Ministry of Energy and Ministry Resources

E1752

Public Disclosure Authorized MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

Public Disclosure Authorized

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized

OCTOBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Public Disclosure Authorized Energy Consultancies

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

OCTOBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S1/2/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm List of Revisions Page 1 of 1

LIST OF REVISIONS

Current Date Page Prepared Checked by Checked by Approved Rev. affected by (technical) (quality by assurance)

Rev A Oct 2007 All

RW WEARMOUTH M WILSON MA MITCHELL M DENNY

REVISION DETAILS

Original Aug 2007 All Original issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000002

Final issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 Rev A Oct 2007 All Including World Bank and MEMR Comments

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CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1.1 Legislation and Guidelines 1 1.2 Environmental baseline 4 1.3 Environmental impacts 6 1.4 Monitoring and mitigation 7 1.5 Analysis of alternatives 7 1.6 Institutional assessment 8

2. INTRODUCTION 9

2.1 Scoping exercise 9 2.1.1 Introduction 9 2.2 The Environmental Assessment (EA) 10

3. PROJECT AND SITE DESCRIPTION 12

3.1 The Site 12 3.2 The project 14 3.2.1 Project layout 15 3.2.2 Project infrastructure 16 3.2.3 Safety 21 3.2.4 The Construction phase 25 3.2.5 Operation and maintenance 27 3.2.6 Decommissioning 28

4. POLICY AND LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 30

4.1 Energy sector administrative framework 32 4.2 Institutional framework and mandate 33 4.3 Compliance with Jordanian and World Bank/IFC guidance and policies 35 4.4 Environmental reporting 37 4.5 Conclusion 37

5. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 38

5.1 Air quality 38 5.2 Water quality and geology 38 5.2.1 Geology 39 5.3 Noise 47 5.4 Landscape 49 5.5 Transport infrastructure 51 5.6 Socioeconomics 53 5.7 Ecology 60 5.7.1 Ecosystems 60 5.8 Cultural heritage 73

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Page

6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 78

6.1 Air quality 78 6.1.1 National and global air quality 79 6.2 Water quality and geology 79 6.2.1 Construction 79 6.2.2 Operation 83 6.2.3 Decommissioning 84 6.3 Noise 84 6.3.1 Limits and guidelines 85 6.3.2 Construction noise 85 6.3.3 Construction vibration 86 6.3.4 Turbine noise during operation 86 6.3.5 Impact assessment 87 6.4 Landscape 88 6.4.1 Construction 88 6.4.2 Operation 88 6.4.3 Assessment of visual impact 89 6.4.4 Mitigation measures and monitoring programmes 89 6.5 Transport infrastructure 94 6.5.1 Construction 94 6.5.2 Operation 96 6.5.3 Decommissioning 96 6.6 Socioeconomics 96 6.6.1 Construction 96 6.6.2 Operation 97 6.6.3 Decommissioning 98 6.7 Ecology 98 6.8 Cultural heritage 99

7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 100

7.1 Background 100 7.2 Alternative technologies 100

8. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MITIGATION PROGRAMME 101

9. INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT 103

9.1 National guidelines 103 9.2 Additional training 103 9.3 Staffing 103 9.4 Budgeting 103

______

A. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MITIGATION PLAN Appendix A

B. CONSULTATION PLAN Appendix B

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Page

C. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM AND CONSTRAINTS Appendix C

D. OUTLINE EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE Appendix D

E. RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK Appendix E

F. AREAS FOR INVESTIGATION IDENTIFIED BY THE SCOPING SECESSION Appendix F

G. ATTENDEES AT THE SCOPING SECESSION Appendix G

______

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CO2 carbon dioxide DCS Distributed Control System DOA Department of Antiquities of Jordan DFO distillate fuel oil EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EM electromagnetic EMMP environmental and social monitoring and mitigation plan EU European Union GW gigawatt HGVs heavy goods vehicles IEC International Electro-technical Commission ISO International Organization for Standardization km kilometre kV kilovolt LCV lower calorific value LNG liquefied natural gas m metre mg/Nm3 milligrams per normal cubic metre MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MW megawatt NEPCO Jordan National Electric Company NOx oxides of nitrogen PBP PB Power PCB polychlorinated biphenyls RAP Recognized Air Picture ReeC Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SO2 sulphur dioxide ToR Terms of Reference TV television UK United Kingdom VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PB Power (PBP) and Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies (ReeC) have prepared this document on behalf of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) as part of an investigation in to the potential environmental impacts associated with a wind farm which the ministry proposes is located on land to the north east of the town of Shawbak. The wind farm will comprise a number of wind turbines yet to be determined, access roads, a control building and substation and overhead power line connection to the existing substation located to the east of the Rhashadya cement works. The proposed wind farm will be located on land that is currently unused and which is entirely owned by the Ministry of Agriculture.

The aim of the studies which have been undertaken is not to prepare a document that seeks permission to build a wind farm at the proposed site but is rather to identify the potential environmental impacts associated with the project and to establish the environmental baseline of the project site. The information will then be provided to potential developers in the form of an Environmental Assessment (EA) report of the wind farm project to allow them to undertake the preparation of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for their proposals to develop the project in line with their own preferred approach.

In undertaking this work the consideration has also been give to alternative forms of technology and that an assessment is made of the institutional ability of the various ministries to regulate the emerging wind energy market in Jordan. The work has also included the preparation of an outline environmental and social monitoring and mitigation plan (EMMP) and a public consultation plan for use and adaptation by future project developers. A screening tool has also been developed to help inform developers of the typical constraints associated with wind farm projects.

The report has been informed by a scoping and consultation exercise undertaken to identify the potential environmental issues associated with the construction, operation and decommissioning of the proposed wind farm and how these should be addressed. This study also endeavoured to establish the relevant Jordanian, World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) limits, standards and guidance, where relevant supplementing these with wind industry best practice standards.

1.1 The site

The proposed site lies to the north east of the town of Shawbak, in the area of Ma’an. The area of land potentially available for the project covers some 3 km2. The land is owned by the Ministry of Agriculture.

The site is bound to the south by a telecommunications facility that comprises a single ca 200 m radio mast and associated buildings and infrastructure. To the north the site is bordered by a petrol filling station and a small Jordanian Army base and to the east by a road (Kings Highway) and then arable farm land (wheat fields). To the west of the site the topography falls rapidly to the west. The closest houses not including any located at the army base are located on the southern edge of Rhashadya to the north of the site.

