult None None None None None None None None None None None Marg None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch >30 >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 15<20 10<15 10<15 20<30 10<15 20<30 20<30 20<30 10<15 20<30 10<15 15<20 15<20 10<15 Two Two Indet Indet None Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cortex Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex 100% D <50% D <50% D <50% D >50% D Platform Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Core Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Nodule Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous FG Igneous Chalcedony Chalcedony Petrified Wood 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 n 8 8 9 9 4 4 4 L 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 19 19 19 20 20 1b 17 18 18 18 18 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -3 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -1 -2 Ext DPR # P1183-855 P1183-854 P1183-855 P1183-855 P1183-853 P1183-853 P1183-850 P1183-851 P1183-852 P1183-852 P1183-847 P1183-848 P1183-849 P1183-845 P1183-845 P1183-846 P1183-843 P1183-844 P1183-841 P1183-842 P1183-839 P1183-840 P1183-837 P1183-838 P1183-838 P1183-836 P1183-835
E-13 Comments bifacial White/Cream cortex May be obsidian Concave ventral surface Concave surfaces Thick, removed odd Rock? Barely 5 mm Very distal tip (step) fractured, blade-like Pronounced compression rings Orange 'stain' scars, but one No major thinning edge is Edge of relatively late-stage biface Lat Lat Use- None None None None None None Marg None None None None None None None None None None None Marg None None None None None None None None None Wear Distal 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 20<30 10<15 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 20<30 15<20 15<20 Two Two Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Complex Complex Complex Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex <50% D <50% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Lateral Lateral Lateral Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Biface Biface Nodule Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 5 4 6 7 7 8 2 4 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 L 10 10 10 10 17 18 18 18 12 14 14 14 14 15 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -4 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-1137 P1183-1134 P1183-1135 P1183-1136 P1183-1133 P1183-1134 P1183-1134 P1183-1131 P1183-1132 P1183-1128 P1183-1129 P1183-1130 P1183-1126 P1183-1127 P1183-1125 P1183-1125 P1183-1125 P1183-861 P1183-1123 P1183-1124 P1183-860 P1183-861 P1183-862 P1183-858 P1183-859 P1183-856 P1183-857 P1183-857 P1183-855
E-14 petrifed , obsidian? Comments Very irregular shape Phenocrysts Probable edge of large scraper Probable edge of large flake? edge Retouching is on notch-like crystal, notch 10 x 6 mm 6-sided on one end Weathered tabular piece Step termination May be mostly proximal Refit (broken post-excavation?) Very irregular shape One new fractured edge, rest is cortical 64 x 21 mm; almost like herbivore tooth Edge of larger scraper?, narrow Feather termination Use- None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 steep steep steep None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Unimar- Unimar- Unimar- Retouch >30 >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 10<15 10<15 15<20 15<20 10<15 10<15 15<20 15<20 10<15 15<20 15<20 15<20 10<15 One Two Indet Indet Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Complex Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex >50% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Indet Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Chalcedony Petrified Wood 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 6 1 L 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-1155 P1183-1154 P1183-1155 P1183-1152 P1183-1153 P1183-1149 P1183-1150 P1183-1151 P1183-1147 P1183-1148 P1183-1148 P1183-1145 P1183-1146 P1183-1147 P1183-1145 P1183-1145 P1183-1145 P1183-1143 P1183-1143 P1183-1144 P1183-1141 P1183-1142 P1183-1139 P1183-1140 P1183-1138 P1183-1138 P1183-1137
E-15 Comments Phenocrysts Crystal, amorphous spot, almost Geode quality in one core-like Hinge termination White cortex Jagged step termination Transparent, blade-like Heavy flaking on dorsal surface, part of tool Very distal tip (step) fractured Use- None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Wear 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Retouch >30 mm Size 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 5<10 10<15 20<30 15<20 10<15 10<15 10<15 10<15 20<30 10<15 10<15 Two Two Two Two Scars Dorsal Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat Flat N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Platform 3 None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Cortex >50% D >50% D Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Distal Distal Proximal Proximal Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Condition 2 Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Flake Type Nodule Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Flk Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat Ang Shat 1 Chert Chert Chert Chert Quartz Quartz Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Material FG Igneous Chalcedony Flk Shat = flake shatter 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 7 3 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 5 5 5 7 7 3 L 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # FG Igneous = fine-grained igneous stone, usually with phenocrysts FG Igneous = fine-grained igneous Ang Shat = angular shatter, Unimar-steep = unimarginal, steep retouch Unimar-steep = unimarginal, steep
Plat = Platform only, D = dorsal 2 P1183-1167 1 P1183-1166 P1183-1167 3 4 P1183-1165 P1183-1165 P1183-1165 P1183-1163 P1183-1164 P1183-1165 P1183-1161 P1183-1162 P1183-1158 P1183-1159 P1183-1160 P1183-1156 P1183-1156 P1183-1157
