Women in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games an Analysis of Participation, Leadership and Media Opportunities

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Women in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games an Analysis of Participation, Leadership and Media Opportunities November 2010 Women in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games An Analysis of Participation, Leadership and Media Opportunities A Women’s Sports Foundation Research Report Authorship and Acknowledgments This report was authored by Maureen M. Smith, Ph.D., California State University, Sacramento; and Alison M. Wrynn, Ph.D., California State University, Long Beach. The report was reviewed by Donna A. Lopiano, Ph.D., President, Sports Management Resources; Don Sabo, Ph.D., Professor of Health Policy, D’Youville College; Marjorie A. Snyder, Ph.D., Research Director, Women’s Sports Foundation; Linda Mastandrea, Paralympic medalist and member of the IPC Legal and Ethics Committee; Terri Lakowski, Director, Lakowski Consulting, LLC; Ellen B. Carlton, Ph.D., Sonoma State University; Kerrie Kauer, Ph.D., California State University, Long Beach; Matthew Llewellyn, California State University, Fullerton; Nicole M. LaVoi, Ph.D., Tucker Center for Girls, University of Minnesota; Jennifer Piatt, Ph.D., Indiana University; and Wayne Wilson. The policy recommendations included in this report were written by Terri Lakowski and reviewed by Eli A. Wolff, Brown University; Linda Mastandrea; Donna A. Lopiano, Ph.D.; and Nancy Hogshead-Makar, Senior Director of Advocacy, Women’s Sports Foundation. All data that was obtained from the Internet was accurate as of May 2010. Every attempt was made to obtain the most accurate and up-to-date data for this report. Special thanks to Deana Monahan for her editorial and graphic design expertise. Published November 2010, by the Women’s Sports Foundation® Eisenhower Park, 1899 Hempstead Turnpike, Suite 400 East Meadow, NY 11554 [email protected] www.WomensSportsFoundation.org © 2010, Women’s Sports Foundation, All Rights Reserved This report may be downloaded from www.WomensSportsFoundation. org. This report may be reproduced and distributed only in its entirety. Any material taken from this report and published or transmitted in any form, electronic or mechanical, must be properly attributed to Women in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Games: An Analysis of Participation, Leadership and Media Opportunities, published by the Women’s Sports Foundation Preferred citation: Smith, M. and Wrynn, A. (2010). Women in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Games: An Analysis of Participation, Leadership and Media Opportunities. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sports Foundation. November 2010 Women in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games An Analysis of Participation, Leadership and Media Opportunities Women in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games An Analysis of Participation, Leadership and Media Opportunities Executive Summary 2 International 3 United States 3 Major Findings 4 Major International Findings 4 Major United States Findings 5 Introduction 6 Historical Background of Women’s Participation in the Olympic Winter Games 6 Olympic and Paralympic Events that Included No Women in 2010: Ski Jumping, Nordic Combined and Sledge Hockey 6 International Findings 9 Comparison of Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Male and Female Sports and Medal Events 9 Comparison of 2002, 2006 and 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Female and Male Athlete Participation 14 Women in International Sport Governance Structure Leadership Positions 21 United States Findings 25 United States Olympic Committee and U.S. National Sport Governing Body Obligations 25 Comparison of 2002, 2006 and 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games Female and Male Participation 29 The 2002, 2006 and 2010 Paralympic Winter Games U.S. Participation 32 Women in United States Sport Governance Structure Leadership Positions 35 Media Coverage of the 2010 Olympic Winter Games 37 U.S. Print and TV Coverage of the 2010 Olympic Winter Games 37 Conclusions 42 Policy Recommendations 43 International Olympic and Paralympic Committees 43 United States Olympic and Paralympic Committees 44 References 45 Executive Summary Through the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur The International Olympic Committee (IOC) maintains Sports Act (1978) the United States Olympic that the growth of women’s participation in the Committee (USOC) is prohibited from discriminating Olympic Movement is one of its major goals. Indeed, on the basis of race, color, religion, age, sex, disability the stated goal is: “The IOC encourages and supports or national origin with regard to participation and the promotion of women in sport at all levels and in all leadership opportunities and is mandated to work to structures, with a view to implementing the principle expand opportunities for women, women and men of of equality of men and women.” Rule 2, paragraph 7, color, and women and men with disabilities. The good Olympic Charter in force from July 7, 2007. news is that female athletes accounted for 43.5% of American athletes at the 2010 Olympic Winter Games The IOC