H I ST O RI C A M E R I C A N T R E E S

By KATHARINE STANL EY NICHOL SON

Photographs b y the Author and Others

NEW YORK FRYE PUBLISHING COMPANY

1 5 WEST 1 0 7th ST REET C r ht 1 922 b opy ig , , y KATHARINE STANL EY NI CHOL SON DEDI CATED

b y p e rmi s s ion

fl ammab le William (II. S prmd

Govern or o f Pen n sylva n i a

As A Slight Token o f Ap p reci a tion o f

His Splen did S ervi ce

I n Fo rest Co n s erva t ion

COPY

GOVE RNOR ’ S L E TTE R

E! ECUTI VE DEPARTMEN T HARRI SB URG

Dece b er 1 6 1 2 0 éohernor m , 9

MI SS K4 THARINE S TANL E YNI CH OL SON 2 } South Eightee n th Stree t

P l el Pa hi ad phia, .

Dear Fr ien d

Y r r c s n e o the 1 th is n . O c rs e I s l e l a rec ou g a iou ot f 3 at ha d f ou , hou d gr at y pp iate

a n n a s the e c n o r b k me a n d I n l wis li I ave s u ch ho or d di atio f you oo to , o y that might h

n o n s rv c n n the satisfactio f feeli g that I rea lly de e ed s u h a dis ti ctio .

I am greatly in teres t ed m what you a re pla n n i ng a n d I tr us t tha t yo ur wo rk will b e emin en tly s u ccessful.

a rec n a nd kind e rds I With pp iatio r ga , am,

S n ce el rs i r y you ,

S n e M ( ig d) ”( . C. SPROUL TABLE OF CONTENT S

Oaks Oaks Oaks Pop lars Poplars

Sugar Maples Memorial Trees — — Willows Inwood Tulip Tree Stockton Catalpas — ’ — Hamilton 3 Trees Treaty Tree of Gross

— Cypress Ye ws Pines Pines— Sequoias Nut Trees Nut Trees— Indian Trail Trees Mulberries Pears —The Traveling Nursery Apples

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

In dian Trail Tree Front Cover o f Ann a olis Liberty Tree p . Frontispiece

J AGING PAG E 1 1 Salem Oak . Largest Oak 11 1 Pennsylvania 2 1 ’ Sycamore and Lafayette 3 Headquarters 31 Pringle Sycamore 35 Penn T 1 ea ty Elm 38 Frye Elm 47 Ro osevelt Sugar Maple 5 6 Napoleon Willows 62 Whittier Pines 77 77 Sequoia o ’ B a r 8 1 Daniel Boone s Tree . Black Walnut of Stony Point 8 1 90 Mulberry Walk . Box Hedge of Co unt Du Barr y 90 FOREWORD

e c Old Trees in their living state , are tr asures that money annot

buy , wrote Walter Savage Landor . ! Treasures , indeed, though too seldom appreciated Intimately associated as they are in many instances with our National life as well s as with local event , much of the history of America is written in the ca n story of her trees , living or otherwise, and be traced through a study of the part they have played in conn ection with its development . h S L iving Lin ks in the c ain of human interests that pans the centuries , ul l such trees possess a unique historic value , and sho d be carefu ly preserved . i During the preparation of this volume, gratify ng proof of the widespread interest in our subject has been received by the writer . From many quarters have come helpful suggestions and valuable material , and for this kind assistance she wishes here , to make grate ful acknowledgment to the various historical societies throughout the country, also to the following individuals and books

H a lv . . e Mr James F Sullivan , Mrs . Margaret M . y , Managing

Editor of The Starry Cross ; Mrs . Frederick Winslow Taylor, Mr . U Fred Shelton, Philadelphia ; Dr . John W. Harshberger, niversity of Pennsylvania ; Mrs . M . E . T . Chapin , Miss Sophia K . Seabury, Al d Miss ma Dunbar, Mrs . E . P . Gar ner, Miss E . Frye Barker, Miss H u s tis nh m Nettie , Mr . Stewart H . Bur a , Mr . William Markham ,

New York State ; Mr . Harold Rugg, Dartmouth College , New

Hampshire ; Mr . Carl Bannwart, Supt . Shade Tree Commission ,

. n Newark , N J Mr . Ransom Ken icott, Forester, Coo k County For est Preserve, Ill . ; Miss Delia Harris Maddox , Baltimore , Maryland ;

. K Mr Lucien Lamar night, State Historian of Georgia ; Mr . J . C . ’ McWh o rt er fi . ch a n e , of West Virginia ; Dr John H . S r, Ohio State U . A niversity ; Mr . C . Dart , of North Carolina ; Senator George P . o Morehouse , of Kansas ; Mr . R bert G . Sproul , Secretary, Save the

Redwoods League , California ; Mr . George Himes , of Oregon ; Mr . ll Wi iam E . Foster of Rhode Island , and others who have generously contributed information that has proved most useful in the prepara 1 t on of this book .

A a meric n Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, Ann ual

Reports .

Am 1 9 1 - 1 erican Forestry Magazine , 8 9 2 1 . “ An l h nals of Phi adelphia , by Jo n F . Watson

Border Settlers of Northwestern Virginia, by L . V . McWh orter . Am Bureau of erican Ethnology , Smithsonian Institute, Bul le 30 tin .

o f u a i Brief History So th D kota, by Doane Rob nson , Secre ta ry, State Historical Society of South Dakota . “ Centennial Biographical History of R l chla nd and Ashland ” A B a u hmah Counties , Ohio, by . J . g . “ b am s T Chronicles of Colonial Maryland , y J e Walter homas . i C A t Dan el Boone, by John S . bbo t; “ an o e u D iel Bo n , by Lucille G lliver .

F u ln Am mH t . First o nders erica, by Willia oward Fi ch , M D .

’ ” L m M ls L c Georgia s and arks , emoria and egends , by Lu ian

Lamar Knight .

A r Guide to nnapolis , by William O . Stevens and Car oll S .

Alden . t A Historic Highway of An erica, by rcher Butler Hulbert . u New r r History of Dutchess Co nty; Yo k , edited by F ank

Hasbrouck . “ G e H A u e t b . . G rber History of the r a Republic, y . an d l m History of Detroit Michigan, by Si as Far er . a ” r o Of i ith. Hist ry Ind an , y Sm History and Ston es 0

t e o f M tt R His oric Tr es assachuse s , by James aymond i S mmons . “ Hoosac Valley, (The ) , by Grace Greylock Niles . A u Indiana Arbor and Bird Day nn al .

r a Journal of the Neu York Botanic G rden . “ ”

r n . Legends of Trees and Flowe s , by Charles Skin er ”

m n W . I . Lives of Famous ndian Chiefs , by Nor a B ood

A o r r F hi m . . C d . é . Marking the Santa Trail , by T y

Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. “ a h Wil Memorials of John Bartr m and Hump rey Marshall , by

n . . . . liam Darli gton , M ; D , L L D “ r a . Memorials of a Half Centu y, by Bel Hubbard n Minnesota Historical Society Historical Collectio s .

! I V n d ! ! . o . a Michigan Pioneer and Historical s ciety, Vols II

National Geographical Magazine . ! ! c . . Ohio Archaeological and Histori al Publications , Vol II

Ohio Ar chaeological and Historical Quarterly .

Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science . “ ” c n Reminiscences of Famous Georgians , by Lu ie Lamar t Knigh . t Review of Facts and Observations Made by Na uralists , Botan is ts , Historians and Travelers , on the Properties and Productions of ”

1 8 32 . the Sugar Maple Tree, by E . Jones , published in London , in

Roger Williams , by Oscar S . Strauss . Ph D E i . Secret of the Big Trees , The by llsworth Hunt ngton, ’

. . . n F R G S Harpers Magazi e . “ A M . . Storming of Stony Point, by Henry P . Johnston ,

” Story of Tennessee, by James Phelan .

o f n White Doe (The) the Fate Virgi ia Dare, by Sallie South hall Cotten .

c ae ! V Wisconsin Ar h ologist, Vol . . “ With the Flowers and Trees in California, by Charles Francis

Saunders .

Z i c t l 1 9 1 9 oolog al Socie y Bu letin , September, .

THE AUTHOR

CHAPTER 1

— — Thé Wi- ten - a-ge - mo t Oa k Th e Cha r ter Oa k The Pelham oak — - é k—é Th e Th e For oaks Th e S ale m Oa k Th e Wads wort h Oa R Oa k app it e .

T H E WI - TEn-A - G E -MOT OAK

This veteran oak is still standing on th e ancient Indian Council

cha ticoke . . Ground at S g , N Y It is in the rear of the old Knicker bocker Mansion where Washington Irving was a frequent visitor and where he discovered the original of his famous character, Dietrich

Knickerbocker . wo a Nearly t hundred and fifty years go, at the close of King ’ r An Philip s War, Governo dros , of New York, planted the oak, the on ly Tree of Welfare ever dedicated to the Indians . 1 A In 67 6 , Governor ndros formed a Board of Indian Commis s ion ers A , at lbany, and , able diplomat that he was , set about prevent ing the exodus to Canada of discontented Indians from the Hudson River and Hoosac Valley and influencin g them to stay in their o wn Al country . It was during this visit to bany that he planted the Tree a ch a ticoke of Peace t S g , for the purpose of strengthening the friend e ship b tween the Hoosac and Mohawk Indians , and between the Militia at Fort Albany and the River Indian scouts ; and in honor of l Th e Wi- the occasion , ca led a meeting of the conference known as ten a - e - A n g mot or ssemblage of the Wise, amed after the National A Assembly of early Saxon times prior to the Norman Conquest . bout H dos a cs one thousand warriors , representatives of the Iroquois , ,

Pequots , Narragansetts , Pennacooks , Delawares , Mohawks and other nations obeyed the summons to the conference . An r Governor dros and his staff, the royal militia in tliei brilliant uniforms , the Board of Indian Commissioners , judges and clergymen TWO completed the gathering . Dutch pastors of Al bany and two ’ Jesuit Priests of the Mohawk Missions o fi ered prayer while the

Calumet or pipe of peace was solemnly passed around , whites as well n as red men smoki g it in turn , to seal their compact of good will . Belts of wampum embroidered with the Swastika were given by

the Indians to their white friends , and the Governor presented the r River Indian Scouts with tobacco , pipes and unifo ms . Three of the Chiefs broke their b ow - strings and buried the hatchet at the foot of the

. S o u on H s a newly planted oak q , the orator of the o o cs , announced that the blood had been cleansed from the blade of the hatchet just

buried , and that the warriors would henceforth dance in peace beneath

the Tree of Welfare .

The ceremony and the compact of friendship , symbolized by the

planting of the tiny oak, were long and lovingly remembered by the

- l 1 1 d c e . Indian nations , and they hel the Tree of Pea e in d ep regard Those Indians livin g on the east shore of the Hudson told Governor Belle “ ! mont, of New York, about the event as follows It is now six and twenty years since we were almost dead when we left New England and were first received into this governm ent ; then it was that a tree h a kkoo k was planted at S , whose branches is spread so that there is a comfortable shade under the leaves of it ; we a re unanimously resolved to to live and die under the shadow of that Tree, and pray our Father e nourish and have a favorable aspect towards that Tr e, for you need ‘ not apprehend that tho any of our people go out a hunting, they will look out for another country , since they like that place called ” S ha kkoo k so well .

Having promised a Council Tree to the Mohawk Scouts also, 1 6 7 6 Governor Andros planted it, probably in , on the shore of the m Wi- -a - e - To h a ma c River, but it did not fare as well as the ten g mot “ n Oak, being injured by lightni g . Our neighbors , the Mohawks , ” “ n S o u on have not been so fortu ate , said q to the Governor, for their u tree burnt . We have been so happy and fortunate that our n mber n is i creased to that degree that we cannot all be shaded by one tree , S ch a ticoke and , therefore , desire that another tree besides that at g may be planted for us . Wi- - a - e - The ten g mot Oak is now in its third century of life , its c - circumferen e measures twenty two feet , and its shade covers an acre . t But it shows unmis akable signs of decay, and unless this can be arrested , it will not be many years before one of the most historic o trees f the continent will have vanished .

T H E CHARTER OAK

The first settlers at Hartford , Conn . , found there a white oak , tall

n - and spreadi g, already full of years its age even then being esti — mated a t sev eral centuries that was a valued land ma rk of the

Indians . They begged the pioneers to spare the ancient oak while “ o f an clearing the forest growth , saying, It has been the guide our ce s to rs m com for hundreds of years , as to the ti e of planting our , w ’ hen the leaves are the size of a mouse s ears , then is the time to put ” ’ e the seed into the ground . Granting the Indians requ s t to leave the ancient oak untouched , the white men builded better than they knew, for in a few years it had rendered them a service of great worth . 1 6 8 7 An In , Governor dros , whom King James had appointed n New Gover or of all England , attended a session of the Colonial A t ssembly at Hartford , and demanded its charter . In an ins ant , the ll hts e g in the hall were xtinguished , and relit , but the historic docu ment had vanished from the table where it lay . Captain Wadsworth ’ had carried it away and concealed it in the old oak s hollow trunk . t r Strangely enough , King Charles II , who had granted the char e , m a had hi self been obliged to t ke refuge in the trunk of an oak , eleven years previous , after the battle of Worcester, England . Later, his 1 2

and Historic Preservation Society. however, this is incorrect , and nothin g now is left of the fine old oak but the 1 ecord of its fame

T H E F ox OAKS

In 1 6 6 1 , John Bowne, a noted man of his time, built his house m e u Flushing, N . Y . He was so z alo s a Quaker that he was exiled h r to Holland by Governor Stuyvesant, for his ad e ence to the sect, and

did not return home for two years . m Opposite his home stood two im ense oaks , under whose shade u of r th e George Fox , Fo nder of the Society Friends , p eached to 1 6 2 U e Indians 111 7 . nder the same tre s , Friends were accustomed to

hold their meetings , when the crowds became too large to be aecom ’

w . m o da t ed in Mr . Bo ne s house One of the Fox Oaks , as the old

trees were named in honor of the distinguished preachers , lived till

1 8 41 . , the other surviving a few years longer They were estimated

to be about five hundred years of age .

T H E SAL EM OAK

Another tree long associated with the Society of Friends 18 the h c o k . . h t fine old a at Salem , N J W en e land on whi h it stands came 1 8 0 th e a s com a ra tiy l into thepossession of the Society, m 6 , tree w p e y yeun g a nd slender though perhaps not ' I t is believed to b e between three possibly much elder ; on e of it he antu r n 1 9 20 and in t 1 1 of , rings o f a n rnia l growth. The teen feet o f ground ln the Fri a noble monarch of the primeval forest . One c n fancy it rich in i of - b u t S n i ha s memor es longpast tirri g t mes , for it watched over the d l w of a fr eve opment of the to n S lem om its b irth , as from time to time the little community has borne its part in the storm and stress r of histo y . Th e old o ak bids fair to b e one of the longest -lived of American h c b eeo e n th trees , for w ensigns of de ay m evide t , e aid of tree surgeons has been promptly enlisted to strengthen and pres

T H E WAnso T H OAK

Th Wadsworth Oak, or Big Tree, on the Genesee River, at Y wa w e . . . t s e Genes e, N , s lon a tree of note I a a swamp whit oak , t n dulg 111 ah tu h d f t e h r d its leaves urni g a yellow m, instea o h ric e ' o f th h t r - n ci r tint of those e w i e oak . Measu ing twenty seven feet l e e e t co of it e a e ferenc , it was v n ra ed on ac unt s siz , nd the S neca n s na h r t e u t B i r 1 1 . a I dian med sur ounding co n ry gT ee, 1 its honor Ne r in1 7 9 7 re t ehetween R e Mo n 15 n d ea it, , a t a ywas mad ob rt the Sen c s, w e by hich they convey d to him the greater part of t eir territory. 1 4 c to In 1 8 5 1 , the Big Tree ame its end in a heavy freshet which washed away the river bank . A piece of its trunk was placed on the Letchworth estate , in the neighborhood , near an old Indian Coun to cil House, which had been moved there be kept as a valuable relic, after it had been abandoned by its fo ri ner owners o f the Senecas tribe .

T H E RAPPI TE OAK

In 1 8 1 5 , Geo rge Rapp , a native of Wurtemburg, Germany, pur

Co . . fl chased a res in Posey , Ind , near the co uence of the c ” ' n' ' w a a ( e u d comrn n it of Ne r H r a sh 1 Ohio Riv rs , and fo nde the u y y1 a h ' “ mon y t iie l ttle s ettlement wa s governed b y the principles of the 1 ' Te e t er t m d a New stamn as he und stood hem , and was o elled fter his former onein Penn sylvania. n t of a n e t e O the 111 h their rrival at their whome , h colonists slept er the sha of wh c e n a u d e a large tr e, h b a e know as the R p ite h e 1 cm ' O k? eari t lea b i t c c n anunger a N ,their der u l his house, onne ti g it by ' ' ground p assage with the f ort. Traces of the qdaint old se ttlement ' i o f whi st ll remain , in the odd little houses , none ch boasted a front W c door, and one ing of the large hurch b uilt in the form of a Greek cross . n g long years the historic rights of the old oak were i e r e the old ho h s wi resp cted by late r sidents in home, and t ug ho ng the ac of a e it was e 1 9 00 appro h j l ft standing. In ,a su mmerStorm laid " g “ ’ ” low a b t i et a o f ex en en ce in son n d s o it , fter a ou n n y ye rs p g a t ry .

1 5 CH APT ER II

— — — ’ — Th e De S oto Oa k Th e Ca th oli c Oa k Th e Wes ley Oa k Tea ch s Oa k Two R a l Oak s— h i in Tr ee a t Peeks ki ll—Two Oa ks t h a t Ow Th em oy — W pp g n s e lves Ju dia n Oa k .

T H E DE SOT O OAK

Both history and legend have given fame to the handsome, d th e T a m a spreading oak upon the groun s of p Bay Hotel , Fla . , e whose branches shad an area of one hundred and twenty feet . 1 5 39 In , Ferdinand De Soto, whose name the tree bears , became

Governor of Florida . He was very fond of resting beneath the oak, n and is believed to have made a treaty with the I dians under its shade . e n Mor than three hu dred and fifty years later, during the Spanish

Am erican War, General Nelson A . Miles made his headquarters beneath the venerable tree .

T H E CATH OL I C OAK

1 35 . In 6 , the Rev William Blackstone, a clergyman of the ll Church of England, moved from Boston to what is now the vi age

I . e of Lonsdale, R . , and is remembered as the first whit man to settle Mill in that State . Close by his grave, near the corner of Broad and m ea su rm Streets , Lonsdale, stands the immense oak, its trunk g

- - twenty seven feet at the ground level , which he mentions in his writ ings as being in its prime in his day . 1 4 8 3 . The old oak has a singular history . In , the Rev James

Cook Richmond, a missionary of the Episcopal Church, passing on o his way to preach at a neighb ring town , paused under its branches , “ ! e exclaiming, What a beautiful tree that is I think I will hold s rvices ” e her next Sunday . As if to form a natural pulpit, two large roots e on one side of the tree nclosed a hollow, where he stood while con ul ducting the services that soon became immensely pop ar . The first 4 1 8 43 one was held on Whit Sunday, June , , when Mr . Richmond “ h e c rist ned the tree the Catholic Oak, evidently using the adjective “ ” u c in its broadest sense as signifying niversal , since the servi es were intended for all , irrespective of creed . Crowds attended his first open air service of the Episcopal in i Church this country, it hav ng been estimated that there were more n than six hu dred persons present, many of whom never attended e e church , but w re doubtl ss attracted by the novelty of the proceeding .

After preaching beneath the oak for several months , Mr . Rich mond was sent to another field, but returned every year, to hold i i 1 8 47 servce under the tree on Wh tsunday . About the year , he went a k agam to Europe, t ing with him an acorn from his beloved oak, and planting it in England where it has grown and flourished .

1 6 An iron railing has been placed around the Catholic Oak , at m Lonsdale, with a tablet com emorating the history of the famous land

mark which may yet remain through another generation .

T H E WES LEY OAK

’

m G a . On St . Si on s Island , , less than half a mile from the ruins e of Fort Frederica, stands a gnarled and anci nt live oak, under whose

- e de spread branches tradition says that the Wesl ys preached, the

' pioneers of Methodism in this country .

The old tree is a memento of events enacted near it, of far more two stirring character . Numbering its years at not less than hundred,

probably many more , its growth was contemporary with the earliest history of English colonists in Georgia ; with the landing on her coast nn of the good ship A e, which brought General James Edward Ogle

thorpe, the most illustrious Englishman to cross the sea during the of to period American colonization, when he came with his followers establish in the New World a refuge for the debtors of England ; and with his valiant conquest of the French and Spanish invaders wh o

threatened the rights and liberties of English settlers in America . “ l ” From the outstretched imbs of the old oak, says Mr . Lucien “ i s s Lamar Kn ght, the historian, trail the pendant mo se , giving it an k ictu r appearance of great solemnity and beauty, and ma ing it the p esque embodiment of the austere memories which cluster abo ut the ” Two sacred spot . hundred feet in height, it stands at the gate of the

- churchyard of Christ Church , on whose parish registe r are the names of some of the earliest settlers on the island, and under its broad shade sleep many generations . to The tree is on the direct road Fort Frederica, built in 1 735 , by General Oglethorpe, as a defence against Spanish power, and named for Frederic, Prince of Wales .

’ T EACH s OAK

The old tree, which stands on a little peninsul a in a creek tribu

C. tary to the Neuse River, at Oriental, N . , was a prominent figure in the early history of the State . Long before civilization had placed a lighthouse or other means of guidance on those shores , the big oak served to point the way for many a mariner .

It is associated with the pirate Edward Teach, a daring and troublesome character of those early days . Because of his thick, black w hiskers , he went by the name of Blackbeard . He was an English man , and in his youth a sailor under a pirate captain named Korna

, 1 7 1 8 gold and proved himself an apt pupil . In , he was given co mand of a ship captured by his master, and set sail for Ame rican wam ers . ’ The coasts of North Carolina and Virgin ia were Teach s special hu n tm — g ground . It is said that when pursued by larger vessels which

1 7 e h e e e could not follow him into shallow wat r, took refug in Alb marle T h e e and Pamlico sounds . old oak was the favorite rend zvous of him e e self and his cr w, and large hol s were later dug around its foot , in fruitless eff orts to discover the treasure he was known to have amassed

and suppos ed to have conce aled there . e When th e English king, hopeless of controlling the lawless rov rs e who te rrorized sailors far and n ar, offered a pardon to all of them

who would surrender and live as peaceable citizens , Teach availed h t e . himself of op portunity He soon tired of the monotony, however , n and started out agai , a menace to all he met . At length , Governor i Spottswood, of Virginia, brought matters to a head by dispatch ng

e n . ea Li utenant May ard in search of him After a sharp fight, T ch ’ was killed , and his head was fastened to the bowsprit of Maynard s i l o ship , as a trophy . Trad tion has it that the head ess b dy swam d round Ocracoke Islan nearby, in quest of the pirate crew and their

vessel .

Two ROYAL OAKS

w e T o American trees have each borne the titl of Ro yal Oak . One e of them, whose fame is perpetuat d in the village of that name, near

the spot where it stood , in the vicinity of Easton , Md . , had grown to such a size that it was supposed to have been standing before the dis cover who y of the New World . Soldiers fought in the Revolution

were drilled under its branches , but its name originated in an occur 1 8 1 2 rence of the War of . e During that struggle, a British ship came to anchor opposit the M . s un d . town of St Michael , Talbot Co ty, , a few miles from the veteran oak, and opened fire . who un The inhabitants, were protected , resorted to a bit of i ff strategy that proved h ghly e ective . Hanging lighted lanterns in n the tops of the high trees , they deceived the enemy i to mistaking them

for the lights of the town , with the satisfactory result that their shots

passed harmlessly overhead . a e For a long time, two cannon balls s aid to be of loc l fam l were suspended from the limbs of the Royal Oak, and after its fal 1 8 6 4 e in , they were plac d on a locust post nearby .

A white oak bearing the same distinguished name , stood on a plain northeast of the Indian trail leading from Detroit to the village n of Pontiac, Mich . , and the tow ship of Royal Oak of that neighbor

hood is named in its honor . The reason for its august title seems , s however, decidedly obscure , as its associations are chiefly with doing th e of red men . There is a tradition that, beneath it, an unfriendly

meeting occurred, Chief Pontiac and representatives of another tribe n 1 8 25 bei g the interested p arties . As late as , the scars of arrows ,

tomahawks and bullets were said to be visible in its wood . It figured , 1 8 1 9 also, as a boundary tree , when , in Govern or Case laid out a road “

from Woodward Avenue, Detroit, to the end of the road built by

1 8 the United States troops , then west to a large oak marked H , near

Indian trail , then west to Main Street in Pontiac Village, then to the ” en d of Main Street .