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1.2 The project

The turbines to be used at the site will almost definitely comprise three bladed upwind horizontal axis wind turbine as these have been demonstrated to be the most reliable and are less expensive than the alternative models.

The portion of the time the turbines will operate will therefore correspond to the frequency of winds between 4 and 25 m/s.

1.3 Legislation and Guidelines

The assessment has identified a number of Jordanian laws, regulations and World Bank guidelines that are considered to be relevant to the project in the construction, operational and decommissioning phases. These include:

Applicable Jordanian laws and standards

• Environment protection law (No.52, 2006).

• Environmental Impact Assessment by-law (No.37, 2005).

• Ambient Air Quality (No. 140,2005)

• Public Heath law (No. 54, 2002)

• Noise Level Control Regulation for 1997

• Water Authority's Act (No 62,2001)

• Water Authority Law (No 18,1988)

• Underground -water Monitoring By-law (No. 85, 2002)

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• Archaeology Act (No. 32, 2004)

• Civil Defence Act (No. 90, 2003)

• Dimensions, Total weights and Vehicles' Engine Horse Power By-law issued in accordance with paragraph (a) from article (19) and article (64) from The Traffic Act (47)/2001

• Labour law (No. 51, 2002)

• Ministry of Agriculture Law (No 44, 2002)

• Land use plan (No. 6,2007)

• Electricity law (No.64,2002)

• Water resources protection guidelines (2006)

• Waste oil management instruction.

• Management of solid waste.

• National building codes

Applicable/potentially applicable World Bank and IFC standards and guidance

Performance Standards

• International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability April 2006 including the following guidance notes:

Safeguard Policies

• IFC Operational Policy OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment October 1998

• IFC Operational Policy OP 4.04 Natural Habitats November 1998

• World Bank Operational Policy Note OPN 11.03 Cultural Property September 1986

Guidance notes

• Guidance Note 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Systems

• Guidance Note 2: Labour and Working Conditions

• Guidance Note 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement

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• Guidance Note 4: Community Health, Safety and Security

• Guidance Note 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

• Guidance Note 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management

• Guidance Note 7: Indigenous Peoples

• Guidance Note 8: Cultural Heritage.

Sector guidelines

• World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: General Environmental Guidelines July 1998

• IFC General Health and Safety Guidelines July 1998.

Manuals

• IFC A Good Practice Manual – Doing Better Business Through Effective Public Consultation and Disclosure.

Draft Guidelines

• Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines.

None of the above are considered to represent an obstacle to the development of a wind farm at the proposed Fujeij Wind Farm site though it is considered that the World Bank limits with regard to noise may prove difficult to meet as noise levels are likely to exceed the required limits at the project boundary. This is considered to be a limitation of the guidance rather than the site and it is advised that the Bank relax the noise requirements in this regard as they would serve no purpose in protecting the amenity of local residents.

1.4 Environmental baseline

Baseline environmental surveys of the site have been undertaken to identify any environmental sensitivities. The study did not identify any significant issues with regard to the environmental baseline that could represent an impediment to the project but did identify environmentally sensitive receptors that should be considered in the project design by any future developer.

Air quality

The site visit undertaken for the purposes of the assessment did not identify any significant issues relating the existing air quality in the immediate vicinity of the site with the exception of the emissions from the cement works immediately to the west of the Rhashadya substation which appeared to emit significant quantities of dust.

Water quality and geology

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There are no surface water courses running on or in the vicinity of the project site. There are a number of wells in the surrounding area though again none are located close to the site.

The geology of the area consists of a thick sequence of carbonate linked to rocks of the Cretaceous age represented by two geological groups, Lower Cretaceous rocks (Balqa Group) and Upper Cretaceous rocks (Ajloun Group). No contamination was observed at the site.

Noise

There are few noise sensitive receptors (NSR) in the vicinity of the project. There is little by way of man made noise generation in the area of the project with the exception of the road to the east of the proposed site though during the site visit noise levels seemed high due to wind generated noise.

Landscape

The landscape is rural for the most part and typical of the area consisting of fields of wheat in parts with large areas of rocky desert present in areas further from local settlements. The landscape contains many man made elements including a number of large telecommunications masts which detract from the rural setting of the project site.

Transport and infrastructure

The road infrastructure in the areas is good. Turbines would be brought to site via Aqaba which is linked to the site by highways and roads designed to withstand heavy goods vehicles (HGV’s) and abnormal loads. The roads considered to be adequate for the most part to allow access to the site.

Socioeconomics

The project is located well away from all local residences and businesses and would not ion itself lead to the destruction of any farm land of the loss of any rights by any local peoples as it is located on Government owned land which is not supposed to be open to members of the local community.

Ecology

The site is not especially sensitive to the proposed development although the site has been the subject of tree planting by the Ministry of Agriculture with the aim understood to be the diversification of the ecology of the site.

The site is identified as being on a flight line for migratory birds though the time of the survey was outside the migratory season meaning that it will be necessary to gather more data during the autumn and spring to assess the likely impact to ornithological interests.

Cultural heritage

The site is home to a number of archaeologically interesting sites though none of these is considered by the archaeologist as representing an impediment to the project.

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The survey located five non threatened archaeological sites. The periods best represented at the site include Roman (64 BC), Byzantine (333 BC), Nabatean (200 BC) and modern or undefined periods. The discovered sites fall under the following categories: watchtower site, sacred site and enclosure site.

1.5 Environmental impacts

There are considered to be no environmental impacts that represent a significant impediment to the project. Where impacts have been identified these have been quantified and where possible mitigation strategies recommended to counteract these.

Air quality

The principle impacts associated with air quality relate to the generation of dust during the construction phase of the project and the emission of fumes by on site vehicles and generators etc. These can be counteracted through the employment of dust suppression techniques and though best practice such as making sure engines are not running unnecessarily.

During the operational phase the project should represent a significant benefit to national air quality through the displacement of fossil fuel generation plant.

Water quality and geology

As with air quality the principle impacts to water quality would be those during the construction rather than the operational phase. The developer should seek to minimise the potential for soil and water contamination by ensuring that all oil storage tanks etc are properly bunded and that wastes are disposed of in an appropriate manner by a licensed contractor.

