I LLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY S U RVE Y

Autumn 2002 No. 373 I N S I D E Illinois’ Got a Brand-new Bagworm Para- Aphid Speciation on Pinyon The goal of a biological control some northeastern states. Female this species. 2 program is to control a pest while P. disparis lay their eggs into the P. disparis has steadily ex- having a minimal effect on non- pupae of . The larval stage panded its geographical range Early 1800s Land Cover target species. Past biological of the parasites kills the developing well beyond areas where the in Illinois programs based on this principle and adult wasps eventually gypsy moth has been detected. 3 have proven to be successful and emerge from the pupal case. Clearly, P. disparis is attack- safe alternatives to conventional In hindsight, it is not clear why ing and surviving in nontarget Urban Ecology, Part II control prac- 4 tices. There is a growing Land Use and Quail concern in Population Biology both scientif- 5 ic and public forums, how- Species Spotlight: ever, about Mourning Cloak the impact of 6 introduced biologi- Naturalist's Apprentice: cal control Nymphalid Search agents on 7 nontarget hosts and na- tive natural enemies. An pest against which many natural en- emies have A female parasitic wasp (Pimpla disparis) attempting to parasitize a bagworm inside its bag. Photo by Michael Jeffords, INHS Offi ce of the Chief been released is the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Acci- P. disparis was considered a good hosts. The effects of P. disparis dentally introduced into the east- biological control agent suitable for on nontarget moth populations ern United States from Europe in release. For instance, a parasite be- have not been documented and 1869, the caterpillar stage of the ing considered for biological con- little is known about the life his- gypsy moth can cause damage to trol should not have a very broad tory of this introduced parasite 500 species of and shrubs, host range, but P. disparis is a gen- in Illinois. Although the gypsy most notably and aspen. eralist and attacks members from moth is not established in central The parasitic wasp Pimpla dis- at least 13 moth families. Also, Illinois, P. disparis is present and paris was fi rst introduced for con- rates of gypsy moth by is frequently recovered from the trol of gypsy moth in the 1970s, P. disparis are frequently minimal, evergreen bagworm, Thyrid-op- and continues to be released in sometimes as low as 1–2%, which further argues against the release of Continued on back page

1 Aphid Speciation on Pinyon Pines

The process of one species evolving to be- come two is called speciation. There are a variety of possible causes of speciation, but the best studied involves two populations of a single species that become separated from each other so that they are free to evolve in different directions independently of each other. This separation can happen if individuals migrate across a signifi cant barrier—the sea between islands, over a mountain range, across a desert—and found a new population. However, as long as they do not interbreed, they do not have to be geographically isolated. Speciation can also occur, for instance, if some part of a popu- lation begins to feed on a different kind of Undescribed species closely related to Cinara terminalis (Gillette & Palmer) on host, thereby separating them in time and Cinara terminalis (Gillette & Palmer) on two-needle pinyon. Photos (left & right) by Colin space from the rest of the population on the singleleaf pinyon. Favret, INHS Center for Biodiversity old host. the other two are new to science and will Discerning if two are different dence suggests that these pinyons moved have to be described and given names. species is generally straightforward, but the into the U.S. from Mexico 5,000–9,000 Also, interestingly, the closest living more closely related they are, the more they years ago (during the warming and drying relatives of these three pinyon aphids are tend to look alike and the harder it becomes following the last ice age), which is just species that feed on ponderosa , a to discriminate between them. At some enough time for the aphids that feed on nonpinyon. Researchers have typically point it becomes impossible to tell defi ni- them to begin to speciate. grouped conifer-feeding aphids based on tively if two insects are indeed different Pinyon-feeding aphids of the genus their host, but the fact that the next clos- species, or just different individuals of the Cinara were collected from all over the est relatives of these pinyon aphids are same species; if two populations are in the U.S. pinyon range, from southwest Texas not themselves pinyon-feeding is cause to process of speciating, where (or when) can to east-central California, and studied to reevaluate this practice. you draw the line? discriminate between the various species. Another group of superfi cially identi- One group of aphid cal aphids is not as clearly separated. Two collections has distinct DNA sequences correspond to yielded an interest- aphids on the two principal pinyon spe- ing trichotomy: cies, but there is some overlap in their what had been a anatomy. Some insect species that cannot single species at be differentiated on the basis of anatomy one time, thousands have been named and described solely of years ago, today on genetic evidence, and this may be is three. Although required here as well. There are several the three species other pinyon-feeding Cinara groups at are superfi cially various earlier stages of speciation. As- identical, they can sessing the geographic, genetic, and ana- be differentiated tomical divergence among populations of using three pieces these species will help elucidate the rate of complementary at which speciation is occurring. evidence: 1) they Of course the easiest thing to do feed on three dif- would be to wait several thousand more Two-needle pinyon, Pinus edulis, in Great Sand Dunes National ferent pinyons (the Monument, Colorado. Photo by Colin Favret, INHS Center for Biodiversity years and see what has happened to them. third are Mexican Provided the incipient species do not go pinyons that extend extinct and remain isolated from each As hosts, pinyon pines can isolate aphid into southern Texas and Arizona); 2) one other, they will continue to evolve apart populations from each other, and they can of their genes has three different DNA and eventually become distinct species. isolate them twofold: 1) there are two prin- sequences; 3) statistical analysis of mea- In the meantime, studying the process cipal pinyons in the U.S., the singleleaf pin- surements of 15 different aphid parts, 2 of will help illuminate a poorly understood yon and the two-needle pinyon; 2) pinyons which are the lengths of the third antenna area of evolutionary biology. grow only in the mountains of the South- segment and hair on the tibia, clusters west, and so are separated by vast boundar- the aphids into three distinct anatomical Colin Favret, Center for Biodiversity ies of desert between ranges. Fossil evi- groups. The species on two-needle pinyon has already been offi cially described, but