E-16 Comments May be rim May be rim Very thin Very thin Use-wear on one lateral edge May be window based on flatness, but piece is so small Very clear Mirror-like, glass ornament? N N N N N N Y N Y N Y N Y Y N N N N N Y Y N N Y Y Y N N Worn Y Y N N N N N Y N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N Patina Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Alcohol Alcohol Alcohol Window Window Function Color Purple Purple Brown Brown Amber Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Dark Green Dark Green Dark Green Medium Green Medium Green Medium Green Medium Green Medium Green Size APPENDIX F APPENDIX 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm Glass Analysis Database Glass Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Manufacture Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Section 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 L 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 T -1 -2 -5 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -3 -4 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-324 P1183-324 P1183-321 P1183-322 P1183-323 P1183-320 P1183-320 P1183-314 P1183-318 P1183-318 P1183-314 P1183-314 P1183-314 P1183-312 P1183-312 P1183-314 P1183-311 P1183-312 P1183-312 P1183-309 P1183-309 P1183-310 P1183-308 P1183-309 P1183-309 P1183-30 P1183-31 P1183-308
F-1 Comments mammelon not kick-up Very thin Very thin, very clear Post-Vallejo, bubbles, Post-Vallejo, "Coke"? half of Bubbles in glass, base, edge Use-wear on one lateral on Heavily worn, battered most edges Very thin Very clear May be too small to ascertain window Condiment? Very thin, very clear Flake 2 spheres fused Flake Melted? N N N N Y Y N N N N N N N N Y N Y N N N Y Y N N N N N N N Y Worn N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y N N N N N N Y Y N N N N N Y N N N N Patina Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Globe Globe Globe Globe Globe Wine/ Alcohol Alcohol Window Window Window Function Condiment Champagne Aqua Aqua Aqua Aqua Aqua White Color White Brown Amber Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Dark Green Dark Green Dark Green Light Green Light Green Light Green Size >30 mm >30 mm >30 mm >30 mm >30 mm >30 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm Face Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Manufacture Base Base Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Body Body Entire Section 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 3 3 2 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 L 10 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 1 1 1 U 1-4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 T -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -4 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 Ext DPR # P1183-734 P1183-735 P1183-732 P1183-732 P1183-734 P1183-731 P1183-731 P1183-731 P1183-728 P1183-729 P1183-730 P1183-726 P1183-727 P1183-723 P1183-723 P1183-723 P1183-720 P1183-723 P1183-723 P1183-720 P1183-720 P1183-716 P1183-718 P1183-719 P1183-716 P1183-716 P1183-716 P1183-326 P1183-327 P1183-325
F-2 Comments Oval (30 mm x 22.5 mm) Very clear Very clear Thick Very clear Very clear Rippled surface (emboss- like) May have had fairly flat face May have had fairly flat face N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y N N Y N N Y N N Y N N N N N N N Worn N Y N Y Y N N N N N Y N Y N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Patina Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Globe Alcohol Alcohol Alcohol Window Window Window Window Window Window Spectacle Function White White Color White White Brown Brown Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Dark Green Dark Green Light Green Bright Green Medium Green Medium Green Medium Green Size >30 mm >30 mm >30 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Manufacture Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Neck Body Body Body Entire Section 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 4 6 5 5 5 8 8 1 8 3 L 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 T -3 -4 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -11 -12 -10 Ext DPR # P1183-1095 P1183-1095 P1183-1095 P1183-1095 P1183-1095 P1183-1094 P1183-1095 P1183-1095 P1183-1093 P1183-1093 P1183-1094 P1183-1090 P1183-1092 P1183-1092 P1183-1086 P1183-1086 P1183-1086 P1183-1086 P1183-1086 P1183-1086 P1183-1086 P1183-1086 P1183-1084 P1183-1085 P1183-1086 P1183-740 P1183-741 P1183-1083 P1183-737 P1183-738 P1183-738 P1183-736 P1183-736
F-3 Comments Very thin (globe?) Very thin Thick Thick Worn sphere N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Worn N N N N N N N N N Y N Y N N N Y Y Patina Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Globe Globe Alcohol Window Window Function Aqua Color White White White Brown Brown Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Dark Green Medium Green Medium Medium Green Size 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 5>10 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 10>20 mm 20>30 mm Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Manufacture Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Entire Section 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -4 -1 -1 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -1 -2 -3 Ext DPR # P1183-1105 P1183-1108 P1183-1109 P1183-1105 P1183-1105 P1183-1105 P1183-1097 P1183-1103 P1183-1104 P1183-1097 P1183-1097 P1183-1097 P1183-1095 P1183-1095 P1183-1095 P1183-1095 P1183-1095
F-4 Comments Incomplete Fragment Odd, L-shaped item, may not be nail Face-pinched fragment Potential nail shaft Incomplete Flat fragments No corrosion Could be Fe? Bent slightly Incomplete May be corroded cut nail Bent slightly Fragments Fragment Probably steel, disk platform 15 mm from head May be steel? Disk platform 10 mm from head One bent nail exfoliating Disk platform 9 mm from head Size <10 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm Non-Nail Data Type Sheet Sheet Clump 2 7.5 67.0 65.5 55.0 52.5 69.0 96.5 69.0 90.0 10.5 80.5 67.0 68.0 64.0 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Indet Indet Indet Indet Type N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Cross Cross Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data APPENDIX G APPENDIX Indet Indet Indet Shaft Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq 1 Metal Analysis Database Analysis Metal Indet None Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Head Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Material ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 5 2 1 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 L 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 3 2 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -3 -1 -7 -8 -9 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -1 -1 -1 -1 -12 -10 -11 Ext DPR # P1183-91 P1183-91 P1183-91 P1183-89 P1183-89 P1183-90 P1183-88 P1183-89 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-88 P1183-86 P1183-87 P1183-87 P1183-84 P1183-85 P1183-86 P1183-83