has, over the past decade, made noteworthy in Vancouver, slightly more than the 42.6% American attempts to support the inclusion of greater numbers female participation rate at the 2006 Games. Women, of women in the international sporting scene. At the however, are underrepresented in leadership positions first Olympic Winter Games held in 1924, 11 women on the U.S. national sport governing bodies (NGB) (4.3% of the participants) competed in individual and for winter sports; currently only one of the eight has mixed pair figure skating. Since this time, the number a female president, there are no female executive of female winter Olympians and women’s events has directors of these NGBs, and 23 of the 98 individuals gradually increased. By 1960, 21.7% of the Winter on councils or the boards of directors of the NGBs are Games athletes were female. Yet, it took another 34 women (23.5%). years until women accounted for more than 30% of the athletes (30.1% in 1994). At the most recent The USOC exceeds the IOC recommended 20% Olympic Winter Games hosted in Vancouver in 2010, threshold; four out of the 10 members of the USOC 1,043 female athletes, the highest number in Winter Board of Directors are female (40%). There are 16 Games history, accounted for 40.4% of the athletes. additional individuals listed on the USOC website Female Paralympians have not fared nearly as well as as “Key Executives.” This list includes CEO Scott their Olympic counterparts, representing only 24.1% of Blackmun and a number of other “Chiefs.” Of these the 2010 Paralympic participants. individuals, five are female (31.2%). This number also exceeds the 20% threshold set by the IOC. The IOC created a Women and Sport Commission and held its 4th IOC World Conference on Women The opportunity to be an Olympian or Paralympian and Sport in 2008. However, the IOC rhetoric has only brings with it numerous rewards. It gives the athlete gained minimal response from the National Olympic the chance to secure prize money and lucrative Committees, the International Federations and the endorsement deals. More importantly, perhaps, is International Paralympic Committee (IPC)—most of the fact that it gives unprecedented visibility to which still struggle to meet the IOC’s request that outstanding, elite female athletes. The millions of women be represented at a minimal 20% standard in young girls and women who watch the Winter Games leadership positions. With so few women serving in every four years see stellar role models who inspire leadership positions and lack of commitment among sports participation. There are also abundant returns the male-dominated leadership, there has been that come to women who serve in a leadership little progress on supporting women as athletes and capacity in sport. And, although these women work leaders, from the grassroots, developmental levels behind the scenes, they are an integral part of the all the way to the upper echelons of competitive team, actively advocating for women as athletes. Thus Olympic and Paralympic sport. this report will examine the recent past and current 2 A Women’s Sports Foundation Research Report status of women in the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games as athletic participants and the place of women in the International and U.S. Olympic and Paralympic sport hierarchy. This report analyzes the representation and participation of women in international and U.S. Olympic organizations. In addition it examines the types and extent of opportunities that are provided for women in administrative and leadership roles within these structures and the chances women have to compete in the Games themselves. This report also assesses the extent to which the IOC, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and USOC are fulfilling their stated missions with respect to fairness and gender equity and whether or not legal statutes are being upheld. This report includes an analysis of: International • Participation rates of female and male athletes at the Olympic Winter Games and Paralympic Winter Games with a focus on the 2010 Games. • The types and extent of women’s opportunities for leadership roles in the organizational structures of the International Olympic Committee, National Olympic Committees, the International Paralympic Committee and International Sports Federations. United States • Participation rates of female and male athletes in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. • The types and extent of women’s opportunities for leadership roles in the organizational structures of the U.S. Olympic Committee and the U.S. National Sport Governing Bodies for winter sports. Women in the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games: An Analysis of Participation, Leadership and Media Opportunities 3 Major Findings Major International Findings • 2010 Olympic Winter Games: There were 1,043 women (40.4%) and 1,536 men (59.6%) in 2010, compared with 1,006 women (38.2%) and 1,627 men (61.8%) in 2006, and 886 women (36.9%) and 1,513 men (63.1%) in 2002. • 2010 Olympic Winter Games: Of 82 total countries, 19 delegations did not send any female athletes, and two delegations did not send any male participants in 2010. In 2006, 80 nations competed, with 20 delegations sending no female athletes and four delegations sending no male participants.