2 Early 1800s Land Cover in Illinois

A drive along any Interstate in Illinois will and permanent things.” Once a take you past fi elds of neatly planted corn and township was fi nished, the sur- soybeans, across rivers and railroads fl anked veyors were to make a map of the by rectangular ponds, and past cities and area. These plat maps and fi eld towns with new tract housing developments notebooks contain a wealth of and manicured golf courses. While this scene information about what the land- has a beau- scape was like before the fl ood of settlers came into the state. It is these plat maps that the Illinois Natural History Survey used to create a statewide digital dataset of what may be described as early 1800s land cover in Illinois. Each of the more than 1,700 townships in Illinois has at least Figure 2. Detailed examples of digitized GLO one version of the original sur- plat map. veyor’s map. Additional redrafted versions are also available for most town- Environmental Planning. The poster ships. The redrafted versions were cre- “Land Cover of Illinois in the Early ated in the 1850s at the regional General 1800s” is available through the INHS Land Offi ce (GLO) offi ce in St. Louis, Distribution Offi ce at a cost of $6.42 Missouri. Cartographers used the origi- (price includes domestic shipping) for nal maps in consultation with the fi eld single posters. Prices per poster may notebooks to create a more complete map be cheaper when ordered in bulk. You of the township. We used these redrafted can order the 26" x 36" color poster by GLO maps for our land cover map. mail from the INHS Distribution Ofi ce, Each GLO map was scanned from microfi lm onto a laptop computer. We used Adobe Photoshop software and Figure 1. Example of original GLO plat map. a Canon MS400 microfi lm scanner to capture the images, saving them as TIFF fi les. The images were georectifi ed, or ty of its own, have you ever wondered what spatially referenced against U.S. Geologi- the landscape looked like when the fi rst Euro- cal Survey Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) pean settlers arrived? We are very fortunate to images (i.e., scanned USGS 7.5- minute have a statewide record of what Illinois land- topographic quadrangle maps) by match- scape was like when the fi rst settlers arrived. ing the township and section corners on Illinois was part of a vast tract of land known GLO images to the corresponding points on the DRG. This process allowed us to as the Northwest Territory (the land between digitized or “trace” the line work on the the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and extending plat map using Geographic Information north around the Great Lakes). The Treaty of System (GIS) software (ESRI Arc/Info). Paris ended the Revolutionary War in 1783 The scanned, georectifi ed images of and gave the new nation the original 13 colo- each township are now a permanent ar- nies plus the Northwest Territory. At that time chive of the GLO maps (Fig. 1). This the United States was independent, but badly will allow users to view the original Figure 3. Excerpt of “Land Cover of Il- plat maps. The separate digitized ver- linois in the Early 1800s” poster. in need of money. What better way to raise sion of the maps is a statewide GIS money then by selling land? However, before coverage, which can be used on its own Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 land could be sold, it had to be surveyed. or as a layer in GIS analysis (Figs. 2 & E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, Illinois In Illinois, the surveys began in 1804 and 3). The data from records of land cover 61820, or by phone at (217) 333-6880 were largely completed by 1856. As the sur- of Illinois from the early 1800s will pro- or e-mail at rjohnson@mail. inhs.uiuc. veyors moved across the state, charged with vide valuable information in reconstruct- edu. We also hope to distribute a digi- the task of laying out this rectangular grid ing a picture of Illinois’ natural history tal version of the data on CDs or via system, they were required to keep fi eld note- and lead to informed decisions concern- the Internet. books. In these notebooks they had to record ing habitat restoration. details about their survey, such as the quality This two-year effort was partially Diane Szafoni, Diane Greer, Liane Suloway, of the landscape, mines, salt licks, watercours- funded by Illinois Department of Natu- and Janet Jarvis, Center for Wildlife Ecology; es, springs, mill seats, and other “remarkable ral Resources, Offi ce of Realty and Kate Hunter, Center for Biodiversity