G-1 Comments Fragment Standard head Fragment .22 caliber bullet case fragment, fired; No corrosion Flat Rod-shaped One is incomplete 131.5 mm, circular rod with 131.5 mm, curved end rod with 110.5 mm, circular curved end May not be iron May not be iron Post-1959, Lincoln Head Penny, away more than 60% corroded Sinuous No corrosion Modern, No corrosion Fragment Flat or chunky pieces Flat Rod-shaped Spherical, large button; May be copper Primarily flat pieces Flat or chunky pieces Bent Size <10 mm >30 mm >30 mm <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm Non-Nail Data Non-Nail Foil Coin Type Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Screw Button Unique Unique Unique Unique Firearm Wd Staple 11.0 38.5 49.5 64.0 39.0 32.5 36.0 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Type N/A N/A Indet Indet Indet Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data Shaft Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Head Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Missing Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel Steel Brass Steel? Steel? Steel? Copper Material Aluminum ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 1 5 5 1 4 2 1 1 n 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 1-4 1-4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 T -2 -3 -2 -3 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -4 -5 Ext DPR # P1183-443 P1183-443 P1183-442 P1183-442 P1183-443 P1183-441 P1183-442 P1183-440 P1183-440 P1183-439 P1183-439 P1183-439 P1183-437 P1183-438 P1183-438 P1183-434 P1183-435 P1183-436 P1183-434 P1183-434 P1183-434 P1183-434 P1183-434 P1183-432 P1183-432 P1183-433 P1183-91 P1183-91
G-2 Comments Percussion cap, unused Incomplete Incomplete Heavy exfoliation Probably nail stock(s) in fragments Very small diameter Twisted; Approximate length Twisted; May be steel Incomplete, 3 fragments very Approximate length, corroded, slightly bent of shaft Mainly head and top Presumed cut nail part?, Pin- Modern mechanical larger like, smaller rod through rod Thin Thin May be small nail Approximate, double-bent Approximate length, bent Presumed nail shaft fragments Flat pieces Small Very small Barb Difficult to discern shape through corrosion; Incomplete Size <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm >30 mm <10 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm Non-Nail Data Non-Nail Type Sheet Sheet Sheet Chunk Unique Unique Unique Firearm Wd Staple Wd Staple Wd Staple 78.0 19.5 76.0 65.0 51.0 21.5 14.0 91.0 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Indet Type N/A N/A Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data Indet Indet Shaft Round Round Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Indet Mach Head Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Missing Missing Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel Brass Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Material Aluminum ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 16 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 8 8 3 3 3 5 L 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -2 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -4 -5 -6 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-460 P1183-460 P1183-458 P1183-458 P1183-459 P1183-456 P1183-456 P1183-457 P1183-454 P1183-455 P1183-456 P1183-452 P1183-453 P1183-454 P1183-449 P1183-450 P1183-451 P1183-448 P1183-449 P1183-449 P1183-448 P1183-445 P1183-446 P1183-447 P1183-443 P1183-444 P1183-443 P1183-443
G-3 Comments Slightly bent Incomplete (at least 44 mm) Incomplete (at least 32 mm) Incomplete (at least 26 mm) Incomplete (at least 15 mm) Incomplete Flat Flat Small shaft fragments Appears to be complete Appears to Appears to be complete May be nail shaft fragment soil Heavy corrosion and adhesion type?) Staple (staple gun Probably shaft fragments Thin, small pieces Very corroded One heavily corroded Chunk Size <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm 20<30 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm Non-Nail Data Non-Nail Type Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Chunk Unique Wd Staple Wd Staple 26.5 52.0 29.5 65.0 19.5 33.0 39.0 38.0 101.0 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Indet Type N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data Shaft Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Indet Mach Head Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel? Steel? Steel? Material ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 L 4A 5A 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -9 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -6 -7 -8 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -12 -10 -11 Ext DPR # P1183-473 P1183-474 P1183-472 P1183-472 P1183-472 P1183-470 P1183-471 P1183-471 P1183-468 P1183-469 P1183-470 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-467 P1183-468 P1183-468 P1183-466 P1183-466 P1183-467 P1183-464 P1183-465 P1183-461 P1183-462 P1183-463 P1183-461
G-4 Comments Probably nail fragments Probably nail fragments Heavy corrosion Probably nail stock(s) Probably wire nail, though head Probably wire nail, is thick Elliptical, flat object though not Probable nail shafts, certain Flat, thin No corrosion corrosion Sheetrock nails; No May be nail stock fragments At least 34 mm One bent May be steel Several fragments, exfoliating At least 25 mm long Assorted fragments, mainly amorphous Miscellaneous fragments Size <10 mm <10 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm Non-Nail Data Non-Nail Foil Type Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Chunk Unique Wd Staple Wd Staple 84.5 45.5 42.5 91.5 92.5 28.0 31.0 39.5 28.0 90.5 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Type N/A N/A Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data Indet Indet Indet Shaft Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Missing Head Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Copper Material Aluminum ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 2 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 9 3 1 1 1 n 12 10 6 3 5 5 4 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 1 2 2 3 3 4 1 1 1 2 L 12 1A 1A 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 1-4 1-4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -4 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-875 P1183-872 P1183-873 P1183-874 P1183-870 P1183-871 P1183-868 P1183-868 P1183-869 P1183-866 P1183-866 P1183-867 P1183-865 P1183-866 P1183-866 P1183-863 P1183-863 P1183-864 P1183-480 P1183-481 P1183-481 P1183-478 P1183-479 P1183-476 P1183-477 P1183-478 P1183-474 P1183-475 P1183-474 P1183-474