Noise

Given the separation to nearby residences it is not considered that noise will represent a significant environmental issue for the project. The impacts of noise emanating from the turbines can be reduced by maximising the distance between the nearest residence and the closest turbine.

Landscape

It is not considered that the project will give rise to any significant landscape or visual impacts. The project site is not of any great landscape significance with the immediate area being of a rural nature but housing many man made features. The impact of the turbines can perhaps be reduces a little through the planting of trees and vegetation to improve the appearance of the site though the planting of fast growing trees that could generate turbulence for the proposed turbines should be avoided.

Transport and infrastructure

There are no significant issues with regard to transportation of the turbines to the proposed site, or of other traffic movements associated with the project. The developer should ensure as part of the

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EMMP that all drivers entering and leaving the site should obey the Jordanian laws with regard to speed etc. If necessary consideration should be given to the establishment of wheel washing facilities to decrease the amounts of dust and mud being taken on to the highway network by vehicles leaving the site in the construction phase.

Socioeconomics

Socioeconomic issues arising from the project should be minimal with the project likely to have a minor positive impact through the spending of money by contractors etc in local shops and villages. The work force during the construction phase will likely not exceed 40 whilst during operation there may be 2 staff required off site to run and maintain the project. A security guard may also be employed to protect the project from vandalism during the operational phase.

Ecology

It is consider that there will be no significant ecological impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed wind farm though it is recommended that additional survey work be undertaken to assess the potential impact during the bird migratory seasons of Autumn and spring.

Cultural heritage

The site has been identified as being of some archaeological interest though it is considered that through proper placement of the proposed turbines that the impact can be sufficiently mitigated to prove acceptable. The developer should avoid placement of turbines on, or in the immediate vacinity of the identified archaeological sites and should report the finding of any archaeological artefacts to the department of antiquities as and when these are encountered during the construction phase so as to allow for their proper consideration and if necessary protection.

1.6 Monitoring and mitigation

Monitoring and mitigations measures principally relate the control of oils and other potential contaminants during the construction and operational phases. It is advised that consideration should also be given to the avoidance of dust creation where ever possible. Other monitoring and mitigation measures are inherent in good engineering practice and are discussed in detail in the Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan which has been prepared for the project and is included in Appendix A.

1.7 Analysis of alternatives

There are considered to be few real alternatives to the proposed project if Jordan is to meet its stated aims of generating 3 percent of electricity from renewable energy by the year 2015. Jordan is one of the most arid countries in the world leaving little potential for the generation of electricity from hydro power. Electricity could be generated from solar power however this is a less economically viable option with the technology still needing to progress before it becomes a serious alternative to wind power.

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1.8 Institutional assessment

It is considered that the various ministries and other bodies that could be affected by the project are not in need of additional budgets to consider applications etc for permission to construct wind farms in the kingdom as only a few applications would ever likely be considered in any one year. Training of staff may be required though it is considered that this can be achieved through the consideration of guidance and EIA for project in other countries and need not be especially onerous.

It is not considered that there is a need for any additional laws though if the wind energy market is to expand significantly the Ministry of Environment (MoE) may wish to give some consideration to the issue of a best practice guide for wind farm developers in the country.

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2. INTRODUCTION

This Environmental Assessment (EA) document has been prepared by PB Power (PBP) and Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies (ReeC) on behalf of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) as part of an investigation in to the potential environmental impacts associated with a wind farm which the ministry proposes is located on land to the north-east of the town of Shawbak. The wind farm will comprise a number of wind turbines yet to be determined, access roads, a control building and substation and overhead power line connection to the existing substation located to the east of the Rhashadya cement works. The proposed wind farm will be located on land that is currently unused and which is entirely owned by the Ministry of Agriculture.

2.1 Scoping exercise

2.1.1 Introduction

A Scoping Study for the project was undertaken by PB Power and ReeC in August 2007. This described the key environmental issues that, in PB Power’s opinion, would require detailed evaluation as part of this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment process.

The principle objectives of the scoping study were to:

• Identify the key environmental issues to be included in the assessment.

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• Identify the legal requirements and framework for the project through the course of its lifetime.

• Identify the relevant component studies to establish the relevant baseline for the project.

• Produce an outline EIA Terms of Reference (ToR).

A scoping session was held on the 7 August 2007 in the NEPCO Office, Amman on the request of the Ministry of Environment (MoE) in accordance with MoE EIA regulations. The MoE invited relevant and potentially relevant stakeholders to this scoping session including organizations from the public and private sectors in addition to NGO’s and neighbouring residents.

As part of the scoping session members of the ESIA team gave a presentation detailing the project activities, facilities, and processes. Graphics and diagrams were included in the presentation highlighting the importance of the project and the need to identify potential interactions between the project activities and the receiving environment.

The participants were asked to review the legal requirements in the proposed ToR, which were presented on a slide to help identify any additional legislation that could be considered applicable to the project.

The participants were provided with a comments form to detail their concerns regarding the project (if any) with sufficient time was allowed for any comments to be noted. Upon completion all forms were collected by ReeC. A summary of the concerns raised in included in Appendix F with a list of attendees included as Appendix G.

2.2 The Environmental Assessment (EA)

The EA has comprised a study of the baseline environmental conditions of the proposed wind farm location, the predicted impact of the project and the mitigation measures necessary to protect the environment from the impact of the project. The structure of the EA is as follows:

Section 1 - Executive Summary

Section 2 - Introduction

Section 3 - Project and Site Description

Section 4 - Policy and Administrative Framework

Section 5 - Description of Environmental and Social Baseline

Section 6 - Environmental Impact

Section 7 - Analysis of Alternatives

Section 8 - Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Programme

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Section 9 - Institutional Assessment

The following appendices are also included:

Appendix A - EMMP

Appendix B - Consultation Plan

Appendix C - Environmental and Social screening form and constraints

Appendix D - Outline EIA Terms of Reference

Appendix E - Resettlement Policy Framework

Appendix F - Concerns expressed during the scoping study

Appendix G - Attendees at the Scoping Secession

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3. PROJECT AND SITE DESCRIPTION

The project is to be constructed to help meet the electricity demand in Jordan in an environmentally sustainable manner using a source of energy that it indigenous and inexhaustible. Electricity demand in Jordan is predicted to rise by the 15 year electricity master plan issued by the Electricity Regulatory Commission of Jordan (ERC) from its current level of about 9368 GWh to 15422 GWh in 2020 (assuming a nationwide low case). This will require an increase in generation capacity in Jordan of 1029 MW from 1326 MW to 2355 MW. The Jordanian Government has a target of sourcing 3 per cent of electricity from renewable sources by 2015.