WHIPPING TREE AT PEEKSKILL

- An oak of old time associations , that is still flourishing, is the ” Whipping Tree at P eekskill , N . Y . Beneath it, strenuous corree tion was administered in R evolu n tion a ry times to de serters from the

American cause . The tree is situated in a wide field adjoining the ’ - h ea d u a r groun ds of the Van Cortland Manor House, Washington s q

i . e ters when he was in P e eksk ll Here Lafay tte, Rochambeau , Baron e e Von Steuben and other famous soldiers were entertained . Pi rr w - 1 7 7 7 Van Cortland , the o ner, was Lieutenant Governor from to 1 7 9 5 - e , and acting Marshal of the Equ strian Provincial Congress , which Congress was more than once obliged to hold its sessions on H e . e horseback, and l gislate to meet emergencies also served as President of the Convention that was re sponsible for the new Federal 1 7 8 1 constitution of .

T wo OAKS THAT OWN THEM SELVES

G a . A fine old oak , near the town of Athens , , fell heir, about a f e e century ago , to su fici nt land to prot ct it from invasion as long as ’ e e Nature shall permit it to stand . In the Town Cl rk s office is r corded

1 2 . 8 0 . . the deed dated in , by which its owner , the Hon W H Jackson , “ for and in consideration of the great affection which h e bears said s ee e tree, and his desire to it protected , has convey d and by these e th e e e presents does conv y unto said tree entir poss ssion of itself, and ” e the land within eight feet of it on all sid s . Thus insured against any e th e ncroachment upon its rights , old oak flourishes , today, its age exceeding three hundred and fifty years , and is a tree of noble propor tions . On a tablet under its branche s is inscribed a quotation from the deed . By virtue of being the first tree distinguished as a landowner it e e seems fully ntitl d to rank as historic .

An oak of California , that is claimed to rival in size the Sir e th e Jos ph Hooker oak at Chico in same State , is fortunate in having e e New be n liberally provid d for by Mr . A . E . Wiltse , of York City, who has set apart forty acres surrounding the tree, in order that it may e be pres rved for generations . The oak has a circumference of thirty a e e one feet, and sh des a radius of one hundred and thirty f t . Its age is estimated at from six hundred to seven hundred years .

INDIAN OAK Y Maple Hill , Geneva, N . . , the beautiful estate where Lafayette in 1 8 25 e e was entertained , possess s sev n acres of ancient forest tre es

n e . e k own as Sylvan Grov One of thes trees , called Indian Oak , was a favorite meeting place of Chief Red Jacket and his comp anions .

1 9 e This noted chief, the Indian Demosthen s , was of the Seneca tribe, and was the greatest orator of the Six Nations .

He was a young man at the time of the Revolution , and was ” ofli c r n e often employed by the British e s as a m es s en ger o r run r . his Both on account of great physical endurance and his eloquence,

. th e re he was able to be of great service to them In return , officers p sented hi m with a handsomely embroidered scarlet jacket which h e wore with great pride ; and during the war they kept him supplied with e similar coats . This costume earned for him the titl which clung to

. Am e e him through life After the close of the war, the ricans w re accustomed to present him with a red jacket whenever they wished h im to please .

The Indian Oak is no longer standing, but a granite rock has e e e e been placed on the site where it gr w, a temporary ston of r m m brance, until a permanent monument shall mark the historic spot .

20

CHAPTER III

’ — - - h e - ee ee Th e B a rtra m Oa ks Corn e r Oa ks Str uc k b y t R s Tr — — h Wa s hington Oa k Red Oa k a t Ch es te rfield Coun cil Oa k of t e n Fé a il Sa ta Tr .

TH E BARTRAM OAKS

In the southwestern section of Philadelphia, Penn . , on the bank d 1 7 3 1 of the Schuylkill , stan s a quaint old house , built in , by John “ i Bartram , The Father of American Botany . Surround ng it, and

covering from six to seven acres , lies the famous garden which he

cul tivated through half a century ; a garden which, during his lifetime n was a favorite resort of Washington , Frankli and other men of note, and which has survived to our own days as a city park and a centre o f

- interest to nature lovers . Many unusual and interesting trees and shrubs collected by Bartram during his travels through the then unknown region of the to eastern and southern portions of the United States , or sent him by

friends at home and abroad, found their way into the garden and a

nu mber have surviv ed to our own day . One of the most noticeable so - of these trees , the heterophyllus oak, called because bearing leaves

of various shapes , still stands guard just south of the old house .

e An oak of this d scription , one whose leaves did not all follow

the same pattern , was of course a novelty, and Peter Collinson , a dis tin u sh ed g naturalist of London , to whom Bartram was in the habit e of sending boxes of botanical sp cimens , evidently felt somewhat e 5 slighted at receiving no s eds of such an unusual tree . On March , “ 1 7 7 0 to , he wrote Bartram about it as follows ! Pray what is the reason I have n o acorns from that particular species of oak that ” ? Doctor Mitchell found in thy meadow Adding the Latin name, “ ” Quercus heterophyllus , so that there would be no doubt to what he referred .

He also had requested , many years previous , acorns of the Wil low- leaved Oak and of the White and Swamp Spanish Oak, all of a il Am them f m iar to John Bartram in his travels in erican wilds . Per haps Collinson voiced his impatience at the length of time that elapsed ’ e before these treasures reach d him , for there is a letter of Bartram s i n 1 7 38 reply, written in May, , which says

Indeed, I was more than two weeks time in gatherin g the small - Oak acrons of the Willow leaved , which are very scarce, and falling —s o with the leaves , that daily I had to rake up the leaves and

shake the acorns out, before they were devoured by the squirrels and hogs ; and I reckoned it good luck if I could gather twenty un der one — ” tree and hardly one in twenty bore any .

21 ’ A few mile s distant from Bartram s Garden , in the old village of th e e Darby , now within boundari s of Philadelphia, lies the Bartram 1 6 9 9 th e farm wh ere in , future botanist was born , the son of an English Quaker who had followed the fortunes of William P enn to e the New World . N ar the spot was a great oak , in later days rated e e e th e e as th e largest oak in the Stat , and stimat d at tim of its down

1 0 e e . e e fall in 1 9 , to be s v n hundred years old It was r port d as an unusual tree by the University of Pennsylvania and various Forestry e b e e Associations . Aft r the old oak had fallen , it was found to mad e up of two trees grown togeth r . Its historic value lies in the appropriate association of the first oak of Pennsylvania with th e first botanist of that State and of ” America . CORNER OAKS

’

V a . e At the foot of Marlin s Mountain , Marlinton , W . , a clust r “ ” of old tre es known as Corner Oaks have long been associate d with

th e e e . memory of General Andrew L wis , the h ro of Point Pleasant General Lewis volunteered his services in th e expedition to take e 1 7 5 4 poss ssion of the Ohio country in . e th e At the battle of Point Pl asant, at mouth of the Great e m Kanawha River, he acted as Command r in Chief of the A erican w e troops , and gained a signal victory over the Indians of the Sha ne e Conf deracy under the celebrated Chief Cornstalk . This battle was noted as being the most seve re conflict with the red men up to that ’ iin t e . e th e General Lewis was also Washington s military train r, and latter endeavored to have him appointed Commander - in - Chief of th e e Armies of the R volution . Corner Oaks bear th e following inscription “ n e e 6 1 7 5 1 General A dr w L wis , Oct . , .

’ S 'i ‘RUCK -B Y- T H E - REE S TREE

D f ew e At Yankton , S . . , stood until a y ars ago, an oak known to “ ’ ” - - - e the first s ettlers there as Struck b y th e Re e s Tree . B side com m em o ra tin g a savage encounter between th e Sioux and the Ree e e e Indians , it had also been us d by the form r trib as a burial tree . “ ” e - b - - R ee The Sioux Chief who bore the titl Struck y the , was th e e 1 8 0 4 th e born in late summ r of , at time when Lewis and Clark , n th e e e e e captai s of famous exp dition to xplore the far w st , were n on camped Green Island, in the Missouri River, near the present e Sit of Yankton . The Yankton tribe of the Sioux Indians m et with “ e e a nd th m th re, together they held a grand council , powwow and ” carousal . On e n w e day , Captai Le is h ard that a papoose had just been born th e e e in one of Indian lodg s . S nding for th e child h e wrapp ed him th e m e in A erican flag, proph sying that th e boy would become a leader o f e h e his people, and a good fri nd of the w it men . His prediction was e r - b - - e fulfill d , for St uck y the Ree not only became a chief of his trib , 22 fla but proud of having been wrapped in the g at birth, always ranked o f himself as a partisan of the white men , and saved many them from

1 8 6 3 . torture or death in the Yankton massacre of

- - - Struck b y the Ree, grown to young manhood , fell deeply in love with a beautiful Indian girl . Together they often sat beneath the

, oak , talking happily of their future when one day the terrible war

. whoop of the Ree s was heard , and a fierce battle followed It was during this encounter that th e youn g warrior received the wound that e ff earned for him his Odd titl , though not until after he had su ered a 4 greater misfortune .

A youthful form wa s s een To hover a t h i s s ide Whe reve r in th e da wn Th e Chi ef c ou ld b e d escri e d . ’ Our wa rri or s hors e w a s kill ed At brea k i n g of th e da y . t h e u t th e ut On foo fo gh , yo h ’ B ut on e a rm s l en gt h a wa y .

When from a thi ck e t n e a r — An a rrow fien di s h da rt Wa s sen t from si n ew stri n g ’ S t ra ight a t my lover s h ea rt . Th e youth lik e li ghtn i n g spra n g en eat a en in t ee From b h b d g r , R eceivi n g deep i n th e brea s t Th e a rrow of th e Ree .

a t a e m i e a e ut Thou h s s v d y l f , br v yo h Th y brea st ha th b een m y sh i e ld ; T h e S i ou x a re sa ve d a Chi ef U n thi s e . po bl—oody fi ld — Th y n am e ! Sp ea k q u i ckly l Ala s ! My Love ! 0 m ai den mi n e ! Th e a r w my he a t ro for r " Ha th en te re d i n to th in e !

There wa s only time to carry the dying girl away from the field, and return , himself, to the battle where he was soon severely wounded u his by another dart from the Rees . But s mmoning all strength he led the charge again , while the word passed from one to another that he was risen from the dead . An overwhelming victory for the e Sioux was the r sult . - - h e - Struck b y t Ree recovered from his wound, and lived for a number of years , returning often to the old oak , to sit under its shade and mourn his lost love .

WASHINGTON OAK

1 7 9 1 During the summer of , Washington traveled extensively through the south , and was one morning entertained at breakfast by a lady, who lived in the suburbs of Charleston , S . C . Chancing to hear her order the gardener to cut down a splendid oak because th e e e e it obstructed view from the new portico , he int rc d d for the ee e tr , which was spared at his r quest and which has ever since borne his name .

" m em Th e Oak ee n ami a B ei h e n W e orl . Fro po Old Tr , by B j d g 23 RED OAK AT CHESTERFIELD

‘ A stalwart oak at Chesterfield , S . C described as unchanged ’

. since 1 8 5 2 , bore its part in the Civil War To its branches was fast ened the first flag bearing the words “ Imm ediate Separate State ” Action . There the flag fluttered in the breeze until General Sher man arrived o n the scene , and burned the jail and courthouse . The tree had long been a favorite resting place for Indians , whose pipes and arrowhea ds were found beneath it .

COUNCIL OAK OF THE SANTA FE TRAIL

This old tree is one of the few that remain , of the original Council th e Grove, on the Neosho River, Kan . , which was largest body of timber between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains , and the most noted camping and gathering place on the Old Santa Fé ” trail .

This famous trail was the . early highway over which the com merce of the Plains was carried on for more than a generation before ” the whistle of a locomotive had broken the stillness of the prairies . 1 8 22 It was first used by white traders in , when a caravan started from Boonville, Mo . , and passing through Lexington, Independence and Westport (now Kansas City ) , traveled south across the State of

F é M . Kansas and on to Santa , N . , over seven hundred and seventy five miles of forest and prairies infested by Indians . 1 8 24 F é Two years later, in , trade with Santa had increased to such an extent that the United States Go vernment began to show an active interest in carrying it forward . The regular route along the

l . Trail began at Frank in , Mo , and entered Kansas through Johnson

County . This portion of it terminated at Council Grove, where it was the custom to halt and reorganize the caravans so that several might proceed together, finding safety in numbers . From the Grove, the Trail continued southwest, reaching the Arkansas River at the

Great Bend, following the river to Cimarron , and crossing near old

Fort Dodge and the present site of Dodge City, Kan . Here it divided, one branch leading to New Mexico, and the other joining it after following a different road . The Atchison , Topeka and Santa F é Railway follows the Trail over part of its route . “ There is a wonderful amount of history and romance all along F é ” the Old Santa Trail , says J . R . Mead , a member of the Trail m Marking Co mission for the State Historical Society of Kansas . “ um Enough to make vol es of absorbing interest . The trail is lined n m r with u known , un arked g aves . From Cow Creek, west to th e Of State line , every mile has its history battle attack, ambush , stam f pede, burned wagons , murdered or captured emigrants , all kinds o

. i killings and escapes Nearly every General of note in our Civ l War, 1 - sometime in his career passed over the Trai Sherman, Sheridan ,

Harvey, Hancock, Kearney, Miles , Crook, Sumner, Col . Leaven

24 C0 1. . worth , Kit Carson , and Bent General Fremont traveled the ” Trail from the Great Bend to the mountains . i i In early days , the Trail was the connect ng l nk between east and west . The only teams seen on it were the six yoke of oxen , attached to a wagon carryin g from six thousand to seven thousand pounds of freight, and the four or five span of mules drawing a similar

o f to . wagon , the number mules varying according their size 1 0 1 8 25 On August , , representatives of the United States Gov ern m en t met with Chiefs of the Great and Little Osage Indians , in o f the old oak grove, near the Neosho River, to arrange for right way across the Plains on the Santa F éTrail . About in gold was paid to the Indians for this privilege . A week later, a similar treaty McPh er was made with the Kansa Indians , near the present town of 8 2n d son , Kan . On the Anniversary of the treaty made in Council 1 0 1 9 0 7 e Grove, (Aug . , ) a granit marker commemorating the event ,

i . was ded cated It was placed in the Grove, about forty feet distant from the famous Council Oak, and is one of the finest of the many u mon ments on the Trail .

The following verses are quoted from Senator George P . More ’ “ ” house s poem entitled The Council Oak .

Yes ei t u n e i n wa s th e i ce t a t i c t , gh h dr d gold pr h t os , Yet h ow sm a ll su ch a s um s eems tod a y ; th e t i e t a t a ct u c a ic e i n s t For r b by h s h r h r g o lo , ’ W e n it a e u n e w i te u i n a h p ss d d r h s r l g sw y . B ut th e c ie th e ea t a n d th e itt e a e h fs of Gr L l Os g , W en t e c un te th e on t at da h h y o d gold h y , ’ We e e wit e i t t a t tw u a k e u ite a r so fill d h d l gh , h o ld t q a p ge To e a te w a t t e a ll h a d to s a r l h h y y .

L e t u s n e e et t o th e a i e t is t i e v r forg , pr s of h r b , Th a t th ey n eve r h a d wa r with th e whit e s ; ’ B ut we e a a n d t u e a n d w u s c n e i e r loy l r o ld or v ry br b , Yet t e t t ei u t a a i n e i h y s ood for h r j s b rg d r ghts . A ‘ ” n d th ey n eve r forgot th e Old Coun ci l Oak Or th e tre a ty they ma de on tha t da y ; t , o t em , it wa s l a w a n d n o wi e a s e w k e For h s hr d jo , i eat a i t o th e f a r a n t a F é Th s gr Tr l S .

W a t a n e t ee i s t is s tu ta oa k h obl old r h rdy ll , Wha t a t a le t o rel at e could it spea k ! th e ca m s a n d th e es wit t e i ue cu i n m k e Of p fir , h h r bl rl g s o , ’ W i c a s cen m th e Wi wa m ea k h h d fro g s p , Of th e s t m a n d th e a t th e ea t a n d th e or s bl s s , of h cold , 0 1! th e goin g a n d com in g of m en ; L et it s t an d for a rec ord of da ys tha t a re old An d muc a in e t a n w s m m ” h pl r h ord fro y p en .

25 CHAPTER IV

— T L A Popla r a nd the Ke ns in g ton R une Ston e h e ib e rty Tree of — ee— L on e e A n n a polis Th e B a lm vill e Tr e Tr . A POPLAR AND THE KENSINGTON RUNE STONE

’ Ohm a n s f A poplar tree on Mr . Olaf arm near Kensington, n e e Minn . , has become k own to fam by r ason of the long hidden treas ure discove red bene ath it . m e e 8 1 8 9 8 . On November , , Mr Oh an was cl aring a pi ce of land th e for ploughing, when his men unearthed from foot of the poplar a heavy slab of stone weighing about two hundred and thirty pounds . On it was an inscription in runes or character used in secret writing so much in vogue in early times . Being translated it reads as follows ! Eight Go ths (Swedes ) and twenty - two Norwegians upon a journey of discovery from s Vin w e on e land we st ard . We had a camp by two sk rries days journey north from this stone . We were out fishing one day . When we return ed home we foun d ten men red with blood and dead . A . V . M . W e e Ave . ( , Virgo Maria ) save us from evil ( ) hav ten men by the ’ s ea to look after our vessel fourteen (doubtfully forty - one) days journey from this island . Year e - Th e stone was exhibit d, for a while in a drug store in Kensing two e ton , Minn . , and was also submitted to college prof ssors , both of e e e whom pronounced the inscription fraudul nt . Th n it was r turned e 1 8 9 9 e e to its own r, in and lay in his yard wh re it was car lessly used as - e e e a stepping stone n ar his granary for ight y ars . 1 9 0 n 7 . In , Mr Hjalmar Rued Holand obtai ed the stone and e e exhibited it in the Middle W st, and also at the Norman Mill nnial e e 1 9 1 1 Cel bration at Ru n, France , in . He brought it to the attention of the Minn esota Historical Society which directed the Mus eum Com mittee to make an exhaustive investigation of th e authenticity of the i . e u e nscription Th ir researches are published in f ll, in the Minn sota e 1 5 Historical Soci ty Collections , Volume . They are in part as follows “ Th e e party start d from Vinland , a very remarkable statement, n in the light of the fact that it is not k ow, even at this day that a e e p rmanent or ven temporary colony was established in Vinland . ’ ‘ In th e light of the results of Professor Fernald s studies on the Plants ’ Of e e e Win land the Good , it is r markable, if the stone is fraudul nt , th e e that location of Vinland by the stat ments of the record , should e th e e e agr e with location of that country by F rnald , since all mod rn (and even e arli er) de scriptions of Vinland have place d Vinland either in Nova Scotia or Massachusetts . Could it have been a random and accidental coincidence that a fraudulent record should correct the 26

m Which conclusion exonerated Mr . Oh an from the accusation made against him of having cut the inscription ; and further proof of n his innocence was furnished by the sentinel poplar itself, its roots bei g wr apped securely about the stone till they were flattened by contact

with it . Investigation showed that they had been in this condition ’ e e — without interference, during the tr e s entire lifetim from thirty to — fifty years o r before his ownership o f the farm .

T H E LIBERTY TREE OF ANNAPOLIS

’ th e i On the campus of St . John s College , in qua nt town of n Ann apolis , Md . , stands a huge poplar long k own as the Liberty

Tree, and entitled to fame both on account of its great age and size, and because of the historic ground on which it grows .

e - Two fe et above ground lev l , it measures twenty nine feet, four

e . inches in circumf rence, and its height is one hundred and fifty feet 1 6 5 2 Tradition tells us that in , a treaty was made under the

Liberty Tree, between the whites and the Susquehannock Indians . di i A century later, when problems caused by con tions lead ng up to the n war of the Revolution were under discussion , patriotic meeti gs were e held in its shad , probably earning for the old tree its honorable title . e Later still , General Lafayette was entertained b neath its shade, when 1 8 24 he visited Annapolis , in .

The College in front of which the Liberty Tree stands , was ’ “ W 1 6 9 4 formerly King illiam s School , founded in , for the propaga e e e tion of the Gosp l , and the education of youth in l tt rs and good ” ’ n 1 7 8 4 e man ers . In , the school was merg d into St . John s College, McDowell u 1 7 45 whose central and oldest building, Hall, was beg n in . ’ In the rear, Rochambeau s army camped , en route to Yorktown ’ n to reinforce Washi gton s troops . Not only does the Liberty Tree commemorate the time honored events of its vicinity , but its personal history is worth recording . As e e years pass d , it b gan to Show signs of decay , and was supposed to be

. 1 8 40 n u dying In , some mischievous boys , playi g with g npowder, placed two pounds in the hollow trunk, and set fire to them . The e tree caught easily, and was soon in flam s which were exting uished by the citizens who, no doubt, supposed it fatally injured !

The prank, however, proved a blessing in disguise , for the blaze i destroyed the worms which were feed ng upon its tissues , and the following year it burst into leaf, hale and hearty, none the worse for its adventure . 1 9 0 7 But in , the aged poplar again required attention , having become so hollowed by decay that eight or ten persons could stand in the interior . The cavity was filled with over fifty tons of concrete and the branches were strengthened with iron rods , and thus a much loved and venerated landmark has been preserv ed for a long and r prosperous futu e . So successful has the treatment proved that th e 28 tree has withstood a number of severe storms , and every spring it breaks into leaf with renewed vigor . It bears the following inscription ! This tablet placed upon the Liberty Tree by the Peggy Stewart Tea Party Chapter Daughters of e 1 9 1 9 0 7 the American Revolution , of Annapolis , Maryland , Octob r , , to commemorate the first treaty made here with the Susquehannocks 1 7 9 1 in 1 6 5 2 , and that George Washington in , and General Lafayette ’ e mu n ificen ce in 1 8 24, visited St . John s Colleg . Through the of e e e James T . Woodward , of New York City, this tre , stimat d to be ” over six hundred years old, has been preserved from decay .

T H E BALM VILLE TREE

- - ou - - A short trolley ride northward from Newburgh the Hudson , e th e N . Y . , carri s one to the village of Balmville , named after old balsam poplar, of immense size , that stands in the centre of the n little town . The surrou ding country is as full of historic associations as of natural beauty .

During the Revolution , the town of Newburgh , where Wash on e e in gt occupied headquart rs , and Balmvill , situated on a much ’ e traveled route kn own as the King s Highway , were fr quented by the — s o - e American troops . The huge poplar or Balm of Gilead Tree, call d u m - on account of the g secreted by the leaf buds and young shoots , — and supposed to possess healing properties stood on the Highway .

John Cosman , who before the Revolution was apprenticed to a black in e smith the neighborhood, is quot d as stating that he often shod e e horses under the tr e which ven then was good sized .

n But little is known of its early history . Accordi g to one account it grew from a riding- switch that was stuck in the gr ound ; it is also e said to have been brought as a small branch , broken from a tre in the mountains of New Jersey . Another tradition says that it sprang up , naturally, in the place where it now stands . Whatever may be the truth concerning the origin of the huge e tree, how ver, it is noteworthy both by reason of its probable use ful e e n ss to the travelers of early days , and also its r markable proportions , the diameter of a poplar ordinarily averaging about seven feet . The e e e Balmville Tre has been m asured several times , and the r sults ’

. Ru t en b er s w recorded In History of Orange County and Ne burgh ,

. 1 7 8 2 it is said that a Mr James Donnelly who first saw the tree about , e stat d that it was then six or eight inches around , with a spreading 1 2 h . 8 3 t e u top In , tr nk was measured by a Mr . Williams , who found e e that at two fe t above the ground , its diameter was fifteen fe t , two 1 8 6 8 e e e inches ; in , it had increased to nin teen f et , five inch s . Today a e e - e e it has reached circumfer nce of tw nty one fe t , ight inches , at two r e feet above g ound l vel , indicating that it may be much older than is estimated .

29 LONE TREE

e On the north bank of the Platt River, about three miles south west Of the site of Central City, Neb . , stood for many years a solitary

ee . e i e e cottonwood known as Lone Tr Nam d by the Ind ans , th ir chi fs e are said to have held their councils b neath its spreading shade , long before the first white settler had reached th e spot . e e ee w Fifty feet tall , Lon Tre could be s n for t enty miles across th e e the Platte valley, and standing only a few yards from ov rland trail north of the Platte River, it was a favorite rendezvous for the e e many travelers who camped nearby in early days , and cut th ir nam s e e hiero l on its bark , until its massiv trunk was covered with th se g y e phies to the height of thirty fe t . e e e 1 8 5 8 Lone Tr e ranch, stablished in the n ighborhood , in , was e o s toffice christened in honor of the old tre , and so were the p and rail way station three miles distant from it . 1 8 6 5 e e In , the big cottonwood fell victim to the violenc of a h avy nk storm , and a portion of its tru was preserved at Lone Tree station , (now Central City) as a souvenir of the historic tree that had been ee loved by thousands of pion rs in the West . It stood on the station platform until all th e wood h a d been chipped Off and carried away by tourists . 1 9 1 1 e In , a ston monument in the form of a cottonwood stump “ e e e was erected on the spot wh re Lone Tree gr w . Th re it stands to ” “ day, says A . E . Sheldon , author of History and Stories of “ ” th ” Nebraska, in perpetual witness to e worth of a tree .