G-5 frag Comments rect/sq head, cut nail ben near head Several fragments, but exfoliated Several fragments, from same nail Small fragment Head of four-side bolt, unknown thread Probably Face-pinched Probably nail shafts Small fragment of head and very top of shaft Flat Probably nail shaft fragments, Probably large Probably nail shaft Tiny chunks probably cut Heavily corroded, nail May be iron Stock only, Nail Type is guess May be iron May be steel Slightly Bent in middle Slightly warped Slightly warped May be nail stock fragments Probably nail shaft fragments Size <10 mm >30 mm <10 mm <10 mm >30 mm <10 mm <10 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm Non-Nail Data Non-Nail Type Sheet Sheet Chunk Chunk Chunk Chunk Chunk Chunk Chunk Chunk Unique Wd Staple Wd Staple 39.0 64.0 75.5 66.5 38.5 20.0 38.0 88.0 87.0 91.0 89.5 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Indet Indet Type N/A N/A N/A Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data Indet Indet Shaft Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Indet Head Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Missing Missing Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel Steel Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Material ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 3 1 1 3 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 6 1 3 n 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 7 8 1 1 1 6 7 8 L 10 12 11 1B 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 3 4 3 3 3 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-1171 P1183-1168 P1183-1169 P1183-1170 P1183-891 P1183-1019 P1183-1019 P1183-890 P1183-890 P1183-890 P1183-889 P1183-890 P1183-890 P1183-887 P1183-888 P1183-884 P1183-885 P1183-886 P1183-882 P1183-883 P1183-880 P1183-880 P1183-881 P1183-879 P1183-880 P1183-877 P1183-878 P1183-876
G-6 Comments Barb, thin gauge Different sizes, but not small Probably cut nail stocks Probably 10/11 Form See note on Level part of Sinous wire, probably corrosion 1996 renovation; No Barb twist Tip only Curved piece Flat, somewhat chunky No corrosion Square nut, 12 mm x 12 mm x 7 mm Curved piece Flat, somewhat chunky No corrosion May be steel Very small head (finishing nail) Bent Small heads (finishing nails) Size >30 mm <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm 20<30 mm Non-Nail Data Non-Nail Foil Foil Type Sheet Sheet Sheet Chunk Chunk Chunk Chunk Unique Unique Unique Unique Unique Unique Wd Staple 83.5 42.0 33.0 37.5 32.0 33.0 27.0 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Indet Type N/A N/A N/A Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data Shaft Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Head Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Material Aluminum Aluminum ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 8 1 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 n 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 1 L 11 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T -2 -8 -9 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-1190 P1183-1189 P1183-1189 P1183-1190 P1183-1189 P1183-1189 P1183-1189 P1183-1189 P1183-1189 P1183-1189 P1183-1187 P1183-1188 P1183-1189 P1183-1185 P1183-1186 P1183-1186 P1183-1183 P1183-1184 P1183-1181 P1183-1182 P1183-1182 P1183-1179 P1183-1180 P1183-1181 P1183-1177 P1183-1178 P1183-1174 P1183-1175 P1183-1176 P1183-1172 P1183-1173
G-7 Comments diameter, unfired? May be missing tip Narrow head; Face-pinched Narrow heads; Face-pinched Incomplete; Face-pinched Incomplete, at least 25 mm Heavily exfoliated 7.4 mm Shaft fragment nail?) Small head (finishing head with Round head tack, thick small diameter shaft Flat Square nut, 12 mm x 12 mm x 5 mm Paper clip Small, thin Nail tack Narrow diameter, probably wire nail, at least 22.5 mm long Probably all shaft fragments from same nail Small, tack-like, but with narrow diameter head Size <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm <10 mm 10<20 mm 10<20 mm 20<30 mm Non-Nail Data Non-Nail Shot Type Sheet Sheet Sheet Unique Unique Unique 89.0 65.5 66.0 39.0 76.0 47.0 33.5 57.0 53.0 93.0 37.0 23.0 34.0 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Indet Type N/A Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data Indet Shaft Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Mach Mach Head Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Missing Missing Missing Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel Lead Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Material ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 n 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 1 1 1 1 2 L 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 U 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T -1 -1 -1 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -3 -4 -5 -1 -10 Ext DPR # P1183-1200 P1183-1201 P1183-1198 P1183-1199 P1183-1198 P1183-1198 P1183-1198 P1183-1198 P1183-1198 P1183-1198 P1183-1198 P1183-1197 P1183-1198 P1183-1198 P1183-1195 P1183-1196 P1183-1193 P1183-1194 P1183-1195 P1183-1193 P1183-1193 P1183-1192 P1183-1192 P1183-1193 P1183-1190 P1183-1190 P1183-1191 P1183-1190
