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Henna Karppinen-Kummunmäki ANNALES ANNALES TURKUENSIS UNIVERSITATIS B 519 B Henna Karppinen-Kummunmäki ELITE ENGLISH GIRLHOOD IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Henna Karppinen-Kummunmäki Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland 2020 Finland Turku, Oy, Painosalama – ISBN 978-951-29-8147-2 (PDF) TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS ISSN 2343-3191 (Online) SARJA - SER. B OSA - TOM. 519 | HUMANIORA | TURKU 2020 ELITE ENGLISH GIRLHOOD IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Henna Karppinen-Kummunmäki TURUN YLIOPISTON JULKAISUJA – ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS TURKUENSIS SARJA – SER. B OSA –TOM. 519 ꞁ HUMANIORA ꞁ TURKU 2020 University of Turku Faculty of Humanities School of History, Culture and Arts Studies Department of Cultural History Doctoral Programme in History, Culture and Arts Studies (Juno) Supervised by Marjo Kaartinen Department of Cultural History University of Turku Reviewed by Heli Valtonen Elaine Chalus University of Jyväskylä University of Liverpool Opponent Heli Valtonen University of Jyväskylä The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. ISBN 978-951-29-8147-2 (PDF) ISSN 2343-3191 (Online) Painosalama Oy, Turku, Finland 2020 UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Faculty of Humanities Department of Cultural History HENNA KARPPINEN-KUMMUNMÄKI: Elite English Girlhood in the Eighteenth Century Doctoral Dissertation, 245 pp. Doctoral Programme in History, Culture and Arts Studies (Juno) September 2020 ABSTRACT In this dissertation I analyze how eighteenth-century elite girls negotiated the norms and expectations of girlhood. I have selected a sample group of girls from the upper eschelons of society. They are daughters of the aristocracy, gentry and urban professionals. In the hierarchical society of the eighteenth-century world, girls were seen as subordinate beings. This was because of both their young age and being female. Moreover, the girls of this study were part of the elite, which also influenced the ways they were expected to lead their lives. Sometimes these expectations conflicted and the girls tried their best to strike a balance between these contradictions and their own feelings and desires. In this study, I will combine several categories of historical analysis, namely gender, age and social class. All three categories apply to the lives of the girls I discuss and had a huge, impact on them. The key concepts of this study are girlhood and agency. The source material includes personal writings such as letters, diaries and autobiographies, but also a vast collection of contemporary sources such as medical treatities, conduct books, dictionaries and magazines. I read these normative sources alongside the personal writings in order to show how the ideals of girlhood shaped but also created conflicts in the lives of these girls when they grew up. This dissertation shows that being a girl in the eighteenth-century world was a process. A girl did not suddenly turn into a woman when she reached a certain age or when she married and became a wife, as previous research has repeatedly stated. Instead, she gradually turned into an adult as her age, behaviour and skills developed. With this study, I hope to raise the profile of age as a concept of analysis in historical research. By applying concepts that have been used for studies of other periods but rarely for the period at hand, and taking nothing for granted or self- evident, we can acquire a much more vibrant and multidimensional image of the past. KEYWORDS: gender history, girlhood, girlhood studies, eighteenth century, the elites, England 3 TURUN YLIOPISTO Humanistinen tiedekunta Kulttuurihistorian oppiaine HENNA KARPPINEN-KUMMUNMÄKI: Elite English Girlhood in the Eighteenth Century Väitöskirja 245 s. Historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen tohtoriohjelma (Juno) Syyskuu 2020 TIIVISTELMÄ Tässä väitöskirjassani analysoin 1700-luvulla eläneiden englantilaisten eliitin tyttöjen tapoja tasapainotella erilaisten tyttöyteen liittyvien odotusten ja normien ristipaineessa. Tarkastelen joukkoa tyttöjä, jotka kuuluivat yhteiskunnan ylimpiin kerroksiin. He olivat aristokraattien, maalaisaatelin ja säätyläistön tyttäriä. 