30

CHAPTER V — —Th n eva en tu ee Th e Th e Trea ty Tr ee of In dia n Sprin g s e G e C ry Tr - — fi t w Th e e Pu e blo Co tto n woo d Th e Va ulting Pol e Co ton ood Rhod — t u t n w — Th e in e Is l a n d Sy c a mor e Th e Ch a rl emo n B t o ood Pr gl — — m — in c e t n c a mo es S ca Sy c a more L a fa y e tte Sy ca ore Pr o Sy r y — h u e n — Jo h n wa ca m e A mores of Ca mp F r eling y s Good y Sy or s e Sy ca more Tha t Own s It lf .

T H E TREATY TREE OF INDIAN SPRINGS

G a ds to Near Indian Springs , . , stan a poplar said be the largest e u in tree of its kin d in the Stat , its tr nk measuring twelve feet circum ference n early one hundred feet upward from the ground level . It is known as the Treaty Tree of Indian Springs , and is a fitting monu ment to two famous treaties made in its immediate neighborhood b e tween the Unite d States and the red men . Trouble s between the whites and the Indians had marred the 1 8 th closing years of the century, perhaps due to the increasing 1 8 0 2 demands for lands owned by the latter . In , Georgia ceded to the Federal Government all of her territory west of the Ch a tta h oo chee, for the sum of with the agreement that all Indian titles within her borders were to be peaceably obliterated . 1 8 23 two This promise was not kept, however , and in , prominent men , Campbell and Meriwether, for both of whom counties were after e ward nam d , were sent to treat with the Creek Nation , which held a th e large tract between Flint and Chattahoochee . The Upper Creeks , e e as th y were called, liv d in Alabama ; the Lower Creeks in Georgia, Mc I n tosh headed by General William , whose father was a Scotchman , and his mother an Indian woman . The conference wa s not a peaceful one ; the Upper Creeks refused w any cession of land to the whites , but the lo er Creeks , consenting, e 1 2 1 8 25 met them at Indian Springs , on F bruary , , and signed a 1 1 8 2 6 . treaty, promising to move west , not later than September , They were to be paid and acres of land equal to what they relinquished . th e e Angry at loss of their lands , however, the hostile Cre ks planned and executed one of the most tragic reprisals in the history o f n our cou try . Mc I n to sh General was the victim , on account of his having played such a prominent part in the transaction . One hundred and seventy Indians concealed themselves in the woods close by his house Ch a tta ho o ch e on the bank of the River, near the modern town of r Car ollton . 1 1 8 25 Just before daybreak, on May , , they set fire to the build In M I n . c to sh wh o g and the friend was with him , treated the savages 31 to a volley of shots from behind their barricade, but the door was e quickly battere d in , and the brave chief who had more than once serv d e e his country well , died a f arful d ath at the hands of his enemies . 1 8 25 e e Later, the treaty of was r pudiat d by Congress , and a new ’

n . one drawn up , altering the bou daries of Georgia The State s survey

of the newly acquired land was ordered stopped, by President Adams , e e doubtless at the instigation of the discontent d chiefs , who had gon Mc I n to sh e e ds unpunishe d for the murder of and their whit fri n . ’ e Of e McI n to sh s But Gov rnor Troup , Georgia, Gen ral cousin , e e e e and a vigorous uphold r of Stat sovereignty, stoutly r fus d to e e e recogniz the changes , and continu d the surv y of the land which he e e e had b egun by order of the Stat . He s nt the following m ssage to “ Congress ! We might constitutionally have appealed to you for th e defense against invasion , but you yourselves are invaders ; and, e e what is more, the unblushing alli s of savag s whose cause you have ” ’ i firm h w . h s t e e a s e adopted Finally, due to stand , matt r adjust d peaceably . e m The old Treaty Tree recalls a stirring chapt r, Indeed , in A eri e e e can history, and has b n comm morated in verse by Lucien Lamar

Knight, State Historian of Georgia .

’ t h e wa te c ta m a in By r s rys l rg , On w e m ea m i hos boso , dr ly , a th e a w th e e t F lls sh do of for s , ta n a m e i a e S u i t e . ds pro d , p r l r No compa n ion ri s e s n ea r i t ; No co n gen i a l sha d e i s n igh ; i a e n th e m un t a i n R v l d o ly by o s , i e a a in t t h e u k P l d g s p rpl e s y .

Fit m em oria l of th e Re d Ma n I ts m a e ti c i e n ce ea k j s s l sp s , Of a tim e wh en a ll th e s e va ll eys e th e wi wa ms o f h k H ld g t e Cree s . E re t ei a i ma in wa s ce e h r f r do d d , ’ At t h e w ite ma n s te n e e t h s r b h s , ’ th e un et eck n in en Or s s s b o g spl dors ,

Wooe d the m t o th e Golden West .

ik e a t a i n t i an c umn L ll Cor h ol , ea e en ea t a umm e c u R r d b h s r lo d , ’ a t own a n a vilon P r of God s gr d p , V e rdu e- pa ve d a n d a zu re- browed ; ea c in m th e w e w i t R h g fro orld b lo , m it s s w- t ick en Fro orro s r sod , To th e gold en l a mps a bove it To th e weet e a i s r rs of God.

T H E LAFAYETTE OR GENEVA CENTURY TREE

8 1 8 25 On June , , General Lafayette was entertained at Geneva, Y . . l N , whi e touring that State, and was receive d by an enthusiastic gathering, under the tree which still bears his name . The Lafayette or e Geneva Century Tree, as it has also been call d , is an immense balsam poplar, standing on Maple Hill , on the corner of the Albany and n - Buffalo tur pike and the old Pre emption Road . This highway was e d 1 9 4 onc an In ian trail , but became a State road in 7 .

32

T H E RHODE ISLAND SYCAM ORE One disastrous result of the British occupation of Rhode Island 1 9 e from 1 7 7 6 to 7 7 , was the ruthl ss destruction of its forests , specially e 1 7 8 0 along the coast region . During the s vere winter of , when many e refugees from the State r turned to their homes , wood was so scarce that in Newport it sold at a cord . e i w e e One ancient sycamore r ma ned , ho ver, mysteriously spar d to e a mourn its departed comrades . It stood on the st te of Thomas R .

e S ea conn et . Hazard , betw en the house and the or Eastern Channel A e 1 8 69 i few years before the old tree f ll in , its trunk measured th rty two feet in circumference at twelve inches from the ground . Its upper “ e portion destroyed by wind and storm , it has b en described as the pic ” ture of a desolated An ak of th e woods . n e Probably numberi g its years at several centuries , the Rhod Island Sycamore may have witnessed stirring events unre corded in

Of . On e American history, as well as the tragic days the Revolution e e e wa s daring episod that transpired nearby, just b low Vauclus , the capture of Pigot, the floating battery, equipped with twelve eight e e pounders and ten swivels , which the British w r using to block the l e i Channel . Captain Si as Talbot und rtook its removal ; arm ng the

- Hawk , a coasting schooner, with sixty eight men he sailed down under cover of a dark night, secured his prisoners by fastening cables over e o ff the hatchway, and carried his priz to Stonington .

T H E CHARLEM ONT BUTTONWOOD Another historic sycamore or buttonwood stands in the town of Deerfi ld . e Charlemont, Mass , near the River . It is a noble shade tree, - e e ninety ight f et in height, while its branches cast their shadow over a - fiv radius of eighty e feet . Under them passes one of the ancient “ ” highways of the Indians , the Mohawk Trail .

Captain Moses Rice , the first pioneer settler of the place, has left the record , handed down from one member of his family to a n “ h e un other, that had slept der the Buttonwood tree when there was ” e not another white p rson in town . e He had come to a r gion that was hostile to strangers , though m e for a while the household was un ol sted , and was a centre of hospi

. 1 7 46 tality for travelers But in , Captain Rice and his family were forced to escape to Rutland in order to save their scalps from the

. e savages Three years lat r he returned to find the house destroyed , l and un uckily for himself, rebuilt it .

He was ploughing, in company with his son , grandson , and t wo 1 1 1 7 5 5 Six friends on the morning of June , , when a party of Indians , e who were hidd n among the trees , waiting the moment most favor n able to an attack , fired and surrou ded them . Captain Rice was badly wounded, and after a sharp struggle, was scalped and left bleed ing, while his companions were either killed or made prisoners . A few ’ hours later he died at his son s house .

34

THE PRINGL E SYCAMORE’ S DESCENDANT

Mr . M ho C . C W rte r Courtesy of . J , On the hillside, in sight of the old Buttonwood venerable head

, stones , on some of which the inscriptions are nearly obliterated mark w e the graves of himself and his family, and Phineas Arms , another tim of the same massacre .

T H E PRINGLE SYCAM ORE A tree that for many years recalled to memory the earliest white i , settlers of West Virginia, was the famous Pringle Sycamore wh ch stood about three miles north of the present city of Buckhannon in

. that State , at the mouth of a stream known as Turkey Run

The two brothers , Samuel and John Pringle , deserted from the

1 7 6 1 . British forces at Fort Pitt, in Their chief concern being how w to escape arrest , they camped with two comrades , first in the ild country about th e Monongahela River, then near the borders of the 1 7 6 2 You ghioghn ey . In , they arrived at a settlement in Looney fortu . , Creek, but there two of the party were arrested The Pringles nate enough to get away , continued their travels , finally reaching the n Old Buckhan non River , and findi g, on its bank the sycamore in whose Th e hollow trunk they proceeded to make their home . cavity meas u red eleven feet, inside, and in this palatial retreat the fugitives lived 1 6 for over two years until the late of autumn of 7 7 . two of Then they faced starvation , only charges powder remain e ing . John journ yed back , across the mountains in search of more h ammunition , and learned that peace had been made with the Frenc and Indians . No longer fearing arrest, the two brothers left the old tree which had sheltered them in such friendly fashion, and a om a ka returne d to their forme r haunts on the Wa p p t River, the south

a branch of the Potomac . 1 7 6 8 S In the fall of , amuel led a party of colonists back to the banks of the Buckhannon , where, the next spring they cleared land , planted and built their cabins . The first crops were destroyed by f ll 1 7 7 0 bu falos , and it was not ti that the pioneer settlement was w l . On e h really estab ished of their number was Jesse Hughes , o b ecame a renowned scout and Indian fighter .

It is an interesting fact that a man named William Pringle, living two in Philadelphia, was the father of sons named John and Samuel, 1 2 8 1 7 3 1 w born in 7 and . It is quite possible that the t o boys were the future tenants of the hollow sycamore .

The old tree fell about a century ago, but the stump remained as

1 8 48 . late as It disappeared , but a second tree sprang up from its 1 0 8 8 . roots , and flourished till a flood carried it away in But there was still life and enterprise in the roots of the Pringle “ Sycamore . As if reluctant to fail to mark the site of the first primi ” BI Wh . . c ort er tive home of the white man in that region , says L V , “ the historian, the roots shot forth a second sprout and this grew ” “ o An — int a bushy tree . d by a Singular coincidence I t has a cavity 35 in its trunk that will shelter two or three men from an ordin ary storm . w Mr . Webster Dix, the o ner of the sycamore, has promised that it shall be carefully pres erved .

T H E LAFAYETTE SYCAM ORE

Am ong th e historic landmarks connected with the Battle of the e a re Brandywin , visitors to the region shown the house, on Baltimore

n e . Pike, in Birmi gham township , D laware County , Penn , which Gen e e eral Lafayette occupied as his headquart rs , just befor the battle, or 1 7 7 7 early in September,

Close by th e house stands a fine old sycamore , measuring twenty e e un e two feet in circumfer nce at a short distanc above gro d l vel , still e healthy and vigorous , a living m morial of the brave but unequal struggle, when Washington with men attempted to check ’ u Howe s advance to Philadelphia with nearly double that n mber .

At the close of the day , Washington retired to Chester, and (so the story runs ) , Lafayette, badly wounded in the leg, stood at the e e Old Third Stre t bridge in that town , end avoring to rally the retreat ing troops . It is said that he was carried back to headquarters , and laid under the old sycamore ; but it is also stated and probably on good h e authority, that never returned there, but was cared for in Chester . And in that town three places contend for the honor of having been the spot where hi s wounds were treated !

T H E PRINCETON SYCAM ORES

1 7 6 5 In , the year preceding the Stamp Act Repeal , an order was given to plant a number of sycamores in front of the residence of the

President of the College at Princeton , N . J . It is possible that the order was not carried out till the following year, and perhaps for this reason these trees have always been associated with the Stamp Act . Two e of them are still standing, on Nassau Street , the old hous bein g

n ow . occupied by the Dean They are sp lendid specimens , about ninety feet tall , and three feet in diameter at six feet above the ground .

SYCAM ORES OF CAM P FRELINGHUYSEN

Other sycamores , in Newark , N . J lay claim to historic interest “ as belonging to Camp Frelinghuysen , the drill ground for New

- e e 1 8 6 2 1 8 6 5 . Jers y Volunt ers , Men who trained here gave their lives “ n on every battlefield from A tietam to Appomattox . One of the trees n i e e is k own as the Colon al Plan , and is honored as a tree und r which

n in 1 7 7 6 . Washi gton and his army passed , Another, the Academy th e 1 7 8 0 Plane, witnessed the burning of First Academy, in , when a party of British soldiers crossed the frozen river from New York, and took the town by surprise . 36 T H E JOHN GOODWAY SYCAM ORE

Just outside of Linglestown , Dauphin County , Penn . , stands a sycamore pronounced by the Department of Fore stry to be th e largest e w in the State . The tre is associated with John Good ay ; the last of the friendly Indians in the region about Harrisburg and has b een le ft i - five standing as a m emorial to h m . Its circumference is twenty feet and its diameter is over seven feet .

A SYCAM ORE THAT OWNS ITSELF

Through the kindn ess of admiring friends , a large sycamore of f Pi a a s s K . p p p , Knott County , y , has received a gift of land suf icient to protect it from interference as long as it shall live . While the ’ tre e s exact age is not known , it must be estimated at many years , the trunk me asuring nin e fee t in circumference at a height of four feet “ from the ground . It shades a home known as the house of the ” e sycamore tr e, in the Caney Creek Community Centre, and has been ” e - e e o f christened the Fre d Budd Tre , probably in complim nt to two its well wishers . e f 20 The d ed O conveyance filed in Knott County, on August , 1 9 1 8 e ! , r ads as follows “ For, and in consideration of its shade , coolness and inspiration , ms th etic e and in value of itself as an ass t , the parties of the first part hereby convey to the party of the second part in trust for th e use and benefit of the said sycamore tree , and to ITSELF as absolute owner, th e - firma the said tree , and said terra , the ground upon which it stands , e n is to belong to IT SELF , and is her by conveyed in the same ma ner th e as said tree is conveyed , in consideration of the value of itself, as e e a resting place for the weary und r the shad of said tree, and the said tree and the said terra -firm a a re to belong to themselve s absolutely . and to each other for a ll the purpos es which Nature and God intended them , among which is the purpose of the soil to nurture and feed the th e e e e tree, and that of tree to Shad , grace and b autify the said t rra ” firma - . Thirty six square feet is the extent of the land owned by the sycamore .

i - Here n IS contained a happy suggestion for all tree lovers .

37 CHAPTER VI

— n th en n ea t E m Th e Pe nn Trea ty E lm Des c en da ts of e P Tr y l . T H E PENN TREATY E L M

o S ha cka m a xon the The Penn Treaty Elm sto d at , on Delaware, a few miles north of Philadelphia, Penn . , and was a tree of noble pro - ee m portions , measuring twenty four f t in circu ference at its base, and noted as having a branch one hundred and fifty fee t long . Under its spreading shade man y a council had been held among the chiefs of the various Indian nations , who either lived in the vicinity , or came as h a m xon S a ch a . guests , and to this custom the place owed its name of in th e S a ch a mex in Originally, as appears old records , spelling was g m exin S akim a i or S a ch e g, derived from the word , a k ng or chief, i (whence our familiar word Sachem ) , and the Ind an termination “ ” i “ ” ing which sign fied locality or place where, therefore place where ” e chi fs resort . was Naturally enough , it has been thought that the old elm also ’ - n the meeting place of the chiefs and Mr . Markham , William Pe n s cousin , who preceded him to the New World, as his representative ; m and also the three co missioners , sent by the Proprietor to assist in hi f n looking after s a fairs . They brought with them the followi g instructions “ Be tender of offending the Indi ans . Let them know that you are come to sit lovingly among them . Let my letter and conditions with my purchasers about just dealing with them be read in their own tongue, that they may see we have their good in our eye , equal with e our own interest ; and after reading my lett r and the said conditions , then present their kings with what I send them , and make a friend ship and league with them according to those conditions , which care e fully observe, and get them to comply with you ; be grave, th y love ” b e not to smiled on . ’ Th e e — e e l tter referred to, William Penn s celebrat d l tter to the “ — 1 8 1 68 1 Indians , is dated October , . I shall shortly come to see you , ” “ e myself, he writes , at which time we may more fr ely and largely confer and discourse on these matters . In the meantime, I have sent my commission ers to treat with you about land and a firm league of ” peace . It was to confirm this league Of peace that William Penn met n 1 6 8 2 the chiefs u der the treaty tree, in ; perhaps also to endors e the e protection promised by his commissioners to the Susqu hannas , who e were annoyed by troubles in their territory . The belief that th re was , s on this occasion , any tran action concerning the purchase of land by n as e him , is unfou ded , the earli st authentic record of such a purchase 23 1 6 8 3 by himself is dated June , . So deeply rooted was this idea , 38

m however, that the Historical Society of Pennsylvania co missioned

Peter du Ponceau and J . Francis Fisher to investigate the truth con 1 8 34 cerning the famous treaty , and their report published in , but as

, to o often happens , lying unread in the archives of the Society sheds much light upon a story which must always be of interest to lovers of

history . It clearly shows that the treaty was simply a guarantee of friend

- ship and good will , in order that the tribes might be assured of the ’ ’ white mens desire for peace and fair dealing . Penn s fame should rest

not upon the fact of having entered into such an agreement , various other treaties of similar character having previously been made b e

tween the whi t es and Indians , but upon the manner in which he lived

up to the spi rit of it . Oldmixon 1 7 0 8 His personal friend , Mr . , who , in , published a “ ” book entitled The British Empire in America, records that the “ who Indians have been ve ry civil and friendly to the English , never l lost man , woman or chi d by them , which neither the colony of Mary

land nor that of Virginia can say, no more than the great colony of

New England . This friendship and civility of the Pennsylvania the ’ Indians are imputed to Mr . Penn , Proprietary s extreme humanity and bounty to them , he having laid out some thousands of

pounds to instruct, support and oblige them .

H kewelder Of ec , who wrote a history of the Indians Pennsylvania

and nearby States , says , that the tribes frequently assembled in the to e woods , in some Spot , as nearly as possible similar those wher they ” ’ u sed to meet their brother Miquon , (the Delawares name for Penn) “ e and there lay his words or speeches , with those of his succ ssors , on

a blanket or clean piece of bark, and with great satisfaction go succes s ivel y over the whole . This practice, which I have repeatedly wit n es s ed 1 7 8 0 , continued until the year , when the disturbances which e th n took place put an end to it, probably forever . “ Unfortunately, the text of the Great Treaty has not been pre e s rved . Governor Gordon , of Pennsylvania , (the same who styled “ ” ' a s h a vin William Penn, The Father of this Country ) referred to it g e been r corded in writing, but as no such record could be found in

possession of the Provincial Council at Harrisburg, one or another of

the Provincial governors was accused of having carried it away, e though ther seems to have been no good reason for any such rumor . Our fullest authentic version of its stipulations is contained in Gov ’ “ ” ern or Gordon s speech to Civility and other Indian Chiefs with Con es t 1 o o 7 28 . whom he met , at g , in , on the occasion of another treaty ” He then referred to the chie f heads of the Penn Treaty as in sub ’ stance as follows ! that a ll William Penn s p eople and the Indians should be brethren , showing each other hospitality ; that they should believe no false rumors about each other without ascertaining the ‘ ’ e truth , but should bury th m as in a bottomless pit ; that they Should promptly acquaint each other of any tidings of danger ; that neither 39 should harm the other nor his creatures ; that where either injured the th e e other, satisfaction should be made and wrong forgott n ; and that both Christians and Indians should acquain t their children with this “ e e ee league and firm chain of fri ndship mad betw n them , and that it e e should always b e mad strong r and stronger, and be kept bright and ’ e ee e e clean , without rust or spot , b tw n our childr n and our childr n s th e e children , while cre ks and rivers run , and while the sun , moon and ” stars endure . n B enjamin West , whose pai ting of the Great Treaty is famous , has left us an in teresting account of the loving care with which th e e e old elm was guarded , long y ars aft r that occasion . “ ” e e e e This tr e, he writes , to which I well r m mb r , about the year 1 5 5 e e - w 7 , wh n a boy , Often r sorting with my school fello s , was in some Am e e e danger during the rican War, wh n the British poss ssed the

' n arties s en t w cou try, from p out in search for ood for firing, but the late General S irn co e ordered a guard of British soldiers to protect it from the axe . e It spite of precautions , however, the grand old tr e did not remain e v many years longer to s r e as a shrine for patriots , but was blown 1 8 1 0 e e down in , though one cannot help r gr tting that it did not sur vive another century . n n Judge Peters , a friend of Washi gton , wrote the following li es in honor of the old elm

L et ea c ta k e a e ic m t a t a we t ee h r l fro h h llo d r , Wh i c ike en n w m it s a e imm t a s a b e h l P , ho h d d , or l h ll ; As th e i e ou r e t let e m b e en wn e pr d of for s s, l s r o d , th e u t - i ze i t ue i i t e For j s ly pr d v r s w th wh ch h y a boun d . u tim e h a s ev t e ou r t ee t o eca Tho gh d o d r d y , Th e sa ge l e sson s i t wit n e ssed su rvive t o ou r da y ; Ma our t u tw t t at e m en w en ca e t o th e e m y r s or hy s s , h ll d h l , ’ ” Ne er forget th e wis e t rea t y h eld un de r th e elmZ

DES CENDANTS OF THE PENN TREATY E L M GENERAL OLIVER’ S TREE

e th e e e i When the land wh re Tr aty Elm had stood, cam nto the ’ e wa s dis possession of General Paul A . Oliver s anc stors , a shoot ’ covered springing u p from th e Old tree s roots . This was transplanted e Y e to Bay Ridg , N . . , wh re it flourished until after fifty years it had l e ee a most reached the size of the par nt tr . Then the General removed

- it to his home at Wilkes Barre , Penn . , where it has continued to thrive . ’ r 1 0 1 8 9 6 e On A bor Day, April , , a shoot from Gen ral Oliver s e i tree was plant d on the campus of the University of Pennsylvan a, e n Philad lphia , by Gover or Hastings of that State, in honor of Wil e liam Penn , first Gov rnor of the Commonwealth . The tiny sapling grew into a healthy tree which has rounded out its first quarter ’

. th e u e century It is one of yo ngest of the Gr at Elm s descendants . Another scion of the old tree stands on the grounds of the Penn

sylvania Hospital , Philadelphia, and yet another in the yard of the 40 ’ Friends Meeting, in Twelfth Street, in the same city, silent witnesses h e to t memory of the Great Treaty, which Voltaire described as the only agreement between the Christians and the Indians that was ” never sworn to and never broken .

41 CHAPTER VII

— ' — Th e Nl a rkh a m E lm Th e We th ers fie ld E lm A Grea t E lm of We s t — - Virgin ia Th e Ncen a k Co u n c il Tree Th e S e n e ca Co un c il Tre e — — Th e E lm of Ita ly Ha llow Th e Fo rt Howa rd Elm Th e Fra n klin — — — E lm Th e Kin g s port E lm Th e Obe rlin Elm Th e Wa s hin g to n E m l .

T H E MARKHAM E L M

e e e This great tre , beli v d to have lived through six centuries ,

stands on the Markham estate two miles north of Avon , N . Y . It is

an elm of the variety known as weeping ; that is , its long, graceful e branches , us d as swings by the boys and girls of pioneer times , once hung in graceful festoons to the ground . e Its tru nk measur d forty feet around, its height was in propor e m e tion, and as its shade cover d an acre, the im ense elm possess d great e beauty . The Indians of West rn New York held it in great venera e - tion and made the spot a favorit camping ground . It also served

- as a resting place for the early missionaries , scouts and traders . - e William Markham , great grandfath r of the present owner of th e elm 1 7 6 4 i estate, is said to have first seen the old in , wh le on a 1 7 9 4 mission to the Seneca Indians . In , his son purchased the farm , which has remained in the possession of the family ever since . More ee than half a century ago, the old tr was accidentally set on fire , to according to one story , by a party of sportsmen ; this is related have occurred during a January thaw, so that the high water sur roun ding the elm prevented anyone going near enough to extinguish w the blaze , hich consequently injured the trunk fatally . s et Decay in , and progressed , so that when the Chief of the Divi e r t sion of For stry, of the Department of Ag iculture, at Washing on , ’ wished a cross - section of the trunk for exhibition at the World s Fair

in Chicago , it was impossible to comply with his request . About this i n t me, part of the tru k caved in , leaving a space through which a span e b e e 1 8 9 3 e of hors s could driv n . In , the north sid of the huge tree d w blew o n ; this portion was sawed across , and three hundred and - five w e e e seventy rings of annual gro th w r count d . An estimate of th e e age of the part that had d cayed near the centre of the tree, placed u its years at six h ndred . e Still , the vet ran elm had not lost its vitality ; in the spring Of 1 9 20 e , after bursting into leaf, and then losing ev ry one through an few w e onslaught of canker worms , it rallied bravely and in a eks was e once mor in full foliage .

a t t a e if its t run k c u ta k Wh l s , old o ld l , u a u n th e i ten i n ea r Wo ld f ll po l s g , t h e wi w u n h is wa k Of ld olf po l , Th re d -m a i e n wi th h s sp ea r . 42 t th e w I t towe re d th e gia n of ood , I ic e o f e me a e t n a r h rob r ld dr s , h e cea n fl When l a un che d u pon t o ood , Columbus s ought th e wes t .