3 Urban Ecology, Part II

In the March-April 2000 issue of this auto fuel. These intensities can be newsletter (No. 362, page 8), I discussed combined with details of consum- three indicators—depletion, disturbance, ers’ expenditure patterns to yield the and dependence—to characterize the envi- energy cost of living. ronmental consequences of human activ- Figure 1a shows the expenditure ity, which Todd Wildermuth and I applied pattern (in 1999 dollars per year) for to an agricultural county in Kansas. The an average household. Figure1b next step is to do the same analysis for an shows this market basket converted urban area. We already know that a city to its energy requirements. In dollar has high values of all three indicators, es- terms, residential fuel and energy pecially dependence. The latter has been are only 5% of the pie, while in en- vividly publicized in the ecological foot- ergy terms the fraction has jumped print concept. to 44%. Figure 2 shows the energy These impacts of urban life are accept- pies for three different expenditure ed enough to justify trying to reduce them. levels. The direct fraction varies Planning (both formal—what professional from 56% for the lowest expendi- planners do—and informal) has goals that ture decile to 33% for the highest. communities foster and embrace. In par- Of the 15 expenditure categories, ticular, the cities of Champaign and Urba- 4 can be said to be sprawl-depen- na, IL, are updating their comprehensive dent: housing, residential energy, plans. Rumi Shammin and I are starting gasoline and motor oil, and auto Figure 2. Household energy impacts for a project to determine how the measures purchase and maintenance. three expenditure levels. The areas of the in the Champaign-Urbana comprehensive Their sum circles are proportional to energy require- plans stand up against biophysically based ments. indicators of sustainability. One thing we have learned so far con- simplifi ed. Among other problems, cerns sprawl: sprawl issues have large this analysis assumes that a car that energy implications. We were skeptical costs twice as much requires twice as because previous work had shown that at much energy to produce, which cannot least half of the energy required to support be exactly right. In addition, one can the consumption pattern of an American ask what an “unsprawled” household household results from purchases other would do with the money it could save than auto fuel or residential heat and light. by driving less to and from a smaller, This fraction is even higher for the more less energy-craving house. If it is spent affl uent who tend to live in the sprawling on fuel for a private airplane, not much suburbs. On the other hand, the standard energy reduction would result. If it is image of sprawl is of people in bigger spent on plane tickets for a trip to Reno, houses on larger lots at greater distances some energy is saved. If it is spent on from work and cultural areas driving more concert tickets, more energy is saved and bigger vehicles over those longer dis- (the more service-intensive an activity, tances. Therefore, we have taken a closer generally speaking, the less energy per look. dollar). Our approach fi ts under the gen- This exercise shows that sprawl- eral heading of “energy cost of living.” related expenditures have signifi cant Research over 30 years has produced energy consequences, but also that “energy intensities” for a wide range of household energy demand is a conse- consumer goods and services; that is, Figure 1. Average U.S. household, 1999: quence of total consumption. Sprawl the energy necessary for the production (a) expenditures, (b) energy to produce is usually thought of as a density issue economy to provide one unit of a good or household’s “market basket.” (an intensive quantity), while we see service for fi nal consumption. Determin- that energy impact has both intensive ing the intensities often involves use of and extensive aspects. This leads us to economic databases, and the intensities ranges from 72% for the lowest decile ask “Is the problem sprawl (intensive), are measured in energy units per dollar. to 53% for the highest. Thus over half or is it overall growth (extensive)?” For example, for the entire U.S. economy, of the total energy impact comes from Another way to put this is to compare intensity ≈ 10,000 Btu (British thermal these four categories that have most to “effi ciency” and overall “scale” in envi- unit) per dollar. (10,000 Btu is the energy do with sprawl. ronmental analysis. We will pursue this content of about 3/4 lb. coal or 2/3 qt. The upshot is that the sprawl-en- question in our study of local cities. gasoline.) Intensity varies from commod- ergy connection indeed seems strong ity to commodity: 9,000 Btu/$ for food even when one is sensitive to the Robert A. Herendeen, Center for Aquatic Ecology at home; 5,400 for housing; 20,000 for inevitable energy impact of every public transportation; and 115,000 for purchase. Admittedly, this is all very 4 Land Use and Quail Population Biology