1700- luvun maailma oli vahvan hierarkinen ja patriarkaalinen. Tytöt nähtiin monessa suhteessa alisteisina olentoina aikuisiin miehiin nähden. He olivat nuoria ja kaiken lisäksi naissukupuolen edustajia. Lisäksi näiden tyttöjen kokemuksiin vaikutti heidän kuulumisensa yhteiskunnan eliittiin. Ajoittain säädyn vaatima elämäntapa oli ristiriidassa ihanteellisen naiseuden ja tyttöyden kanssa, puhumattakaan heidän omista tunteistaan ja haluistaan. Tämän tutkimuksen keskeiset analyyttiset käsitteet ovat sukupuoli, ikä ja luokka. Nämä kategoriat vaikuttivat merkittävästi tässä tutkimuksessa esiintyvien tyttöjen elämään. Tutkimuksen keskeisinä tutkimuskohteina ovat siten tyttöys ja toimijuus. Väitöskirjani asettuu siten sukupuolihistorian, tyttöyden historian ja tyttötutkimuksen tutkimusalueille. Lähdemateriaalina on laaja kokoelma kirjeitä, päiväkirjoja, omaelämäkertoja sekä lääke-, laki- ja käytösoppaita sekä lehtiä. Lukemalla omakohtaisia tekstejä normatiivisten kanssa rinnakkain, tutkimus tuo esiin 1700-luvun tyttöyteen kuuluvat rajat, kokemukset ja ristiriidat. Tutkimukseni osoittaa, että 1700-luvun tyttöys oli prosessi, johon kuului paitsi kronologinen ikä myös erilaisten tietojen ja taitojen karttuminen. Aikuinen tytöstä tuli vasta kun hän osasi toteuttaa aikuiselämänsä roolia vaimona, äitinä ja seurapiirileidinä. Tämä tutkimus on avaus laajemmalle vanhempia aikoja koske- valle nuoruuden historian tutkimukselle. Iän tuominen mukaan historialliseen tutkimuskäsitteistöön laajentaa merkittävästi kuvaa menneisyyden maailmasta. ASIASANAT: eliitit, Englanti, sukupuoli, sukupuolentutkimus, tyttöys, tyttötutki- mus, 1700-luku 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this doctoral dissertation has been a long journey and quite of a mental roller-coaster. (Additionally, the year 2020 has been something we have certainly not experienced before!) This doctoral dissertation has been a journey into a world long gone and into the intimate lives of people who lived in that world. But this has also been a journey to self-knowledge. During these years that I have done this research, I have found my own limits and strengths. It has been a rough path at times, but I have no regrets. I have grown into a cultural historian during this process. The dream of a little girl has finally come true. Luckily, I have not been alone in this journey. A number of people have commented and supported me on my research project. Firstly, I want to thank my opponent Adjuct Professor Heli Valtonen, who shares my interest in gender history, history of childhood and youth and early modern cultural history. She challenged me to think what cultural history as a field of study is truly about. My other reviewers, Professor Elaine Chalus had insightful and even strict remarks concerning my thesis. She showed great integrity during the process and compelled me to rewrite my thesis at critical points before accepting it for public examination. This may have caused a delay, but it was a delay that resulted in an improved dissertation! Postdoctoral Researcher Soile Ylivuori who shares my interest in eighteenth-century elite women also gave very detailed comments on my text in the first review and helped me to improve the thesis. I am eternally grateful to both. My supervisor Professor Marjo Kaartinen has been demanding but absolutely loyal and fair in her tutoring. She always gave me the advice I needed and also told me to have a break, when I badly needed one. Thank you Marjo for everything. My senior colleagues at the Department of Cultural History Professor Marja Jalava and Senior Lecturer Maarit Leskelä-Kärki helped me to polish my thesis with their remarks at the final stages. Professor Hannu Salmi was always the sympathetic ear every time this young scholar needed one. The members of our research group in medieval and early modern times, Marika Räsänen, Teemu Immonen, Reima Välimäki, Riitta Laitinen (who is, sadly, no longer among us), Meri Heinonen, Anni Hella and Elina Maines, did not spare their criticism when I presented parts 5 of my thesis in our sessions. This challenge has only been to my own benefit. Thank you all. Fellow doctoral candidates and closest colleagues were often the lifeline that helped me to carry on writing. They knew exactly what I was going through. When on occasion my own self-confidence failed and I was ready to give up, they encouraged me and pushed me to continue. They also showed me the importance of peer support and having fun. Nights spent at bars, or each others’ homes, drinking, eating, laughing and crying have been the best time of my life! My gratitude for these nights go to, in no patricular order, Niina Lehmusjärvi, Niina Siivikko, Susanna Lahtinen, Anne Närhi, Mari Tiihonen, Heta Aali, Reetta Sippola, Annastiina Mäkilä, Suvi-Sadetta Kaarakainen, Anna-Leena Perämäki, Otto Latva, Heta Lähdesmäki, Harri Kiiskinen, Maiju Kannisto and Panu Savolainen. My sincerest thanks also go to Professor Emerita Deborah Simonton who hired me for my first academic book project as an assistant while I was still doing my Master’s. She has also given comment on my doctoral thesis several times along the way and has seen it to develop. Debbi actually gave me the initial idea of its topic. Therefore, many thanks. There are many people who have given their professional contribution in one way or other, such as Adjunct Professor
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