’ I t bra ved old winte r s r ud est s hock - t e i t u m e t ew When th e s torm fien ds h r r p s bl , ' Wh en on s t e rn Plymouth s h a llowed rock ' - Lan de d th e Ma y Flower s crew.

’ a s th e e t s i e w en came I t w for s pr d , h ' Th e em en n e e cean o e r, Nors , bor gr y o h e u n we n k n wn t o ame An d t Ro d To r , lo g o f , ' ui on New n a n s s e B lt E gl d hor ,

Wi th in its hollow t run k a re s e en Th e s m k a ck en e ma k fire o y , bl d r s of , Though in i ts t op of lovi ng gre en Th e win d s till t un es it s lyre .

T H E WETH ERSEI EL D E L M

W eth ers field n . e A fine old elm in the town of , Con , is not d both for its great size and its historic associations . It is the only surviving member of a group of elms which figured in the early history of the

n . locality, and were , therefore, la dmarks of special interest The “wave of enthusiasm for civic beautification ” which swept through th e towns and village s of Conne cticut during th e 1 7 th cen

tury, is thought to have resulted in the placing of a row of these

splendid shade trees down the centre of many a village street , and it is “ ” believed that the Great Elm as it is called , was planted at that time .

Risin g to a height of one hundred and ten feet , its branches e - five spreading one hun dr d and seventy feet , it is considered by many to be the largest tree east of Yellowstone Park . Measurements taken

- around its roots show a circumference of forty one feet . th e e During his tour of colonies , Charles W sley preached under elm 1 7 5 0 m the old in , aking the spot a memorable one in the religious th e history of country . This tree has been more fortunate than many of its co n t empb ries in receiving the watchful care necessary to preserve it to attain a great age .

A GREAT E L M OF WEST VIRGINIA

V a About sixteen miles north of Clarksburg, W . . , the birthplace 1 9 1 0 e of General Stonewall Jackson , stood, until , another tree b aring ”

E lm . e the title of Great Also fam d for its size , it was awarded a

. e i e th e prize as the larg st of its k nd in the United Stat s . At ground e e - ee level , including the spr ad of its roots , it measur d forty two f t in e th e w circumference, three fe t above , ground, its trunk was t enty e seven feet around ; one hundr d and twenty feet high, its branches o n e ee reached over a circle of hundred and forty f t . This tree is ’ “ o D vi s n . a s e c mmemorated in Mr Granville Hall s stirring novel , The m F o H . . em W. os me ro p by C H r . 43 h e e Daughter of t Elm . This story d als with events that occurred th e l e e th e just prior to Civi War, and r lat s doings of a band of e e e robb rs that terroriz d the surrounding country , using the Gr at Elm as their rendezvous .

T H E NEENAH COUNCIL TREE

e e A noted Council Tr e or Tr aty Elm of immense size, stood until 1 8 9 0 n , on the point of land that juts out into Lake Win ebago from h th e e een a . inlet of Fox Riv r , at N , Wis Large enough to be seen

- e e . at a long distanc , it served as a guid post to pilots on the lake e e e e B n ath its branch s , the conv rsation well known in the history of th e State , is believed to have occurred , between Four Legs , a Winne e e e e bago Chi f, and G neral Henry L av nworth . h e e e e e e 1 8 27 W n G n ral L av nworth, some y ars previous to , was e i asc nd ng the Fox River with troops , on his way to the Mississippi , e e e on arriving at this pass Four Legs cam out , dr ss d in all his gew a n d th e e gaws and feathers , painted after most approv d fashion , and “ n th e an ounced to the General that he could not go through ; Lake , “ ” said he , is locked . “ ” e th e e T ll him , said G neral , rising in his batteau , with a rifle in “ a nd I s ha ll u n lock it and his hand that THIS I S THE KEY, go on . The chief had a good d eal of th e better part of valor in his com “ ” e position , and so he repli d , Very well , tell him he can go . Th e e e n e site wh r the old elm stood for so lo g, lik a watchful e e n s ntin l guardi g its domain, is now part of Riverside Park , at

ee . th e e N nah A slab of its wood , forming top of a larg table in the th e e e historic log cabin of Governor Doty, in vicinity, is a tr asur d e e souv nir of old n times .

T H E SENECA COUNCIL TREE

Th e e e a e S n c Indians possessed a not d Council Tree , a great elm , e K an an de a a Y e s . . near th ir village of g , N , the last capital of th ir nation . e e e Besid s sh ltering their conclaves , the old elm mark d other e n d Ka n a n des a a th e e wis historic grou , for g figured in Fr nch and th e e wa r Indian War and Revolution , and during the form r the e e th e e English established a fort h re , thus s curing fri ndship and e th e w e assistanc of arriors . This relationship continu d through the “ ” e e e e e R volution , ev n though the S neca Chi f, Big Tre , vowed friend ship for Washington and went to visit him . K a n a n des a a e e e e Later, g was r christ ned G neva , and b came the present city of that name in New York State .

T H E E L M or ITALY HOLLOW

’ As a result of th e State College of Agriculture s inquiry con 1 9 20 th e i ducted during , for purpose of determining wh ch was the

44

. i town , carrying the elm on his back Having no money, with wh ch ru m ee to purchase his favorite beverage, , he traded the young tr in e e e exchange for a pint, to Thadd us B ech r, who kept a tavern where ew e w the Exchange Building of N Hav n n o stands . B e echer at once planted the tree on the village green or public e e e e square , which had b n allowed to r main xactly as it was laid out v e m th e in 1 6 39 . Ser ing in its arly days , and at the ti e elm was - i e planted , as a market , public pig pen , and place for water ng cattl , th e th e historic green is , today , in the centre of busy city, with which

the tall , spreading elm has so long been identified .

T H E KINGSPORT E L M

n On Kingsport Farms , at Kingsport, Sullivan County, Ten . , is o a splendid old elm , with a spring issuing from its r ots , in all proba b ility the tree described by a party of Frenchm en who camped in the 1 7 9 0 neighborhood in . It answers their description well , even to the

spring that bubbles up beneath it .

- Its circumference, which is mentioned as being twenty two feet , -five — f a nd has increased to twenty and one half eet, its age is estimated 400 at more than years . Directly back of the old elm is the remain s

of one of the first silk mills in the south , perhaps in the whole country .

T H E OBERLIN E L M

e O . The elm on the coll ge campus at Oberlin , , which has been e fenced about and marked with a bronz tablet, shaded the first log i 1 8 33 house bu lt in Oberlin . This was erected in , and was the begin e in s titiI ti n ning of Ob rlin College, the first educational o in the world m e to ad it wom n on an equal footing with men . Lucy Stone , one of ff the pioneer su ragists , was a graduate of Oberlin .

T H E WAS HINGTON

On e of the most famous trees in the whole country is this elm at “ e Cambridg , Mass . , under whose branches Washingt on took com 3 1 8 7 5 mand of the Continental Army on July , . It is thought to b e e a survivor of the primeval for st that once covered the region , and e 1 0 0 in its youth was n arly feet in height, while the spread of its 9 0 branches measured feet . 30 1 8 6 4 On Nov . , , the City Council decree d that the committee on Public Property cause a suitable tablet of durable material , either granite, marble or iron to be placed on the Washington Elm in Ward 1 , said tablet to commemorate in conspicuous letters the Revolutionary ” event which rendered said tree historical . e 1 8 7 2 an A large branch f ll from the elm in , d was used to make

. m a pulpit in a chapel nearby Since that ti e, the old tree has gradually e succumb d to the attacks of insects and though still standing, has lost much of its original beauty .

46

CHAPTER VIII — — — E v ld E o n e r E lm o th e Th e Fry e E lm Th e L oga n lm O lm Tr e e C r f ’ — — D n e n e s Ju m e n t re e Con Colo ny of Tra ns y lva n ia a i l Boo dg T — — T a E lm s titutiona l Elm of In dia na Th e Mors e Elm h e Ta pp n .

T H E FRYE E L M

In 1 7 25 , Jonathan Frye, who had graduated from Harvard two

n . years before, left his home in North A dover, Mass , to serve under

h e . Captain Lovewell , t famous Indian fighter The party was bound

for the wilds of New Hampshire and Maine, and young Frye went h e along as chaplain . Before going away , planted an elm in front ’ of his uncle, Col . James Frye s house at North Andover, charging e the family to take good care of it during his abs nce . e The tree lived to bear, for over one hundred and fifty y ars , a

family name of note, Jonathan being a connection of Elizabeth Frye his of England , the great prison reformer . He never returned to see

elm, and his fate was never known , though easily surmised . He received honorable mention in the story of the much famed battle with t the Indians at Pequawket, where, with other unfor unates , he was woun ded elm his left in the woods , badly s The of planting flourished ,

and descendants of the Frye family have come from far to visit it . elm kn i The only pieces of the old own to be st ll in existence, are

a frame containing the original copy of the Frye Coat of Arms , owned y New b . Miss E Frye Barker , of York , historian of the family ; and the frame of the steel engraving from which the accompanying cut was

made . This engraving has been presented by Miss Barker to the

New England Historic Genealogical Society .

TH E LOGAN E L M

C u O . One of the valued landmarks of Pickaway o nty, , is the Old fine tree about seven miles from Circleville , known as the Logan m Elm . Under its branches the Mingo Chief, whose na e it bears , made his famous speech which Thomas Jeff erson later incorporated “ in his Notes On Virginia, pronouncing it equal to any passage in w the ritings of Demosthenes or Cicero .

- - Logan , one of whose names was Tah gah jute, meaning short ” ’ dress, was also christened in honor of James Logan , Penn s Secre ’ kikellimu tary , who was a great friend of the Indian boy s father, S s . i dl Th s chief was always frien y to the white men , entertaining the first

Moravian missionaries in the section of Pennsylvania about his home, and conductin g many negotiations between James Logan and the native tribes .

Brought up in this peaceable atmosphere, his son followed in his ” o fo tsteps , earning the title of Friend of the White Man ; it wa s

47 not till the las t years of his life that he became hostile, and then only in revenge for sorrow caused by the murder of his relatives . “ He wa s living in Ohio at the time of that bloody p erlu de to the ” e exterm Revolution , the Dunmore War, the purpos of which was to e in a te th e Indians of that region . The noted Chi f, Cornstalk, aware that hostilities had advanced too far to remain unnoticed , requested ’ u e a that a council should be called , and as Lord D nmor s troops p ro a ch ed e e e e e p , a whit man named Elliott was s nt to m t th m , carrying e s a flag of truc . He asked for omeone who could understand the e Indian languag . t Colonel John Gibson returned with him to Camp Charlot e, on

Scippo Creek , and found Cornstalk waiting, in company with eight other chiefs and five hundred warriors . Though probably desiring peace , they had painted their faces half black and half red, to show e their indiff rence .

In spite of all persuasion , Logan , embittered by his losses , refused

’ ’ to attend the council . According to Colonel Gibson s sworn state m et e ment , however, the chief him, and they walk d together into the

elm . l woods , and sat on a log under the old Captain Wi liamson , one ’ i e s Of Dun more s sold ers , identified the tre as the exact pot where the “ ’ words were spoken which have become celebrated as Logan s ” Speech . “ I appeal to any white man to say if he ever entered Logan ’ s ca bin, hungry, and he gave them not meat ; if he ever came cold and ? naked , and he clothed him not During the course Of the last long e and bloody war, Logan remained idl in his camp , an advocate for peace . Such was . my love for the whites that my countrymen pointed ‘ ’ ha d as I passed, and said , Logan is the friend of the white man , I f ever thought to have lived with you but for the injuries O one man .

Colonel Cresap , the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked , mur dered all the relations of Logan , not even sparing my women and children . There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature . This called on me for vengeance . I have sought it .

. e I have killed many I hav fully glutted my vengeance . For my ’ country I rejoice at the beams of peace ; but don t harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear . Logan never felt fear . “ He will not turn on his heel to save his life . Who is there to ? ” mourn for Logan Not one . 2 1 9 1 2 th e Old e On October , , elm was pres nted by residents of

Pickaway County to the State of Ohio, to be cared for and preserved as an historic relic .

The tree measures seven feet in circumference, and the spread of its branches is one hundred and fifty feet . Specialists have put it fin e in condition , and it is protected by an iron railing, and bids fair t e o remain for many a y ar to come, as a monument to the memory th e of Indian Chief, Logan , of whom it was said by his friend, Judge “

Brown , He was the best specimen of humanity, white or red , I have ever encountered . 48 OL D E L M TREE CORNER

A tablet at the northwest corner of State and Pearl Streets , ! Y . Albany , N . , bears this inscription “ Old E lm Tree Corner . So named from a tree planted here by

1 8 7 7 . Philip Livingston about 1 7 35 . Removed Also the site upon ’ i l n which were published Webster s famous read ng, spel i g book and 1 1 th e l , 7 7 . almanac , and the first Albany newspaper, A bany Gazette Al H istor A picture of the Old E lm hangs in the bany Institute,

ical and Art Society Building .

The spot has also been celebrated by W . D . Morange, in the following lines

’ It don t a pp e a r t ha t th e Old E lm Tre e Wa s a s i e e lm ou k no w l pp ry , y ; B u t n e ve rthel e s s i t will doubtle s s b e S e t down in th e re cord s s o .

th e s a n tin a e Wh en th e sn ow c on ge a ls on l g gr d , h E lm ee wen t t o rot Wh ere t e Tr , An d s cores of brok en hea d s h a ve ma d e i ma k th e s a c e s t The r r on r d po ,

Th a t pl a ce of broken sk ulls will b e m an a n ti c m u n e By y a fr o r r , et wn i n th e t wn e a S do o g ogr phy , ‘ As t h e S lippery E lm Tree Corn er .

E L M OF THE COLONY OF TRANSYLVANIA

1 8 th n In the middle of the century, Kentucky was an u known 1 7 6 0 nl land to the white men . In , John Fi ey and a few acquaint anoes made their way into the unexplored territory, and brought back with them glowing accounts of the beauties and fertility of the lands th q re . Daniel Boone accompanied him on a second expedition , and on e o f r turning, interested Colonel Richard Henderson , a young lawyer e h North Carolina, in the wonderful region b yond the mountains . Muc pleased with what he heard , Henderson conceived the idea of forming th e the Transylvania Company, to purchase a large tract of land, and la i i t p a colony of which he should be proprietor, selling titles to the settlers . Daniel Boone had been selected to cut through the wilderness a highway over which emigration could pass to Transylvania, and on March set out with about thirty m en toward Cumberland “ on - Gap , blazing the way mile trees , and following the course of the “ ’ ” Warriors Path, a famous Indian Trail between Virginia and Ken tucky, which near the Gap , formed a link in the great war path from north to south . 25 On March , the little band camped at Silver Creek, where they were attacked by Indians , who killed one of their number ; but fifteen miles further on, they reached the place previously selected by Boone and Henderson for their new home . Here they camped , on a plain, “ ” e e beautiful with white clover and K ntucky blu grass . Two springs

49 e ee e e were nearby, and also four hug tr s , thre sycamor s , and a great e e e e e ! elm with which Colon l H nd rson was much impr ss d He said , “ The diameter of its branches from the e xtreme ends is o n e hundred a n d e e th e e feet, very fair day it d scribes a semicircle on heavenly gr en w e w e th e around it, of up ard of four hundr d feet, and any time bet e n en on e e e e hours of t and two , hundr d p rsons may commodiously s at d e e to b e . e themselves und r its branches This ivin tr e is our Church , ” State Hous e and Council Chamber .

The convention of the House of Delegate s of the Colony of ”

e e 2 3rd 1 7 7 5 . Transylvania did me t und r the elm on the of May, It “

ee e . was in session for thr days , passing nin bills Henderson received ” ’ u l ee e f l possession of the land from the Cherok s , as Boon s bio t grapher, Lucile Gulliver, tells us , according to a pretty, ancien Th e e e custom . lawyer r pres nting the Indians , handed Henderson a e e th e w pi ce of Kentucky turf, and together they h ld it while la yer ” e d clared the transaction completed .

w e While in all probability, the old elm might ll have survived up e e to the present tim , no historical association is on r cord as having e ee e preserved it , or mark d its Site . It would have b n a pictur sque and valued memorial of one of the most interesting site s of pionee r days .

’ DANIEL BOONE S JUDGM ENT TREE

1 1 1 8 0 0 e On June , , Colonel Boone was appoint d commandant of the Femm e Osage (Missouri ) District . “ It was about this time, or perhaps a little earlier, that he built the cabin near the spring in the Femm e Osage Valley and removed d ff his family there . The uties of his o ice were both civil and military , an d his decision in all cases was final , excepting those involving land t e e ti les, which were referred to the crown or its immediat r presenta u tive . P nishment for crime or misdemeanor was of the most summary e character . The accused , if proven guilty, was ti d up and whipped , e f the number of lash s being proportioned to th e nature of his o fense . A hickory sapling that stood in th e yard near the spring s e rve d as a e h e whipping post . That kind of punishment met the requirem nt of t a e th e wa e n g , and no thief or breaker of law s ver k own to resent a u e j dgment rendered by Dani l Boone . He held his court under the

spreading branches of a large elm tree , which still stands on the bank “ ’ a few feet above the spring and is known as Daniel Boone s Ju dg ” e ment Tr e .

CONSTITUTIONAL E L M OF INDIANA

e th e e elm Und r spr ading boughs of an at Corydon , first capital

of Indiana, the Constitution of that State was adopted , nearly a

century ago .

1" t m i a ct a c i i h Mi u i i t ica e iew. Ex r fro rt l e by W ll am S . Brya n i n t e sso r H s or l R v 5 0

CHAPTER IX — Th e R oos eve lt Sug a r Ma pl e Th e Suga r Ma pl e a n d th e In dia ns — E a rly Me n tion of th e Suga r Ma ple Th e Suga r Ma pl e a n d th e n s s A bolitio i t .

T H E ROOSEVELT SUGAR MAPLE

A splendid sugar maple, in the Glenview Forest Reserve, five e n 1 8 20 miles du e w st of Evanston , Illi ois , was during the year chris l tened in honor of Theodore Rooseve t . “ “ e w It stands in a region of Virgin timb r, forest land on hich e ee e no living tr e has ever b n f lled , and is the senior, by several hundred d k years , of its comrades , though all aroun it stand maples and oa s d that are in the neighborhood of five hundred years old . Accor ing th e to prominent botanists , age of the Roosevelt Tree may be safely e t estimated at one thousand years . Other tr e exper s say that it is at least not younger than seven hundred years . Its trunk measures nine feet, at breast height, and shows a clean bole up to fifty feet above the ground . Growing in dense timber, it is , of course, slim for its height . This tree, which will doubtless live to acquire fame, both on a e account of its title and its great g , is a worthy representative of the ‘ sugar maples of America, trees that are distinctively characteristic of this country, and that have played an important part in the every f it day life O s early settlements .

T H E S UGAR MAPLE AND THE INDIANS

“ e It has b en said that If trees had human characteristics , the sugar maple would be th e banker of the fore st community because Of

- Of . e its store wealth It is a conservative , dignified, well dressed tre , ” a re conscientious , hardworking and dependable . The Indians p p cia t ed e th e e its usefuln ss , and taught earliest white pione rs on the e s New th e shor s of the Hud on , and in England and Middle States , th e to extract sugar . They probably relied upon it for their entire e e supply of sweet ning . It was also found possible to produc the flow by applying heat, and so procure sugar needed in case of sickness .

H on ta n According to Baron de la , who traveled in America from “ 1 6 8 4 1 6 9 5 e to , the liquor is drawn by cutting the tree two inch s deep e in the wood, the cut being run sloping to the l ngth of ten or twelve n ru n e th e inches a k ife is into the tre slopingly, so that water i i runn ng along the cut or gash as through a gutter, and fall ng upon th e u the knife that lies across channel , r ns out upon the knife which ’ ’ e la c d Th e do s has vess ls p underneath to receive it . gash no harm to the tree . Of this sap they make sugar and syrup which is so ’ valuable tha t there can t be a better remedy for fortifying the 5 2 stomach . The Baron also considered that the maple sap possessed ” “ - a much pleasanter taste than the best lemonade or cherry water .

The sap was collected into troughs , by the squaws , and hot stones

were plunged into it, and this process was continued until the sugar two had boiled down to the desired consistency . The Baron saw

kinds of maples tapped ; the black or hard , and the white or soft maple ; the former makes infinitely the best grained and flavored ”

. sugar, and fully equal in quality to the best Muscovado ’ Th e Indians mixed maple sugar with melted bear s fat and made e sauce for their roast venison ; they used it to sweet n boiled corn , and th e parched corn which they carried with them on journeys . The “ ” “ ” ra tiron ta ks - Iroquois Indians called the Algonkians , tree eaters , on account of their fondness for sugar . There is an Algonkian legend that explains why maple sap runs so thin instead of being thick like syrup as it was originally . m Ma n ab u sh One day, Nokomis , the grand other of , was roaming through the forest , and by accident cut the bark of a tree . Seeing u a rich syrup flow slowly from the wo nd, she tasted it, and delighted

i to Ma n a b u sh . at find ng it so delicious , gave some He also was much - th e pleased with the new sweet meat, but felt afraid that if women of so i - the tribe found the syrup could be obtained eas ly, all ready made e as it were , they would becom idle . So , in order to keep his aunts i busy, he d luted the sap , making it thin , as we know it, by pouring e water ov r the tops of the trees . This is why the women must boil down the sap to make syrup .

EARLY MENTION OF THE SUGAR MAPLE

One of the earliest references to maple sugar appears in an issue “ ” of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, (England) , “ 1 6 8 4 Of published in , an account a sort of sugar made of the juice of ” “ the maple in Canada . The writer tells us that The savages of

Canada, in the time that the sap rises in the maple, make an incision in th e tree by which it runs out ; and after they have evaporated eight pounds o f the liquor there remains one pound as sweet and as much f sugar as that which is got out o the canes . The savages here have practised this art longer than any now living among them can remember . ’ Lambert s Travels Through Canada and the United States , 1 8 1 3 published in , mentions maple sugar (evidently one of the novel o f e ties the New World ) , as b ing very hard and requiring to be “ scraped with a knife when used for tea, otherwise the IM p would ” be a considerable time in dissolving . Its flavor reminded the author of the candied horehound sold in England, and he added that the l Canadians ate large lumps of the sugar be ieving it to act medicinally . “ va st u an tit It very likely acts as a corrective to the . q y of fat pork which they consume, as it possesses a greater degree of acidi ty than the West India sugar . Before salt was in use, sugar was eaten with 5 3 e its u tres cen c e e e meat in order to corr ct p y ; h nc , probably , the custom w e e of eating s eet appl sauc with pork and goose, and currant jelly

with hare and venison . Among the many plant specim ens sent from the New World by e the famous botanist , John Bartram , to P ter Collinson, of London , e e th e e w England , wer s eds of sugar mapl , hich occasioned much com

e ee . m nt, the tr being practically unknown in England Collinson had “ ” w e e 1 7 3 5 already ritt n to his Kind Fri nd John Bartram , (in ) “ e e th e e I am mightily pl as d with thy account of Sugar Tr e . two ee e e w e Pray send me a little sprig, with or thr l aves dri d bet e n e e th e We e e a she t of pap r, and if thee canst, blossom . imagine, h r it e w e s ee th e w e ee — e e w is a poplar or maple, but wh n flo rs or s d v ss l , e

te e . e e e e e shall soon de rmin Six months lat r , having r c iv d the sp ci h e w e e ! mens ant d , he wrot to Bartram again “ e th e ee a re e a re The l aves of Sugar Tr v ry informing, and a great curiosity ; but w e wish thee had gathere d little branches with e e e th e e the flowers on them and som littl branch s with keys on th m . e e e e The seeds of this tre (which , by the l aves and k ys is a real Mapl ) , Of e on e e e w I cracked a many th m , and not has a k rnel in th m , hich W e e e e e e . e I am surpris d at must d sir the , n xt year , to make anoth r e e me e attempt and s nd us some sp ci ns . Its b aring white blossoms is ” e e e an eleganc abov any other of this trib that I know of .