recovery data, we have determined that Local, regional, and national declines in ecosystems are disturbance-mediated eco- our study population (age classes and abundances of the Northern Bobwhite have systems; neither can persist without this sexes pooled) has an annual survival rate been observed in recent years. Results of disturbance. Jim Edgar Panther Creek of approximately 20%. Survival seems the Breeding Bird Survey, for example, State Fish and Wildlife Area (JEPC) in to be most strongly affected during reveal for Illinois an estimated 2% annual Cass County, IL, contains both of these the winter months with winter storms decrease in quail numbers from 1966 to endangered ecosystems among many oth- having a dramatic impact on mortality. 1996. These local and regional trends sug- ers on a 16,550-acre site. Prescribed fi re Mortality appears to be primarily due to gest the value of taking a critical approach is being used to restore grasslands, rare avian and mammalian predators, with to the study of quail management. Long- hill prairies, and savannas/woodlands. predation by avian species making up term research has established much reliable Traditional quail management procedures the bulk of these. information about the nesting, brooding, are also in use on-site such as planting/ro- Our research is ongoing and these and overwintering requirements of quail; tation of appropriate crop species to pro- results represent just a fraction of our yet, as stated above, in many regions, recent vide nesting and brood cover in desirable preliminary fi ndings. In the future, we declines have been drastic. A per- proximity to other cover types. This site will examine long-term quail habitat se- vasive trend like this is presents an excellent opportunity to study lection trends on JEPC. We will contrast unlikely to quail population biology on a multiple-use area. that with habitat use data from other Our research is conducted in collabo- suitable habitat islands in west- central ration with the Illinois Department of Illinois. Using specialized radiotelem- Natural Resources and JEPC. From 2000 etry equipment, we will gather stress and to date, we have captured and leg banded energetics data from the quail during dif- 148 Northern Bobwhite, 93 of which have ferent phases of the year and life cycle, been fi tted (Fig. 1) with radio collars. most notably during harsh winter condi- We have found strong trends regarding tions. We will also create a comprehen- habitat selection from the radiotelemetry sive demographic model of the Northern data. Quail strongly Bobwhite in west-central Illinois. Our prefer warm-season grass fi elds consisting primarily of warm- season grasses (Fig. 2) including big bluestem (Andropogon gerar- dii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium sco- parium), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), and switch grass (Pani- cum virgatum). We determined this by Figure 1. A female Northern Bob- comparing the amount white fi tted with a radio collar and leg of a particular habitat Figure 2. Yellow conefl ower (Ratibida pinnata) in full bloom in band ready to be released. Photo provided type in an ’s by Joseph Siegrist home range with the typical preferred quail habitat characterized by warm-season grass amount available on- cover. Photo provided by Joseph Siegrist occur simply because management has not site. Quail also show been suffi ciently intensive; the level of ex- a weaker preference for areas with some research will give managers important pertise among upland game and quail biolo- cropland and forested cover. Quail show insight into quail habitat needs, allowing gists is high and support by the public has no preference or avoidance of areas of them to improve the effi cacy of current traditionally been strong. pasture characterized by a monoculture management practices. Another pertinent trend is the increasing of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) need to manage state lands with the goal of and/or smooth brome (Bromus inermis), and cool-season grass fi elds consisting Joseph Siegrist, UIUC and Jeff Brawn, Center maximizing or conserving a wide spectrum for Wildlife Ecology of biodiversity. In the Midwest, this under- primarily of red top (Panicum rigidulum), taking often involves ecosystem restoration Korean lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea), and the introduction of periodic disturbance ladino clover (Trifolium repens), and by some natural factor such as fl ooding or Timothy (Phleum pratense). fi re. Both prairie and savanna/woodland Through quail telemetry and mark- 5 Species Spotlight The fi rst butterfl y seen in the spring is that fades to near-white in older will line up side by side, heads usually a mourning cloak, Nymphalis individuals. The undersides of aligned along the edge of the antiopa. It is found statewide, and the wings are striated with dark leaf, and will eat communally. Mourning although characteristic of hardwood lines that resemble bark, which When disturbed the whole ag- Cloak forests, it can be found in any habi- allows them to blend in. In fl ight gregation rears up on back legs tat—forest edges, open woodlands, they are powerful and wary and and shakes menacingly. The backyards, and parks. In fact, this not easily approached unless dis- larvae feed on , , Susan Post species ranges from Europe through tracted by feeding. hackberry, and cottonwood. The temperate Asia to North America, Mourning cloaks belong to chrysalis varies from whitish although it is not found in peninsu- the butterfl y family Nymphali- tan to bluish black with pink- lar Florida, southern Louisiana, and dae, one of the largest butterfl y tipped bumps. Carolyn It is suspended Nixon south Texas. In England the mourning families. The familiar red ad- head down from a small button cloak is known as the camberwell miral, viceroy, and monarch are of . also members of this group. The The adults will emerge in butterfl ies of this family do not June and July and fl y until the have six working legs like other onset of cold fall weather. Adults butterfl ies. Their front legs have visit and feed on overripe fruit, atrophied and are now sensory sap fl ows, and carrion. They will in function. Only the middle and also take nectar from some fl ow- hind legs are used in walking, ers. The adults will hibernate so in effect these butterfl ies are in hollow logs and holes, quadrupeds. temporarily becoming active While most female butterfl ies on warm winter days and then will lay a single egg, the mourn- going back to winter quarters ing cloak lays hers in groupings when the temperatures drop. In of up to several hundred. The late March or early April the eggs are pale yellow and laid adults will become active and Mourning cloak in a one-layer cluster around a soon start searching for a mate, butterfl y (Nymphalis beauty or the twig. The caterpillars are black beginning the cycle again. Thus, antiopa). Photo from INHS Image Archives grand surprise. and bristly with white speckles giving the mourning cloak the Mourning cloaks are named for and orange prolegs. A full-grown distinction of being our longest- the velvety crepelike appearance of caterpillar will be two inches in lived butterfl y. their dark purplish brown wings. length. Once the eggs hatch, the Along the wings is a yellow border caterpillars stick together. They

