DOCSLIB.ORG

Reply to Mitteroecker and Fischer: Developmental Solutions to The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reply to Mitteroecker and Fischer: Developmental Solutions to The LETTER REPLY TO MITTEROECKER AND FISCHER: Developmentalsolutionstotheobstetricaldilemma LETTER are not Gouldian spandrels Marcia S. Ponce de Le ´ona,1, Alik Huseynova, and Christoph P. E. Zollikofera In our study on human pelvic development (1), we pro- a long postreproductive lifespan indicates the exis- pose two hypotheses explaining the narrowing of the tence of such evolutionary-selective mechanisms. female pelvis during postreproductive life. Hypothesis Second, the concept of biological spandrels (5) is 1 proposes ultimate, evolutionary causes, reflecting helpful to categorize phenotypic features into main selective pressures acting on postreproductive life. products and by-products of natural selection, thus cau- Hypothesis 2 proposes proximate, developmental tioning against adaptationist overinterpretation of sin- causes, reflecting reduced estrogen levels during post- gle features. However, this presupposes an omniscient reproductive life. observer who knows which structure has been selected Mitteroecker and Fischer (2) replicate one part of our for which function. In the case of the human pelvis, we study—that concerning adult pelvic development—with are doubly ignorant. Since the falsification of Wash- an independent dataset, taking into account age effects burn’s obstetrical dilemma hypothesis (6–8), we have on pelvic shape variation not considered in their earlier had to rethink how obstetric, locomotor, and other con- study (3). (Note that the smoothing functions used in our straints actually govern the evolution of the female and study only serve for visual guidance, not for statistical the male pelvis. In addition, we do not yet understand testing.) Rather than testing our hypotheses (1) with new which mechanisms of sex-biased autosomal gene ex- data, however, Mitteroecker and Fischer (2) discard the pression govern human pelvic development. first hypothesis and interpret postreproductive pelvic Third, we do not propose that postreproductive narrowingasanevolutionarysideeffect.Herewereit- narrowing evolved specifically “as an adaptation to erate that further research and new data are required to changing obstetric needs” (2). Rather, our hypothesis actually test both hypotheses. 1 proposes that it evolved under selective pressures First, Mitteroecker and Fischer (2) argue that be- acting on postreproductive life (1). Based on the cur- cause postreproductive females had a small inclusive rently available data, we propose that humans evolved fitness, and were rare during human evolution, their a developmental mechanism that regulates female pelvic phenotype was fitness-irrelevant. This argument pelvic shape change via changes in estrogen levels is not valid. A long postreproductive lifespan is gener- (which themselves represent a physiological marker ally acknowledged to be one of the hallmarks of mod- of fertility). According to this hypothesis, both the pu- ern human evolution (4), so we need to explain why and bertal widening and postmenopausal narrowing of the how it evolved. It is likely that the “longevity pheno- female pelvis are based on the same evolved mecha- type” is the result of selection on a large number of nism of hormone-mediated developmental plasticity. postreproductive physiological and morphological fea- Designating pelvic widening as the evolutionary main tures. The contribution of each single feature to this effect and narrowing as a side effect is premature un- phenotype may be small, and the initially few postre- less we understand the fitness functions of pelvic mor- productive individuals might have had a small inclusive phology in both sexes, and how they change during fitness. However, the fact that modern humans do have an individual’s lifetime. 1 Huseynov A, et al. (2016) Developmental evidence for obstetric adaptation of the human female pelvis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113(19):5227–5232. 2 Mitteroecker P, Fischer B (2016) Adult pelvic shape change is an evolutionary side effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 10.1073/ pnas.1607066113. 3 Fischer B, Mitteroecker P (2015) Covariation between human pelvis shape, stature, and head size alleviates the obstetric dilemma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112(18):5655–5660. aAnthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Author contributions: M.S.P.d.L. and C.P.E.Z. designed research; M.S.P.d.L. and C.P.E.Z. performed research; A.H. analyzed data; and M.S.P.d.L. and C.P.E.Z. wrote the paper. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1607209113 PNAS Early Edition | 1of2 Downloaded by guest on September 23, 2021 4 Hawkes K, O’Connell JF, Jones NG, Alvarez H, Charnov EL (1998) Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(3):1336–1339. 5 Gould SJ, Lewontin RC (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 205(1161):581–598. 6 Washburn SL (1960) Tools and human evolution. Sci Am 203:63–75. 7 Dunsworth HM, Warrener AG, Deacon T, Ellison PT, Pontzer H (2012) Metabolic hypothesis for human altriciality. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(38):15212–15216. 8 Warrener AG, Lewton KL, Pontzer H, Lieberman DE (2015) A wider pelvis does not increase locomotor cost in humans, with implications for the evolution of childbirth. PLoS One 10(3):e0118903. 2of2 | www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1607209113 Ponce de Le ´onet al. Downloaded by guest on September 23, 2021.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • There Is No 'Obstetrical Dilemma': Towards a Braver Medicine with Fewer Childbirth Interventions Holly M