T H E SUG AR MAPLE AND THE ABOLITIONISTS

One does not naturally associate the sugar maple with anti et th e e slavery agitation, and y hopes of earn st abolitionists , one hun - fiv e e e e e e e e . dred and twenty or mor y ars ago , w r c nt r d in this tree e e As it would yield so easily and naturally such quantiti s of sugar, th re s e em e d no further ne ed for importin g this ne cessary article from the e e e e th e W st Indi s , wh re it was produc d from cane by hard labor of slaves , nor for allowing such a condition to continue in the United

States . B ris s o t 1 7 8 8 Of Monsieur J . P. , who published in , an account his Am w a e e e e w h e e s t . travels in erica , vid ntly much impr ss d ith id a He “ ! e e e ee e writes as follows Provid nc , my fri nd , s ms to have plac d in the bosom of the continen t that slavery has sulli e d and tormente d most e w e des tru c cruelly, two great m ans hich ought , in vitably, to work its

tion , that , is the society of which I have spoken to you , and the Sugar e e e e e th e e Mapl . The s ttl rs stablish d in middle of for sts in e e e e e Am rica , limit thems lv s , hith rto , to a v ry slight manipulation to get this sugar but since the quakers have perceived in this tree a e th e e e e e th e e m ans of destroying slav trad , sinc to r place can sugar e e th e e Of e rfection in e e they hav f lt n cessity p g the Sugar Mapl , mor e h a s ee i e e w att ntion b n g v n to the manipulation , and succ ss has cro ned e k w fi en e . i d th e a re n ec es th ir fforts You no , my , all conditions that sary to b e united f o r th e cultivation of th e sugar cane the enemies e e th e b and accidents that that plant f ars (is subj ct to) , la or, its culti

5 4 vation , its preparation , and its fabric costs to the unfortunate Afri ! cans . Well Compare these inconveniences with the advantages that

the Sugar Maple presents , and you will again, once more, be con

' vin ced what gr eat pains w e Often take to be us elessly criminal . I wish there were formed from north to south a holy coalition to

accumulate the produce of that Divine Tree , if above all , it were e looked upon as an impiety to destroy so useful a tr e , either for burn ing or clearing lands ; Ame rica might not only furnish for its own

th e , u s e , but might also inundate markets of Europe with a sugar

whos e cheapness would , in time , annihilate that sugar which is

sprinkled with th e tears and blood of slaves , for the Maple Sugar ” - does not cost but three pence the pound . Phila del The trees were abundant ; the celebrated Dr . Rush , of w 1 7 9 3 f e phia, riting as late as , to Thomas Je f rson, Secretary of the

United States , (who permitted only maple sugar used in his house e Of hold , and planted mapl s on his estate in Virginia , for the purpose “ five producing it) , describes them as covering or six acres in a body, ” e e e more Often mixed with other tre s . Generally , th re averag d from e e o f thirty to fifty sugar mapl s on an acre , and resid nts Pennsylvania

are recorded , as making from two hundred to four hundred pounds

of sugar per year . e e Dr . Rush consid red maple sugar an extr mely healthy article of

diet , and thought that its use might lessen malignant fevers . He quotes Sir John Pringle as remarking that the plague had never been kn own in any country where sugar was eaten in considerable quanti e e e difficu lt ties . However, there had hith rto b en the insup rable y “ b e many persons refuse to benefited , even indirectly , by the labour of ” ! e s av s . “ I cannot help contemplating a Sugar Maple with a species of e e e e e aff ction and v n ven ration , for I hav persuaded myself to behold in it th e happy me ans of rendering the comm erce and slavery of ou r

African brethren in the sugar islands , as unnecessary as it has always ” been inhuman and unjust . e e T ench Coxe, of Philad lphia , P nn . , author of A View of the ” United States (publishe d in 1 7 9 4) says that the total consumption of su gar and molasses in this country at that time amounted to twenty “ e six million pounds , and that ev ry farmer having one hundred acres of maple sugar land in a state of ordinary American improvement can make one thousand pounds weight of sugar with only his ” necessary farming and kitchen utensils .

5 5 CHAPTER !

— — Memoria l Tre es of Spieg e l Gro ve L in c ol n Me moria l Tre e Gin gko ’ — — Tre e a t Gra n t s Tom b Elms Pla n te d b y Roy a l ty Pl a n tings b y — — e Mrs a in L in c n e m ia un s B u r Pres id n t a n d . H rd g ol M or l Gro d — — ro ughs M e m oria l Fc r es t Tre e to Th e odore Roos e velt Tree to — — Qu en tin Roos evel t Un u s ua l A l u m n a e A ven u e Na tion a l Fa rm — — “ Sc hool Me moria l Tre es of Phil a d elphia Tre e to Hu ma n ity —New Y e m a i wa Ma rtin ork Sta te M ori l H gh y .

HISTORIC TREES IN THE MAKING

The idea of the tree as one of the most acceptable memorials has developed into th e widespread custom of commemorative tre e plant ing . Such memorials may be appropriately described as historic trees in the makin g . Those planted today, to quote from American For “ l estry, wil be famous fifty years from now and even more famous ” in a hundred years .

’ MEM ORIAL TREES OF SPIEGEL GROVE O Spiegel Grove, Fremont, . , the home of President Rutherford

B . Hayes , contains a rare collection of memorial trees , and is , itself, i his toric ground . It is situated in the old Ind an reservation which, s long before the Revolution , was established at the lower rapid of i the Sandusky River . The Harrison M litary Trail of the War of 1 8 1 2 h , the old French and Indian route from Lake Erie to the O io, run s through the grove for half a mile, and the deep ruts made by ’ General Harrison s wagon wheels are said to be still visible .

, The grove occupies part of the site of the free city of the Indian

‘ trib e o f e two the Eri s , who, three hundred years ago , erected fortified e towns opposit each other , at this point , on the Sandusky . During S e Revolutionary days , Daniel Boone and imon K nton were led pris r oners through the grove, along the old t ail , which long before their day, had been trodden by French explorers and missionaries , and which is said to have been the route traveled by more Indian captives than any other trail . A nu mber of the trees growing in this historic grove bear the ’ names of Mr . Hayes distinguished guests . Five immense oaks , under whose Shade a table was spread on th e occasion of the annual reunion 23rd 1 4 1 8 7 7 of the regiment , September , , were christened in honor of General Sheridan and four colonels of the regiment, who sat at the table . Other speakers of the day returned in later years , and e e their m mory is similarly p rpetuated , as shown by the naming of McKin le the y oaks , the Chief Justice White oak , and the Garfield ’ maple . On General Sherman s return from escorting Mr . Hayes and t his par y to the Pacific Coast, a particularly fin e elm was given his name .

5 6 ROOSEVELT TREE lm m s S a Ma N a h a h h b e a o ld e n e C 7 0 0 . ug r ple , e r ic go , t oug t to ye rs C the hi a Am a ourtesy of C c go eric n .

e th e e e Lathrop Pe ck , Pr sident of Am rican For stry Association , and

e e . e e Dr . G org F Kunz , Pr sident of the American Sc nic and Historic

Preservation Society .

R PLANTINGS B Y PRESIDENT AND M S . HARDING

In memory of all the animals wh o lost their lives in the World

elm w a s e e e . e War , an plant d by Pr sid nt and Mrs Harding, on Octob r 1 1 8 2 1 th e e e e 7 , , on Whit House grounds just south of the ast ntrance e fi to th e house . This elm bears the distinction of b ing the rst tree

e d . planted as a memorial to our animal fri n s It is five years of age , and e b e e fifteen fe t in height , and will mark d with a copper star , the e marker us ed by the American Animal Red Star R lief Association . Th e ceremony took place in th e pres ence of about one hundre d spec w w e e t a to rs . , among hom r Mrs Wilson Groshans , of Illinois , who f e e e th e e O . . originat d id a such a M morial , and Mr Jam s P Briggs ,

e . President of the Human Education Society of Washington , D . C

LINCOLN MEM ORIAL GROUNDS

Th e op ening of Armistice Week was marked by the planting, on e e 7 1 8 2 1 o f two e Nov mb r , , Am rican Elms on the Lincoln Memorial e Grounds at Washington , D . C . The tre s , one of which was planted e th e for the allied armi s , other for the allied navies , were dedicated e e e m As by Charles Lathrop P ck , Pr sid nt of the A erican Forestry so a e ci tion . Th y were placed at the head of the prospective avenue of e e memorial tr es to be plant d by various governments . e i e Mrs . Harding presented her tr e plant ng trowel to m mbers of who u s e the American Legion , planned to it in Chicago on Armistice e Day at the opening of a Road of Rem mbrance, which will be several e mil s in length . BURROUGHS MEM ORIAL FOREST

Rio rdon The boys of the Raymond School Conservation Unit, m o f under the Conservation Com ission of the State New York, have finished plantin g the first s ection of the Burroughs State Memorial Y Forest on Rose Mountain , New ork . In memory of the famous b e e h e naturalist, the hill is to r christened Burroughs Mountain , and t e forest, largely composed of evergreens , is to be plant d and care d e for by the boys of th State .

TREE To THEODORE ROOSEVELT

’ - e On Theodore Roosevelt s sixty second birthday , a whit oak was e in e plant d memory of him , near his grave at Oyster Bay . The cer New mony was arranged by the York Bird and Tree Club , of which w a s e e th e e ul club the Colonel a m mb r, and first shov lf of earth was th e e e e thrown upon roots of the tr by Mrs . Thomas Edison in b half h e e of her husband . This planting is thought to have launched t mov m e e ment for com emorating Col . Roos v lt in this way all over the country .

5 8 TREE TO QUENTIN ROOSEVELT

C. At th e Force School , Washington , D . , a tree perpetuating e e e e e the memory of Lieutenant Qu ntin Roos v lt, a form r pupil th re , e is looke d after by the children . A committee has b en formed , consist

e th e . ing of on e child from e ach class , whos duty it is to care for tree i w e i Each memb er has the privilege of choos ng his successor, h n pass ng to a higher class . This plan has found favor in a number of other e e e schools , a n d should be further d velop d by making syst matic pro vision for the protection of trees wherever Situated .

AN UNUS UAL ALUM NAE AVENUE

e e . Mt . St . Joseph Coll ge of Ch stnut Hill , Philadelphia , Penn , has instituted a new departure in alumnae memorial planting . In e 1 9 2 1 e e e Novemb r, , an av nu of oaks was d dicated , leading from the ee bank of the romantic Wissahickon Cr k , which forms the boundary h e th e t e . of the convent grounds , to door of new colleg About four teen of the trees have been planted , the beginning of the stately avenue, which in time to come will develop into a walk of rare beauty . Memories of interest to friends and pupils of the college will cluster about it , as each oak will be marked with the name of one of the lu m n a w.

NATIONAL FARM SCHOOL '

The National Farm School , also near Philadelphia, Penn . , possesses a grove of trees commemorating war heroes and friends of the school . A novel feature has been added to the grove in the naming of

Festive Trees in honor of birthdays , confirmations , betrothals and wedding anniversaries of those associated with the institution .

MEM ORIAL TREES OF PHILADELPHIA

t e e . l i Humani arians of Philad lphia, P nn , have on severa occas ons celebrated Arbor Day by unique tree - plantings to commemorate events of national or local interest .

1 9 1 6 — w a s e In , a horse chestnut plant d in Washington Square , in ' honor of th e first general observance of Humane Week in P enn syl

. 1 9 1 7 e e vania saw the planting of thr e ori ntal planes , in the yard of e the Wharton Public School , in honor of three citiz ns , women who co - e e were workers with H nry B rgh , and with him pioneers in the - DI ovem en t e Anti Cruelty . The wom n thus commemorated were Mrs . e A e Caroline Earle Whit , Miss d le Biddle and Mrs . Annie L . Lowry . th e 1 9 1 8 On Arbor Day in spring of , a sycamore was planted on m e - the new parkway, by the A rican Anti Vivise ction Society and the An e e imal R scue L ague , of Philadelphia, in honor of the Third

Liberty Loan . This occasion is memorable as the first tree planting in the commonwealth attended by the United States troops

5 9 e in uniform . Gov rnor Brumbaugh , of Pennsylvania , cast the first shovelful of earth , and Miss Leta Sullivan , a member of one of Phil ’ e e adelphia s most promin nt families , select d on this occasion as being th e e a memb er of both soci ties in charge , raised the flag in Signal for e the military salut .

e th e e On e year lat r, an elm , his favorite tree, was planted by sam e e - Societies , in m mory of Joyc Kilmer, the soldier poet, whose ex “ ” qu isit e verses entitle d Tre es should be familiar to every lover of Th e e nature . cer mony took place in historic Logan Square, where the Sanitary Commission Fair was held during the Civil War .

TREE S B Ki lme y Joge e r .

I thi n k tha t I sha ll n eve r s e e A po em as lovely a s a tre e .

A tre e whose hun gry mouth i s prest ’ Aga in st th e e a rt h s swee t fl owi n g brea s t ;

A t ee t a t k a t God a ll da r h loo s y , An d l ift s h er l ea fy a rms to pra y ;

A t ree th a t ma y i n S u mme r wea r A n es t of robi n s i n h er h a i r ;

Upon whose bosom s n ow h a s la in ; i Wh o i n tim a tely l ive s w th ra i n .

em a re ma e ik e me Po s d by fools l , ” B t a k u on ly God can m e a tre e .

1 9 2 0 Pen n s On the fall Arbor Day of , (it being the custom in yl n vania to observe this day twice a year, in spri g and autumn ) , Ritten house Square was the scene of a triple planting in honor of humane n workers well k own and well beloved throughout the city, Miss e Katharine C . Biddle, First President of the Animal Rescue L ague ; Al . l Mrs bert Hoffman, (formerly Miss Leta Su livan ) , and Mrs . e e Em line Reed Bedell . To each was assigned the tree known to hav ’ a - been her favorite . To Miss Biddle, horse chestnut ; to Mrs . Hoff man, a black walnut ; and to Mrs . Bedell, a hickory .

TREE S To HUM ANITY MARTIN AND JACK LONDON

The year 1 9 22 marks the cen tenn a ry of the first law passed in any country for the protection of animals . It was placed upon the e statute books of England, (aft r a decade of Opposition ) thanks to Of the efforts of Richard Martin , an Irish member the House of

Commons . The Centennial Anniversary of this epoch marking piece of legislation was fittin gly commemorated on April 28 th in Phila del in Pa . phia, , when humanitarians from all parts of the city gathered the Mun cip a l Court Gardens to witness the planting of twin oaks presented by Judge Brown of that court .

60 s Noted for rugged strength and enduring usefulness , oak tree form the most appropriate memorials of the two reformers thus hon ored , Richard Martin and Jack London , whose splendid crusade against the exhibition of performing animals is well known .

Martin succeede d where his predecessors had failed , in a fashion 1 8 22 peculiarly his own . In that memorable session of Parliament of , he proved himself a man who could stand his ground in the midst of

f . ridicule, and handle a dif icult situation with ease “ H a lve To quote from Margaret M . y , Richard Martin knew and acted upon the kn owledge that those who are cruel are always “ cowards ; and so when his hearers greeted the An ti - Cruelty ” - i Bill with cat calls and howls of derision , Mart n held his peace throughout the uproar and then ann ounced that he would personally chastise every man wh o had insulted him on the floor of the House and who wished now to give his name as willing to repeat the insult ! It is sign ificant that not a single voice was raised in reply and the bill passed its second reading in absolute quiet ! Following this occur n rence, King George IV of England , who k ew Martin personally, “ ” n a med S him Humanity Martin , as he is till called in the annals of ‘ ” l a t e d y . Certificates have been issued by the Am erican Forestry Associa ~ tion to the Societies which inaugurated this. beautiful custom in the

City of Brotherly Love .

NEW YORK STATE MEM ORIAL HIGHWAY

The Memorial Highway extending from New York City to Y s n Buffalo, N . . , will be planted with two thou and elm trees , duri g 1 9 22 e th e the spring of , in honor of soldi rs of State who gave their e liv s in the World War . The College of Forestry of Syracuse Uni t en versity, New York , will furnish the trees for the first miles of the avenue . “ This is a move in the right direction , writes the Editor of the “ New York Evening Sun . There is an urgent need in this country m for the beautifying of the roads . A ericans who visit France and other European nations are invariably struck by th e splendid high hi ways , to w ch the unending rows of splendid trees add such dis tin c tion and charm . On the other hand, European travelers in the United State s can hardly avoid a fe eling that our roads too Often are designed only to facilitate transportation and add nothing to the beauty of the ” landscape .

61 CHAPTER XI

— ’ — White Willows in Pen n s y lva n ia Pop e s Willow Na pol e o n Willows — — ’ Th e In wood Tu lip Tre e Th e Stoc k ton Ca ta lpa s Ha milto n s — e — Th a o s s e I le Th e Os a O a e Tre s e Tr e ty Tre e f Gro g e r n g .

WHITE WILLOWS IN PENNSYLVANIA

Benjamin Fran klin h a s l e ft us an in terestin g account of the o e th e w w intr duction into P nnsylvania of hite illow, a handsome w e e e foreign tree hich has now b com naturaliz d .

Noticing a sprout on a willow basket that had been taken from th e e w e e a ship docking at a wharf on D la ar , at Philad lphia , he gave ’ e h er e e e the twig to Debby Norris , who plant d it on fath r s stat , Fair th e n ew hill , near the city . It took kindly to environment , and became th e h e w w progenitor of t white illows hich are now so numerous .

POPE ’ S WILLOW

th e e The introduction of we ping willow, originally an oriental e tree, first into England and thence into America , forms an inter sting bit of history . f A box of figs from Smyrna was sent to Lady Su folk, of London , e e e wh o e e and her fri nd , Al xand r Pope , happen d to be pr sent, noticed “ an unfamiliar, green twig bound about the package . This is some ” “ w h e w e e . thing are not accustomed to h re , said I ill plant it in the ”

e it ro du ces . S O gard n of my home on the Thames and see what , p the th e twig found its way to grounds of his villa at Twickenham , Eng d e w e l lan , and a graceful we ping willo was the r su t .

e f m e Long aft rward , a British of icer, starting for A rica during th e e e i Revolutionary War , took a shoot from the tr e, int nd ng to transplant it to the estate he e xpecte d to receive there when th e Royal e e th e wa r e i difl eren tl Arms should have won succ ss . Wh n t rm nated y e n e w n from his xpectatio , he present d the t ig to Joh Park Custis , ’ - n e e e . Washi gton s st p son , who plant d it on his state , in Virginia

‘ 1 7 9 0 e t ra n s fei red In , Gen ral Gates a shoot from it to his farm Y e e e on Manhattan Island , N . . , wh re it flourished and b cam known “ ’ ” e e ew as Gates weeping willow tr . As N York City Spread and business crept up to th e site of his farm at Third Avenue and 2 2n d e w 1 0 e e a s e 8 6 . Stre t, the tr e, well advanc d in years , fell d in

’ e e e T wicken A similar fate overtook the par nt tr e, Pop s willow, at d w e e w e ham , which was cut o n by a subs qu nt o n r of the property e h e wa s o e n e b cause ann y d by the umb r of visitors , who came to admire a n d a y w it c rry awa bits of ood as souvenirs .

62 W ON LAKE MENDOTA MADISON WIS . WILLO S , ,

’

H a . On m W w a t Na av St . G ro v fro cuttings of illo s p oleon s gr e , elen L Bro vOn Ma d W Ph b . W. oto y , ison ,

e i w h was attempt ng to cross the creek one stormy night , hen on a e him e political mission , friends tri d to dissuade from the dang rous e i e h e a e i un d rtaking, but noth ng daunted, Anthony insist d as w d d nto ' ‘ ” e e en s u t the turbul nt wat rs , that cross he would , p y den duyvil “ th e th e e Promptly, duyvil appeared , in form of a huge monst r, and e e th e w disappeared with the luckl ss trumpet r beneath aves . But it is ’ said that blasts from the latter s trumpet can still be heard arising from the creek on stormy nights . ’ Th e e e city s Park D partment has pres rved the ancient tree , filling w e e a nd . its caviti s ith cem nt, protecting it with an iron railing On the surface of one of the cement fillings is the following inscription in “ ! e e gold letters Tulip Tr e, Liriodendron tulipifera . Circumf rence

1 9 . 2 25 e 1 6 0 9 feet Age years . H nry Hudson entered this inlet in and may have met the Indians here who used the place for a camp , as shown by the quantity of old broken oyster shells around this tree and ” near by .

T H E STOCKTON CATALPAS The fine avenue of catalpas shading the lawn of the Inn at a re th e Princeton , N . J a memorial to Richard Stockton , well known “ ” e e e sign r of the Declaration of Ind p ndence , who is thought to have 1 7 6 2 brought the trees from England in . The grounds were a part ’ Of Stockton s estate , Morven . His old house, still standing, was a ee - favorite m ting place for the patriots of those days . “ e n For more than one hundred y ars , says Joh Frelinghuysen “ ” ” e Hageman , in his History of Princ ton and Its Institutions , These ancient witnesses have borne testimony to the taste and unselfish instincts of this noble man . This long row of catalpas in front of Morven can only be viewed as a sacred memorial to the signer of the

Declaration . The fourth day of July is the great day in Mr . Stock ’ ton s calendar, as it is in that of our country , and these catalpas , with th e n e e e u d viating c rtainty of the seasons , put on their pur white blooming costume every Fourth of July . And for this reason they “ e fitl ; have been called, v ry y , in this country the Independence Tree

’ HAM ILTON S TREES

th e Phila del Following Constitutional Convention , which met in 1 8 l . 7 7 phia, Penn , in , the first Secretary of the Treasury p anted thirteen sweet gum trees on the grounds of his home, Hamilton e Grange , in New York City, to comm morate the entrance of the i thirteen orig nal States into the new Federal Union .

For many years the trees survived him , and a few remained as 1 9 1 1 e e late as , but then w re removed to mak way for building opera l 4oth tions . The same fate be fell the three tall sycamores at Street l and Hami ton Place, said to be the trees under which the seconds e met , just before the duel between Hamilton and Burr, which result d so disastrously for the former .

64 u . . . One cannot help echoing, regretf lly the words of Mrs J J

Wilder, President of the Georgia Society of the Colonial Dames of “ , America, If our patriotic societies had been founded earlier how e much might have been sav d . w Th e late Professor Lucien M . Under ood , a director of the New 1 9 0 2 York Botanical Garden , in a lecture delivered in , told of the amusing misstatements made about the sweet gum trees by a number of newspapers and magazines , which described them variously , as ’ h oaks , maples and elms ; one of Hamilton s grandsons insisting t at ’

n . they were lime trees , brought from Washi gton s home at Mt

Vernon .

As Professor Underwood states , however, the trees were not oaks and not maples and not elms and not limes (or linden s ) but plain straightforward examples of sweet gum (Liquid Amber) a tree not a n d uncommon in the native forests about New York, yet one whose ‘ corky - winged twigs are sometimes sold on the city streets as rare 7 ” alligator- wood from the tropics

T H E TREATY TREE OF GROSSE I L E

Of The m a gn ificien t old basswood or linden tree Grosse Ile,

Mich . , the largest of the group of islands at the mouth of the Detroit two River, was witness of an important transaction , days after the

Signing of the Declaration of Independence .

The island had long been a place of historic note . It was the w m home of the Pota a ta ie nation , and while Chief Pontiac besieged

f n . Detroit, a forded a campi g ground for the Hurons Other Indians , also made it their headquarters when attacking th e boats that came from Niagara to relieve the ga rrispn in a state of siege nearby . Grosse l Detriot Ile was situated on the trade route connecting A bany , and a - M cin a c and frequented by white fur traders and Indians . Cadillac e considered it as the site of the city of Detroit, Mich . , but abandon d ffi I n 1 7 0 7 the idea, fearing there was not su cient timber . , he deeded the island to his daughter . The old linden had flung its shade over many a negotiation b e

. on 6 tween the whites and the red men Under its branches , July , 1 7 7 6 e o , a treaty was sign d , conveying the island t two merchants o f l wh Detroit, A exander and William Macomb , o purchased it for a little money , blankets and tobacco . It was of great importance that “ th e ul di island sho d pass into American ownership , otherwise, vision ” Of the waters of the great Detroit River might have been changed .

Several Indian tribes were represented on this solemn occasion, Kika oo P t a w the Fox and Sacs tribes , the p s and o a tamies all being mentioned . The chiefs signed the agreement by drawing their totems on the deed, a fish, bear, wild cat, doe, deer, fawn with one leg, etc . One of these totems is the first sketch of the American eagle known to ’ exist anywhere . The chief s eldest sons , not yet warriors , signed by “ - u making their thumb prints . Tec mseh, the torch of the North ”

West was one of the chiefs who signed the document .

