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Species Report for Lane Mountain Milk-Vetch (Astragalus Jaegerianus)

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Species Report for Lane Mountain Milk-Vetch (Astragalus Jaegerianus) Species Report for Lane Mountain Milk-vetch (Astragalus jaegerianus) Dave Silverman© used with permission U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office Ventura, California March 2014 Species Report for Lane Mountain Milk-vetch (Astragalus jaegerianus) GENERAL INFORMATION Lead Biologist: Judy Hohman, Biologist, Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office Methodology to Complete the Species Report: Staff in the Ventura Fish and Wildlife Office (VFWO), Pacific Southwest Regional Office (RO), and the Headquarters Office (HQ) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) developed and completed this species report for the Lane Mountain milk-vetch (Astragalus jaegerianus). Information in this species report was gathered from a variety of sources, including journal articles, agency reports and coordination with staff from the National Training Center and Fort Irwin (Department of the Army [Army]), and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), California State Office and Barstow Field Office. The primary sources of new information since the preparation of the 2008 Five-year Review (Service 2008, pp. 4–13) are reports on: (1) research conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), under contract to the Army on the life history of the species; (2) long-term population monitoring conducted by the Army, and (3) land management activities implemented by the Army and the BLM. BACKGROUND Key Listing and Recovery Documents: Listing and Recovery History 1998 Original Listing 2005 Critical Habitat Federal Register (FR) notice: 63 FR 53596 FR notice: 70 FR 18220 Date listed: October 6, 1998 Date issued: April 8, 2005 Entity listed: species (Astragalus jaegerianus) Area designated: 0 acre (ac) (0 hectare (ha)) Classification: Endangered 2008 5-Year Review 2011 Revised Critical Habitat Date Issued: July 10, 2008 FR notice: 76 FR 29108 Recommendation: Downlist to Threatened Date issued: May 19, 2011 Recovery Priority: 6 Area designated: 14,069 ac (5,693 ha) Introduction Lane Mountain milk-vetch is an herbaceous perennial species that is restricted in distribution to a small portion of the central Mojave Desert north of Barstow in San Bernardino County, California (Figure 1). It has a unique relationship with nurse shrubs within the mixed desert scrub community where it is found. This relationship appears to provide benefits to both 2 the Lane Mountain milk-vetch in the form of structural support, attenuation from weather extremes, and some protection from predators, and to the nurse shrub in the form of nitrogen fixation in the soil. In our 1998 listing determination adding the species to the List of Endangered Plants under the Endangered Species Act (Act) as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), we determined the species to be endangered due to threats from surface mining, rock and mineral collecting, off-highway vehicle (OHV) activity, military training activities, a potential increase in fire frequency and fire suppression activities, vulnerability to extinction from stochastic (random) natural events, and unplanned destructive human activities because of its limited distribution (63 FR 53596; October 6, 1998). Figure 1. Distribution Map, Lane Mountain milk‐vetch 3 Recovery Plan and Species Review History We prepared a draft recovery plan for the Lane Mountain milk-vetch in 2001. The release of the draft recovery plan was suspended due to the potential for new information to be available from the pending (at that time) census. A schedule for release of a draft recovery plan has not been determined. In July 2008, we issued a five-year review for the Lane Mountain milk-vetch. Based on the conservation measures for the Lane Mountain milk-vetch described in the recently issued West Mojave Plan (BLM et al. 2005), the conservation measures described in the Army’s recently issued Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Army’s Land Acquisition Project for the National Training Center, Fort Irwin, California (Army 2005), and the larger number of Lane Mountain milk-vetch individuals located shortly after the listing compared to those at the time of listing, we recommended that the species be reclassified from endangered to threatened (Service 2008, pp. 1–20). In addition, we discussed new information on the species and factors that may or are threatening the species, particularly climate change, in the proposed revised designation of critical habitat published on April 1, 2010 (75 FR 16404) and the final revised designation of critical habitat published on May 19, 2011 (76 FR 29108). Updated Information and Current Species Status Species Description Lane Mountain milk-vetch is a member of the pea family (Fabaceae). It is a slender, diffuse plant, 12 to 27.5 inches (in) (30 to 70 centimeters (cm)) tall, with straggling, freely branched stems that arise