G-8 Comments Slightly curved Incomplete, at least 70 mm Long, coiled wire Narrow head; Face-pinched Narrow head; Face-pinched Narrow head; Narrow head; Face-pinched Narrow head; Face-pinched May be missing tip Bent near tip At least 48 mm Bent in middle Size >30 mm >30 mm Non-Nail Data Non-Nail Type Screw Unique 82.0 72.5 79.5 64.0 39.0 65.5 65.0 65.0 65.0 33.5 61.5 78.5 78.0 93.0 52.5 55.5 64.5 Length Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire Type N/A Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Indet Grain In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line In-Line Nail Data Shaft Round Round Round Round Round Round Round Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Rect/Sq Head Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Mach Missing Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Iron Steel Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Steel? Material ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ART-1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 n 3 3 3 3 3 L 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T -1 -1 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -10 -11 -12 Ext DPR # "Mach" = machined Measurements in mm 1 2 P1183-1208 P1183-1209 P1183-1210 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1207 P1183-1208 P1183-1208 P1183-1204 P1183-1205 P1183-1206 P1183-1202 P1183-1203
G-9 G-10 creamware footring, other sherd has footring, other sherd Very small (5>10 mm) Very small (5>10 mm) Very small (5>10 mm) Very small (5>10 mm) Very small (5>10 mm) Very small (5>10 Refit, one sherd has chipped end floral design, probable plate Rim, green/blue/red May be "ironstone" Rim May be "ironstone" tea cup Rim, thinner than P1183-334, may be Very small (5>10 mm) Rim sherd, may be bowl be Chalky paste, weathered, might not Rim Refit, one rim Ext. -1 Larger temper in paste than P1183-1116, Highly fired Rim Painted on one side only inclusions Higher fired than P1183-1116, more Highly-fired yet porous, one side smoother, perhaps drain tile fragment Very small (5>10 mm) Very small (5>10 visible temper Porous paste with crown) Transferprint is maker's mark (part of Floral design evident, though piece small Comments Flat Cup Plate Plate Hollow Function Flower Pot Flower Pot Flower Pot Flower Pot Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Type Paint-red Paint-black polychrome Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Handpainted Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Undecorated Blue transferprint Blue transferprint Blue transferprint Black transferprint Black transferprint Chinese underglaze Chinese underglaze APPENDIX H APPENDIX Class Unknown Pearlware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Whiteware Terra Cotta Terra Cotta Terra Cotta Terra Cotta Terra Cotta Terra Cotta Creamware Clear Glaze Clear Glaze Bluish Glaze Bluish Glaze Ceramic Analysis Database Analysis Ceramic Earthenware Earthenware
Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware Earthenware
Ware Porcelain Porcelain Porcelain Porcelain refined refined Refined Refined Refined Refined Refined Refined Earthenware Refined Refined Earthenware Refined Refined Refined Refined Refined Refined Refined Refined Unrefined Earthenware Unrefined Earthenware Unrefined Earthenware Unrefined Earthenware Unrefined Earthenware Un Un 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 n 1 1 1 2 3 1 6 6 3 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 L 18 14 15 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 3 U 1-4 1-4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 T -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-1117 P1183-1115 P1183-1116 P1183-1116 P1183-1113 P1183-1113 P1183-1114 P1183-749 P1183-1111 P1183-1112 P1183-746 P1183-747 P1183-748 P1183-743 P1183-744 P1183-745 P1183-333 P1183-334 P1183-334 P1183-331 P1183-332 P1183-330 P1183-331 P1183-32 P1183-33 P1183-329 P1183-32
H-1 Very small (>5 mm) Very small mm) Very small (5>10 Comments Function Indeterminate Indeterminate Indeterminate Type Paint-green Paint-polychrome Paint-polychrome Class Terra Cotta Terra Cotta Terra Cotta Ware Unrefined Earthenware Unrefined Earthenware Unrefined Unrefined Earthenware 1 1 1 n 2 3 3 L 4 4 4 U 4 4 4 T -1 -1 -1 Ext DPR # P1183-1120 P1183-1118 P1183-1119
H-2 Comments Zygomatics Distal epiphysis missing Broken Rodentia size Is this a duplicate? & Level 2 trench Level 2 Trench, proximal epiphysis missing Level 2 trench Level 2 trench Level 2 trench 3 B State 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.05 g 0.01 g 0.03 g 0.07 g 0.01 g 0.02 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.06 g 0.18 g 0.04 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.03 g 0.07 g 0.06 g 0.05 g 0.05 g 0.06 g Weight 2 J J J J J J A A A A A A A A A A Age 1 L L L L L L L L L L L L L L R R R R R R R R A A A Side Part shaft shaft shaft most most most most distal distal ramus anterior centrum fragment proximal complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete horizontal distal+shaft distal+shaft distal+shaft proximal+shaft proximal+shaft tibia tibia tibia tooth femur femur femur femur femur carpus carpus cranial, ischium sternum coracoid humerus humerus humerus humerus Element mandible mandible mandible zygomatic carpometa- carpometa- phalanx,1st innominate, cranial,palatine cranial,palatine vertebra,caudal tarsal,calcaneus APPENDIX I APPENDIX Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Faunal Analysis Database Analysis Faunal sp
sm sp sp sp
bottae bottae bottae bottae bottae bottae
maniculatus maniculatus maniculatus latimanus
townsendii townsendii californicus californicus californicus
polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos
Taxon Rodentia Microtus Microtus Microtus Peromyscus Mammalia, Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Mimus Mimus Mimus Mimus Mimus Mimus Scapanus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Peromyscus Peromyscus Peromyscus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 2 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T -4 -5 -6 -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -1 -2 -3 -1 -17 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 -10 Ext DPR# P1183-18 P1183-18 P1183-18 P1183-16 P1183-18 P1183-18 P1183-18 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-16 P1183-11 P1183-11 P1183-11 P1183-13
