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Preprint 15: MPI Für Geschichte Im Historischen Kontext peter schöttler Das Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte im historischen Kontext 1972–2006 Zwischen Sozialgeschichte, Historischer Anthropologie und Historischer Kulturwissenschaft Preprint 15 peter schöttler Das Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte im historischen Kontext 1972–2006 Zwischen Sozialgeschichte, Historischer Anthropologie und Historischer Kulturwissenschaft Preprint 15 Das GMPG-Forschungsprogramm untersucht die Entwicklung der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft von ihrer Gründung 1948 bis zum Ende der Präsidentschaft Hubert Markls 2002 und verfolgt den Fortgang des Programms »Aufbau Ost« bis in das Jahr 2005. Vgl. dazu ausführlich die Projektbeschreibung: http://gmpg.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/de/forschungsprogramm/projektbeschreibung Impressum Ergebnisse des Forschungsprogramms Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Preprint 15 Herausgegeben von Florian Schmaltz, Jürgen Renn, Carsten Reinhardt und Jürgen Kocka Lektorat: Andreas Becker Redaktion: Birgit Kolboske Grafik/Satz: doppelpunkt Kommunikationsdesign Druck: DIEDRUCKER.DE GmbH & Co. KG Erscheinungsjahr: 2020 Ort: Berlin ISSN: 2511–1833 Alle Rechte bei den Autorinnen und Autoren Veröffentlicht unter Creative-Commons-Lizenz by-nc-sa 3.0 Deutsch http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de DOI: 10.17617/2.3250858 Das Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte im historischen Kontext 1972–2006 Zwischen Sozialgeschichte, Historischer Anthropologie und Historischer Kulturwissenschaft Vorbemerkung 5 I. Die Nachfolge 8 II. Die Ära Fleckenstein – Vierhaus 13 III. Die allzu langen Langzeitprojekte: Germania Sacra, Königspfalzen, Dahlmann-Waitz 25 Germania Sacra 25 Deutsche Königspfalzen 28 Dahlmann-Waitz 30 IV. Was änderte sich in den siebziger und achtziger Jahren? 38 Ein Beispiel: die Forschungen zur Proto-Industrialisierung 42 EDV für Historiker 44 Frankreich (Die Mission Historique Française) 49 Israel (Der Richard-Koebner-Lehrstuhl) 61 V. An der ›Zonengrenze‹: Das Max-Planck-Institut und die Historiker der DDR 67 VI. Wieder eine Nachfolge: Von Fleckenstein zu Oexle und von Vierhaus zu Lehmann 83 VII. Konflikte und Schließungskrisen 99 Der Warnschuss von 1996 110 Das »magische Jahr« 2004 118 VIII. Versuch einer Bilanz 124 Anhang 133 Zeitleiste Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte 133 Tabellen 136 Graphiken 152 Dokumente 155 Archivalien 168 Gespräche mit Zeitzeugen 169 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen, Tabellen und Graphiken 169 Bibliographie 170 Personenregister 199 Abkürzungen 204 Vorbemerkung De mortuis nihil nisi bene. Also nur Gutes über ein ›verstorbenes‹ Max-Planck-Institut? Mehr noch als der erste Teil dieser Skizze über das Göttinger Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte (Die Ära Heimpel, GMPG-Preprint Nr. 2, 2017) liest sich dieser zweite Teil über die Ära nach Heimpel manchmal vielleicht wie ein langer Nachruf. Insofern könnte auch der Einwand kommen, hier werde Geschichte mit zu viel Sympathie geschrieben, nicht distanziert und kritisch genug. Whig history gleichsam. Mag sein. Doch an dieser Stelle ging es zunächst darum, einen zwar noch immer unvollständigen, aber doch relativ ausführlichen Bericht vorzulegen, der diese Geschichte in Umrissen verständlich macht. Wie schon beim ersten Teil hat der Verfasser allen Mitgliedern des Forschungsprogramms »Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft« für zahllose Hinweise, Diskussionen und Kritik herzlich zu danken. Außerdem möchte ich mich ausdrücklich bei den Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern der wunderbaren Bibliothek des Max-Planck-Instituts für Wissenschaftsge - schichte sowie bei Michael Pammer (Johannes Kepler Universität Linz) für seine große Hilfe bei der statistischen Auswertung und graphischen Darstellung der Personendatenbank bedan- ken. Schließlich sei auch allen mündlich oder schriftlich interviewten Zeitzeugen für ihre Gesprächsbereitschaft und ihr Vertrauen gedankt. Auch wenn diese Studie im Wesentlichen auf archivalischen und gedruckten Quellen basiert, gibt es viele Einblicke und Details, die ich nur von ihnen erfahren konnte. Im Übrigen versteht es sich, dass alle Interpretationen, Bewertungen und Irrtümer allein vom Verfasser zu verantworten sind, Berlin, im Sommer 2020. 5 Abb. 1: Das Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte am Hohen Weg 1957 (Foto: Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Dahlem) Den in der Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg geborenen Historikern ist sicherlich nicht immer bewusst, welche weiten Wegspannen von der in den frühen 50er Jahren noch gänzlich traditionell geprägten deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft bis zur gegenwärtigen Historiographie zurückzulegen waren, die durch die Öffnung zum Westen und die Überwindung einer nationalstaatlichen Sichtweise bestimmt ist. Hans Mommsen in seiner Laudatio auf Rudolf Vierhaus im Jahr 2002.1 1 Hans Mommsen: Die Verantwortung des Historikers. In: Hartmut Lehmann (Hg.): Die Verantwortung des Historikers. Rudolf Vierhaus zum 80. Geburtstag. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2003, 31–43, 32. 6 Das Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte (MPIG) wurde 1956 in Göttingen als Nachfolger des Berliner Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts für deutsche Geschichte gegründet.2 Sein erster Direktor war der damals sehr prominente Mediävist Hermann Heimpel (1901–1988), der an der örtlichen Uni- versität einen Lehrstuhl innehatte und nun gleichsam nebenbei sein eigenes Institut aufbaute. Heimpel stellte die ersten entscheidenden Weichen: Ein kleines Haus, einige wenige langfris - tige Arbeitsschwerpunkte und Projekte (Germania Sacra, Repertorium der Königspfalzen, Stände- und Parlamentarismusforschung) sowie Dienstleistungen für die historische Zunft (Bibliographie des Dahlmann-Waitz); ansonsten Begrenzung der Forschungen auf das späte Mittel- alter und die frühe Neuzeit bis zum späten 19. Jahrhundert, während die brisante Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts dem Münchner Institut für Zeitgeschichte vorbehalten sein sollte. 3 Selbst wenn in der Öffentlichkeit manchmal – vor allem anfangs, nach der Einweihung durch den Bundespräsidenten Theodor Heuss – das Missverständnis aufkam, es handele sich um eine Art »Bundesinstitut für Geschichte«, stellten Heimpel und das MPIG keinerlei Anspruch auf Reprä- sentativität, Hegemonie oder gar Avantgarde. Vielmehr wurde eine enge Zusammenarbeit mit vergleichbaren Forschungseinrichtungen (wie den Monumenta Germaniae Historica oder der His- torischen Kommission bei der Bayrischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) vereinbart; mehrere Editionsprojekte wurden auch arbeitsteilig betrieben. So stellte sich das MPIG in den ersten fünfzehn Jahren im Wesentlichen als ein erweitertes Universitätsinstitut dar, in dem – ohne Lehrbetrieb – eine Reihe von Mitarbeitern mehrjährige Forschungsprojekte durchführen konn- ten (vor allem im Blick auf eine Habilitation), für die es damals keine oder kaum Fördermög- lichkeiten gab. Zentrale Figur war der Ordinarius und Institutsdirektor, der autonom über For- schungsprioritäten und Arbeitsabläufe, Personaleinstellungen (oder Entlassungen), Reisezuschüsse oder Stipendien entschied. Auch wenn Heimpel allen Zeugnissen zufolge mit dem Gestus des liberalen Grandseigneurs ›regierte‹ und als gefragter Redner und Mitglied zahl- reicher Gremien häufig auf Reisen war, so dass alltägliche Dinge von seiner Vertreterin, der Mediävistin Sabine Krüger (1920–2019), erledigt wurden – »Ich könnte mir meine Stellung […] ohne Fräulein Dr. Krüger […] gar nicht vorstellen«, heißt es in einem Brief an Theodor Schieder4 –, 2 Zur Genealogie des Instituts und seinen ersten fünfzehn Jahren siehe Peter Schöttler: Das Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte im historischen Kontext. Die Ära Heimpel. Berlin 2017. Weitere Literatur zur Entstehung und Geschichte des MPIG: Winfried Schulze: Deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft nach 1945. München: Oldenbourg 1989, 242–252; Anne Christine Nagel: Im Schatten des Dritten Reichs. Mittelalterforschung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1945–1970. Göttin- gen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2005, 187–209; Hans Erich Bödeker: Das Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung multire- ligiöser und multiethnischer Gesellschaften. In: Peter Gruss und Reinhard Rürup (Hg.): Denkorte. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft und Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft: Brüche und Kontinuitäten 1911–2011. Dresden: Sandstein 2010, 306–315; Werner Rösener: Das Max-Planck-Institut für Geschichte (1956–2006). Fünfzig Jahre Geschichtsforschung. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2014; Hans-Christof Kraus: Gründung und Anfänge des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte in Göttingen. In: Jürgen Elvert (Hg.): Geschichte jenseits der Universität. Netzwerke und Organisationen in der frühen Bundesrepublik. Stuttgart: Steiner 2016, 121–139. 3 So übergab Heimpel die ominösen »Riezler-Tagebücher« von 1910 bis 1918, die er von Theodor Heuss erhalten hatte und die sich bald als äußerst wichtige Quelle zur deutschen Kriegszielpolitik am Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs erwei- sen sollten, seinerseits weiter an die Historische Kommission bei der Bayrischen Akademie Wissenschaften, deren Mitglied er war, weil eine Edition nicht in den zeitlichen Rahmen seines Instituts gepasst hätte. Vgl. Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente. Herausgegeben von Karl Dietrich Erdmann. 2. Aufl. Bearbeitet von Holger Afflerbach. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2008, 10. 4 Hermann Heimpel an Theodor Schieder, 10. 4. 1968, BArch, N 1188/12. 7 wehte am Institut noch bis in späten 1960er Jahre ein patriarchalischer Wind, der bei näherer Betrachtung auch den eher traditionellen, auf die deutsche Geschichte konzentrierten For- schungsprojekten und Fragestellungen entsprach. Das änderte sich erst mit der Ankunft des deutsch-amerikanischen Historikers
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