Recommended publications
  • Ritums Būs 2014
    Nr 713 2014. g. martā Lai mūsu sportistiem Sočos veicas! Kuŗš gan nezina, ka ir sākušās 22. Ziemas olimpiskās spēles Krievijas kūrortpilsētā Soči. Divas nedēļas sportisti no visas pasaules sacentīsies dažādos ziemas sporta veidos. Ir visnotaļ labas izredzes, ka Latvijas komanda no Sočiem pārbrauks mājās ar medaļām. Piemēram, Martins Dukurs pagājušās sezonas laikā skeletona disciplīnā daudz biežāk guva uzvaru nekā zaudēja un sezonas beigās bija pirmajā vietā pasaulē, saņemot arī lielu naudas balvu par to, ka uzvarējis pēdējos trīs sacensību posmos. Ļoti iespējams, ka sezonas kronis būs zelta medaļa. (2010. gada spēlēs Kanadā Martins ieguva sudraba medaļu.) Ļoti labus rezultātus ir sasniedzis arī viņa brālis Tomass, un nav izslēgta iespēja, ka abi brāļi kāps uz pjedestala. Kamaniņu sportā pirms četriem gadiem brāļi Juris un Andris Šici ieguva sudraba medaļu, un viņi piedalās arī šogad. Varbūt izredzes ir arī viņiem. Tāpat Latvijai ir labas bobsleja komandas. Citur nekas īpaši nespīd. Mums ir spēcīga hokeja komanda, bet pret pasaules grandiem diez vai izdosies noturēties. Biatlonā Latvija kādreiz bija spēcīga, pēdējos gados nekas īpašs nav sasniegts. Kalnu slēpošanā mūsu valsts nav un nevar būt lielvalsts, jo Gaiziņš kā nekā ir tikai 311,5 metrus augsts. Arī daiļslidošanā jau sen nevienam no Latvijas nekādu dižu panākumu nav bijis. Medaļas mājās pārvedīs, visticamāk, tie, kuŗi lielā ātrumā triecas lejup pa trasi uz skeletona, kamaniņās vai bobā. Lai kur Olimpiskās spēles tiek rīkotas un lai kādos apstākļos tās notiek, spēles pašas ir sadraudzības un draudzīgas konkurences sarīkojums. Tāpēc vēlreiz – lai mūsu sportistiem veicas, turēsim visi īkšķus, lai tas tā būtu! Redakcija 1 SLB Grāmatnīca A.Priedīte – Rīga Sidnejas Latviešu namā 32 Parnell St, Strathfield 2135 Tālr.: 9745 1435 vai 9744 8500 DARBA LAIKS pirmdienās, otrdienās no plkst.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 CURLING ICE in an ARENA Written by Leif Öhman, Sweden & John Minnaar, Scotland
    1 8 CURLING ICE IN AN ARENA Written by Leif Öhman, Sweden & John Minnaar, Scotland To overcome the problems of dealing with different situations for different purposes, there will be some duplication in the section, which is presented as two different approaches to a similar problem. FROM ICE TO CURLING ICE The words of this heading are carefully chosen, The solutions because the two items are very different. Ice is simply the result of water being frozen by 1. As every experienced curling manager lowering its temperature to below 0ºC, whereas knows, someone has to provide the driving curling ice is a manufactured product of specific force and maintain the momentum, but one definition that has been made from ice, or by person cannot hope to do it all himself. freezing water in a very specific way. The skating-ice technician is the person with It is the purpose of this half of the section to bring much to do and not enough time and now, together the relevant essential pieces of with curling on the scene, someone is giving information scattered throughout the manual, to him even more to do. The skating-ice enable technicians to convert ice to curling ice in technician is also a very important person, an efficient and cost-effective way on a regular respect his position. basis. In the next half of this section, Curling Ice To solve this, form a club of all known In An Arena, the same subject is addressed, but curlers, have a meeting and select a there it is aimed at providing excellent ice for a committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Sports and Your Feet