Teachers Guide to the “Naturalist's Apprentice”

Answers to “Nymphalid Search” from following page.

6 The Naturalist's Apprentice The mourning cloak belongs to the largest Illinois family of butterfl ies, the Nymphalidae. Thirty-eight mem- bers of this butterfl y family are hidden in the word search diagram below. They may be found horizontally, vertically, and diagonally, and for that extra challenge, some of the names are written backwards. As you labor over the puzzle, remember this: Where else could you fi nd all 38 species living together, using only a pencil instead of a net? Nymphalid Search As each species is circled, look it up in a butterfl y fi eld guide (my favorite is the Field Guide to the Butter- fl ies of Illinois by John Bouseman and James Sternburg). This way, you can become familiar with the butter- fl ies and their habits, haunts, and identifi cation. Susan Post Nympalid butterfl ies hidden in the puzzle include

Aphrodite (fritillary) Eyed brown Meadow (fritillary) Regal (fritillary) Appalachian brown Gemmed satyr Milbert’s (tortoiseshell) Silver-bordered (fritillary) Atlantis (fritillary) Goatweed (butterfl y) Monarch Silvery (checkerspot) Baltimore (checkerspot) Gorgone (checkerspot) Mourning cloak Snout (butterfl y) Buckeye Gray comma Northern (pearly-eye) Southern (pearly-eye) Comma Great spangled (fritillary) Painted lady Tawny emperor Common wood nymph Gulf (fritillary) Pearl crescent Variegated (fritillary) Compton (tortoiseshell) Hackberry (butterfl y) Question mark Viceroy Creole (pearly-eye) Harris (checkerspot) Red admiral Diana (fritillary) Little wood satyr Red-spotted purple Note: If the word is in parentheses, it is not included in the puzzle.