3.1 The Site

As part of the works undertaken on the project members of the EA project team undertook a site visit which included a walkover of the project site and visits to the surrounding area.

The proposed site lies to the north east of the town of Shawbak, in the area of Ma’an. The site is shown in Figure 3.1. The area of land potentially available for the project covers some 3 km2. The land is owned by the Ministry of Agriculture.

The site is currently unused. There is no farming on the proposed site which is fenced off from the general public. There are no known access rights to the proposed site that could affect the project in any way. The site does not appear at first sight to be of any significant ecological value and there are no immediate signs of any significant archaeological remains.

The site has housed two anemometer masts in recent years which have been monitoring wind speeds at the proposed site to inform technical studies for the proposed wind farm. These are connected by rough tracks to the road which runs to the east of the site. The anemometer towers are understood to be 40 m high and are supported by shallow concrete foundations and guy-wires which are anchored in to position. Data is downloaded automatically, at regular and predetermined intervals.

There is no standing water either on or in the vicinity of the site and no water courses crossing it.

There are a number of telecommunications masts in the vicinity of the project site including masts to the northwest and north east of the site either side of the town of Shawbak as well as the 200 m mast located immediately to the south of the site.

The approximate coordinates of the site are provided below in Table 3.1 (Palestinian Grid coordinates).

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S5/12/W Drawn: RWW FIGURE 3.1 SITE LOCATION Checked: MW Approved: MD

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TABLE 3.1 PROJECT AREA COORDINATES

Point No. East North

1 209201 994064

2 209880 994615

3 209806 996618

4 210139 997881

5 210757 999238

6 210962 999179

3.2 The project

The proposed wind farm will comprise a number of turbines, each capable of producing electricity from the power of the wind. The output of the turbines at this stage is not known and will be decided by any future project developer. For this reason the environmental assessment has consider a range of turbine sizes which in the current market are assumed to vary between 0.8 MW and 3 MW. There are 4 MW and 5 MW turbines on the international market which could conceivably be installed at the proposed site but use of these is considered to be unlikely.

The final selection of the exact type and size of wind turbine to be used for the project depends on a number of factors, including equipment availability at the time of construction and tendering process as well as the choice of a preferred developer for the project by MEMR. The exact size and output will depend on the make and model of turbine used. There are a number of manufacturers of turbines of the required power output, each with similar characteristics.

Typical dimensions for the turbines that could be installed at the proposed site are provided in Table 3.2 below. These dimensions can be compared with the telecommunications mast to the south of the project site which is some 200 m in height and the anemometer masts on the site which are 40 m in height to give a sense of proportion.

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TABLE 3.2 TYPICAL TURBINE DIMENSIONS

Turbine output Hub height Blade length Total height (MW) (m) (m) (m)

0.8 46-70 25 71-95

1.3 45-80 31 76-111

1.5 58-100 35-41 93-141

2 60-100 35-45 115-145

2.5 80-105 40 120-145

3 65-105 45 110-150

4.5 90 60 150

5 90-120 63 153-183

The turbines will require electrical interconnection within the wind farm site to an onsite Control Building that will house switchgear and on site control equipment as necessary. The power generated by the turbines will then be exported to the existing “Rhashadya” substation adjacent to the cement factory some 11 km to the north of the project site via a new overground connection which will likely be either 33 kV or 132 kV depending on the wind farm output. There may also be a need for a substation on site depending on the output of the wind farm though this cannot be confirmed at this stage and will be governed by the wind farm eventual capacity.

When generating, the rotational speed of the blades is optimized to maximize energy capture and varies between 10 and 25 rpm (revolutions per minute). When not generating due to insufficient wind speed, the blades turn at a slower speed, or not at all.

3.2.1 Project layout

The layout of the turbines within the wind farm will need to be designed so as to minimize environmental impact while maximizing the exposure of the turbines to the wind resource. In siting the individual turbines within the wind farm, similar constraints to those used in selecting the site are considered, with a computer model used to determine the optimal configuration.

As the project progresses and more detailed information becomes available, the siting of the turbines becomes more refined. Siting is therefore an iterative process.

The spacing between individual turbines ensures safe and efficient operation. This spacing is a compromise between compactness, which permits a higher number of turbines and the need for adequate separations to lessen energy loss through wind shadowing and wake-effects from up-wind turbines. A rotor of a wind turbine causes high turbulences that reduce the energy output of the next turbine. Compared with a single stand-alone turbine there are also higher stress loads on the

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following turbine because of increased turbulences in the wind farm. These considerations determine the optimal spacing between turbines. Siting is also a balance between maximizing resource use and minimizing environmental impact. At the proposed site, given the direction of the prevailing wind (from the north west) it is likely that the turbines will comprise a single row of turbines running north- south with spacing between turbines of the order of three to four rotor diameters.

In addition environmental factors are considered, such as ecological and archaeological features (if any), and landscape issues are also used to inform the project layout.

The constraining features at the proposed site are minimal. These include the Jordan Army base and petrol station to the north of the site. These properties could potentially be affected by noise emanating from any turbines installed at the site and for this reason it is considered desirable to keep a buffer zone between these receptors and the proposed turbines. A suitable distance would likely be of the order of 500 m to 600 m though it may be that once noise measurements are undertaken that it is found that turbines could be located closer than this.

Other constraining factors include the topography of the land which is undulating in places and would be unsuitable to house turbines and the associated access roads and other infrastructure where the land falls suddenly.

“Micro-siting” is the final iteration in the design of the site layout and is undertaken in the final stages of the development of the project, as further information on the site becomes available. For example, the results of geotechnical investigations to be conducted at each turbine location and the ground conditions found during the construction phase may reveal underground voids or fractures. Because of such factors that may not be discovered until the final design stage or even the construction stage, some flexibility in determining the exact turbine locations is required. Micro-siting cannot be done until the detailed design stage, following receipt of the permission to build the project. Any micro-siting would need to be in accordance with the findings of the EIA undertaken by the eventual project developer and any further site specific factors which could only be determined through detailed ground investigations in the construction phase.

The permanent project footprint would be very small and would not prevent the land right up to the turbine base if this was desired by the ministry.