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Sociology & Anthropology Faculty Publications Sociology & Anthropology 2018 There is no 'obstetrical dilemma': Towards a braver medicine with fewer childbirth interventions Holly M. Dunsworth University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/soc_facpubs The University of Rhode Island Faculty have made this article openly available. Please let us know how Open Access to this research benefits oy u. This is a pre-publication author manuscript of the final, published article. Terms of Use This article is made available under the terms and conditions applicable towards Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth in our Terms of Use. Citation/Publisher Attribution Dunsworth, H. M. (2018). There Is No "Obstetrical Dilemma": Towards a Braver Medicine with Fewer Childbirth Interventions. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 61(2), 249-263. Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved September 5, 2018, from Project MUSE database. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2018.0040 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology & Anthropology at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology & Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. There is no ‘obstetrical dilemma’: Towards a braver medicine with fewer childbirth interventions Holly M. Dunsworth, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Rhode Island [email protected] Abstract Humans give birth to big-brained babies through a bony birth canal that metamorphosed during the evolution of bipedalism. Humans have a tighter fit at birth between baby and bony birth canal than do our closest relatives the chimpanzees.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanding the Evolutionary Explanations for Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Sociology & Anthropology Faculty Publications Sociology & Anthropology 2020 Expanding the evolutionary explanations for sex differences in the human skeleton Holly M. Dunsworth University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/soc_facpubs The University of Rhode Island Faculty have made this article openly available. Please let us know how Open Access to this research benefits you. This is a pre-publication author manuscript of the final, published article. Terms of Use This article is made available under the terms and conditions applicable towards Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth in our Terms of Use. Citation/Publisher Attribution Dunsworth, HM. Expanding the evolutionary explanations for sex differences in the human skeleton. Evolutionary Anthropology. 2020; 29: 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21834 Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21834 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology & Anthropology at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology & Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 2 Expanding the evolutionary explanations for sex differences in the human skeleton 3 4 Holly M. Dunsworth 5 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Rhode Island 6 7 Running title: Evolved sex differences in the human skeleton 8 9 October 1, 2019 10 11 12 13 Abstract 14 While the anatomy and physiology of human reproduction differ between the sexes, the effects 15 of hormones on skeletal growth do not.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Variation in Pelvic Shape and the Effects of Climate and Past
    Human variation in pelvic shape and the effects of climate and past population history Lia Betti Centre for Research in Evolutionary, Social and Inter-Disciplinary Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, SW15 4JD, UK. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)20 8392 3650 Running title: pelvic variation, climate and genetic drift ABSTRACT The human pelvis is often described as an evolutionary compromise (obstetrical dilemma) between the requirements of efficient bipedal locomotion and safe parturition of a highly encephalized neonate, that has led to a tight fit between the birth canal and the head and body of the foetus. Strong evolutionary constraints on the shape of the pelvis can be expected under this scenario. On the other hand, several studies have found a significant level of pelvic variation within and between human populations, a fact that seems to contradict such expectations. The advantages of a narrow pelvis for locomotion have recently been challenged, suggesting that the tight cephalo-pelvic fit might not stem from the hypothesized obstetrical dilemma. Moreover, the human pelvis appears to be under lower constraints and to have relatively higher evolvability than other closely related primates. These recent findings substantially change the way in which we interpret variation in the human pelvis, and help make sense of the high diversity in pelvic shape observed within and among modern populations. A lower magnitude of covariance between functionally important regions ensured that a wide range of morphological variation was available within populations, enabling natural selection to generate pelvic variation between populations living in different environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Birth, Obstetrics and Human Evolution