    Winter Sports And Your Feet Winter's Own Sports Under the pastoral beauty of a blanket of fresh-fallen snow, the outdoors beckons. For a while, winter doesn't feel quite so cold, and people of all ages feel a sense of youthful excitement about bundling up and getting outside. From the downhill rush of snow skiing or sledding, to rough-and-tumble ice hockey or placid casual skating, winter provides a fast track for fun and cardiovascular health. In the absence of long, sunny days, winter sports provide the exercise active Americans otherwise couldn't get without being cooped up in a gym. High speeds attained on skis and skates make for exhilarating sports but expose the body to injuries. Healthy feet and ankles, which act together as accelerators, steering, brakes, and shock absorbers in winter sports, are not only crucial to success in competition but also help keep the body upright and out of the emergency room. Any problems with the foot or ankle could have serious repercussions for winter sports participants. Preventing Cold Feet Without warm, dry clothes, any wintertime outdoor activity is a potential health risk. Proper footwear--insulated, waterproof boots or shoes--is as important as coats, hats, or gloves in the outdoors during the winter. Socks are also important. Podiatric physicians recommend a single pair of thick socks made of acrylic fibers, or a blend including them, that "wick" away moisture caused by perspiration in the boot. Feet soaked in snow should get back indoors quickly. In sub-freezing temperatures, soaked feet are in immediate danger of frostbite, a serious, painful condition that can result in loss of toes.
    [Show full text]
  • Enrollment Form for Club/Intramural Sports Catastrophic Insurance Underwritten by Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company; 3300 Mutual of Omaha Plaza; Omaha, NE 68175
    Enrollment Form for Club/Intramural Sports Catastrophic Insurance Underwritten by Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company; 3300 Mutual of Omaha Plaza; Omaha, NE 68175 1. General Information Name of Institution Full Legal Name Address Street City State Zip Contracting Official Name Title Phone Fax E-mail Address 2. Premium (See back side of form for sports list and risk categories) A. Club Sports Complete the General Information under Section 1. Fill in the total number of Club Sport participants (female and male). Please be sure to look through all sections and categories as all Club sports listed in the census section will be included in the quote. Total Club Sport Premium $ B. Intramural Sports Complete the General Information under Section 1. Fill in the total number of Intramural Sports participants (female and male). Please be sure to look through all sections and categories as all Intramural sports listed in the census section will be included in the quote. Total Intramural Sport Premium $ Grand Total Club and Intramural Sport Premium $ (There is a nonrefundable minimum premium of $750.00) Make premium check payable to Relation and mail payment along with this completed form to one of the following offices: Overland Park: Salt Lake City: P.O. Box 25936 2180 South, 1300 East, Suite 520 Overland Park, KS 66225 Salt Lake City, UT 84106 1-800-955-1991, ext. 5614 1-800-955-1991, ext. 2627 Attn: Janice Briggs Attn: Carol Malouf 3. Term of Coverage It is understood that the effective date of coverage under this program will be August 1, or the date this form and the premium are received and accepted by the Company, whichever is later.