3.2.2 Project infrastructure

Wind turbine generators consist of three main components - the tower, nacelle and rotor blades. The nacelle is the enclosed portion of the wind turbine mounted at the hub of the three bladed rotor at the top of the tubular steel tower and houses the generator and gearbox. A typical wind turbine can be seen in Figure 3.2.

Modern wind turbines are fully automatic, turning into the prevailing wind direction and shutting down when necessary. The minimum wind speed for the turbine to begin operating would be approx 4 m/s at hub height rising to the full rated output at 15 m/s, and will be shut down in the rare event that the wind speeds at the site exceed about 25 m/s to prevent damage to the turbine components. The

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portion of the time the turbines will operate will therefore correspond to the frequency of winds between 4 and 25 m/s.

The design of the turbines would be such that should average wind speeds consistently exceed 24 m/s at the hub the turbine would automatically stop for safety reasons and in order to avoid excessive wear on the components. These very high wind speeds only occur for a very small percentage of the year. Turbines are designed to withstand much higher wind speeds.

The height of the towers would vary depending on the preferred turbine manufacturer and type but would be in the range of 60 - 100 m tall to the turbine hub (referred to as the “hub height”). The rotor blades would be between 30 m and 45 m meaning that with the nacelle and blades mounted, the total height of the wind turbine ie tip height would be a maximum of 90 m to 145 m with the blade in a vertical position. The towers would likely be a tubular conical steel structure rather than a lattice tower and would be manufactured in two, three or four sections. The tower would be approximately 3.5 to 4 m in diameter at the base. The tower would support the weight of the turbine and cope with the stresses caused by the wind.

The towers would be painted white or light grey as these colours are the most inconspicuous under most lighting conditions. The turbines would have a semi-matt surface to minimize reflectance.

The blades will face into the wind, with the tower and nacelle behind. A door at the base of the tower would lead to an internal ladder to allow for access to the nacelle for turbine maintenance. The tower would be equipped with interior lighting. The foundations would be flush with the ground and reseeded up to the turbine base.

The nacelle is the unit located at the top of the tower, at the of the rotor hub. It houses the main mechanical components of the wind turbine generator ie the drive train, gearbox and generator. An anemometer and wind vane on the nacelle will send wind speed and direction information to an electronic controller or computer system that monitors and controls various aspects of the turbine. This will then use electric motors (the yaw mechanism) to rotate the nacelle and rotor to point the turbine into the wind to maximize energy capture. It has the ability to shut down the turbine if a fault occurs. The nacelle housing will consist of a steel-reinforced fibreglass shell to protect the internal machinery from the weather.

The turbines will have a three bladed rotor of the order of 60 – 90 m in diameter; again this is dependent on the successful tender and preferred turbine size. The rotor blades are the elements of the turbine that capture the wind energy and covert it into a rotational form in the low speed shaft. These would turn at about 10 to 25 rotations per minute (rpm). Generally larger machines have slower rotating blades, but the specific rpm depends on the aerodynamic design and varies from model to model. The rotor blades would typically be made from glass-reinforced polyester composite.

The gearbox takes the rotational speed from the low speed shaft and transforms it into a faster rotation on the high-speed shaft. The generator is connected to the high-speed shaft and is the component of the system that converts the rotational energy of the shaft into an electrical output.

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A cooling system is used to ensure that the components do not overheat and cause damage to themselves or any other component. A typical cooling system is either an electrical fan or a radiator system. Figure 3.3 shows the inner workings of a typical wind turbine.

Electrical power generated by the turbines would be collected at between 575 and 690 volts (V) depending on the type of turbine used. A transformer located in the turbine base, nacelle or perhaps in an adjacent enclosure, will transform the voltage to that required for connection to the local electrical distribution network. Each transformer would be approx 4 m x 2.5 m x 3 m in height. Electrical cables will be installed to connect the wind turbines to each other and the on-site Control Building. The on-site electrical lines would be under-grounded in cable runs, located in trenches along side the site roads. Any communication cables would also be run in these trenches. The trenches would typically be 1 m deep, depending on the underlying soil and rock conditions and up to 1.5 m wide.

The on-site Control Building would be a small single storey building measuring approximately 6 m by 10 m. This could be located almost anywhere on the site but would perhaps likely be located in the northern area of the site or perhaps close to the site entrance. This would typically have a rendered exterior with an appearance similar to other buildings in the area. The building would include a control room, switchgear, junction boxes, in-door breakers, relaying equipment and steel support structures. Metering and protection equipment would be included. Switches would allow particular collector lines and turbines to be turned off or isolated. This would allow maintenance and repair of individual turbines to take place without shutting down the other turbines. Also included within the Control Building would be washroom and welfare facilities for the maintenance staff. Sewage arising from the infrequent visits of maintenance staff would be captured in an on-site tank.

The foundations of the Control Building would have an underground vault about 1 m deep where the underground electrical cables from the turbines enter. A buried earthing ring and earthing rods tied to the collection system and a common neutral would also be fitted. It is likely that the project will require an on site substation to allow for the export of electricity to the national and/or regional grid.

The final cable route will be decided by the Jordan National Electric Company (NEPCO) and or the project developer to be appointed by MEMR. However it is likely that this route would follow a similar line to that of the existing 33 kV line which follows the road to the east of the project site. Routing the proposed line in this fashion will minimize the impact to the local community as it will be routed entirely through arable farm land and would not result in the displacement of any households etc. Small portions of land would be required to site towers to carry the line but these would not significantly impact on the lands existing use. NEPCO would need to negotiate way leaves across this land in order to install the line and agree compensation packages for affected parties. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) effects from the line would be minimal. A draft resettlement policy framework (RPF) for the cable route which could be adapted by NEPCO is included as Appendix E.

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The wind turbines would likely be equipped with sophisticated computer control systems that would continuously monitor variables such as wind speed and direction, air and machine temperatures, electrical voltage and current, vibrations, blade pitch and rotation (ie yaw) in order to automatically control the operation of the nacelle and power generation. This Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system would rotate the nacelle into the wind and apply the brakes when necessary and permit the wind farm to be unmanned. In addition, the operators would be able to monitor information remotely, including fault diagnostics and control the turbines as necessary from a central off-site host computer or from a remote personal computer. In the event of any fault on the system the SCADA system would be able to alert operations staff. The control system would always run to ensure that the machines operate efficiently and safely.