from a buried root-crown, or caudex (Barneby 1964, p. 485). The leaves have 7 to 15 silvery linear leaflets, 0.2 to 1.0 in (5 to 25 millimeters (mm)) long. Herbage is light-gray or greenish and strigulose (minutely covered with sharp and stiff appressed straight hairs). The flowers, 5 to 15 per stalk, are cream to purple, or lighter with veins of a deeper color. The keel petals are less than 0.4 in (10 mm) long. Fruits are pencil-shaped pods, linear, smooth, and pendant, 0.6 to 1 in (16 to 25 cm) long. Each pod holds from 2 to 14 seeds (Hessing and Shaughnessy 2011, p. 38; Sharifi 2012, in litt, p. 1); seeds weigh from 0.000053 ounces (oz) (1.5 milligrams (mg)) to 0.000764 oz (5.0 mg) (Sharifi in litt. 2003, p. 5). The grayish hue of the Lane Mountain milk-vetch, caused by the presence of L-shaped trichomes (leaf hairs), provides a contrast in color with the stems and foliage of the nurse shrub during the growing season (Gibson et al. 1998, p. 79). Later in the season, the Lane Mountain milk-vetch takes on a rust-colored hue (C. Rutherford, Service botanist, VFWO, Ventura, California pers. obs. 1993). The leaves are typical of full-sun desert species; the leaflets are amphistomatic (have stomata on both upper and lower surface) with stomatal densities of up to 119,354 per in2 (185 per mm2), and have isolateral mesophyll (an internal arrangement of cells within the leaflets that maximizes photosynthetic capability). The stems also have abundant stomata and a cylinder of cortical chlorenchyma (cells containing chloroplasts), implying they also contribute significantly to photosynthesis (Gibson et al. 1998, pp. 77 and 79; Service 2002 Draft Recovery Plan, pp. 2–3). 4 Taxonomy Edmund Jaeger first discovered the Lane Mountain milk-vetch in 1939. In 1941, it was collected by Rupert Barneby and Phillip Munz, and described by Munz (Munz 1941). The type locality is 2.0 miles (mi) (3.2 kilometer (km)) south of Jay Mine, about 12.0 mi (19.3 km) south of Goldstone (town) and 30.0 mi (48.2 km) northeast of Yermo, California in Section 33, T13N, R1E at about 3,000 feet (ft) (914 meters (m)) (Krzysik 1994b, p. 53) in the Brinkman Wash- Montana Mine population (see Figure 1 for distribution map). Within the genus Astragalus, this is the only species in the Jaegeriani section of the genus (Barneby 1964, p. 484). No name changes or changes in taxonomic relationship have been made since the listing and the current taxonomy is upheld in the most recent treatment of the genus (Wojciechowski and Spellenberg 2012). Genetics Walker and Metcalf (2008a, 2008b) investigated the genetic profile of Lane Mountain milk-vetch. They collected samples from five areas: one each from the Goldstone, Brinkman Wash-Montana Mine, and Paradise Valley populations and two from the Coolgardie Mesa population (see Figure 1) (Walker and Metcalf 2005a, p. 10). Nine individuals were chosen from each population (n = 45) for DNA sequencing (Walker and Metcalf 2008a, p. 14). Walker and Metcalf reported several findings based on their sequencing data for Lane Mountain milk-vetch. First, the use of DNA sequencing within chloroplast and nuclear genomes for the five loci examined did not detect genetic variation within or between populations (Walker and Metcalf 2008a final report, p. 18). Walker and Metcalf concluded that the 45 individuals of the Lane Mountain milk-vetch sampled are monomorphic (Walker and Metcalf 2008a, p. 18). This lack of variation across all populations of Lane Mountain milk-vetch (Walker and Metcalf 2008a, p. 18) is in contrast to two other sympatric but more widespread species of Astragalus that were also tested (Walker and Metcalf 2005a, p. 18). They concluded that this lack of DNA sequence variation within chloroplasts and nuclear genomes may be due to the small number of Lane Mountain milk-vetch plants and its restricted geographical range, and supports the hypothesis that the Lane Mountain milk-vetch has a low effective population size (Walker and Metcalf 2008a, pp. 18–19). Low effective population size may indicate that the number of individuals that contribute genes to the next generation (e.g., reproduce and have successful recruitment) is small. Factors that influence a reduced effective population size include a fluctuating population size and neighborhood size or dispersal distance (McDonald 2013, p. 2). Populations with continually small effective population sizes will be especially susceptible to the loss and reorganization of variation by genetic drift (Ellstrand and Elam 1993, p. 219). Walker and Metcalf (2008a, p. 19) concluded that their DNA sequence data suggest that the effective population size for Lane Mountain milk-vetch is far below the 2001 census population size of about 5,000 individuals reported by Charis (2002) and demonstrate that Lane Mountain milk- vetch is a narrow endemic, a species that lacks genetic variation, and is susceptible to genetic drift. Walker and Metcalf (2008b, p. 162) subsequently used a second technique, the genome- wide survey using amplified fragment length polymorphic markers.
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