    [Show full text]
  • Masculinity and the National Hockey League: Hockey’S Gender Constructions
    MASCULINITY AND THE NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE: HOCKEY’S GENDER CONSTRUCTIONS _______________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts _______________________________________________________ by JONATHAN MCKAY Dr. Cristian Mislán, Thesis Supervisor DECEMBER 2017 © Copyright by Jonathan McKay 2017 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled: MASCULINITY AND THE NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE: HOCKEY’S GENDER CONSTRUCTIONS presented by Jonathan McKay, a candidate for the degree of master of arts, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Cristina Mislán Professor Sandy Davidson Professor Amanda Hinnant Professor Becky Scott MASCULINITY AND THE NHL Acknowledgements I would like to begin by thanking my committee chair, Dr. Cristina Mislán, for her guidance and help throughout this project, and beyond. From the first class I took at Missouri, Mass Media Seminar, to the thesis itself, she encouraged me to see the world through different lenses and inspired a passion for cross-disciplined study. Her assistance was invaluable in completing this project. Next, I would like to thank my committee members: Dr. Sandy Davidson, Dr. Amanda Hinnant and Dr. Becky Scott. All three members provided insight and feedback into different portions of the project at its early stages and each one made the study stronger. Dr. Davidson’s tireless support and enthusiasm was infectious and her suggestion to explore the legal concerns the NHL might have about violence and head injuries led me to explore the commoditization of players.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginning of the Winter Olympics
    The beginning of the Winter Olympics Artificial ice rinks around Europe lead to figure skating being adopted into the Olympic program as early as the first Olympic congress in Paris in 1894. Even so, skating was not included in the games themselves until 1908 in London. Members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) worked to ensure that Sweden would include winter sports in a program in conjunction with the Olympic summer games in Stockholm in 1912. The Swedes were strongly opposed to this as they had organized the Nordic Games every fourth year since 1901. These games were constituted a set of winter sports, both on skis and skates, and in addition they had skijoring after reindeer and various exercises involving the kick sled. The Nordic Games never achieved the popularity either home or abroad that the Swedes dreamed about. Nevertheless, they fought tooth and nail against the various attempts to include winter sports in the Olympic program. A key player in this opposition movement was Victor Balck, a man who was the driving force behind the Nordic Games at the same time that he was Vice President of the IOC. In 1914, the Norwegian Ski Federation (NSF) had a different perspective on the question of winter Olympic Games. Following a request from Germany, the NSF supported the idea of an Olympic winter event in conjunction with the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1916. At the Olympic Congress in Paris in June of 1914, it was Norway that formally proposed that winter Olympic Games be held in Feldberg in the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) the winter before the Berlin games.
    [Show full text]
  • WCAP Questionnaire / 2022 Winter Olympic Games Your Sport's Olympic/Paralympic Qualification 1. Please Describe the Olympic/P
    WCAP Questionnaire / 2022 Winter Olympic Games Your Sport’s Olympic/Paralympic Qualification 1. Please describe the Olympic/Paralympic selection process for your sport. If the 2022 selection process has not been announced for your sport, please describe how the 2018 selection was conducted. Include the following: a. How many U.S. athletes qualify for the Olympic/Paralympic Games in your event? b. Is selection a single-day event, multi-day, or a compilation of an entire season? c. Is selection based on World or National rankings? d. When does selection usually start and when does it conclude (for selection process that lasts longer than one day)? e. Are there cutoff points (for instance, in some sports, you must be in the top X athletes by a certain date to continue with selection)? f. Does your sport use quota slots? g. Are there international standards that an athlete must make to compete at the Olympic/Paralympic Games? h. Any other relevant information that assists in understanding the qualification system for your sport or event. Your Athletic Assessment 2. What are your current and/or best international/national rankings as it pertains to Olympic/Paralympic qualification? (Do not include age-group rankings or non-elite rankings. If your sport does not include a ranking, please estimate what your place at your latest U.S. Nationals or Olympic Trials would have been given your current ability). 3. Self assessment a. How would you describe yourself as an athlete/ b. Are you currently at an elite level? c. What is your top level of potential (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • FRENCH-FRIED PERFECTION STATE You Voted, We Ate