65 1 1 8 1 1 On June , , the United States Government ratified the treaty, President James Madison granting by patent the land to John e 3 1 9 0 1 W William and David Macomb , h irs of William . On July , , m the Old Treaty Tree fell, the victi of a severe storm . Like many e e e e e n n another v t ran , it is repr s nt d by a you ger generation , a sapli g havin g sprung from its roots . 1 9 0 6 l 3oth In , on the anniversary of the purchase of the island , ’ As the Woman s Improvement sociation of Grosse Ile, marked the site of the old tree with a bronze tablet placed upon a large boulder . e was l i During the c remony, the tablet unvei ed by a d rect descendant n of the Macombs . The i scription reads as follows ! “ This stone marks the location of the Treaty Tree and com m emo ra tes the conveyance by treaty of Grosse Ile (known to the In dians as Kitehe -Min ish on ) and the adjacent islands to William Al Po ta wa ta m and exander Macomb by the ie Indians . The treaty was signed by eighteen of the chiefs of th e Pota wa ta mie nation of

Indians .

The events of the past shape the pathway of the future . ’ Erected by the Woman s Improvement Association of Gross e 1 9 0 6 h e . t 2 Ile, The dee is recorded in register of Detroit, No . , 6 Vol . p .

TH E OSAGE ORANGE OF NEW HARM ONY

1 8 24 . In , the Rappite community of New Harmony, Ind , was purchased by Robert Owen , a believer in the community system , and

Pa . . William Machen of Philadelphia, , a noted geologist Under their e leadership , New Harmony soon became the m cca of scientists , a

' w to rea lize settlement hich indeed, failed the hopes of its founder, yet which served to awaken that scientific spirit which has never died ” out in Indiana . m A tree which still flourishes , commemorating the pal y days of 1 8 26 the community, is the Osage Orange, planted there in , by “ u thall n Thomas Say, the naturalist . N , the bota ist, named it Maclura ” aurantiaca in honor of Maclure .

- Today , its trunk measures eleven and one half feet around , branching six feet from the ground .

66 CHAPTER XII

’ — — B a rtra m s Cypr es s Th e Cypres s of New B e rn Th e Cy pr es s of ’ — — s Pa in ters A rbore tum Th e Elgin Ye ws Th e Haddon Yew .

’ BARTRAM CYPRESS

1 9 20 Until the e arly summer of , when a severe storm laid it low, ’ one of th e chief obj ects of interest in Bartram s Garden , Philadelphia , h e Penn . , was his famous cypress , which brought as a sapling from

e . Delawar , more than a century and a half ago Looking about to e find a switch for his horse , it is said , he pulled up the tiny cypr ss , but instead of using it for that purpose , carried it home and planted it , ” prophesying that it would grow to a great height . The prediction e was fulfilled , as it attained to more than one hundr d and fifty feet , f it with a girth o seven feet . Long a noted tree , had been protected

‘ by an iron railing from the depredations of relic hunters .

T H E CYPRESS OF NEW B EE N

a New e A short dist nce from the edge of the Neuse River, at B rn ,

C. h f . S a i t o N , is a fine old cypress formerly owned by Governor p g that State .

’ 18 The tree s age uncertain , but it was probably well grown before the first Swiss settlers arrived from Berne . There is a tradition that the first boat ever built in those waters was fashioned beneath its shade , and then launched into the river . It was in Revolutionary “ days , as one of its admirers Observes , that the tree became a ” personality .

1 7 8 1 n In , followi g the defeat of General Gates by Cornwallis ,

General Nathaniel Greene, who saved the Am e rican army at the to o S a i h Brandywine , came New Bern to consult with G vernor p g t . Th e Army of the South was a wreck , and without funds nothing could e be done to r scue it . General Greene and the Governor met u nder a n the cypress to discuss the matter, d there the latter pledged the resources of the State, as well as his own private means to meet the emergency .

Success quickly followed the reorganization of the army, and the

British were defeated at Eutaw Springs .

After becoming President , Washington made a visit to New e Bern, and on being told the story of the cypr ss , walked over to the spot and rested under its shade, his intimate friendship with General Green probably serving to emphasize his interest in that memorable conference .

67 ’ T H E CYPRESS OF PAINTERS ARBORETUM

e e Old A cypress tr e , worthy of not , stands in the botanic garden ’ 1 8 25 th e two near Media, Penn . , known as Painters Arboretum . In , botanists , Jacob and Minshall Painter, began planting their collee e tion of rare shrubs and tre s on their home farm , a tract of land taken a n d l up by patents from William Penn , settled by Jacob Minsha l in 1 e 1 7 0 . The old place bears the distinction of never having be n sold , but always descending from one member of the family to another .

One of the most interesting features of the garden today, is the old cypress , which illustrates in a striking manner the influence of e environment upon growth . This tre , which bears flat narrow leaves a nd like an evergreen , sheds them in the autumn further surprises us by altering its appearance according to the moisture of the soil in h d which it grows . W en stan ing near water or in swampy ground , its branches are low and spreading, and all about its base, as in the ’ h e e r e n case of t Paint s cypr ss , curious k obby growths , called knees , push up through the grass . They are evidently extensions of the roots an d are for the pur to pose of conveying air them , for when the water is drained off, the i knees disappear as though their mission had been accompl shed . They t a are not o be found around a cypress st nding in dry ground , and in s such surrounding the tree changes its appearance still more, rising o n tal l and slim , and bearing its branches chiefly the upper part of the trun k .

T H E ELGIN YEWS

The ancient spreading yew trees of the South ,Court of Columbia

University, New York City , were for long years familiar features of the college grounds , forming as they did a cherished link between the University of the present day and that of one hundred years ago . e They were survivors of the Elgin Botanic Gard n founded by Dr . i Dav d Hosack, Professor of Botany and Materia Medica in the col 1 7 9 5 1 8 1 1 lege from to . 1 7 9 7 Having long wished for a botanic garden, the doctor, in , n i began urgi g the trustees to have one plan ted . Fail ng to accomplish hi n n t s , on accou t of lack of fu ds , he petitioned the Legislature, but 1 8 0 1 again no success . At length , in , he purchased with his own e e money, tw nty acres on the Middle Road betw en Bloomingdale and ’ n Ki g s Bridge, about three miles and a half distant from the city, and named the little park the Elgin Botanic Garden . i Here he built a conservatory and two hot houses , surround ng “ u them with a belt of forest trees and shr bs , both native and exotic . Adm in i A large oil painting of the garden at that time , hangs in the s tra tion n Buildi g, Bronx Park . 1 8 1 1 In , the State purchased the garden from him , but three years e later ordered it brok n up , probably because the expense of maintain “ in e g it was too heavy , and direct d a list of the diff erent kinds of 68 plants , flowers and shrubs in said garden be sent to each of the other ” colleges in the State . Within one year, the trustees of Columbia College were required to deliver at least one healthy plant of ea ch kind

to each college that applied for it . None appear to have applied , 1 8 1 9 th e however, and in , or soon afterward , trees and other plants w of the garden were presented to the New York Hospital , hich had

purchased large property at Bloomingdale, now Morningside e th e Heights . The acc ptance of gift appears in the Hospital Report 1 2 1 for 8 .

Long be fore Columbia University bought the site , the fine old English yews were conspicuous on the front lawn of the hospital h n ew e grounds . W en the estate passed into its ownership , th y seemed

even more appropriately placed in academic surroundings . They “ have been described as monuments to the past and a memorial of a man whose efforts have borne greater fruition in th e Botanic Garden ” e which the city now possesses than even he could hav hoped .

T H E HADDON YEWS

’ a Longfellow s beautiful poem Elizabeth , has immort lized one

of the earliest and most unique romances of the New World . A modern house was long ago erected upon the site of the old Haddon H a ddon field Homestead , at , N . J the scene of the story , but today, e w if fortunate nough to have the permission of its o ner, one may Visit as the old place with its historic setting, sociated with the days of some of the first Quaker settlers . a Elizabeth Haddon was the daughter of a wealthy Englishm n , a member of the Society of Friends , and the holder of property in New H a ddon field m Jersey , on the site of the future town of . Fir ly con “ ” vin ced e that she was call d by the Inner Light, to leave her English s home and friend and cast in her lot in the New World, she obtained her father’ s consent to cross the seas to America and settle on his land there . One stands aghast at the courage and determination of the quiet Quaker maiden of nineteen , but the Divine call was to be obeyed , 1 7 0 1 and in she carried out her purpose , bringing with her , among e other cherished possessions , a buck t of slips from yew trees in the home garden . These she p la n t ed in front of her dwelling in the wilds of the ” ' e dl Jers ys , and taking kin y to their new quarters , they grew , and

flourished for many a year, their fame increasing with time and with growth of popular interest in historic landmarks . Two of the yews

. a still ornament the old garden Many a t le they might tell , to an ear that could hear, of the coming an d going of men and women of note in the colonies , for the Haddon Homestead became a centre of

. An d hospitality there were many guests of humbler origin , for at the back of the dwelling-house still stands the little building where the mistress of the home made and distributed medicines and cordials to the Indians .

69 Busy as she was , in her new life, there was one face which Eliza E sta u h beth had never forgotten , that of the young Quaker, John g , “ “ whom she had heard speak as if he were John , the Apostle, at the ” - n great May Meeting in London . His stirri g address had sunk into i i e the heart of the young girl , mak ng a deep impression , and the r m et ing was unto her a constant memory during the changing years that followed . E s ta u h too An d now, on some errand of business or mercy, g , , had come to the colony . The poet tells us how, journeying through the winter night , he met another lone traveler, who , as they went on hi m together, told of Elizabeth and her comfortable home and her many good deeds . Perhaps the urge of old memories was even ’ stronger than the need of a night s shelter . At all events , he lost no

an d . time in seeking the latter, was made welcome

ut u h e was a nd ta a n d h is c eeks a w wit th e n i t - a i r Yo hf l ll , h glo h gh An d a s h e en te e iza et e a n d in t o meet h im r d , El b h ros , go g , As if a n un een we h a d a n n u n ce a n d e ce e h i s e en ce s po r o d pr d d pr s , An d h e h a d c me a s on e w e c min h a d n een e ecte o hos o g lo g b xp d , ‘ ’ a a m e u i et e h im h e r a n a n d a i u rt we c J n E s ta u h . Q ly g v h d , s d , Tho l o , oh g An d t h e t a n e e i e it s t a i a n d ui et e a i s r g r r pl d , W h d q b h v or, ‘ t t u emem e me t i iza et ? te s o m a n Dos ho r b r s ll , El b h Af r y

ea a e a s e it eeme t a w n e u t in t a t I fin d t ee . Y rs h v p s d , s h o d rf l h g h h S u rely th e h an d of th e Lord c on ducte d m e h ere t o th y An d Eli za beth a n swe re d d em u rely ! S u rely th e ha n d of th e Lord is i n it ; h i s S pirit h a th led thee " Out of t h e da rk n e ss a n d st orm t o th e light a n d pea ce of my fires i de !

e e n Wh n the guest took his departur , next morni g, in the glory of i to the winter sunshine, it was with the prom se return at the meeting to be held m May . Long and cold were the months that intervened ; full of cheerful labor, full , too , of quiet meditation , and when spring “ ” e came with its rush of blossoms and music , the inn r voice once more n e e i sist ntly call d, and again Elizabeth obeyed . E s tau h Quarterly meeting was about to open , and John g , with d a party of Friends on their way to attend it, stopped at the Had on e e e e mis Homest ad , for r freshm nt . As they were l aving, the young o f him w tress the house called aside, and telling him she had some hat to e say in private , asked him to wait . Togeth r, they rode through the w e ! leafy oods , and then , faithful to her call, she unburd ned her mind

en iza et a i t u sti wit a c e t a i n e ucta n ce Th El b h s d , ho gh ll h r r l , As if imp ell ed t o revea l a s ec ret s h e fa i n would h a ve gu a rd e d ! I will no lon ge r c on c e a l wha t i s l ai d u p o n m e to t e ll th e e ;

I a e ecei e m th e a c a e t o e t ee J n E s ta u h . h v r v d fro Lord h rg lov h , oh g

E sta u h s s The poet has told us how John g , surpri ed by the word ” she had spoken , urged that his business must be finished before he could consider them ; how he returned to England for a time, and then “ ’ ” th e ff e came back o er the sea for gift that was o red . Old e e e m In the garden , wh r tradition tells us the lov rs spent any happy hours , the yews kept silent watch through the years that fol e low d . Long since , those first owners have passed away, but the old “ ” v trees sur ive . They are waiting for you, s ays Wilhelm Miller,

70

CHAPTER XIII

— Th e Pin es of Ro a n ok e Is la n d Th e Pin es of Ca na s to ta fi Coa qua n n oc k - T De e - Th Old n D m ut e e he la nc y Pin e e Pi e of a rt o h Coll g . T H E PINES OF ROANOKE ISLAND

C. Roanoke Island , N . , is distinguished as the spot where Sir u e Walter Raleigh fo nd d the first English colony in America . This i e h storic ground is still marked by old Fort Ral igh , where on August 1 8 1 5 8 7 l , , occurred the birth of Virginia Dare , the first white chi d born on the American continent .

Close by the fort stood two ancient pines , both trees of note and witnesses of the early days of the Lost Colony, as the little band of settlers has been christened . One of the oldest and most picturesque di of In an legends is that concerning the fate of Virginia Dare, after the colony had removed to the mainland where she was believed to have grown to young girlhood . The friendly Croatoan Indians among whom the colon ists had settled when forced to flee from the savages of Roanoke , reverenced Wi- - - the white maiden and called her no na Ska , First born White O - kis -ko h w . t e as Daughter , one of finest of the young braves , madly in love with her . But he had a rival in Chico, the Sorcerer, ’ d m to who, though old enough to be the girl s father, was eter ined wed her or to allow no one else to do so . Virginia did not fancy Chico,

- t . of that the craf y old man was aware, but the kind hearted maiden ul ff u t wo d not o end him and was always gracious to her ancient s i or, O- -ko though kis was her choice . As o f the earliest settlers had found, the rivers the region “ ” abounded in great store of mussels in which there are pearls , and h u i C ico, versed in the secrets of Indian magic, set about tiliz ng them for his purpose . S uc ea a re th e u o f a ia s h p rls so ls N d , Wh o a e i e e th e S ea - in h v d sob y d K g , An d in m u sse l - shells a re prison e d For th i s t a i n t of h u ma n fra ilty . When by m a n rel ea se d from d u ra n ce e e u a te u fo r t e i ee m Th s so ls , gr f l h r fr do , Are h i s a e a n d e e e n e sl v s , v r r d r i i i i n Go od or ev l a t h s b dd g.

Chico steepe d ea ch o n e h e gathered I n a ba th of mystic brewin g ! ea c u e iede d ea -d Told h p rpl , p p rl rop Wh t th i a e ev l wa s h e plotted . e e n ce h i s u e wa e e N v r o p rpos v r d , Neve r on ce h is fu ry l ess en ed ; Nu rsin g ve ngea n ce a s a gue rdon h i e th e mu e - ea h e i e W l ss l p rls pol sh d .

Then , having built a canoe for the occasion , and invited Virginia to paddle across to Roanoke with him , in search of grapes , he pre

72 sented her with the necklace he had made . The pearls , lying close

about her white throat , could do her no harm while on the water , for

- there the S ea King held sway , but when the canoe grated on the va n ishd pebbles of the island , and she stepped ashore, the maiden , and in her place a white doe spra ng gra cefully forward and disappeared in the thicket .

As Chico floated swiftly away, his song was borne over the water

Go w it e d oe i e in th e est , h , h d for n th e we et wi a s s e Feed upo s ld gr s , ’ i e w e e r a a m ou No w ng d a rro s h ll h r y , ’ No red h u nt e r e e r sh a ll wi n y ou ; a m e e fl e e t a n d e a e Ro for v r, f rl ss , ” i i n ee a n d et in ette s . L v g fr , y f r

’ n Far and wide Virgi ia s friends searched for her, but without O- - ko success . Then kis overheard the old women sagely whispering ’ to one another of Chico s wiles , saying that he had bewitched the girl , O- - ko an d changed her into a white doe . Believing them , kis tried , in W e va in to . , , capture the animal At length , despairing, he sought - Po - -ik nau don , the magician of mou , who had long cherished a grudge ’ i W e -n au w don aga nst Chico . had bathed in the Naiad s magic spring, whose powerful waters held the secret of p erp eu ta l youth and brought e O - - ko success in love . He instruct d kis to make an arrow of witch

- hazel and fasten it to a triangle of three purple mussel pearls , and a . ’ heron s wing, and taught him to repeat the charm ,

Mu e - ea a w to h e r ea t ss l p rl rro , h r go ; L oos en th e fetters wh ich bi n d th e white doe ; i th t i - i - o Br ng e los ma den ba ck to O k s k .

Wingina , a neighboring chief, becoming annoyed at the tales he e e h ard of the whit doe that none could take prisoner, made a feast Cro a to a n s and invited the tribes to join in a hunt for her . The did ’ t in not reply to the invitation, for they believed the doe o be Virg ia s spirit , and fearful of harming her , would take no part in the chase . O- -ko ff kis , thinking to set the maiden free, O ered to try his arrow and

- - so did a boastful hunter named Wau che se .

- - On Roanoke Island, Wau che se stationed himself beneath a pine O - -ko e e tree , while kis was conceal d in the shrubb ry nearby . In a few doe moments , the white appeared, stepping cautiously, at the head of O - - k the herd . kis o bent his bow and softly repeating the charm three times , sent the dart of witch hazel straight to her breast . The deer him d vanished and before stood the lost mai en . But scarcely had he ’ - - beheld her before she fell at his feet, slain by Wau che se s silver O - - ko h e r arrow, begging kis , with last breath , to remember her forever . ’ As Virginia s blood mingle d with the water of the magic spring b y - -k which she had fallen , it became dry, and O kis o , bending eagerly forward , saw a little green shoot springing up from the bed of the i u w spr ng, toward the s nlight . Sorro fully he buried th e silver arrow under the twigs and leaves , and inconsolable at his loss , visited the spot 73 Th e h e e i again and again . tiny shoot that had s en grew swiftly t ll it forme d a leafy bower where the spring had been . O - - ko kis , sitting often beneath its shade , noticed that clusters of rich purple grapes hung from the branches and yielded red juice i instead Of the white wine to which he had been accustomed . Trad tion e i says that this was the origin of the purple Scupp rnong grape, a V ne th e i that was abundant in vic nity, but had formerly borne only white ’ e e b e O - - ko u . fr it B lieving the red juic to the lost maiden s blood , kis e him came frequ ntly to drink it , praying that it would nourish and lead him to her hereafter . e The legend of the white doe is found , at least in part, wher ver ” e in our land forests abound and de r abide . A white doe is considered an evil omen , and it is believed that only a silver arrow is fatal to her . Though the members of Raleigh ’ s settlement on Roanoke were n dis l ong k own as the Lost Colony , on account of their complete l appearance from the island, the title is a misnomer . There is ittle doubt that they found a home among the friendly Indians of the n li mai land , and that their descendants are living in North Caro na today . e who 1 6 0 8 Sir Francis N lson , Visited the region about , recorded “ that he was told of people living inland who wore clothes a n d lived in houses built with stone walls , and one story above another, so taught them by the Englishmen who e scaped the slaughter of ” Roanoke . Lawson , the first historian of the Carolinas , says he learned from the H a tt era s k Indians that several of their ancest ors “ ” e were whit people and could talk in a book . A tribe of Indians H a rn e n t C. livi g in and Robeson Counties , N . , believe themselves to ’ b e e d wh o d scended from Raleigh s colonists and the Cherokee In ians , e roa toa n s lived tog ther along the Neuse River . The C Show evidences e e n of white blood , b ing good build rs , and havi g to their credit some of d the best roads in the State , over one of which , the Lowrie Roa , a mess enger carried the news of the Treaty of Ghent to General Jack i 1 1 n 8 5 . i son , This tribe s also remarkable as speaking more correct e e English than many of th ir whit neighbors . 1 9 0 6 In , the younger of the two pines at Fort Raleigh was cut w th e down , as it had for some time sh o qd signs of decay . Close to — b dded centre of its trunk an arrow head was found in e , probably shot e e th re by an Indian when the tree was a sapling, nearly four centuri s

- . n ago Its companion , known as the Eagle Pine, had a wide spreadi g

- top used by eagles for a nesting place for uncounted years , until in 1 8 7 6 a storm laid the great tree low .

TH E PINES OF CANASTOTA

Y w i e e . . a s Canastota , N , orig nally an Indian village and d riv d “ ” K a n is te sufli x its name from an Indian word , cluster of pines ; the , “ ” sota meaning still silent, motionless . The three tall pines , from e which it took its name, grew on the bank of Canastota Cre k , and

7 4 th e two one which had partly fallen , lodged in the branches of other ,

- forming a bower that became a favorite resting place for the red men . The trees were appreciated and preserved by Captain Reuben Per

e Of th e i . W kins , first white settl r reg on hen he obtained the patent 1 8 1 0 for the site in March, , he built his home beside the cluster of

pines .

COAQUANNOCK

When William Penn founded his City of Philadelphia , on the

bank of the Delaware , he chanced upon a place already noted for its

trees .

Before the coming of the white men , perhaps centuries earlier, “ o a u ann ock ta ll the Indians had called the spot C q , The place of ” n pines , distinguishi g it by the beauty of these rugged evergreens in “ ds a region thickly grown with forest trees of various sorts . The woo ” e of oak, hickory and firs covering both shores made a fine app arance,

wrote Peter Kalm, the Swedish botanist, more than half a century n later, describi g his voyage up the Delaware, even long after its rich ’ woodland had been thinned by the settler s axe . ’ 1 6 8 2 John Watson , the city s chronicler , tells us that in , the year ’ “ n e of Pen s treaty with the Indians , Philad lphia had a high and dry n e ba k , next to the water, with a shore ornament d with a fine View of ” “ pine trees growing upon it . He adds that, as the ship Shields from ” en Hull sailed up the river, a few years earlier, its masts became o f tangled with the branches overhanging trees , and one of the “ w !” passengers exclaimed , What a fine place for a to n

T H E DELANCEY PINE

e The Delancey Pin , one hundred and fifty feet in height , which ’ New Z stood within the boundaries of York City s oological Park,

numbered its years at three hundred and sixty , when it was felled in 1 9 1 2 e . More than a century previous it had shaded the hom of the

Royalist , Colonel James Delancey , of the Westchester Light Horse, ff 1 7 7 0 to 1 7 7 High Sheri from 7 .

T H E OL D PINE OF DARTM OUTH COLLEGE

o f H The Old Pine Dartmouth College at Hanover, N . . , 1 8 dated back at least as far as 7 3 . It has been endeare d to the alumni as the centre of class - day e xercises and other celebrations (one of which was the tarrin g and fe athering of a man who wa s charged ’ th e e Of e with crime , ) during gr ater part a c ntury . General Scott s w a s e nomination marked by a cannon salute from und r its branches , ’ e e m is i but as Professor Hubbard s hous was struck by a ston , ch ev ou sl th e y smuggled into cannon , festivities ended abruptly .

There was a tradition , which proved to be unfounde d , however,

that in the early days , three Indian students stood around the old tree, “ ? ” singing in farewell to one another, When shall we thre e meet again

75 The legend was a singularly appropriate one, as Dartmouth College th e e was founde d for ducation of the Indians , funds for it having e been collected by Samson Occum , the Mohican who accompani d h e e t . Whitefi ld to England , and there stated claims of his people He received contribution to th e amount of (some of it from the

King) which he devoted to the needs of the College . “ 1 8 9 2 In , the news spread among the alumni , The Old Pine is ” f to i dying ; e forts were made to preserve it, but no ava l , and in 1 8 9 5 n - b e it was cut dow , the last class day having been celebrated - a nd neath its branches . The tree was seventy one feet high, a shot e - was found imbedd d in the seventy ninth ring from the outside . The

stump , four feet in height, is all that remains to tell the tale of former grandeur . It has been treated with a preservative , and is a valued relic .

7 6

e Among the scattered groups of pin s , says Agnes L . Scott, “ ’ e e e Wh itti'er s describing the v n rabl tree , tree stands compact, like w w o n . a silent patriarch , ith a splendor all its Its chief characteristic e e e is its magnific nt str ngth , normous trunk and powerful boughs that ” ’

e e . e give it the app aranc of a giant Ev ry day, it was the poet s custom to walk to the great pine and watch the sunrise from beneath e its branch s . “ e h e th e d Her saw to the East Car igan Mountains ; to the North, w e Os s i ie e the Sand ich Rang ; to the West , the p Rang ; and here he saw the beautiful broad View Of Squaw Lake with its green wooded ” islands . T H E KI T CARSON TREE

Th e Native Sons Of California have erected a monument mark Of 1 8 44 ing the site the pine on which Kit Carson carved his name, in , e when acting as a guide to Colonel Fr mont . It was on this trip that

the Colonel discovered Lake Tahoe . The pine, which stood in a pass 1 8 8 8 in the Sierra Nevada Mountains , was cut down in . A full th e account of its history has been placed in monument .