    Please take the time to GETSET Log in to SET through Canvas or through your University email. For more information, see: www.auckland.ac.nz/evaluate Reproduction, Birth, Alloparenting, and Life History Evolution ANTHRO 201 2018 Week 11 Lecture 11 Week 11: Lecture 11: Alloparenting and Life History • A review of life history theory and human life history characteristics • A review of changes in relevant aspects of socio- ecology • How are these plausibly related to the evolution of alloparenting among human? Review… • What is life history theory? Can you give a concise definition? • How are life history characteristics linked to aspects of socio-ecology? • Related important question: – How have relationships changed during the course of hominin evolution? Definition of Life History Theory • How do members of a species allocate energy through life to accomplish: • survival to and through their reproductive period • growth and development • maintenance of organ systems • reproduction, and offspring care (if any) • Tasks clearly interlinked and involve trade-offs Common Life History Life History links to Parameters Socio-ecology • Metabolic requirements • Niches • Gestation length • Sizes of home range • Litter size • Anatomy: body size, brain size, • Speed of growth and locomotion, dentition, gut development morphology and patterns of growth • Age at maturity / age at first birth • Diets (quality and quantity) • Inter-birth interval • Social group size and composition • Duration of reproductive period • Intra- and inter-group social • Age
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Pelvic Morphological Variation and Its Relation to Parturition Status
    Rethinking Pelvic Morphological Variation and Its Relation to Parturition Status Kelly Navickas Advisors: Adam Van Arsdale and Elizabeth Minor Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Prerequisite for Honors in the Anthropology Department at Wellesley College April 2019 © 2019 Kelly Navickas “To describe my mother would be to write about a hurricane in its perfect power. Or the climbing, falling colors of a rainbow.” — Maya Angelou In memory of my late mother, Linda Navickas. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful for the many people who have supported me and my work. Without you, my thesis would not have come to fruition. Your advice, guidance, and support have made it possible for me to complete this monumental endeavor. Thank you. To my advisor, Professor Van Arsdale, who introduced me to biological anthropology and continued to encourage my exploration of osteology at Wellesley College. To my other advisor, Professor Minor, who initially guided me through the thesis process and offered her sage advice and consistent encouragement. To the rest of my thesis committee, Professor Karakasidou and Professor Imber, for your insightful comments and valuable feedback. To Wellesley Career Education, who funded my internship at the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology’s Osteology Laboratory and the Office of Archaeological Studies. Without the opportunity to work there, I would never have had the chance to study the Maxwell’s Documented Skeletal Collection. To the Maxwell Museum’s Osteology Laboratory, for allowing me to work with the Documented Skeletal Collection, without which, this thesis would not be possible. To the friends I’ve made at the Maxwell Museum and Office of Archaeological Studies: Carmen, Heather, Ana, Mike, Caitlin, and Anne; who refined my ability in skeletal analysis and provided their constant encouragement in my work.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Comparative Ontogeny of the Hominid Pelvis and Implication for The
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2016 Comparative ontogeny of the Hominid pelvis and implication for the evolution of birth Huseynov, Alik Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-132307 Dissertation Originally published at: Huseynov, Alik. Comparative ontogeny of the Hominid pelvis and implication for the evolution of birth. 2016, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. COMPARATIVE ONTOGENY OF THE HOMINID PELVIS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF BIRTH ________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Alik Huseynov von/aus Deutschland Promotionskomitee Prof. Dr. Christoph P. E. Zollikofer (Vorsitz der Dissertation) Dr. Marcia S. Ponce de León (Leiterin der Dissertation) Prof. Dr. Marcelo Sánchez-Villagra Prof. Dr. Carel van Schaik Zürich, 2016 Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................1 English.................................................................................................................................1 German.................................................................................................................................3 Non-academic audience.......................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Immature Pelvic Growth and Obesity: a Biocultural Analysis of Risks