3.2.3 Safety

There are a number of safety issues that will need to be addressed in the project design during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases.

Construction

Site security during the construction phase would be strict. Temporary fencing would be installed around any excavations. A compound or container for the temporary storage of equipment or materials would be provided. This would be locked with restricted access. The working area would be fenced to prevent unauthorized access. If appropriate, security staff will be utilized.

Road access would comply with the requirements of the relevant authorities. All traffic movements would be adequately controlled and supervised in accordance with a Traffic Management Plan which would be developed for the project.

All storage tanks should be bunded to prevent release of potentially hazardous materials. However only very small quantities of oil will be kept on site and these will not cause a risk to health or safety.

The wind farm transformers would require to be filled with mineral oil prior to their commissioning. There will be a single transformer for each of the proposed turbines containing approx 4.5 m3 of oil each, located within bunded housings adjacent to the turbines or inside the turbine bases or nacelle. Implementation of appropriate spill prevention and control measures would ensure the risk of accidental release of potentially hazardous materials would be low throughout construction. These oils would not contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Blasting and piling at site is not considered to be likely given the nature of the ground conditions at the proposed site. Borrow pits to source aggregate for the project are also not expected to be located on site.

Operation

The wind turbines would be designed and manufactured by an experienced company to meet international engineering design and manufacturing safety standards. There is an international quality control assurance program for turbines, and a number of relevant safety and design standards. Most

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modern wind turbines undergo test certification procedures, which must conform to the guidelines laid down by the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC).

Individual components manufactured by subcontractors would also adhere to the appropriate recognized standard. For example, the electrical generator of a wind turbine manufactured in Germany would be manufactured in accordance with the appropriate German standard on generator design, which includes, for instance, the correct material selection for flame retardation etc.

The wind turbines to be used at the site would be generic machines in wide use and will already be type tested and certified by the manufacturer in order to ensure compliance with all appropriate safety guidelines.

Since wind turbine production is a mature industry, employing more than a hundred thousand people worldwide, it is treated as any other industry from the safety and quality point of view. High safety standards and large wind turbine numbers in Northern Europe, where the vast majority of the wind turbines are designed and produced, show that the technology meets the appropriate standards.

An important component of wind turbine safety philosophy is redundancy or the use of back-up systems or components. Modern turbine control and monitoring systems have several layers of redundancy to protect the plant from damage and protect the safety of the personnel working on the wind farm and the general public.

It is essential that wind turbines stop automatically in case of malfunction of a critical component. Each turbine would have two fully independent braking systems that could operate together or independently to stop the rotor blades turning. This would be a fail-safe system allowing the rotor to be brought to a halt under all foreseeable conditions. One system would operate aerodynamically by the pitch of the rotor blades and one would utilize a hydraulic disc system.

The normal way of stopping a turbine (for any reason) is to use the aerodynamic braking system. Aerodynamic braking systems have been found to be extremely safe, stopping the turbine in a couple of rotations, at the most. In addition, they offer a very gentle way of braking the turbine without any major stress, wear and tear on the tower and the machinery. The aerodynamic braking system would have a back-up supply either from battery power or nitrogen accumulators depending on the turbine’s design.

The hydraulic disc system comprises brake pads that are spring loaded to put pressure on the discs and therefore when the rotor is operational, power would be used to keep the brake pads away from the disc. If power is lost the brakes operate automatically on a fail-safe basis. This mechanical braking system rarely needs to activate (except for maintenance work), as the rotor cannot turn once the aerodynamic system has been activated.

The brakes are used when servicing the equipment in order to keep the rotor stationary while maintenance or inspection is undertaken. It is not possible to remotely start a turbine following an emergency stop or when the brakes are employed for servicing. In the event of certain key faults, the turbine must be inspected in person and the stop-fault reset manually before operation can be reactivated.

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If any type of operational benchmark mismatch or error occurs, the wind turbine will be shut down. Depending on the type of error, the turbine will undertake a self-test, restart, or send an error message to the control centre in order for a service team to take further steps. There are various procedures to shut down the wind turbine. If severe errors occur, a brake-activated emergency shutdown will be performed.

Wind turbines are also programmed to stop at high wind speeds, approximately 25 metres per second, by the high speed cut out limit controller.

The wind turbines would be equipped with sensors to automatically detect loss in fluid pressure and/or increases in temperature; these sensors would enable the turbines to be shut down in case of a fluid leak. The turbines would be designed with fluid catch basins and containment systems to prevent accidental releases from leaving the nacelle. Any accidental gear oil or other fluid leaks from the wind turbines would be contained inside the towers as the towers are sealed around the base.

The proposed wind turbines will likely comprise conical tubular steel towers rather than lattice towers. These permit service personnel to access the wind turbine for repair and maintenance more safely and more comfortably.

The primary danger in working with wind turbines is the height above ground during installation work and when doing maintenance work. Wind turbines are required to have fall protection devices, ie the person climbing the turbine has to wear a safety harness. The harness is connected with a steel wire to an anchoring system (ie lifeline) that follows the person while climbing or descending the turbine. The wire system has to include a shock absorber, so that persons are reasonably safe in case of a fall.

The on-site Control Building and substation would be designed to meet stringent electricity industry standards. The oil-filled transformers would have a specifically designed containment system (ie a bund) to ensure that any accidental fluid leak does not result in a discharge to the environment. The transformers would also be equipped with oil level indicators to detect potential spills. If the oil level inside the transformer dropped due to a leak in the transformer tank, an alarm would be activated at the Control Building and into the main wind project control (SCADA) system.

Waste fluids would be removed from site following each service by a licensed collection service for recycling or disposal.

Warning signs would be installed to alert the public to the danger of entering the Control Building or turbine towers.

On the electrical side wind turbines have a protection system, which is part of the overall unit control system. This monitors the internal and external electrical parameters and reports to the control unit if any deviations of accepted ranges occur. For instance, the loss of grid voltage (external problem) would be a severe electrical error, upon which the machine will perform an emergency shutdown.

A lightning protection system would likely be provided that connects the blades, nacelle, and tower to an earthing system at the base of the tower. The earthing system would comprise a copper ring conductor connected to earthing rods driven down in the ground at diametrically opposed points

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outside the tower foundation. The blades would have an internal copper conductor and an additional lightning rod that extends above the wind vane and anemometer at the rear of the nacelle.