    ANOTHER SHOT AT 43 / 33 FRENCH-FRIED PERFECTION STATE You voted, we ate. Find out where to find the best Jerome, Minico face off with trip to fries and fry sauces in the Magic Valley >>> FOOD 1 state on the line >>> SPORTS 1 Snow likely. Business 4 COMMITTEE REACTIVATED >>> T.F. brings back dormant building advisory board, BUSINESS 1 WEDNESDAY 75 CENTS February 24, 2010 Magicvalley.com House committee Twin Falls after-school recommends hunter privacy program losing funds Legislation intends The bill’s sponsor, Rep. Judy Boyle, R-Midvale, said it’s intended to keep law- to keep hunters’ abiding residents from being harassed by people names under wraps using the information to By Ben Botkin track them down. Times-News writer “It’s my belief that one of the main reasons for gov- BOISE — Some legisla- ernment is to protect its cit- tors believe hunters deserve izens,” she said, citing the a little more privacy than recent case of a wolf hunter what they get in their duck who got some nasty e- blinds and camouflage out- mails. fits. The bill also has a provi- The House Resources and sion that would allow infor- Conservation Committee mation to be released with a approved 13-3 Tuesday a person’s written consent. measure that would allow The proposal drew oppo- hunting and fishing license sition from proponents of records to be open records kept under INSIDE and open gov- wraps. The ernment. Idaho officials make run at proposed leg- Sydney Salla- limiting public information. islation would banks, a lob- make specific byist with the See Main 5 Department Idaho Press of Fish and Game records Club, said the information that identify those holding is vital for reporters to veri- licenses and tags a secret fy claims of trophy catches that can’t be obtained made by hunters and for the through a public records public to check if a possible request.
    [Show full text]
  • The Promotion of the Youth Olympic Games: a Greek Perspective by Lawrence W
    The Promotion of the Youth Olympic Games: A Greek Perspective by Lawrence W. Judge, Ball State University; Eleni D. Kantzidou, 2007a, 2007c). The 2010 Youth Olympic Games (YOG) joined University of Ioannina, Greece; David Bellar, University of the Summer Olympic Games and the Winter Olympic Games Louisiana Lafayette; Jeffrey Petersen, Baylor University; Erin becoming the third sport festival event introduced by the IOC. The Gilreath, Ball State University; and Karin Surber CISCO Systems, inaugural YOG were held in the summer of 2010 in Singapore. Indianapolis Youth sport has not evolved without challenges and criticisms. This new Olympic event for adolescents has evoked responses Abstract from loyal advocates and equally committed critics. Supporters One of the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) objectives claimed the YOG will provide a multi-cultural experience and is to reignite interest in Olympic sports in the midst of a generation education, while fostering the Olympic spirit which helps develop of adolescents who have become increasingly overweight and strong character. Critics of the YOG worried that a worldwide inactive. In an effort to accomplish this objective, the Youth spotlight on a youth competition would only fuel more of what Olympic Games (YOG) were created, and the inaugural event is already negative about youth sport. Some of the problems was held in the summer of 2010. The event has evoked a positive associated with youth sport include early specialization (Watts, response from loyal advocates and equally negative feedback from 2002), overtraining (Kentta, Hassmen, & Raglin, 2001), lack of committed critics. Public awareness and effective messaging of the qualified coaches (Judge, Petersen, & Lydum, 2009), and doping YOG will play a critical role in the future success of subsequent (Digel, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • ISU Communication 2359