    Immature pelvic growth and obesity: A biocultural analysis of risks associated with adolescent pregnancy in the U.S. by Emma Ronayne Anthropology Degree, from the University of Victoria, 2020 An Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the HONOURS PROGRAM in the Department of Anthropology © Emma Ronayne, 2020 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. 1 Abstract Adolescent pregnancy in women aged 10-19 years is associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes for both the mother and infant than adult pregnancy. Health conditions and immaturities such as obesity and immature pelvic growth compound the associated risks of adolescent pregnancy. Black and Indigenous women in the U.S. experience disproportionately high rates of adolescent pregnancy and obesity. This research project aims to answer two questions: (1) What are the contributing risks of pelvic immaturity and obesity on adverse outcomes in adolescent pregnancy, especially in the U.S.?; and (2) Why are Black and Indigenous women at particular risk of adolescent pregnancy and obesity in the U.S.? In this research project, I have conducted statistical analyses of the biological and social factors associated with adolescent pregnancy using the CDC WONDER database, and I have used case studies and ethnographic accounts to understand Black and Indigenous women’s experiences with adolescent pregnancy. In this essay, I examine the racial disparities in rates of adolescent pregnancy, obesity and adverse outcomes in the U.S. I focus on biological risks associated with adolescent pregnancy and the social factors associated with the most at-risk groups for adolescent pregnancy and obesity.
    [Show full text]
  • Obstetrical Dilemma’: Stunting, Obesity and the Risk of Obstructed Labour
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Page 1 of 55 Provided by UCL Discovery The new ‘obstetrical dilemma’: stunting, obesity and the risk of obstructed labour Jonathan CK Wells UCL Institute of Child health 30 Guilford Street London WC1N 1EH [email protected] 1 Page 2 of 55 1 Abstract 2 The ‘obstetrical dilemma’ refers to the tight fit between maternal pelvic dimensions and 3 neonatal size at delivery. Most interest traditionally focused on its generic significance for 4 humans, for example our neonatal altriciality and our complex and lengthy birth process. 5 Across contemporary populations, however, the obstetrical dilemma manifests substantial 6 variability, illustrated by differences in the incidence of cephalo-pelvic disproportion, 7 obstructed labour and cesarean section. Beyond accounting for 12% of maternal mortality 8 worldwide, obstructed labour also imposes a huge burden of maternal morbidity, in 9 particular through debilitating birth injuries. This paper explores how the double burden of 10 malnutrition and the global obesity epidemic may be reshaping the obstetrical dilemma. 11 First, short maternal stature increases the risk of obstructed labour, while early age at 12 marriage also risks pregnancy before pelvic growth is completed. Second, maternal obesity 13 increases the risk of macrosomic offspring. In some populations, short maternal stature may 14 also promote the risk of gestational diabetes, another risk factor for macrosomic offspring. 15 These nutritional influences are furthermore sensitive to social values relating to issues such 16 as maternal and child nutrition, gender inequality and age at marriage. Secular trends in 17 maternal obesity are substantially greater than those in adult stature, especially in low- and 18 middle-income countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconsidering the Obstetrical Dilemma: Correlations Between Head and Pelvic Size
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School June 2020 Reconsidering the Obstetrical Dilemma: Correlations Between Head and Pelvic Size Kelsey Catrice Fox Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Health and Medical Physics Commons, Interprofessional Education Commons, Other Anthropology Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Social Statistics Commons Recommended Citation Fox, Kelsey Catrice, "Reconsidering the Obstetrical Dilemma: Correlations Between Head and Pelvic Size" (2020). LSU Master's Theses. 5175. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/5175 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RECONSIDERING THE OBSTETRIC DILEMMA: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN HEAD AND PELVIC SIZE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Kelsey Catrice Fox B.S., University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017 August 2020 Acknowledgements Many people contributed to the work needed for this research. Without the opportunity provided by Dr. Joan Bytheway and Ms. Haeli Kennedy of Sam Houston State University’s Applied Anatomical Research Center, I would not have been able to conduct this study. Thanks to the members of my thesis committee, Drs.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Nite-Element Simulations Reveal Early Origin of Complex