S P I K A N O T P M O C O M M A S P O F S A T Y I A P H R O D I T E B A L T I M S I L V E R Y Y L I D I A N A M M O C Y A R G T T U C L O A K E V C E N B M A R M O T V A R I E G A T E D E T P E R L R A O E M O U R N I N G C L O A K T H E E R Y G E L P R U P D E T T O P S D E R G U Y S A B T N H T N C E D O O Q U E S T I O N M A R K R O A A T I R M O D N L A H A C K B E R R Y R C L R S P R M E H A R A R O R E P M E Y N W A T Y C D D S O O H N O G T D W O O D R S N O U T O R R E E T N R T C E O L O M M A O I M Y M A R E D E R M A H E U R A R A N R I R R S D P E E O Y E S E M E A D O W L O N W R G R E A T A C L O E E C D E R B U S C M M T O K A P A A L I E O W K W E E G G O R G O N E I O H Y D G L V N Y M P C T N L A D Y P N G U L S D G E Y E D B R O W N U A T M E A R A M I L B E R T S D F R I T I L L B O R O N O R T L H P M Y N D O O W N O M M O C A G E T I C E R Y T N L I T T L E W O O D S A T Y R P H H B U T T E R A P P A L A C H I A N B R O W N L U N A F R I T I L L A R Y D A L D E T N I A P

“The Naturalist’s Apprentice” presents educational activities for middle school students. Teachers are invited to photocopy this page for classroom use. ILLINOIS Non-Profi t Org. NATURAL U. S. Postage HISTORY PAID Champaign, IL 61820 SURVEY Permit 75 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820 USA

at other times of the year. Poten- counterparts. The ability of a Illinois Natural His- Bagworm Para- tial alternate hosts of P. disparis parasite species to fi nd and utilize tory Survey Reports continued from front page is published quarterly may include such introduced alternative hosts determines the by the Illinois Natural pests as the European corn borer teryx ephemeraeformis. The ev- abundance of a particular parasite History Survey, 607 and the codling moth in . East Peabody Drive, ergreen bagworm is an important species and its ability to compete This behavior would actually be Champaign, IL 61820. native pest that feeds on foliage with other parasites for the same Headquartered on deemed a benefi cial side effect of arborvitae and , as well host. It may be that P. disparis the campus of the of the introduction of P. disparis. University of Illinois as a variety of other woody is more common in the fall when However, if P. disparis also at- at Urbana-Cham- species. In Champaign County bagworm pupae are available paign, the Survey is a tacks native moths that are not (IL) at least three wasp species are because it outcompetes native division of the Illinois considered pests, the secondary Department of Natural known as parasites of bagworms. parasites earlier in the season for effects of this introduction may Resources. All three species are members of other potential hosts, or it may be not be particularly desirable. In the wasp fam- better at utilizing overwintering addition, we do not know the im- ily. Two of the species, Itoplectis hosts. Our study may provide INHS Reports is ed- pact of the exotic P. disparis on ited by Tom Rice and conquisitor and Gambrus ultimus, valuable information that can help the established native parasites in Charlie Warwick and are native to the area. The most improve the safety and effi cacy printed on recycled central Illinois. abundant parasite, however, is the of biological control programs by and recyclable paper. A retrospective examination Design by Otto-Walker introduced P. disparis. minimizing negative effects on Communications. The parasites attacking bag- of the impact of P. disparis on nontarget species and native natu- worms go through as many as fi ve the bagworm-natural enemy ral enemies. generations per year. However, complex in central Illinois plans Marianne Alleyne, Center for Economic the evergreen bagworm is suitable to investigate the behavioral Entomology as a host only when it pupates and physiological traits that al- in autumn. The parasites must low competition between an therefore utilize alternative hosts introduced parasite and its native

Equal opportunity to participate in programs of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) and those funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies is available to all individuals regardless of race, sex, national origin, disability, age, religion, or other non- merit factors. If you believe you have been discriminated against, contact the funding source's civil rights offi ce and/or the Equal Employment

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