I-1 , Comments Longimembris P. Ground squirrel size Ground squirrel size Proximal epiphysis missing Cf proximal epiphysis missing Vole size Proximal epiphysis missing Proximal Level 2 trench Level 2 trench Level 2 trench Level 2 trench Mid-shaft Blackbird size Possible gopher femur Gopher size Morning dove size Chipmunk size Very small 3 C State 4 g 0.1 g 0.1 g 0.02 g 0.01 g 0.02 g 0.01 g 0.04 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.03 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.03 g 0.27 g 0.04 g 0.01 g 0.03 g 0.01 g 0.02 g 0.07 g 0.04 g 0.02 g 0.04 g 0.02 g 0.04 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.02 g 0.06 g 0.02 g Weight 2 J J J J J J J J J ? A A A A Age 1 L L L L R R R R R R A A A A A A Side Part shaft shaft shaft most most most most most most most most most most most blade partial fragment fragment fragment fragment fragment ind,pos4, complete complete shaft,frag shaft,frag manubrium distal+shaft proximal+shaft proximal+shaft proximal+shaft distal epiphysis Sus rib tibia limb limb femur femur femur cranial cranial scapula thoracic thoracic thoracic sternum cranium humerus vertebra, vertebra, vertebra, Element vertebrae vertebrae vertebrae mandible mandible mandible mandible synsacrum acetabulum innominate, tooth,incisor indeterminate tooth,premolar tarsometatar vertebra,lumbar vertebra,lumbar Cf Cf Cf sp sp sm sp lg
sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm sm boylii
bottae bottae bottae
sm sm sm bachmani
californicus californicus
polyglottos
Aves Aves Aves Taxon Aves, Aves, Aves, Vertebrata Mammalia Rodentia, Rodentia, Rodentia, Mammalia, Peromyscus Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Perognathus Perognathus Mammalia, v Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Peromyscus Mimus Sylvilagus Microtus Microtus 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 6 3 3 L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 T -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -3 -4 -5 -6 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -7 -8 -9 -1 -1 -2 15 -14 -16 -10 -11 -12 -13 -10 -11 DPR# P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-208 P1183-209 P1183-209 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-205 P1183-205 P1183-205 P1183-205 P1183-18 P1183-18 P1183-18 P1183-22 P1183-205 P1183-205 P1183-18 P1183-18
I-2 Comments May be same bone Butchering marks on head & neck Proximal & distal epiphysis Proximal missing missing Proximal epiphysis Beneath cement foundation; grid south side wall Could be very large Odocoileus Rib or vertebra fragment? Proximal & distal epiphysis missing 3 C C C G B,C, State 0.5 0.2 g 0.2 g 0.5 g 0.05 g 0.22 g 0.04 g 0.01 g 0.04 g 0.03 g 0.04 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.05 g 0.09 g 0.01 g 0.46 g 18.5 g 0.46 g 0.03 g 0.05 g 0.06 g 0.07 g 0.07 g 18.16 g 26.77 g Weight 2 J J J J J J A A A A Age 1 L L L L L L L R R R R R R R R R Side Part shaft shaft most most most most most partial posterior posterior proximal fragment fragment fragment fragment fragment fragment proximal shaft,frag manubrium distal+shaft distal+shaft shaft, proximal proximal+shaft ulna ulna tibia tibia tibia tibia ilium femur femur cranial cranial, cranial, scapula scapula sternum humerus Element vertebrae zygomatic zygomatic acetabulum acetabulum innominate, innominate, innominate, indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate vertebra,lumbar Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf sp lg lg lg lg sp sp
md md
sm sm md-lg sp sp bottae bottae bottae bottae bottae bottae bottae bottae
redivivum bachmani latimanus
Ovis Ovis
Taxon Tamius Tamius Mammalia Rodentia, Rodentia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Capra/ Capra/ Peromyscus Mammalia, Mammalia, Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Mammalia, Scapanus Sylvilagus Toxostoma 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 n 1 2 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 6 6 6 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 L 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -5 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -24 -25 -26 -19 -20 -21 -22 -23 -17 -18 DPR# P1183-225 P1183-226 P1183-225 P1183-225 P1183-225 P1183-225 P1183-223 P1183-223 P1183-223 P1183-223 P1183-219 P1183-221 P1183-221 P1183-221 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-218 P1183-218 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213 P1183-213
I-3 sp
Mimus Comments Possible fracturing Hare-size Possibly Distal epiphysis missing Proximal epiphysis missing Large 3 C C G B,C, State 0.1 g 2.4 g 6.7 g 332 g 0.12 g 0.34 g 0.64 g 0.16 g 0.05 g 0.03 g 0.01 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.02 g 0.06 g 0.05 g 0.23 g 0.01 g 0.02 g 0.17 g 0.04 g 0.04 g 0.02 g 0.03 g 0.29 g 0.03 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 1.73 g 48.8 g 272.5 g Weight 2 J J J J J S S A A A A A A A A A A A A A Age 1 L L L L L L L L L L L L L L R R R R R R A A A Side Part shaft shaft shaft most most most distal distal partial fragment proximal fragment fragment proximal fragment proximal fragment complete complete complete complete complete shaft,frag shaft,frag shaft,frag shaft, distal distal+shaft distal+shaft shaft, proximal proximal+shaft rib ulna tibia tibia tibia limb limb femur femur femur femur femur carpus carpus cranial cuboid thoracic coracoid humerus humerus humerus vertebra, Element mandible naviculo- carpometa- carpometa- metatarsal? acetabulum innominate, indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate cranial,parietal cranial,premax cranial,palatine Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf sp lg lg lg
sm truei
bottae bottae bottae
sm md californicus maniculatus latimanus latimanus
townsendii townsendii caballus taurus taurus taurus scrofa
polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos
Taxon Rodentia Rodentia Rodentia Rodentia Aves, Aves, Sus Vertebrata Bos Bos Bos Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Peromyscus Mammalia, Mammalia, Equus Peromyscus Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Mimus Mimus Mimus Mimus Scapanus Scapanus Microtus Microtus Peromyscus Perognathus 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 8 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 L 10 w-p e-p 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 U 2+ 2+ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -2 -3 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -2 -3 -4 -5 -1 -2 -3 -4 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 DPR# P1183-246 P1183-246 P1183-246 P1183-238 P1183-241 P1183-242 P1183-244 P1183-245 P1183-229 P1183-229 P1183-229 P1183-229 P1183-229 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-226 P1183-226 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-228 P1183-226 P1183-226
I-4 sp