Surge protection would also be supplied for the protection of electrical components.

Strict maintenance procedures will be employed, including a permit to work system. Occupational health and safety regulations apply as in any other industry.

The primary safety concerns of the public often relate to wind turbines shedding part or the whole of a blade or the shedding of ice (not perhaps a significant issue in Jordan but still possible in winter months). There have been very few instances of this type of accident worldwide and there are no known cases where injury has resulted. Wind turbines have an excellent safety record. There are currently over 68 000 turbines operating worldwide and no record of a member of the public being hurt due to ice, blade throw or tower collapse.

The location of the proposed wind farm on land away from densely populated areas makes the likelihood of personal injury via blade throw or ice shedding extremely low.

Blade throw is defined as blade fragments being thrown from a rotating machine. The above- mentioned safety and quality systems are designed to prevent such failures. International experience indicates that the risk of blade throw is low and the risks are continually decreasing as technology improves. Modern blades are made from a glass fibre or wood-epoxy composite in a mould such that the reinforcement runs along the length of the blade. Blade failure is therefore most unlikely. Even for blades with separate control surfaces on or comprising the tips of the blade, separation is most unlikely. In the unlikely event that any damage occurs the blade will stay attached and the turbine would automatically shut down and send alarm signals to the maintenance team. Any vibration is usually detected early due to the sensitivity settings of the controllers. A visual blade inspection is also undertaken during any planned maintenance and the monthly inspections.

Under freezing conditions there is the possibility that exposed parts of the wind turbine will experience a build-up of ice. Ice throw occurs as stationary turbine blades begin to rotate. Any ice shed prior to blade rotation would fall directly below the blade. Anecdotal evidence indicates that the tendency is for ice fragments to be dropped off rather than thrown off the rotor. Turbines can continue to operate if a thin build up of snow or ice occurs but will shut down if ice builds up to cause aerodynamic or physical imbalance of the rotor assembly. The initial slow rotational speed of the rotor will limit the throw to an area in the immediate vicinity and fragments would have to be sufficiently lightweight for the rotor assembly to be in balance before the rotors start rotating.

Turbines are fitted with vibration sensors so if a blade is damaged or unbalanced due to ice on the blade it would automatically stop. If shut down due to in-balance then a maintenance engineer would be have to make a visual inspection prior to restart.

Modern wind turbines are designed to withstand storms, local weather conditions and more importantly the extreme gust magnitude that could possibly be expected at a specific wind farm site (ie design limits calculated from statistical analysis of measured wind data). Furthermore, wind turbines are designed to meet the structural design standards for the country of use (as is any other physical structure).

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As is the case with any complex machine, there is some potential for fire caused by mechanical malfunction inside the wind turbine generators. Electrical fires can also result from both shorts in equipment and surges due to lightning strikes. Hand-held fire extinguishers are installed in the turbines, for use where staff are present on site. There is also the potential as in any process for human error to result in turbine fires. Implementation of suitable design measures, operational procedures and staff training will ensure that the risk of mechanical fire is minimized and would not pose a risk to health and safety and the environment. It is considered that risks to health and safety from any fire are negligible.

Periodic changing of lubricating oil and hydraulic fluids would generate very small quantities of potentially hazardous waste. These would be removed from site following each service by a licensed collection service for recycling or disposal under the Duty of Care regulations. The turbines and transformers would be fitted with containment systems ie bunds to prevent accidental spill or leakage.

The towers and Control Building and substation will be sturdy and resilient to vandalism and be fitted with high security locks.

The Control Building would be designed and constructed with systems that would protect project personnel and minimize potential risks associated with accidental exposure to high voltage electrical equipment. A robust earthing grid would be installed that would divert stray surges and faults. This would comprise a heavy gauge bare copper conductor buried in a grid fashion and welded to a series of multiple underground earthing rods.

Decommissioning

The risk of injury occurring during decommissioning will be minimal due to the use of experienced site staff and high safety standards employed on site. These would be similar to risks identified during project construction discussed above.

A risk assessment of the decommissioning phase would be undertaken and its findings implemented.

3.2.4 The Construction phase

Following receipt of the permission to proceed with the construction of the project and award of construction contracts, it is expected that it would take as little as 6 to 8 months to construct the wind farm.

The contract for supply, construction and commissioning of the plant will likely be awarded through a competitive process to one or more contractors who may in turn appoint specialist subcontractors. The main contractors and subcontractors will be responsible for all the detailed design, civil construction, manufacture, supply, delivery to site, off-loading, erection, installation and commissioning of the wind turbines and associated structures. The selection of the Construction Contractor will include an assessment of the contractor’s record in dealing with environmental issues and require provision of evidence that it has incorporated environmental requirements into its methods statements.

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The main contractors would be responsible for organizing the site construction and installation works to the required safety standards and the project programme.

The project developer should require, among other things, that the site contractor nominates an Environmental Site Manager and Site Waste Manager for the duration of the construction and commissioning phase.

The contractor would also be responsible for training its personnel in spill prevention and control and, if an incident occurs, would be responsible for containment and cleanup.

The details of a Traffic Management Plan governing vehicle movement to and from the site should also be developed and agreed with the authorities prior to the commencement of the development.

The major activities during the construction phase of the project include:

1. Constructing the site access roads, site compound/laydown area and crane pads at each wind turbine location

2. Excavating and constructing the turbine tower foundations and Control Building pad foundations

3. Constructing and installing the Control Building

4. Installing the electrical collection system – underground and overhead lines

5. Transporting and assembling the wind turbines

6. Commissioning and energizing the plant

7. Site re-instatement

8. Site restoration and enhancement measures.

In order to limit disturbance, the site access roads would be constructed first, probably over a period of 6 to 8 weeks. It is not proposed to borrow pit to obtain materials and no crushing plant will be used on the sites. Bridging structures may be required in some areas where the terrain falls rapidly though this is not expected to be necessary at this stage. A temporary wheel washing facility should be installed to prevent transfer of soil onto nearby public roads if deemed necessary.

A temporary site compound would then be constructed for the parking of construction vehicles and equipment, staff vehicles, and the storage of materials including turbine blades and other components. A temporary office and welfare facility, including washroom facilities would also be installed. A crane pad would be constructed at the base of each turbine location. Trenching, installation of underground services and provision of temporary construction facilities and services could then take place.

