Promoting Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage for Sustainable Power Generation in Cameroon: an Assessment of Local Opportunities Urbain Nzotcha

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Promoting Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage for Sustainable Power Generation in Cameroon: an Assessment of Local Opportunities Urbain Nzotcha Promoting Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage for Sustainable Power Generation in Cameroon: An Assessment of Local Opportunities Urbain Nzotcha To cite this version: Urbain Nzotcha. Promoting Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage for Sustainable Power Generation in Cameroon: An Assessment of Local Opportunities. Engineering Sciences [physics]. Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Yaoundé, 2020. English. tel-03117844 HAL Id: tel-03117844 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03117844 Submitted on 21 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DE YAOUNDE I THE UNIVERSITY OF YAOUNDE I Centre de Recherche et de Formation Post Graduate School of Sciences, Doctorale en Sciences, Technologie et Technology and Geosciences Géosciences Yaoundé National Advanced School of Ecole Nationale Supérieure Engineering Polytechnique de Yaoundé PROMOTING PUMPED HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE FOR SUSTAINABLE POWER GENERATION IN CAMEROON: AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL OPPORTUNITIES POMPAGE-TURBINAGE POUR UNE PRODUC : UNE EVALUATION DES OPPORTUNITES LOCALES) THESIS Submitted to The University of Yaoundé I - National Advanced School of Engineering By Urbain NZOTCHA Engineer, M.Sc. In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Philosophy Doctor In Energy Engineering Under the supervision of Prof. Jean NGANHOU and Prof. Joseph KENFACK Examining Jury President of the Jury: Prof. Emer. Médard FOGUE, University of Dschang Rapporteurs: Prof. Emer. Jean NGANHOU, University of Yaoundé I Ass. Prof. Joseph KENFACK, University of Yaoundé I Examiners: Prof. Godpromesse KENNE, University of Dschang , University of Yaoundé I Ass. Prof. Abraham KANMOGNE, University of Yaoundé I Ass. Prof. Denis TOKO TCHEUKAM, University of Buea Publicly defended on August 3th, 2020 Abstract This thesis addresses the global question of grid-connected utility-scale energy storage for the integration of energy generated from variable sources, in the context energy transition. Specifically it focus on the case of Cameroon with the objective to formulate an objective point of view about the idea of promoting the pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) alternative for sustainable power generation in Cameroon. To reach this objective, some key aspects supporting the need for bulk energy storage in the power system of Cameroon were analysed, based on a critical analysis of the country’s power sector. Afterwards, the technical feasibility of inland small-scale PHES operable with limited environmental impact was analysed, using a spatial analysis model implemented in a geographical information systems (GIS). Finally, the compliance of the local PHES opportunities with sustainability requirements was checked, using a multi-criteria decision- making model for PHES siting. As results from this study, massive grid-connected storage was presented as the missing link in the country’s energy commitment. The feasibility of PHES in Cameroon was established as 21 suitable sites were identified totalling an energy storage potential of about 34 GWh, and finally a ranking of these opportunities from a sustainable development perspective was proposed. It was therefore suggested that the Government of Cameroon works with other stakeholders in the power sector to produce a comprehensive energy storage roadmap to valorise the country’s graceful energy assets. Keywords: Pumped hydroelectric energy storage; renewable energy; power system; sustainable development; multi-criteria decision-making; Cameroon. NZOTCHA’s PhD thesis dissertation Page i Résumé Cette thèse aborde la problématique du stockage massif d’énergie dans les réseaux électriques pour l’intégration de l’énergie produite à partir des sources variables, dans le contexte global de la transition énergétique. Elle se focalise sur le cas du Cameroun avec pour objectif la formulation d’un point de vue objectif sur l’idée de promouvoir l’alternative pompage-turbinage pour une production durable d’électricité dans le pays. Pour atteindre ce but, certains aspects clés susceptibles de soutenir le besoin en stockage massif d’énergie au Cameroun ont été analysés. Par la suite, la faisabilité technique de l’alternative pompage-turbinage a été analysée par le biais d’un modèle d’analyse spatiale appliqué dans l’environnement du système d’information géographique. Enfin, la conformité des opportunités locales avec les exigences de durabilité a aussi été analysée au travers d’un modèle d’aide à la décision multicritères. Il ressort de cette étude que, le stockage massif d’énergie apparaît comme l’élément manquant dans la stratégie de développement du sous- secteur de