T H E M CKINLEY TREE i The tall , spread ng pine on the Hotel Champlain Golf Course gained its fame as th e favorite resting- place of the late President Kin le m e f William Mc y , during a su m r visit to the hotel at Blu f Point , “ m ” when he made the Hotel Champ lain the sum er capitol . A re d e markable coinci ence, which further distinguished the tr e , was that e a on the very day on which the Presid nt was ssassinated , the pine was struck by lightning and its upper part broken off .

T H E S B I G S ED O S SEQUOIA , TREE AND R WO D

e Once abundant over the whole of the north rn hemisphere, in Al Europe, Siberia, aska, Greenland and Canada , as well as in e a re e America , the S quoias now r presented by only two species , both s natives of California ; S . gigantea, the Big Tree, and S . semperviren , w a re the Red ood Of the Coast Range . They universally conceded to th e Of e be the oldest living things on earth , age those which hav been e e cut , averaging from leven hundred to three thousand , two hundr d th e and fifty years , while the two known as Grizzly Giant and th e

General Sherman Tree are estimated to be of far greater age . In height the Big Trees vary from one hundred and fifty to two hundred e -five l and tw nty feet, and naturalists have calcu ated , that, judging e from the tapering of the trunk, they would normally have r ached six hundred feet, if left unmolested by wind and fire . In circumfer ence they average from fi re to twenty-five feet at shoulder height

un . i above gro d Many attain a much greater S ze, and the famous General Sherman Tree measures one hundred and three feet around the trunk . “ Old How the oldest trees may be is not yet certain , says Dr . Of Ellsworth Huntington , the Department of Geography, Yale Uni 78 vers itv . But I have counted the rings of forty that were over two w e thousand years of age , of three that re over three thousand and of ” one that w a s thre e thousand one hu ndred a nd fifty . The first white man to have a glimpse of these forest giants was wh o 1 8 41 probably General John Bidwell of California , arrived in , with a party of emigrants . Reporting the marvelous trees to General i e . Fremont , he found his story scorn d A similar reception awa ted

Mr . Dowd , a hunter who is said to have found himself in the Calaveras i h e . Grove , and was , naturally , lost in wonder at what saw Return ng

e his . to his companions , at th ir camp , story was ridiculed Shortly

w e e , afterward , hil hunting, he succeeded in guiding th m into the grove and letting them s ee for themselves .

Th e Big Trees now became known far and wide . Cones and leaves were shipped to Gary and Torrey , the botanists , but were lost on the voyage . It remained for a British naturalist , William Lobb , to transplant specimens to England , and for Dr . Lindley of London to record the tree as a new genus and name it after the Iron Duke, e e n Wellingt onia Gigantea . The Redwoods had already b n k own to scientists for many years , however, and had been classified under the

‘ Deca isn e name Of Sequoia . , a French botanist, decided that the Big

Tree was unquestionably another member of the same genus , and

n . christened it Sequoia Gigantea, by which name we k ow it today

An . . . American , Dr C E Winslow, becoming jealous for the fame of his own country , soon afterward published a letter, dated August “ 8 1 8 5 4 , , in the California Farmer, urging that the Big Trees should logically be named for Washington , Washingtonia Californica . But to though some writers have adhered this name , it was never adopted by botanists . The name Sequoia, it may be added , which had already been bestowed upon the Redwoods , was given in honors of the noted wh o s Cherokee, Sequoyah , invented the fir t alphabet ever used by o f the Indians . The perpetuation his name in this way was considered m an act of poetic justice on the part Of the United States Govern ent . The Redwoods of the Coast Range live only about half as long n e as the average Big Tree , generally from five hundred to o thousand three hundred years , probably somewhat longer . Their circumference is usually sixteen feet, though the largest known measures thirty n e three feet, and their height varies from o hundred to three hundred As . s em ervir and forty feet the Redwood is an evergreen its name, p “ ens , is well given . It has been described as a beautiful , cheerful and very brave tree . Burned and hacked and butchered , it sprouts up u again with a vitality tr ly amazing . It is the marvelous capacity for new growth from trunk or from root saplings , which is perhaps the most interesting character of the Redwood in contrast with the Big

Tree, which has no such means Of regeneration and must depend on ” i ts cones for reproduction . 1 7 69 w It was in October, , that the Red oods were first seen by

i . e wh te men An entry of that date in the diary of Padr Crespi , a 79 e e e e Spanish missionary, m ntions seeing th m , near wh r the town of e Santa Cruz , Cal . , now stands . As such trees were entir ly new to e e e e n him and his party, they r c iv d a Spanish name m ani g red , from w th e color Of th e ood . e e b e Of Unfortun at ly , redwood timber has be n found to excellent e e e quality . A for st of th se tr es will yield from one hundred thousand e to one million feet of timber . Incredible as it se ms it has been found e w necessary to protect thes giant forests , both of Red oods and Big ’ “ Trees from the lumberman s axe . It is scarcely necessary to dwell on the crime involved in the destruction Of the Oldest and tallest tre es ” on earth , says Madison Grant . “ The cutting of a S equoia for grape - stakes or railroad ties ’ ’ is like breaking up one s grandfather s clock for kindling to save the i ’ trouble of splitting logs at the wood p le , or lighting one s pipe with ” e th e Of e a Greek manuscript to sav trouble r aching for matches . f “ ” Thanks to the e forts of the Save the Redwoods League, which 1 9 1 7 m began its work in , uch has been done to rouse public sentiment on the question , and to pave the way for establishing a Redwood Park . America is greatly indebted to the National Geographical Society for its co -operation with the Governm ent in presenting to the people for a park the Giant Forest of Big Trees which is the largest bo dy of ’ trees of this kind in existence, and one of Nature s greatest marvels . the One of few Sequoias east of the Rocky Mountains , and prob Of ably the only one its age in the east, grows by the roadside in a field

n . in Delaware Cou ty, Penn , about twenty miles from Philadelphia . u n The tree is a tr e Sequoia Gigantea, but it is a mere i fant of e - five its Species , b ing probably between seventy and eighty years of a n d age , was brought from California to one of the early botan ists of 1 8 5 0 - fiv . f e Pennsylvania, about the year Thirty e eet in h ight and t wo with a circumference of feet , it has a long life in prospect, pro vided a e it can withstand the occasional severity of e stern wint rs . m Ol About half a ile distant , in the historic d botanic garden known as ’ Painters Arboretum and formerly own ed by the brothers Jacob and n Minshall Pai ter, is another Sequoia, S . sempervirens . This is a Of Redwood, said to be the only survivor six of its kind , which were also brought from the Pacific coast, two of them for the Painters , and an the remainder for two other botanists , Evans d Meehan .

8 0

CHAPTER XV

’ “ ” — Da n ie l Boon e s B a r Tree -B eech of Grea t Cloud Is l a n d A B ee c h — — of Milwa uk ee B eec hes of Ca mp Robins on Origin of Weeping — — B eec h es Bla c k Wa ln u t of Ston y Poin t Whippin g Tre e of Fiah — — ’ kilL Bla ck Wa l n u t of Ma plewood Wa ln u t B es ide Was hin gton s — n or Tomb Th e Trea ty Tre e of Philips e Ma .

’ “ DANIEL BOONE S BAR TREE

o At Cumberland Gap , the famous mountain pass near the b rders n of Tennessee and Kentucky, is a tablet, placed there by the Te nessee “ ! Daughters Of the Revolution , and bearing these words Daniel ’ Boone s Trail from North Carolina to Kentucky, an k f Nearby, on the b of Carroll Creek which lows into the Wat “ ’ an n auga River, is immense beech k own as Daniel Boone s Bar ” Tree, from the inscription cut in the bark, D Boone cill E D A B A R On tree in the Y E A R The trunk of the beech - - Of measures twenty eight and one half feet around, at a distance four - u t and one half feet from the ground , and its height would eq al eigh y five feet if it stood erect ; it leans south, however, at an angle of thirty degrees . The United States Forest Service has estimated its age at from three hundred and forty to three hundred and Sixty years .

The Forest Examiner, Mr . Wilbur R . Mattoon, describes the tree as “ a living record of an event in the life Of probably the first white man to venture into the heavy forests formerly covering the l western slopes of the midd e Appalachians . Inhabitants of the region told Mr . Mattoon that the original in s crep tion was legible as 1 8 7 5 1 8 8 5 n o late as from to , a surprisi gly long peri d for it to endure . 1 8 1 5 The figures carved also on the trunk can still be clearly read, n o but we have record of the event to which they refer .

BEECH OF GREAT CLOUD ISLAND The only beech tree ever known to grow within the borders of

Minnesota, stood on Great Cloud Island , in the Mississippi River,

. ul between St Pa and Hastings . It is mentioned in the journal kept ’ by Major Thomas Forsythe, a member of Colonel Leavenworth s Of 1 8 1 9 expedition , which was sent out for the purpose of establishing Th “ ” . e Fort Snelling Indians called the tree Medicine Wood, sig “ n if in y g simply miraculous or wonderful tree . Forsythe comments on it was follows ! Medicine Wood takes its name from a large beech tree , which kind Of wood the Sioux are not acquainted with, and supposing that the Great Spirit has placed it there as a genii to protect or punish them according to their merits or demerits .

8 1 A BEECH OF MILWAUKEE

t e An other historic beech s ood , some years ago, near the corn r of

1 8 th e . and W lls Streets , Milwaukee, Wis , and was evidently a relic n Of of very early times . Upon its tru k was carved the figure an Indian holding in On e hand an arrow pointing toward the Menomin ee

River, in the other hand a bow pointing toward the Milwaukee . The e tree is no longer standing, and its loss is much to be r gretted .

BEECHES OF CAM P ROBINSON

Standing in Riverside Park, Indianapolis , Ind . , a handsome

grove of beech trees recalls the days of th e Civil War . Nearly sixty a years ago , the grove was known as C mp Robinson , the spot selected “ ” n o f - by General Wallace, (widely k own as the author Ben Hur ) as the rendezvous of the Eleventh Indian regiment while it was being

fitted for service . Wh e The trees occupy an elevation above ite River, and wh n the ndi camp was established there, the surrou ng country was heavily

a . wooded, an ide l place for concentration upon the task in hand Some of the spare time of the soldi ers was spent in carving names and u a initials on the beech tr nks , and during the long years th t have

followed , the bark has grown over the letters in such a way that they a stan d out as if embossed , and are more clearly legible today th n

when they were cut .

ORIGIN OF WEEPING BEECHES Y s a . . On the Jack on Pl ce at Flushing, N , is a magnificent weep

ing beech to which is attached an interesting bit Of history . Over a

century ago, Baron De Mar, a Belgian noble , was watching the

transplanting, on his estate in Belgium, of several European beech

trees . Noticing one whose branches were hanging so that it appeared l a most deformed, he directed the gardener to throw it out . The latter, however, considered the odd looking specimen worth attention , and proceeded to care for it until it repaid his efforts by developing into n the graceful tree, that is now known as the droopi g or weeping beech . Wh en Baron De Mar saw the novel Specimen he was delighted , and e in shoots from it were sent to his fri nds France . 1 8 47 In , Samuel B . Parsons , a nurseryman Of Flushing, while traveling in Europe in search of unusual plants , purchased a deseen

dant of the De Mar beech . He planted it in a flower pot and brought

it back to Flushing as part of his personal luggage . There it grew and matured into the beautiful tree that stands at present on the Of m Jackson Place, in all probability the first weeping beech A erica .

BLACK WALNUT OF STONY POINT “ Occupying literally, the centre of the stage, with no companion

near, to bear an equal share in dignity of years or of historic associa

8 2

’ Of o also famous as the scene many epis des in Cooper s novel , The

BLACK WALNUT OF MAPLEWOOD

Of The large, spreading black walnut still standing in front ’ 1 7 43 Timothy Ball s house at Maplewood , N . J was planted in , the e l year that the hous was built . A magnificent shade tree, and sti l bearing a plentiful crop of nuts , it is rich in historic association . The ’ Ge Balls were Washington s cousins , and the neral Often visited them , n and tied his horse to an iron ring in the trunk of the wal ut . Old e e people, still living, r m mber when the ring was visible, though now d it is oubtless hidden by the growth of the trunk around it . Th e old tree also se rved another purpose ; it stoo d about half-way e e between two Presbyterian churches , and was consid r d to mark the e e dividin g line b tw en them . Residents to the north of it were ex ected p to attend the Orange church , those living south the Springfield church .

’ WALNUT BESI DE WASHINGTON S TOM B

’ This tree, planted by George Washington s father, and in the i shade Of wh ch the first President of the United States was buried , its became conspicuous on account of a large burl or knot on trunk, s Old mea uring five feet through , and probably one hundred years ,

to t . . when removed and sent the National Museum at Washing on , D C

T H E TREATY TREE OF PHILIPSE MANOR Many historical and literary associations cluster about the beauti ful tract of country on the east bank of the Hudson , once known as

Philipse Manor, N . Y . At least a portion of it is said to be one of the last grants of land 1 6 7 2 Am . in erica signed by William and Mary of England In , th e Frederick Philipse purchased a large share of it, originally in de on kh eer Of possession of J Adrian Van der Donck , the future site k Y the town of Yon ers , N . . , and then proceeded to add to his pro

un . perty til it included thousands of acres of forest, field and hill “ His fine e state has been described as virtually a barony under the management and sway Of the masterful proprietor . ‘ “ 1 6 8 2 ” i In , the Dutch Millionaire as he was dubbed , bu lt his “ ” - e l manor house near New York City , and later er cted Castle Phi ipse, e at Sleepy Hollow in Tarrytown , N . Y . Both residences w re hand s o mel e e y furnished , and the grounds surrounding th m were b au tified w “ ” ith imported shrubbery and flowers . Near the castle stands a e Of e e e memento of those arly days , qual , if not gr ater inter st than even the homestead . l m ea su This is the we l known Treaty Tree , a huge chestnut, r ing over twenty feet in circumference . Though the last sign of life n has departed from its leafless branches , the a cient tree has not been 8 4 n felled , but is carefully preserved by the Philipse Manor Compa y, vines having been planted at its base , and having grown and twined themselves pityingly around the gaun t trun k and limbs until they have rendered the former monarch of the forest once more a thing of Old beauty . Under the chestnut, it is believed , was signed the last treaty made between the whites and the W equ a dequ eek Indians who lived in that region . a It is told (and is quite possible) that under its Sh de, also , Wash “ ” in t on his ta le g Irving wrote of the Headless Horseman , whose i favorite resort , it w ll be remembered, was the neighborhood of Old ’ Sleepy Hollow Bridge . A short distance away, Irving s former resi “ ” n s dence Su nyside is ituated, only a ten or fifteen minutes trip s from the tree , if one happen to be motoring . The ancient chestn ut stands on the Philipse Manor property an d is in plain sight from Broadway, the Albany Post Road .

8 5 CHAPTER XVI

— “ Th e Old Wa s hing ton Tree Th e B ig Ch es tnut Tree of Valley — — Cottage Th e Ce da rc roft Che s tn ut India n Tra ils a n d Tra it ee Tr s .

T H E OL D WASHINGTON TREE

The spreading chestnut tree at New Hope, Penn . , long known ” as the Old Washington Tree, was not only directly associated with the Father of his Country, but also marked a spot of great strategic e e importance in the struggle for American Ind pend nce . ’ Coryell s Ferry at New Hope, was the best ferry on the Dela ware River north of Trenton , N . J and both the British and e e American armi s w re desirous of controlling it, the former failing more than once to effect a crossing from New Je rsey to the Penn s yl n va ia shore . 1 7 7 6 Of During December, , a large part the Continental Army was encamped at New Hope . A month previous , Washington had L ee an d evacuated Fort on the Hudson , opposite New York City, d retreated across New Jersey to Trenton , where, there is little oubt Cornwallis confidently expected to fin d the Am ericans an easy prey ff on account Of the di iculty of escaping across the Delaware .

efl o rts t wo Thanks, however, to the patriotic of young men, Jerry

Black and Daniel Bray (later known as General Bray ) , who were acquainted with every boatman on the river, a large enough fleet was n secured to carry the Conti ental troops safely across , at the historic e n point just above the present town of Taylorsvill , N . J k own to “ i ’ ” history as Wash ngton s Crossing . " ’ ” Coryell s Ferry on the Pennsylvania shore, now became a busy military centre .

Within the limits of this ancient borough , says Richard Ran dolph Parry , the eye rested everywhere upon the valley, hillside and e fields dotted with the t nts of the Continental soldiers . At the Neeley

e e e . e e (Thompson ) farmhous w r quartered Lieut James Monro , aft r f ward President of the United States , and other of icers . Nearby at ‘ ’ ’ ” Chapman s were General Knox and Captain Alexander Hamilton . e s G neral Greene was at a neighboring farmhou e, and General Sulli d ’ van only a short istance away . General Washington s headquarters e m w re at the Keith far . The “ Old Washington Tree stood in a field opposite General ’ ’ F ern o s an d De y Lord Stirling s headquarters , and under its n branches , Washi gton and his Generals , Knox , Sullivan , Greene and

Stirling, first discussed plans for the Battle of Trenton which was so

soon to occur . 8 6

T en w i e h is m n a c n e s wnwa e h , h l o r h fi g r do rd h ld e u w e ewit h i s ta t e wa s i e Then rugg d b rrs h r h s r f , A ice a e a u t it at i e E ld vo of l rg , hor v S eeme d utt e ri ng qui ckly pa ra bl e s of l ife

How L if e in truth wa s s ha rply s et with ills e in ua e ea a s e e A k e rn e l ca s d q rr ls y , ph r - - tin a n d e e un m ta ui s . Of s gs , h dg hog ro d of or l q ll ' m men it c e t o ea t too n i th e ea How ost h d soo y r,

An t k b u w u n a n d w ie f or t ei a in d oo t o ds orr s h r p s , th wi e wit e t ei a tien t a n Whe re a s e s hh ld h r p h ds , Nor pl uck e d gre en pl ea sure s till t h e s un s a n d ra i n s An d se a son a bl e rip en in gs bu rst all ba n ds .

An d e n e wi e th e i e a u s i e op d d l b r l b rr of l f , e e 0 m i en en ea t th e c e tn ut u Th r , y Fr d , b h h s bo gh , a z in on t ee i mm e e in m e rn s t i e G g h rg d od r f , I am e a a e e en c t a t t u fr d pr y r of f rv y h ho ,

I n u a n d ta tu e a e t a n th ki n so l s r l rg r h y d , ’ S till mo re to this s tron g form might st lik en the e Till th y whole S elf i n eve ry fibre fin d Th e tra n qu il lords hip of th y che st nut t ree .

INDIAN TRAILS AND TRAIL TREES

Long before the first white settlers had found their way to North

Am erica, the native Indians had covered the continent with a network Of i over which they traveled great distances with h ghways or , trails

incredible swiftness . e The Santa Fe and Oregon trails w re much used routes , both New exi o starting at Independence, Mo . , and terminating, one in M c , i the other near the Willamette River, Ore . Another tra l led from w w Montreal , Canada , do n the Otta a River to Lake Huron and

Green Bay, Wis . , and still another ran in a different direction from

Montreal through Lake Champlain into Lake George, and connected by a portage with the Hudson River in New York State . Albany on the Hudson was connected by a trail with Rochester

Y . and Buffalo , N . , on the Great Lakes . A trail known as the “ ” “ ’ i V a trad ng path began at Richmond , . , and the famous Warriors ” Path linked Cumberland Gap , on the borders of Tennessee and

Kentucky with the mouth of the Scioto River, in Ohio . Another trail rurmin g from Philadelphia to Kentucky by Cumberland Gap extended nearly eight hundred miles . As the Indians were accustomed to marching in Single file, their roads were narrow, those in the eastern part of the country rarely exceeding eighteen inches in width . After the coming Of the white men , the trails were constantly traveled by them a s well as by the d an d - w In ian traders , hunters war parties , since it as easier to follow wn already beaten tracks than to blaze their o . It is an interesting fact that most of the railroads in New York State , as probably elsewhere, follow pretty nearly the route of the old trails . The Indians are said to have marked their trails by certain signs th e either natural or artificial for sake of convenience . 8 8 b There is a tradition in the Alleghenies of Pennsylvania , that sla s i of rock which have been found in an upr ght position , were used to

mark trails there . In other localities , it is thought that the various trees whose limbs appear to have been forced into abnormal positions th e in such a way as to attract attention , were intended by red men to

serve as guide posts along their narrow and Often tortuous ways . “ ” r e a 1 e A good example of these Indian T ail Trees as th y called, e Of Old is the tall hickory at Madison , Wis . , (on Cov r) on the route an

trail , one of whose branches is conspicuously bent into a horizontal n position as if to indicate a certain direction . A other trail tree at th Odd County Line , Glencoe, Ill . , by the side of e railroad , has an appearance ; perhaps fifteen feet above ground level its trunk is bent n downward to the earth and then upward agai , forming a sharp elbow,

a few feet above which it forks and then continues up , its leafy e branches rising to a good height . Wh ther intentionally bent into this Of position or owing it to a freak nature , such a tree would of course

- constitute a guide post not easily overlooked or forgotten . “ There are at various places along the North Shore (of Lake Michigan ) and following closely the line of several Of the Old Indian

trails some curious trees that apparently have been broken , or rather ” to bent and tied down with saplings by Indians mark these trails , “ says Frank E . Grover of the Chicago Historical Society . That cus in tom has been followed other localities , among which , it is said, is

v . in the Braddock Trail , se eral localities near Fox Lake, Ill , also the

i . v i . icin ty of Mack nac, Mich , and it is entirely probably here The

trees are invariably large and, if this convenient and plausible theory

is correct, some of this work of so marking the trails must have been for Of done a century and more ago , many of the trees are white oaks

considerable size . These trees and this theory present also a most ui interesting field for inq ry and speculation . “ Six But some years ago, there were eleven of these trees in per fect nm Old alig ent, leading from the site of the Indian village at High

land Park, Ill . , in a northwesterly direction for several miles , most of e d th m are still stan ing and can be easily identified , and what is partie u la rl y of interest is the fact that all of these trees are white oaks , while another line Of similar trees supposed to mark another old trail farther

W . a re to the south, near illamette, Ill without exception , white elms ,

1n e i n . indicating system the selection . Th se the City of Evanston , Ill , we re oaks and supposed by the supporters of this theory to lead to the e chipping stations or shops on the lake shore . Two or three of th se Of trees were also located on the North branch the Chicago River, Ill . , near the Glen View Golf Club , probably marking the trail to one of

the nearby villages . Another circu mstance that gives color to this contention is that where those trees were found was once a dense a n d heavy forest, where it is probable that an Indian trail would be ” if m e marked , ark d at all .

8 9 CHAPTER XVII

’ u e S t a s—Th a r is u e — me Th e old M lb rry of . M ry e H r M lb rry So E a rly

t —Mu b e e M V non — e A ttemp ts a t Silk Cul u re l fl i s of t . a Mulb rry

— e S her s Fa rm Mulbe rri s of Mc ry town .

’ D T T H E OL MULBERRY OF S . MARY S

e 1 6 34 two n In F bruary, , ships , the Ark and the Dove, carryi g e English colonists , anchor d in the Potomac River at an island about half a mile from the Maryland Shore . f Delighted at th e wooded blu fs and green islands they had passed , the passengers had amused themse lves by giving names to the various points as it pleased their fancy, and called the island where they now ’ ’

w Bla ki t n . e . n s o s landed , St . Cl ment s It is k o n today as Island e e e hi s Leonard Calvert , l ad r of the exp dition, continued journey e in farther up the b autiful river, order to interview the chiefs of the various tribes and satisfy them that his intentions were friendly . e - Happily for all concern d, he met a fur trader, Captain Henry Fleet , whose intimate knowledge of th e surrounding country served the n strangers well . As they objected to settli g far from the sea, he th e guided them to a smaller river flowing into Potomac, to which they ’ Of on e gave the name St . George s , calling of the two harbors formed ’ at its mouth , Saint Mary s , by which name the little river became known later . e Following the small r stream , they landed at a bluff, and half a e e Of mil farther inland , Captain Fle t introduced them to his friends the Ya o omi o Indian village of c c .

f th e On the blu f, overlooking water, its great size causing it to be visible for a considerable distance up and down the river, was the m l m im ense tree afterward known as the Old Mu berry , a land ark ln tim a t ely associated with th e history of the colonists Of the little town ’ of St . Mary s , the first capital of Maryland . ” e — Well authenticat d tradition , which is closely akin to actual — l ’ history tel s us that under the mulberry s shade, Calvert made a “ th e Ya ocomico s treaty with , exchanging with them mutual promises ea ca b l e to each other to live friendly and p y togeth r, and if any injury e should happen to be done on eith r part, that satisfaction should be ” th e e An d made for sam . the compact was faithfully kept , all work e n n e ing happily togeth r, busily planti g and buildi g, the whit s sharing ’ redm en s l th e the vi lage, and eventually purchasing land from them . As raids by the powerful Susquehann ocks were becoming very trou b les om e e , the Indians consent d readily to this arrangement, and e m . e willingly mov d to other quarters Almost i mediat ly, the political

history of the little State began . The First General Assembly of 90

’ r 2 6 1 6 35 t Maryland was convened at Sain t Mary s on Feb uary , , mee

n . , , ing, it is said , u der the Old Mulberry Under its branches also the first Mass is believed to have been celebrated by the little community . The historic tree became a centre of popular interest in the village ; ’ on its tru nk were nailed Governor Calvert s proclamations and those “ h of his successors ; as well as notices Of punis ment and fines , the inventories of debtors whose goods were to be sold and all notices ” calling for the public attention . In comparatively recent years , the “ ” rude nails which had fastened these documents to the tree, were still to be seen in the wood .