Comments Hylocichla Level - Grid W wall-gopher fill Proximal epiphysis missing Noted as Provenience uncertain, in bag pa 7/07/98---7-FA-1 Distal epiphysis missing Proximal & distal epiphysis Proximal & distal missing (?) Level 2 (plan), heated a 57n 28e -17bd, bone Slight Level 8 plan: bone 4 Level - Grid W wall-gopher fill Proximal epiphysis missing Distal epiphysis missing Proximal epiphysis missing Level 8 plan: bone 3 3 C C C W State 3.1 g 1.5 g 9.4 g 0.04 g 0.12 g 0.03 g 0.16 g 0.01 g 0.04 g 0.05 g 0.14 g 13.1 g 3.11 g 1.61 g 1.02 g 0.01 g 0.04 g 0.16 g 0.01 g 0.09 g 0.06 g 0.06 g 0.02 g 0.03 g 0.08 g 0.02 g 0.04 g 2.12 g 27.5 g 0.86 g 13.19 g Weight 2 J J J J J J J J A A A A A A A A A A Age 1 L L L L L L L R R R R R R R R R R R A A Side Part shaft shaft shaft most most most most most distal distal partial condyle alveolar prezyga- pophysis proximal proximal proximal proximal fragment complete complete complete complete complete shaft,frag distal+shaft distal+shaft lwr,pos?,most proximal+shaft proximal+shaft Sus Sus Sus ulna ulna tibia tibia limb femur femur femur lumbar phalanx phalanx humerus humerus humerus humerus vertebra, Element vertebrae mandible mandible tibiotar tibiotar metacarpal metacarpal metapodial innominate innominate phalanx,1st 1st phalanx tooth,incisor indeterminate indeterminate tarsometatar Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf lg lg sp sm
truei truei sp sp boylii boylii
md-lg
bottae bottae bottae
hemionus redivivum Ovis taurus taurus taurus taurus taurus californicus californicus californicus
polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos
**** Taxon Vertebrata Bos Bos Bos Bos Bos Microtus Microtus Mammalia, Mammalia, Capra/ Mammalia, Peromyscus Peromyscus Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Mammalia, Peromyscus Peromyscus Mimus Mimus Mimus Mimus Mimus Microtus Microtus Microtus Toxostoma Toxostoma Odocoileus 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 n 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 L 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -8 -9 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -4 -5 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -2 -10 -11 DPR# P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-267 P1183-268 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-261 P1183-262 P1183-263 P1183-266 P1183-255 P1183-255 P1183-255 P1183-255 P1183-259 P1183-260 P1183-249 P1183-249 P1183-249 P1183-249 P1183-252 P1183-252 P1183-246 P1183-246
I-5 Comments Mocking bird size 0.03 Distal epiphysis missing 2 individuals Bone A Epiphysis fragment? Vertebra fragment? Wall matrix 0.08 Bone A, epiphyses 3 J C B State 1 g 0.1 g 0.4 g 0.3 g 0.01 g 0.04 g 0.07 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.01 g 0.02 g 0.01 g 0.07 g 0.01 g 0.13 g 0.01 g 54.9 g 0.34 g 0.42 g 0.41 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.04 g 0.03 g 0.37 g 0.06 g 0.08 g 0.07 g 0.04 g 1.06 g 177.3 g Weight 2 J J J J J J J J J A A A A A A A A A A A A A Age 1 L L L L L L L L R R R R R R R R R A A A A Side fossa Part shaft most dorsal partial anterior centrum posterior fragment fragment fragment fragment complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete epiphysis epiphysis shaft, distal distal+shaft distal+shaft glenoid upr,pos?,indet shaft, proximal shaft, proximal proximal+shaft Sus Sus Sus tibia tibia tibia tibia ilium femur femur radius radius lumbar cranial, cranial, scapula phalanx phalanx thoracic humerus humerus vertebra, vertebra, Element vertebrae mandible mandible zygomatic tibiotar tibiotar premaxilla innominate innominate, indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate tooth,premolar tarsometatar vertebra,lumbar Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf sp sp lg lg lg sp
truei
md-lg bottae bottae bottae bottae bottae
fuscus sm md latimanus latimanus latimanus Ovis
macroura macroura taurus taurus taurus californicus californicus californicus californicus
polyglottos
Aves Taxon Aves, Aves, Vertebrata Bos Bos Bos Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Capra/ Peromyscus Peromyscus Eptesicus Peromyscus Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Mammalia, Mimus Zenaida Zenaida Scapanus Scapanus Scapanus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 7 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 L 12 10 10 10 10 10 12 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 T -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -1 -1 -11 -12 -13 -10 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -12 -13 DPR# P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-294 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-615 P1183-291 P1183-291 P1183-291 P1183-291 P1183-293 P1183-279 P1183-283 P1183-287 P1183-290 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-273 P1183-278 P1183-273 P1183-273
I-6 olecranon; dark Comments Large Bone B Bone B Bone C Distal epiphysis missing Element unsure, mineralized and chipped distal end Posterior surface spotting Level 1A Level 1A Level 1A Level 1A Level 1A Level 1A Level 1A, proximal & distal epiphysis missing Tusk Bone B Very fragmented; Bone A Bone A, foramen present & Neck Level 1A 3 C C W State 3 g 0.4 g 0.3 g 5.6 g 35.7 g 0.07 g 0.05 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.22 g 79.5 g 18.1 g 0.01 g 0.02 g 0.04 g 0.01 g 0.06 g 0.05 g 0.08 g 0.03 g 0.34 g 0.05 g 16.6 g 2.83 g 21.2 g 6.23 g 0.02 g 0.06 g 0.05 g Weight 2 J J J J A A A A A A A Age 1 L L L L L L L L L R R R R R R R R A Side fossa Part shaft shaft shaft distal blade partial partial partial posterior fragment proximal proximal fragment fragment complete complete complete complete complete complete complete shaft,frag proximal+ manubrium distal+shaft distal+shaft distal+shaft distal+shaft glenoid proximal+shaft proximal+shaft Sus rib rib rib ulna ulna tibia tibia tooth ilium femur femur radius radius patella cranial cranial cranial, scapula scapula phalanx sternum coracoid humerus humerus humerus humerus Element mandible sesamoid zygomatic tibiotar 1st phalanx innominate, Cf Cf Cf Cf sp lg lg lg lg sp
sp sm
sp sm
bottae bottae bottae bottae
sm sm gallus fuscus latimanus latimanus Ovis
phoeniceus taurus taurus taurus taurus scrofa californicus californicus
polyglottos polyglottos
