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Performance Prediction and Simulation of Gas Turbine Engine Operation (La Pr´Evision Des Performances Et La Simulation Du Fonctionnement Des Turbomoteurs)

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Performance Prediction and Simulation of Gas Turbine Engine Operation (La Pr´Evision Des Performances Et La Simulation Du Fonctionnement Des Turbomoteurs) RTO-TR-044 AC/323(AVT-018)TP/29 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION RTO-TR-044 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION BP 25, 7 RUE ANCELLE, F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE RTO TECHNICAL REPORT 44 Performance Prediction and Simulation of Gas Turbine Engine Operation (La pr´evision des performances et la simulation du fonctionnement des turbomoteurs) Report of the RTO Applied Vehicle Technology Panel (AVT) Task Group AVT-018. Published April 2002 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover This page has been deliberately left blank Page intentionnellement blanche RTO-TR-044 AC/323(AVT-018)TP/29 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION BP 25, 7 RUE ANCELLE, F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE RTO TECHNICAL REPORT 44 Performance Prediction and Simulation of Gas Turbine Engine Operation (La pr´evision des performances et la simulation du fonctionnement des turbomoteurs) Report of the RTO Applied Vehicle Technology Panel (AVT) Task Group AVT-018. The Research and Technology Organisation (RTO) of NATO RTO is the single focus in NATO for Defence Research and Technology activities. Its mission is to conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange. The objective is to support the development and effective use of national defence research and technology and to meet the military needs of the Alliance, to maintain a technological lead, and to provide advice to NATO and national decision makers. The RTO performs its mission with the support of an extensive network of national experts. It also ensures effective coordination with other NATO bodies involved in R&T activities. RTO reports both to the Military Committee of NATO and to the Conference of National Armament Directors. It comprises a Research and Technology Board (RTB) as the highest level of national representation and the Research and Technology Agency (RTA), a dedicated staff with its headquarters in Neuilly, near Paris, France. In order to facilitate contacts with the military users and other NATO activities, a small part of the RTA staff is located in NATO Headquarters in Brussels. The Brussels staff also coordinates RTO’s cooperation with nations in Middle and Eastern Europe, to which RTO attaches particular importance especially as working together in the field of research is one of the more promising areas of initial cooperation. The total spectrum of R&T activities is covered by the following 7 bodies: • AVT Applied Vehicle Technology Panel • HFM Human Factors and Medicine Panel • IST Information Systems Technology Panel • NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group • SAS Studies, Analysis and Simulation Panel • SCI Systems Concepts and Integration Panel • SET Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel These bodies are made up of national representatives as well as generally recognised ‘world class’ scientists. They also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. RTO’s scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created for specific activities and with a specific duration. Such Technical Teams can organise workshops, symposia, field trials, lecture series and training courses. An important function of these Technical Teams is to ensure the continuity of the expert networks. RTO builds upon earlier cooperation in defence research and technology as set-up under the Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) and the Defence Research Group (DRG). AGARD and the DRG share common roots in that they were both established at the initiative of Dr Theodore von K´arm´an, a leading aerospace scientist, who early on recognised the importance of scientific support for the Allied Armed Forces. RTO is capitalising on these common roots in order to provide the Alliance and the NATO nations with a strong scientific and technological basis that will guarantee a solid base for the future. The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by RTO or the authors. Published April 2002 Copyright RTO/NATO 2002 All Rights Reserved ISBN 92-837-1083-5 Printed by St. Joseph Ottawa/Hull (A St. Joseph Corporation Company) 45 Sacr´e-Cœur Blvd., Hull (Qu´ebec), Canada J8X 1C6 ii Performance Prediction and Simulation of Gas Turbine Engine Operation (RTO TR-044 / AVT-018) Executive Summary Simulations have become increasingly important in all aspects of military operations. As modeling techniques have improved, and as computers have progressed, simulation has assumed an essential role in planning, executing, and evaluating operations. So too, in the design, manufacturing, and operating of aircraft turbine engines, accurate performance simulations have become essential. They are being applied in rapidly expanding ways to reduce acquisition costs, increase system performance, improve