    Communication No. 2359 National Results 2019/20 In accordance with Rule 104, paragraph 13 a), b) and c) the ISU publishes the following results for the season 2019/20: a) The five best times set up on standard tracks by Speed Skaters of the Member over distances of 500, 1000, 1500, 3000, 5000 and 10 000 meters for Men and 500, 1000, 1500, 3000 and 5000 meters for Ladies and Team Pursuit for Men and Ladies; b) The five best Short Track Speed Skaters of the Member over the distances 500, 1000, 1500, 3000 meters and Relay based on the results from International Competitions or National Championships; c) The names of the five best Ladies and Men Figure Skaters, the five best pairs and the five best couples in Ice Dance and the five best Synchronized Skating Teams based on the results of National Championships. The ISU cannot take any responsibility for the accuracy of the results furnished by the Members.. 1. Speed Skating ARGENTINA Ladies 500 meters Ladies 1000 meters 38,84 Victoria Rodriguez Salt Lake City 16.11.2019 1.18,75 Victoria Rodriguez Salt Lake City 29.02.2020 42,72 Valentina Espinosa Salt Lake City 16.11.2019 1.22,06 Valentina Espinosa Salt Lake City 08.03.2020 Ladies 1500 meters Ladies 3000 meters 2.05,94 Valentina Espinosa Salt Lake City 07.03.2020 4.25,01 Valentina Espinosa Salt Lake City 06.03.2020 2.09,04 Victoria Rodriguez Salt Lake City 23.11.2019 Ladies 5000 meters 7.54,94 Valentina Espinosa Salt Lake City 12.10.2019 AUSTRALIA Ladies 500 meters Ladies 1000 meters 50,04 Eva Fabian Calgary 01.03.2020 1.38,92 Eva Fabian Calgary
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Anti-Doping Testing Figures Report
    2017 Anti‐Doping Testing Figures Please click on the sub‐report title to access it directly. To print, please insert the pages indicated below. Executive Summary – pp. 2‐9 (7 pages) Laboratory Report – pp. 10‐36 (26 pages) Sport Report – pp. 37‐158 (121 pages) Testing Authority Report – pp. 159‐298 (139 pages) ABP Report‐Blood Analysis – pp. 299‐336 (37 pages) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2017 Anti‐Doping Testing Figures Executive Summary ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2017 Anti-Doping Testing Figures Samples Analyzed and Reported by Accredited Laboratories in ADAMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Executive Summary is intended to assist stakeholders in navigating the data outlined within the 2017 Anti -Doping Testing Figures Report (2017 Report) and to highlight overall trends. The 2017 Report summarizes the results of all the samples WADA-accredited laboratories analyzed and reported into WADA’s Anti-Doping Administration and Management System (ADAMS) in 2017. This is the third set of global testing results since the revised World Anti-Doping Code (Code) came into effect in January 2015. The 2017 Report – which includes this Executive Summary and sub-reports by Laboratory , Sport, Testing Authority (TA) and Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) Blood Analysis – includes in- and out-of-competition urine samples; blood and ABP blood data; and, the resulting Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) and Atypical Findings (ATFs). REPORT HIGHLIGHTS • A analyzed: 300,565 in 2016 to 322,050 in 2017. 7.1 % increase in the overall number of samples • A de crease in the number of AAFs: 1.60% in 2016 (4,822 AAFs from 300,565 samples) to 1.43% in 2017 (4,596 AAFs from 322,050 samples).
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Questions About World Winter Games
    BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT WORLD WINTER GAMES Irena Martínková Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Charles University in Prague José Martího 31, 162 52 Praha 6, Czech Republic [email protected] Abstract This paper asks three basic questions concerning world winter games (Winter Olympic Games and related events). I shall point at the features of these games that we usually take for granted. The three basic questions asked in this text will concern the three main words from the title: ‘world’, ‘winter’, and ‘games’. Firstly, I shall ask questions about what winter sport means, which is related to the origin of the Winter Olympic Games at the beginning of the 20th century. Secondly, I shall highlight the topic of internationality concerning winter games, which has always been problematic. Thirdly, I shall explain why Olympic Games are ‘Games’ and not ‘Sports’. Here, I shall present the distinction between ‘Olympic Games’ and ‘world championships’, which was an important distinction for Pierre de Coubertin and his followers, but which has now almost disappeared. Introduction This paper examines the topic of world winter games. World winter games are international events that comprise winter sport competitions, but are considered to be more than the sum of sport competitions, and as such are called ‘games’. These include mainly the Winter Olympic Games, but not exclusively – they also relate to Winter Paralympic Games, Winter Youth Olympic Games as well as the European Youth Olympic Festivals, since these events are based on the concepts of Olympism. Presently, the Winter Olympic Games, being one of the world’s most important sport events, influences our thinking about sport in general, as well as about winter sports.
    [Show full text]