Taxon Aves, Aves, Sus Bos Bos Bos Bos Microtus Pipilo Rodentia, Gallus Thomomys Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Capra/ Peromyscus Mammalia, Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Thomomys Mimus Mimus Scapanus Scapanus Agelaius Microtus Microtus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 2 2 2 4 6 7 7 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 9 L 11 11 11 11 11 14 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 U 1+ 1+ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -1 -1 -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -14 DPR# P1183-646 P1183-647 P1183-647 P1183-647 P1183-639 P1183-640 P1183-640 P1183-641 P1183-643 P1183-645 P1183-629 P1183-631 P1183-633 P1183-634 P1183-635 P1183-636 P1183-625 P1183-625 P1183-625 P1183-627 P1183-625 P1183-625 P1183-625 P1183-625 P1183-625 P1183-619 P1183-621 P1183-621 P1183-615 P1183-616
I-7 zygomatic cancellous Comments Epiphyses missing Digested Scapular spine? Flat bone, Long bone? Chiroptera Base & Anterior 3 C C C State 0.1 g 5.6 g 3.8 g 0.07 g 0.03 g 0.07 g 0.04 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.01 g 0.05 g 0.03 g 0.09 g 1.84 g 0.27 g 7.73 g 0.07 g 1.39 g 3.75 g 0.02 g 0.05 g 0.01 g 0.03 g 0.04 g 0.03 g 0.03 g 0.08 g 0.09 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.01 g 0.05 g 0.04 g 0.06 g 0.05 g 0.06 g Weight 2 J J J S A A A A A A A A A A A A Age 1 L L L L L L L L R R R R R R R R R A A A A A A Side Part shaft shaft shaft shaft most most most most **** distal distal distal anterior posterior proximal fragment fragment fragment proximal fragment fragment fragment complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete manubrium Sus Sus tibia tibia tibia tooth femur femur femur cranial cranial, scapula sternum quadrate humerus humerus humerus Element mandible mandible mandible mandible long bone zygomatic tibiotar metacarpal innominate phalanx,3rd indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate cranial,frontal cranial,premax cranial,palatine cranial,palatine tarsometatar vertebra,lumbar Cf Cf Cf lg lg lg lg lg sm sm md sp sp
bottae
sm sm md latimanus
taurus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus californicus ludoviciana
polyglottos polyglottos polyglottos
**** Taxon Aves, Aves, Aves, Bos Microtus Microtus Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Thomomys Mimus Mimus Mimus Scapanus Piranga Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus Microtus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 L 16 17 18 18 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 U 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -8 -9 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -4 -5 -6 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -20 -21 -22 -23 -14 -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -10 -11 -12 -13 DPR# P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-660 P1183-669 P1183-673 P1183-676 P1183-676 P1183-678 P1183-647 P1183-650 P1183-654 P1183-654 P1183-655 P1183-656 P1183-647 P1183-647
I-8 Comments Acetabulum Rabbit size, poss. Radius Distal epiphysis missing Distal epiphysis & Vole size epiphysis Proximal & distal missing Tusk Level 10 Plan, with 2 teeth Bone 1, all cortical Enamel from molar or premolar Possible limb Flat bone Cancellous Proximal & distal epiphysis Proximal missing 3 B C C C C State 0.3 g 7.6 g 0.1 g 0.1 g 2.52 g 0.07 g 0.04 g 0.03 g 0.01 g 0.03 g 0.07 g 0.02 g 0.11 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 1.83 g 0.34 g 0.14 g 1.09 g 2.92 g 4.99 g 2.98 g 0.04 g 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.02 g 0.12 g 0.21 g 0.05 g 0.12 g 25.04 g Weight 2 I I I I I J J J J A A A A A Age 1 L L L L L L L L R R R R R R R R R Side Part shaft shaft most most most most partial partial posterior proximal fragment fragment fragment fragment fragment fragment fragment fragment fragment complete complete complete complete complete complete complete complete shaft,frag distal+shaft upr,pos4,indet proximal+shaft ulna ulna ulna ulna limb tooth tooth tooth ilium femur femur femur radius radius cranial, scapula sternum sternum coracoid humerus Element mandible mandible premaxilla long bone? innominate innominate, tooth,incisor indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate indeterminate tooth,premolar Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf sp sp lg lg lg lg sp
sm
truei truei sm boylii boylii
bottae bottae sp
Ovis macroura macroura macroura macroura macroura taurus taurus scrofa scrofa scrofa californicus
polyglottos polyglottos
Taxon Canis Sus Sus Sus Vertebrata Bos Bos Rodentia, Passeriformes Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Mammalia, Capra/ Peromyscus Mammalia, Perognathus Peromyscus Peromyscus Thomomys Thomomys Peromyscus Peromyscus Mimus Mimus Zenaida Zenaida Zenaida Zenaida Zenaida Microtus 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 10 10 11 13 14 14 15 15 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 U 3+ 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 T -3 -4 -5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -3 -36 -37 -38 -31 -32 -33 -34 -35 -26 -27 -28 -29 -30 -24 -25 DPR# P1183-1045 P1183-1045 P1183-1045 P1183-696 P1183-698 P1183-698 P1183-1045 P1183-1045 P1183-686 P1183-687 P1183-688 P1183-692 P1183-695 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-681 P1183-681 P1183-681 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678 P1183-678
I-9 Comments Level 3 Plan (Bone A), Level 3 Plan at base, multiple chop mark metal knife cuts with Grid West profile Bone A Actinopterygii, sturgeon? Level-mod floor-builders Level-mod sand (Bone A) Level 2 Plan, tusk Tusk Bone A 3 C C C State 7.5 g 23.7 g 0.54 g 1.22 g 0.81 g 1.41 g 20.01 g 31.25 g Weight 2 J J A A Age 1 R R Side Part partial partial proximal proximal proximal fragment fragment complete shaft,frag rib rib rib rib tibia tooth tooth femur Element post-temporal Cf Cf Cf beecheyi taurus taurus taurus taurus scrofa scrofa
**** californicus
Taxon Sus Sus Bos Bos Bos Bos Lepus Spermophilus Spermophilus 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 3 3 4 3 2 3 p 1 L 3 4 4 1 2 2 3 U 1+ 2+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 T -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 DPR# L = left, R = right, A = axial L = left, R = right, A = adult, J = juvenile G = gnawing present, W = weathering B = burned, C = cut marks present, P1183-1064 P1183-1067 P1183-1068 1 2 3 P1183-1051 P1183-1053 P1183-1054 P1183-1057 P1183-1060 P1183-1050
I-10