l’électricité au Cameroun. Par ailleurs, la faisabilité technique de l’alternative pompage- turbinage est établie en territoire camerounais, avec une vingtaine de sites favorables identifiés, totalisant un potentiel d’environ 34 MWh. Enfin, un classement de l’intérêt que peut présenter certains de ces sites au sens du développement durable a été proposé. Il a donc été suggéré que le gouvernement du Cameroun travaille avec d'autres acteurs du secteur de l'électricité pour produire une feuille de route complète de stockage de l'énergie afin de valoriser les gracieux atouts énergétiques du pays. Mots-clés : Pompage-turbinage; énergies renouvelables; système électrique; développement durable; prise de décision multicritères; Cameroun. NZOTCHA’s PhD thesis dissertation Page ii Dedication Mes parents et mes enfants, Aux premiers mes hommages et aux seconds mes souhaits !!! NZOTCHA’s PhD thesis dissertation Page iii Préface A la lumière de la transition vers un système énergétique global plus propre (ou plus précisément de la ruée vers les énergies renouvelables), le stockage d’énergie dans les réseaux électriques interconnectés apparaît telle une problématique particulièrement importante à traiter. Ceci dans le sens où, le stockage à grande échelle est appelé à jouer un rôle majeur dans le paysage énergétique d’aujourd’hui et de demain. Dans ce mémoire est présentée une thèse qui en fait porte sur le stockage hydroélectrique gravitaire encore appelé « pompage-turbinage » dans le contexte du Cameroun, sujet initié suivant la nouvelle orientation de l’enseignement supérieure au Cameroun, qui vise à mettre la recherche au service du développement national. Voici donc le fruit de quatre années pleines (Janvier 2016 - Novembre 2019) de travail passionné en attache avec le Laboratoire de l’Eau, Energie et Environnement (L3E) de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Yaoundé (ENSPY), Université de Yaoundé I. Du fait du caractère pluridisciplinaire de ce sujet, les sinuosités du chemin parcouru vers les objectifs fixés au départ m’ont donné l’occasion d’explorer d’autres domaines avec lesquels je n’étais guère familiarisé au début des travaux. Il s’agit entre autres, de la gestion des systèmes électriques, les systèmes d’information géographiques, la géomatique, l’analyse multicritère, la limnologie, etc. Tout ceci s’est présenté à moi telle une salade de fruits exotiques et je m’en suis régalé avec avidité et satisfaction !!! Alors, rendu au terme de ces travaux de thèse, je pense d’abord à mes directeurs de thèse, tous deux enseignants à l’ENSPY à qui je dois mon ascension dans le monde des sciences de l’ingénieur. Du fond de mon cœur il me revient que je n’aurais jamais pu bénéficier d’un encadrement académique meilleur que celui qu’ils m’ont sans peine accordé. Alors, dépité de ne pouvoir trouver de mots pour exprimer justement ma gratitude envers ces illustres Professeurs, très humblement je voudrais rendre hommage Au Professeur Emérite Jean NGANHOU, qui fut le premier à m’encourager sur le chemin de la recherche, après m’avoir enseigné en cycle Ingénieur. En tant que Directeur de mes travaux de Master Recherche et par la suite Directeur de thèse, le Professeur a fixé des objectifs dont il n’aurait pas été facile d’atteindre sans ses conseils et la rigueur scientifique et humaine qui lui est reconnue. Revivant dans ma mémoire nos premières séances de travail sur l’orientation du travail à faire, ce n’est qu’aujourd’hui que je comprends la portée des recommandations par lui faites ce jour. Au Professeur Joseph KENFACK, ce géant sur les épaules de qui j’ai pu atteindre des hauteurs inespérées. D’abord de m’avoir enseigné en formation d’ingénieur, ensuite de m’avoir enseigné et accepter de m’encadrer mes travaux de Master Recherche dès le NZOTCHA’s PhD thesis dissertation Page iv premier contact et surtout de m’avoir lancé dans cette belle aventure que fût cette thèse sur la très passionnante thématique du stockage de l’énergie, et de m’avoir guidé minutieusement jusqu’à la soutenance. Pour seulement ce bout de chemin, profiter de son expertise, de ses conseils et encouragements, de son carnet d’adresses, de sa disponibilité à temps et à contretemps pour des longues discussions téléphoniques, etc. a été d’une valeur inestimable pour parvenir à soutenir cette thèse. J’exprime ma profonde gratitude envers tous ces Professeurs que j’ai côtoyés tout au long du processus d’évaluation de cette thèse. Leurs nombreux conseils et observations, et surtout leurs questions pertinentes ont chaque fois permis d’ouvrir de nouvelles pistes d’amélioration de mes travaux. Il s’agit précisément, D’une part, des membres du jury de soutenance que le Professeur Emérite Médard FOGUE m’a fait l’honneur de présider autant que les Professeurs Godpromesse KENNE, Lucien MEVA’A, Denis TCHEUKAM TOKO et Abraham KANMOGNE, qui n’ont ménagé aucun effort pour accepter les rôles d’examinateurs. D’autre part, des membres du jury d’audition présidé par le Professeur Pierre MEUKAM assisté des Professeurs Paul Salomon NGOHE-EKAM et Bienvenu KENMEGNE.
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