maintenance through improved diagnostics and prognostics, and to improve new system design. Recognizing the importance of the turbine engine to NATO operations, and the widespread use of turbine-engine performance simulations, Technical Team AVT-018 was created to provide a manual of such simulations. These were to range from applications to the latest developments in modeling technology. Originally focused on operators and applications, the effort has resulted in a manual of broad scope. There is material for all users of models, ranging from those in original design, to those who operate and maintain aircraft gas turbine engines. The report is one of the most extensive available on both the applications and the methodology of engine performance simulations. Applications of performance models will be of initial interest to many readers and a detailed review of 22 examples is provided. It ranges from preliminary design to in-service support, and includes educational examples. The document then describes the features of several types of complete engine models, including the complex and detailed models that are used for the actual design of a new turbine engine and its components. These models are often of a proprietary nature. All modern performance models are executed on computer platforms, which often dictate the form or construction of the model, as well as the method and speed of execution. A chapter describing current computer platforms and software, and possible future developments is included. Sample executable performance models are included, an addition made possible by the electronic format of the report. Finally, several recent and advanced developments in mathematical modeling of components are described. An Appendix contains the results of a survey of model users, and a Glossary completes the document. The members of Technical Team AVT-018 hope that the availability of this manual will serve to increase the use and the value of turbine engine performance simulations in the NATO community, and encourage progress in performance modeling and related applications. iii La pr´evision des performances et la simulation du fonctionnement des turbomoteurs (RTO TR-044 / AVT-018) Synth`ese La simulation est devenue de plus en plus importante dans tous les aspects des op´erations militaires. Avec l’am´elioration des techniques de mod´elisation, et l’´evolution de l’informatique, la simulation remplit d´esormais un rˆole essentiel dans la planification, l’ex´ecution et l’´evaluation des op´erations. De la mˆeme fa¸con, la simulation de performances pr´ecises est d´esormais indispensable a` la conception, la fabrication et l’exploitation des turbomoteurs. Les simulations sont mises en œuvre dans des domaines sans cesse nouveaux dans le but de r´eduire les coˆuts d’acquisition, d’accroˆıtre les performances, d’optimiser la maintenance grˆace a` un meilleur diagnostic et un meilleur pronostic, et d’am´eliorer la conception des nouveaux syst`emes. Etant donn´e l’importance des turbomoteurs pour les op´erations de l’OTAN, ainsi que l’emploi g´en´eralis´e des simulations de performances des turbomoteurs, il a et´´ e d´ecid´e de cr´eer l’´equipe technique AVT-018 en vue de la r´ealisation d’un manuel technique pour ces simulations. L’ouvrage devait couvrir un domaine allant des applications aux derniers d´eveloppements concernant les technologies de mod´elisation. Orient´e initialement sur les op´erateurs et les applications, le groupe a finalement produit un manuel d’un champ d’application tr`es etendu.´ Il contient des indications destin´ees a` l’ensemble des utilisateurs de mod`eles, qu’ils soient concepteurs, exploitants ou techniciens de maintenance de turbomoteurs. Il s’agit, en effet, de l’un des rapports les plus complets disponibles sur les applications et la m´ethodologie de la simulation des performances des moteurs. Les applications des mod`eles de performances int´eresseront bon nombre de lecteurs non-sp´ecialistes et le manuel pr´esente un examen d´etaill´e de 22 exemples. Ils vont de la conception pr´eliminaire a` l’assistance technique en service, avec des exemples didactiques. Le document d´ecrit ensuite les caract´eristiques d’un certain nombre de mod`eles de moteurs complets, y compris des mod`eles complexes et d´etaill´es qui sont actuellement utilis´es pour la conception d’un nouveau turbomoteur et de ses organes. Il s’agit dans plusieurs cas de mod`eles de marque d´epos´ee. Tous les mod`eles de performances modernes sont ex´ecut´es sur des plates-formes informatiques, ce qui d´etermine, en g´en´eral, la forme ou la construction du mod`ele, ainsi que la m´ethode et la rapidit´e d’ex´ecution. Les plates-formes informatiques et les logiciels actuels sont examin´es, ainsi que les d´eveloppements futurs possibles dans un chapitre particulier. Grˆace au format electronique´ du rapport, les auteurs ont pu y inclure des exemples de mod`eles de performance ex´ecutables. Enfin, diff´erents d´eveloppements avanc´es r´ecents dans le domaine de la mod´elisation math´ematique des composants sont d´ecrits. Les r´esultats d’un sondage d’utilisateurs de mod`eles sont donn´es en annexe, ainsi qu’un glossaire des termes utilis´es.
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