    Dynamic nite-element simulations reveal early origin of complex human birth pattern Pierre Fremondiere ( [email protected] ) Aix Marseille University, CNRS/EFS, UMR 7268, and School of Midwifery, Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2800-4217 Lionel Thollon Aix Marseille University, UMR-T24, Marseille, France. François Marchal Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France. Cinzia Fornai University of Zurich https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0911-0164 Nicole Webb Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Martin Haeusler University of Zürich https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9100-4183 Article Keywords: human birth pattern, nite-element birth simulations, australopithecines Posted Date: August 16th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-609827/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Submitted Manuscript: Confidential Dynamic finite-element simulations reveal early origin of complex human birth pattern 5 Authors: Pierre Frémondière1,2*, Lionel Thollon3, François Marchal2, Cinzia Fornai4,5, Nicole M. Webb4,6, Martin Haeusler4* Affiliations: 1Aix Marseille University, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France. 10 2Aix Marseille University, School of Midwifery, Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Marseille, France. 3Aix Marseille University, UMR-T24, Marseille, France. 4Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zuerich, Winterthurerstrasse
    [Show full text]
  • Obstetrical Dilemma’: Stunting, Obesity and the Risk of Obstructed Labour
    Page 1 of 55 The new ‘obstetrical dilemma’: stunting, obesity and the risk of obstructed labour Jonathan CK Wells UCL Institute of Child health 30 Guilford Street London WC1N 1EH [email protected] 1 Page 2 of 55 1 Abstract 2 The ‘obstetrical dilemma’ refers to the tight fit between maternal pelvic dimensions and 3 neonatal size at delivery. Most interest traditionally focused on its generic significance for 4 humans, for example our neonatal altriciality and our complex and lengthy birth process. 5 Across contemporary populations, however, the obstetrical dilemma manifests substantial 6 variability, illustrated by differences in the incidence of cephalo-pelvic disproportion, 7 obstructed labour and cesarean section. Beyond accounting for 12% of maternal mortality 8 worldwide, obstructed labour also imposes a huge burden of maternal morbidity, in 9 particular through debilitating birth injuries. This paper explores how the double burden of 10 malnutrition and the global obesity epidemic may be reshaping the obstetrical dilemma. 11 First, short maternal stature increases the risk of obstructed labour, while early age at 12 marriage also risks pregnancy before pelvic growth is completed. Second, maternal obesity 13 increases the risk of macrosomic offspring. In some populations, short maternal stature may 14 also promote the risk of gestational diabetes, another risk factor for macrosomic offspring. 15 These nutritional influences are furthermore sensitive to social values relating to issues such 16 as maternal and child nutrition, gender inequality and age at marriage. Secular trends in 17 maternal obesity are substantially greater than those in adult stature, especially in low- and 18 middle-income countries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Difficult Childbirth and Helpless Hominin Infants
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Sociology & Anthropology Faculty Publications Sociology & Anthropology 2015 The volutE ion of Difficult Childbirth and Helpless Hominin Infants Holly M. Dunsworth University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Leah Eccleston University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/soc_facpubs The University of Rhode Island Faculty have made this article openly available. Please let us know how Open Access to this research benefits oy u. This is a pre-publication author manuscript of the final, published article. Terms of Use This article is made available under the terms and conditions applicable towards Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth in our Terms of Use. Citation/Publisher Attribution Dunsworth, Holly and Leah Eccleston. The vE olution of Difficult Childbirth and Helpless Hominin Infants. Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 44, no. 1, 2015, pp. 55-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-013918 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-013918 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology & Anthropology at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology & Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN44CH04-Dunsworth ARI 26 June 2015 20:1 V I E E W R S I E N C N A D V A The Evolution of Difficult Childbirth and Helpless Hominin Infants Holly Dunsworth and Leah Eccleston Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881; email: [email protected], [email protected] Annu.
    [Show full text]