About seventy feet distant from the tree , the State House was

- . built, and for sixty one years the little capital flourished Not all was harmony, for Lord Baltimore refused , at first, to approve the

Acts of the Assembly, holding that under the charter of Maryland he alone had power to make laws . In return , at their next session , e the colonists rej ected all his bills and passed their own . Aft r this , e 1 6 37 their rights w ere not again qu stioned , and in , they became in

- reality a self governing body . s Political freedom having been established , religiou liberty was “ ” 1 6 49 also guaranteed in the famous Toleration Act passed in , which “ has been styled the proudest memorial by colonial Maryland .

e . e Within the Old State Hous , says Dr Jam s Walter Thomas , the “ historian , were laid to a great extent the foundations and outlines Bl a r lan d of the present legal , civil and social structure of y , and of ” some Of its most cherished institutions . ’ 1 69 1 u In , Saint Mary s was placed nder Royal Government and 1 69 4 - th e Church Of England established there . In , Anne Arundel w to n or Annapolis was proclaimed State Capital , partly on the plea ’ ffi that Saint Mary s was not su ciently accessible .

Ofl er In vain , did the inhabitants to maintain a coach and six “ ” ’ for ridin ost b etween Pa wtu n x et horses g p , Saint Mary s and , during Of the sessions Of the Legislature . The history the town was virtually

finished , and gradually the place became , indeed, a deserted Village . e Pawtun xet It is inter sting to note, in passing, that the road , “ ” An n a o is leading to p , is still known as the Three Notched Road , th e e 1 7 0 4 due to fact that by order of the Ass mbly of , it as well as other highways , were distinguished by notches cut in the trees , and Pa wtu n x et the main road was marked by three such cuts , some o f which are still visible . The usefulness of the Old Mulberry did not all vanish with the e fall of its little city . It yield d some of its wood for furniture to be used in the Episcopal Church later built there , and some for the mak

ing of souvenirs sold for the benefit of the same Church . Living Of w through parts at least three centuries , and itnessing some of the most interesting scenes of colonial history and much that was of vast

importance to future generations in its own State, the veteran Mul 1 8 7 6 berry fell in , sincerely mourned by many who had learned to

91 love and reverence the ancient tree . On the spot where it cast its s e dense shade for so long a period , stands a hand om monument bear ing the following inscription

“ TO the Memory of Leonard Calvert

First Governor of Maryland , This Monument is Erected by

THE STATE OF MARYLAND . ERECTED ON THE SITE OF THE OLD MULBERRY TREE Under which the First Colonists of Maryland assembled To Establish a Government where the persecuted and oppressed Of every creed and every clime might repose in

peace and security, adore their common God, and enjoy

the priceless blessings of civil and religious liberty . Leonard Calvert Second Son of George Calvert n and A ne, His Wife, L ed the First Colonists to Maryland ’ 22 1 633 - 3 1 6 34— November , March , Founded Saint Mary s 2 1 4 March 7 63 .

T H E HARRIS MULBERRY

1 8 8 4 d e Until , when it was uproote by a flood , a mulberry tre

Of . sacred to the memory of John Harris , founder Harrisburg, Penn , stood at the foot of Washington Street, in that city . Harris was one Of th e emigrants who came to this country with n William Pen , possessing at that time sixteen guineas as his entire a n i capit l . Settli g in Ph ladelphia, he began work as a contractor, e cleaning the streets of stumps and Op ning new thoroughfares . t Opening trade with the Indians , he traveled as far as the presen 1 1 site of Harrisburg, and began a settlement there about 7 9 .

Of It happened , one day, that a number Indians stopped at the Harris home , most of the party being under the influence of liquor, ’

d . and deman ed more rum Upon Mr . Harris refusal, they bound him e to the mulb rry tree and warned him to prepare for death . Piling dry t l hi s wood at his feet, they were about o apply a torch , when Hercu es , m Of dl e negro slave, sum oned a band frien y Indians to the rescu . ’ was Harris life saved , and as an expression of gratitude he gave u s Herc le his freedom .

~ I n a m i l ter years , an inscription com emorating Harr s narrow a esc pe was placed upon the tree . 92

MULBERRY FARM

B xl th e e e w o y , b autiful state o ned by Frederick Winslow e n e Taylor, at Highland Station , Philad lphia, Penn . , was k own , ov r

e . a c ntury ago, as Mulberry Farm

1 8 03 th e Of e In , Count Du Barry, a friend Jos ph Bonaparte, th e e (brother of Napoleon ) , purchased prop rty, which even then e n e e e in poss ssed historic i t r st , having be n given by William Penn , d Of 1 8 6 3 e . , to Francis Dani l Pastorius , the foun er Germantown , Penn Du Barry was an enthusiast both in landscape gardening and silk e H e cultur . laid out the grounds of Mulberry Farm in imitation of e the gardens at V rsailles , France, with statuary, arbors , rare shrubs e e e and flowers . The wond rful rows of boxwood , cov ring an ar a of six i hundred feet, and st ll in a flourishing condition , are of his planting . e The apple trees , French russ ts , brought from his own country, are e standing today ; and as their lack of Vitality is b coming apparent, u they are to be grafted upon yo ng trees . ul Hopef for the success of the silk industry on his premises , Du ul l Barry planted the necessary trees , his M berry Wa k surviving to Of our own time as one the features of the place . Two of the tiny him houses erected by for the purpose of boiling the cocoons , still remain , and between them is the old greenhouse, the front of which f - he covered with French roses . But like other e forts at Silk raising in the New World , his venture was doomed to failure, possibly on un e account of favorable conditions of climat .

MULBERRIES OF MCSHERRYSTOWN

- In About the middle of the last century , interest in silk culture m e America had a brief revival . In Connecticut, several co muniti s e engaged in this busin ss , and on Frankford Road, near Philadelphia, l Penn . , a Dutch fami y conducted it on a large scale . ’ A handsome avenue of mulberry trees leading to St . Joseph s

s o n . Academy at Mc herryst wn , Pen , remains to tell the tale of similar 1 8 5 0 e i endeavor . About , they w re planted there, by the Lad es of th e e Sacred Heart, the Sisterhood in charge . The tr es flourished , but “ ” as often happens in the case of experiments , the patients died , the - n silk worms that had been imported to feed upon their foliage , refusi g to thrive .

n l But though failing to fulfill their i tended mission , the mu berries with their grateful shade, have for many a year added beauty and Old An d charm to the convent garden . in their early youth , these e Mc s h err s wn tr es witnessed stirring scenes . y tp is practically on the boundry between the North and South , and during the days of the d e Civil War, sol i rs passed through th e little town on their way to n Gettysburg, Pen . n Pupils at the convent watched them straggli g by , ragged and o f f otsore , and o fered the men their o wn supper, eagerly handing it

9 4 ’ s l over the wooden paling . Next day, the Si ters on y horse was com ’ a n e Of ff m d ered. At the protest a neighbor s boy, an o icier ordered the e animal returned to them , and for saf keeping, the horse was stabled in the convent kitchen . A few days later, he was the only horse avail able in the whole town to carry water to the wounded and dying on the field of Gettysburg .

95 CHAPTER XVIII

— — Th e Stuy ves a n t Pea r Th e E ndic ott Pe a r Th e Old Fren c h Pea r — — Trees of Detroit - Th e Pe tra Pea r Th e Sec ke l Pea r Ga vel

F m is ees —Th e a ve n Nu Ma de ro H toric Tr Tr li g rs e ry .

T H E STUYVESANT PEAR

1 6 44 Stu es a n t Of In , Governor Peter y , New York, planted a “ e pear tree upon the grounds of his country hom , as a token by which ” his name might still be remembered ; the first instance on re cord in

e hi . Am rican story , of the planting of a memorial tree ’ l The Governor s desire has been fu filled, for his pear tree, as well e o e t as his nam , has bec me immortal in the chronicl s of bo h the city and th e e s State Of New York . The spot where tr e stood , (the northea t 1 3th e New dl corn er of Third Avenue and Str et , York) was rapi y e Old included in the growing city , and for two hundr d years the pear w n exh ib i tree was a ell kn own landmark . A section of its tru k is on New Of tion at the rooms of the York Historical Society, and a part the one Of its limbs is preserved a t City Hall . A shoot from old pear e was grafted upon a tree at the Ryd r Farm at Ossining, N . Y .

T H E ENDICOTT PEAR

Still bearing plentiful ly more fruit than the whole town can

- th e E n dico tt ee e . e eat, Pear tr at Danv rsport, Mass , is n aring the comple tion of its third century . h e m Authoritie s differ as to t exact ti e of its planting, which e 1 6 30 n howev r, probably occurred about , duri g the period when Gov rn on e e e e o r Endicott, of the arliest s ttlers of the Bay State, was importing a large number of trees to beautify his home grounds . “ James Raymond Simmons tells us that there is not much le ft of be auty about the venerable tre e which still maintain s its layer Of e r living bark from year to y ar, around a hollow t unk , and still drops ’ down its golden fruit into the laps of Endicott s grateful descendants a e e th e n d admirers . Soil has gradually coll ct d about trunk until th e two main branches appear to ris e from th e ground as separate e e e de Of trees . Th y vid ntly join un r a heavy covering sod it is o n e of the most quaint and strangely im pressive of all th e historic ’ t rees f

T H E OL D FRENCH PEAR TREES OF DETROIT

e k In Wat r Wor s Park , Detroit , Mich . , stands an ancient pear e tre , whose age is estimated to be at least two hundred years . It is e the sole survivor of a farm , owned by a Frenchman who nam d the “ w twelve mission pears on his land afte r the t elve apostles .

9 6

Watching him long and thoughtfully, the old priest sought for e e the right word to speak , and at length sugg st d that he should plant in e the seeds hidden the fad d flower, and let them bring forth rich fruit for the good of the community, and thus do what was in his “ f ” power to atone for his unblest a fection .

" * I n th y with ere d p ea r lies dorma n t ' Na tu re s powe r to bloom a n d bl ess This un fruitful wilde rn ess . He re i s h e a l in g for th y t orme n t ! Ma n y an d ma n y a voice of pra yer i Lon g m ay bl e ss th y w the red p ea r .

u ik e s u e eeme m s i n Th s , l o ls r d d fro , Did th e m ission p ea rs b egin I n th e a n ci en t Je su it ga rden An d th e t a s t e a ce n e shoo s , h y s d d , Pra yerfully we re wa tch e d a n d t en de d i th e w c u w a n d a en T ll ood o ld gro h rd , ten i n t ei ea ea s Of , h r rly y r , a Wat ere d by rep en t n t tea rs .

T H E PETRE PEAR

’

e . e In Bartram s Garden , Philad lphia , Penn , a small , gnarl d pear d tree perpetuates the memory of Lady Petre , of Englan , who , in 1 7 6 0 e e , sent it across s as to the famous botanist . It was planted clos Old - by the quaint house on the Schuylkill , that during his life time was a centre of hospitality , and where noted men were Often entertained . e e Owing to the gen rosity of Lord Pet r , the Duke of Richmond and wh o Peter Collinson , justly subscribed a fund for the purpose, Bartram was able to continue the expeditions which he had begun in orde r to Of d collect and classify the plants the New Worl , returning to the donors the equivalent in roots and seeds .

TH E SECKEL PEAR The original Seckel pear tree grew on a strip of land called The

Of . Neck, five miles south Philadelphia, Penn , on the property of

Lawrence Seckel , a prominent wine merchant of the city . The place , e e e which was his country seat, was later own d by the w ll known citiz n ,

- Stephen Girard . It was near Wilton , a famous watering place prior to the Revolution . 1 8 1 9 In , Dr . Hosack sent some of the small spicy and honeyed u fr it to the London Horticultural Society, which rated them as “ ” exceeding in flavor the richest Of the autumn pears . The doctor stated that this unique tree h ad first become known in Philadelphia about seventy years before

m e . Where the tree ca from , no one knew, not even Mr Seckel e 1 8 himself . About the middle Of th th Century the Swedes , Dutch f and Germans imported a great number O trees , shrubs and flowers

- from the Old World , and it was supposed that the far famed Seckel pear had found its entrance into the cou ntry in this way .

m em L . a s . Fro po b y J . B te 98 The site where the Seckel home once s tood is now a region given an d n over to the growth of plethoric cabbages , endless tomatoes , o ions - i in finite . Near the old farm house s a white post which marks the to location of the Seckel pear, the tree itself having succumbed a - 1 9 0 5 wa s e wind storm in . A shoot from it grafted upon a tre nearer

the house .

GAVEL MADE FROM HISTORIC TREES

to The fashioning from historic wood, of a gavel , presented the

Fifth Pacific Coast Congress of Congregational Churches , held in 1 9 1 1 Ore . Portland, , in , has brought to light some interesting facts in Of l con nection with the material used . Each piece wood in the gave Two was nu mbered to correspond with a printed list of descriptions .

of the sections were taken from fruit trees , an apple and a cherry, representing events in the history of the early settlements of the great

North West .

One of these was from a seedling apple, a tree which grew near ’ the Hudson Bay Company s Fort, Vancouver, now Vancouver,

. 1 8 25 M Wash , from seed brought from London to that place in . rs . a rcis sa e h two N Pr ntiss W itman , one of the first Am erican women to th e cross plains to Oregon, arrived at Fort Vancouver on September 1 2 1 8 36 , , and her husband, Dr . Marcus Whitman, and her traveling — companions Rev . Henry H . Spalding, Mrs . Eliza Hart Spalding — . . h McL ou hl and William H Gray were entertained by Dr Jo n g in ,

Chief Factor of the Hudson Bay Company . Mrs . Whitman, in her e d diary under the dat above mentioned, ma e the following entry ! to What a delightful place this is ; what a contrast the rough, so barren sand plains through which we have recently passed . Here

w e des cri tion fi a les find fruit of every p p p , peaches , grapes, pears ,

plums and fig trees in abundance ; also cucumbers , melons , beans , peas ,

beets , cabbage, tomatoes , and every kind of vegetable, too numerous

e . to be mention d Every part is very neat and tastefully arranged ,

with fine walks , lined on each side with strawberry vines . At the opposite en d of the garden is a good sum mer house covered with grape

. vines Here I must mention the origin of these grapes and apples . e e o A g ntleman, tw lve years ago, while at a party in L ndon , put seeds Of th e grapes and apples which he ate into his vest pocket ; soon after a wards he took voyage to this country and left them here , and n ow

they are greatly multiplied .

T H E TRAVELING NURSERY

The piece of cherry wood used in th e gavel is of the variety known An n as the Royal , and acquaintance with it opens up a little known Of d page in the development the western fruit in ustry . The Royal u Ann , in company with seven h ndred other fruit trees , belonged to th e , 1 8 4 Traveling Nursery which was brought across the plains in 7 , o f by Henderson Lewelling, Salem , Henry County, Iowa . 99 Though repeatedly warned that his undertaking was hopeless , L ewellin g persiste d in his cherished scheme of establishing a nursery “ ” e e in the densely wooded North W st, many l ading varieties of apples e o n e e on e and pears , some plums and ch rries , Isabella grap vine and ac gooseberr y plant were among the trees and shrubs , which p ked in o x - carefully prepared soil , were loaded upon his wagon and teams . “ u rn e in Jo y g through dry , thirsty land and over lofty mountain ”

. e 1 1 8 47 ranges , he reached Milwaukee, Wis , about Octob r , , with most of the trees alive . There he established his first nursery, and continued his way to the Pacific Coast . ee Ralph G r, another pioneer of that same year, says , That load h e of trees contained health , wealth and comfort for t old pioneers of th e Oregon . It was the mother of all orchards west Of the Ro cky e e Mountains , and gav Oregon a name and fame that she n ver would e have had without it . That load of living tr es brought more wealth ” to Oregon than any ship that ever entered the Columbia River . n Incidentally, Lewelli g founded . during his travels , four town s Of by the name of Salem , in memory his birthplace ; Salem , N . C . , O . . o w Salem , , Salem, Ind , Salem , Iowa, and Salem , Ore . , all e thei r origin to him .

1 00

Due John Cheever one hundred and fifty trees when he goes for them to some of my nurseries ” e on Moh eca n wat rs . M JOHN CHAP AN .

“ ’ ” It is doubtful that any of John ny s trees have survived to ’ e Ro eliff B r in kerh o fl s th present day, but to quote from General “ O n Of Mansfield, . , Within the sou d my voice, where I now stand there a re a dozen or more trees that we believe are the lineal ’

h A les eed s . descendants of Jo nny p p nurseries In fact , this monu ” ment is almost within the shadow of three or four of them . Rich land County owned all Of its early orchards to the nurs eries of the “ Apostle o f Apples as he has been called . In the woods , he sowed various medical plants . his Johnny was a welcome guest in many homes , but much of n time was , necessarily spent in jour eys through the forest, from the site of one orchard to another . His dress was peculiar . He went f d barefoot , and often wore a co fee sack, with hole cut for his hea and e k arms , inst ad of a coat . He took with him a bundle of coo ing

- utensils , Often wearing his mush pan for a hat . Occasionally, how f h e O . ever, wore one made cardboard , with a broad brim But no ff weapon Of any description was among his e ects . Neither savage nor animal would harm the gentle horticulturist, the former looking upon “ ” him as a great Medicine Man . He loved and reverenced life in its low est forms as well as in “d its higher manifestations , and it has been said that he eserved to be the patron saint of the Humane Society, of which he was cer ” ta in ly the earliest forerunner . He purchased any animal that he

- saw ill treated, any worn out horses , turned away to starve, and t “ found for them homes where hey were kindly cared for . It is “ e l further recorded , says Mr . E . O . Randall , that he would never s l d m Of these poor and despise ani als , but if any them recovered their strength so as to be valuable, he would lend them or give them away, exactin g a promise from the recipient that the dumb beast should ever ” receive kind treatment .

The friend of every living creature, he was willing to journey thirty miles through the forest to obtain help for his fellow men when O e Mansfield , . , was threaten d with an Indian raid , or to relin quish a night’ s shelter in a hollow log rather than disturb the frightened d l squirrel who had house her fami y inside .

In his later years , Chapman found a new field for his planting 1 8 47 - in Indiana, where he died , in at the age of seventy two . It h as “ been said that although years have come and gone since his death, the memory of his good deeds lives anew every springtime in the beauty Of and fragrance of the blossoms the apple trees he loved so well .

’ ROGER WILLIAM S APPLE TREE o There are tall and stately trees in Rh de Island, still casting

1 02 Of e their we lcome shade, that were saplings in the days Rog r

Williams , nearly three hundred years ago ; and tradition credits him

with planting the Congdon Street American elm , one of the best e known tre es of Provid nce , though the story is not considered

authentic . Strangely enough , it is an old apple tree with which he had no association in life, that remains inseparably linked with his memory . 1 6 Of In 6 3 , Roger Williams , one of the most famous the pioneers who came from England to the New World in quest Of civil and religious freedom , settled in Rhode Island . Boston , where he had s lived for a few year , proved a dangerous place for a man of his e th e lib ral views , which were little to the liking of Puritans . Chief among his Offenses was his refusal to acknowledge the right of the Commonwealth either to punish for spiritual delinquencies or to bar f everyone except church members from voting on civil a fairs , while o f s at the same time, all , irrespective creed, were taxed to upport the church .

the a u He had already left Boston for Salem , Mass . , when thorities pronounced a sentence of banishment upon him and sent a e to sloop to tak him back England .

Of e s Aware the fat that was planned for him , however, William e escaped from Salem to Narragansett Bay, wisely sel cting a place “ ” free from any English claims or patents . There is a tradition to f the e fect that, as he and his little party sailed down Seekonk River h and rounded Slate Rock, some friendly Indians called out, W at cheer, Netop

Mo osh au s ick Near the River, he and his companions founded AS Providence, the first settlement in Rhode Island . he stated in the 1 6 6 1 deed drawn in , he desired it might be for a shelter for persons w distressed in conscience . Everyone h o settled there was required to Sign a statement that he pledged himself to submit to its govern “ ” ment only in civil things . ’ e - e 1 6 8 4 When Rog r Williams noble life work nded , in , he was

- buried in a spot selected by himself, on the hill Side near his first landing .

In after years , when the growth of the town rendered it n eces sary to remove the bodies of the early settlers interred there , it was e found that an apple tree had sent its roots into his grav , and that e e h they had follow d the outlin of the uman form . This curious e occurrence has b en twice commemorated in verse . ’ M . E . Buhler speaks of the great pioneer s character as follows

All t a t h e h a d h e u e o i e h s d , t g v Th a t othe rs m ight more freely live I n l ife a n d d ea th h e ga ve For wh en h i s va lia n t sou l went free Wh s e a s i n wa s i e t o p s o for l b r y, His d u st became a n a pple tre e e h is em t Abov p y gra ve .

1 03 I ts roo ts s o qua intly h uma n form ’ ’ H a d wn t un in e a n d t t m gro hro s sh hro s or , e i e th e a ss i n B s d gr y spr g, An d its gre a t bou ghs ben t down t o s hield Th e wa yworn pilgrim a n d t o yield wee i an d m in ” S t fru t co fort g. It has been often and truly said that there is only a step between th e and sublime the ridiculous , and the familiar words are well illus “ ” tra ted e 1 8 7 4 in the skit by Charl s T . Miller, published in humor ’ ou s l i n y tracing the influence Of Williams indomitable spir t, dow e e through the historic Dorr R b llion into modern times .

“ Did y ou ever h ea r th e s tory t old e Wi ia m th e ea c e Of Rog r ll s , pr h r bold , Wh o ett e t i ta t e in th e a Old s l d h s S d ys of , Thi s l ittle S ta te of Rhod e Isl a n d ?

I n s i tee n un e a n d t i t —s ix x h dr d h r y , e Wi ia m ot i n t a Rog r ll s g o fix , a uci n th e e n Ma a c us etts By s g Gov r or of ss h , An d k e a a s d a ddl ed w y to Rhod e Isl a n d .

He c s e a s e e kn ew ro s d , v rybody , S eek on k Rive r i n a bi rch ca n oe Just t o sa ve th e toll s th at we re due n th a O e bridges bove a n d below h im .

Th e c e e a ts a re a wa out oll g bo l ys , ' ’ e a e ta k en h im. e I a en t a u t Th y d h v ov r, h v do b B ut Roge r wa s m a d a n d st uffed it out “ ” An d a e h i o p ddl d s wn ca no e . Wh en o n Sl ate Rock a footin g wa s foun d Th e Abby Ori gan e s we re sitti n g a roun d ’ An d e t i n kin h e d ik e to s it d wn Rog r , h g l o , ” He u i et a sk e W at c ee ? q ly d , h h r

Th e n ia n t u t it e cee in c I d s ho gh x d gly ool , “ An d s a i We a e n e it e c a i n or t oo d , h v h r h rs s l S o s it wn on th e ck ou u s Old do ro , y f s y fool , As a ll h t e rest of u s do . ' th e s wea t h is w I ve ea it a i By of bro , h rd s d , He p a id h i s wa y a n d ea rn ed h is brea d An d w en h e et ufficien t ea h g s s ly d d , ' e i Th y ll p ut a mon umen t ove r h m . e u i e h im c a e u a wa m a m Th y b r d r f lly, y fro h r , I n a ui et c a on h is own a m q old or h rd f r , ’ ’ wa i t in a ck e no s b a n T s r gh b of Gov r r Dorr r , ’ An e d s uppos d th a t h e d k ee p qu iet . B ut a a e t ee tin a un jolly old ppl r roo g ro d , eek in a te u n e th e un S g for phosph s d r gro d , we h i s a ck - n e all th e wa wn Follo d b bo y do , ’ An t a d old Mo h e r Will i m s t oo . ' W a t s e in th e n e in th e fl e wi w h br d bo , sh ll sho ’ W a t e i n th e t th e uit wi kn w h s br d roo , fr ll o For two h un dre d ye a rs this fru it did grow ' Till pos t erity at e h im up . ’ I n forty -two h e got up a wa r a in ot i n t e n By h v g g o Gov r or Door , ea ti n th e a e u t a s ou s a w By g ppl s , j s y S o th e re wa s an other row. ’ ’ Ti s i ia m a u t a s we a ll k n w n ow W ll s f l , o , Appl e s h a ve a lways ca u s ed a row ’ m A a m t ime w a wn to n ow Fro d s , y do

i ia m u . S O they dug Mr . W ll s p S o t e du u th e t a n d th e comn n ai h y g p roo s ls , To b e pla nt ed a ga i n in b oxes or p a ils ; An d b i t ne m num en t a i s un l ess a g s o o f l , ’ ” Th is t ime they ll ke ep h im down . 1 04