Once the access roads and site compound are in place, turbine foundation construction will commence. Construction of the foundation would comprise excavation of the hole using a digger,

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outer form setting, rebar and bolt cage assembly, casting and finishing concrete, removing the forms, backfilling, compacting and foundation site restoration. Excavation and foundation construction would be conducted in a manner that would minimize the size and duration of the excavated area. On-site excavated materials will be used for backfill as far as is possible. The excavation and construction of the turbine bases will each take of the order of 3 to 4 weeks.

The delivery of the turbines will be dependent on the manufacturer’s production schedule and may not follow directly on from the civil works. Each turbine should take approximately three days to assemble depending on the weather. Turbine erection would be performed in multiple stages including: erecting the tower (usually in three or four sections for this size), erecting the nacelle, assembling and erecting the rotor, connecting and terminating the internal cables and inspecting and testing the electrical system prior to operation. A high lift crane would be required for the final stages.

All waste will be taken off site and disposed of at an appropriate site, as necessary. All skips will be kept covered to reduce dust being blown around the site. As part of the site clearance works all inert soil material that needs to be removed from the site will be disposed to an appropriate landfill site.

A construction work-force of up to 40 is expected, however not all workers would be on-site at any one time. The peak workforce would be onsite during the busiest construction period when multiple disciplines of contractors complete work simultaneously. Local contractors will be encouraged to tender for the civil and electrical works. Electricians, riggers, crane operators and heavy equipment operators will also be required.

The turbines will have a requirement for non-renewable resources including fuel for construction vehicles, water, steel, concrete, and aggregate. Steel would be required to construct the turbines and towers. Approx 100 tonnes of steel and 250 m3 of concrete will be needed though this will depend on the turbine chosen. Concrete would be purchased from existing suppliers near to the site. In order to ensure the integrity of the turbine structure the use of recycled materials would not be possible.

3.2.5 Operation and maintenance

The project is expected to have an operational life of about 25 years.

The operation of the wind farm should be undertaken in accordance with an Operational Environmental Management Plan that will be developed for the project by the project developer.

The wind farm is expected to be unmanned. Its performance would likely be automatically monitored from a centralized control room, which would be off-site.

The wind farm will have a capacity factor of perhaps 20-30 per cent, however, this does not mean that they only generate for 20-30 per cent of the time. The Capacity Factor is the ratio of the actual annual output to the theoretical maximum if the turbine was generating at maximum output for the complete year. In practise, wind farms on average operate for 70-80 per cent of the time, at varying levels of output.

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Typically modern wind turbines operate with an availability of 95 to 99 per cent ie the turbines are available to operate for this percentage of the year. Forced outages can occur due to the malfunction of mechanical or electrical components or computer controls. These are generally due to malfunction of auxiliaries and controls rather than with the heavy rotating machinery, as the latter are routinely inspected during planned maintenance or by condition monitoring.

Following the more frequent and detailed initial turbine inspections and maintenance in the first year of operation, a programme of six monthly services is expected. This generally takes the wind turbine off-line for a day and consists of inspecting and testing safety systems, inspecting wear and tear on components such as seals and bearings, lubricating the mechanical systems, performing electronic diagnostics on the control systems; verifying pre-tension of the mechanical fasteners; gearbox oil change and inspecting the overall structural components of the wind turbines. Blades would be inspected. Blade washing may be required as rainfall in the area is fairly infrequent. This would involve the blades being held in place by the rotor lock whilst a member of the maintenance team abseiled from the nacelle to clean the blades.

The turbines would need to be visited typically once per month for routine visual inspections, giving a total man-power requirement, when servicing is included, of approx 40 hours per year per turbine. As far as is practical, short term routine maintenance procedures would need to be undertaken during periods of little or no wind to minimize the impact on electricity generation. Major maintenance/ servicing is planned where practical during the months where low wind speeds were encountered.

In the event of a fault, the modular design of modern wind turbines allows most of the parts to be rapidly replaced, especially in the electrical and control systems.

Electrical equipment such as breakers, relays and transformers require annual visual inspections which does not affect availability of the turbines. On a 3 yearly basis testing and calibration of this equipment would require a short break in operation.

A site sign should be located at the access point and would provide information about the turbines and contact telephone numbers.

3.2.6 Decommissioning

The design life of major project equipment such as the turbines and control building to be used will be a nominal 25 years.

There are several aspects of the decommissioning phase of the project that may have environmental effects. The main activities would comprise:

• Removal of tower, nacelle, blades

• Reuse/disposal of foundation, tower, nacelle, blades

• Removal of cable and ancillary structures.

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Decommissioning must take account of the environmental legislation and the technology available at the time. Notice should be given to the local authority in advance of the commencement of the decommissioning work. Any necessary licences or permits would be acquired.

The first step of decommissioning must be to make the plant safe for work in accordance with the normal safety procedures, such as the issue of permits to work. The wind farm would be de- energized in conjunction with the Distribution Network Operator. Once the plant is completely disconnected, it would likely be handed over to a competent contractor (or contractors) to complete the dismantling and demolition work. The lead contractor would produce safety and environmental management plans for the work.

It is probable that most of the plant and equipment will be at the end of its useful operating life and will be obsolescent or obsolete and unsuitable for further use. It will therefore need to be dismantled for recycling. Decisions on reuse of plant items, recycling of materials or the disposal to waste will be made at the time of decommissioning in the light of the technology then available, environmental and economic considerations and legislation. Unsalvageable material should be disposed of at a licensed landfill. A crane would be required to dismantle the turbines.

If it was considered desirable and necessary the foundations could be removed to a depth of 1 m below grade and the soil surface would be restored to its original condition. Disturbed areas would be re-vegetated or made available for any future intended use.

Disposal of all waste materials should only be via appropriate and authorized routes.

Compared to other power generation technologies, wind turbines can be easily and economically decommissioned and removed from site at the end of their economic life and the site returned to its original condition. There would be little or no trace that the wind turbines had been there following decommissioning.

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4. POLICY AND LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

The EA has considered all legislation identified as being relevant to the project including that identified by the EA team and participants at the scoping secession. The relevant legislation is summarized below.

Applicable Jordanian laws and standards

• Environment protection law (No. 52, 2006).

• Environmental Impact Assessment by-law (No. 37, 2005).

• Ambient Air Quality (No. 140,2005)

• Public Heath law (No. 54, 2002)

• Noise Level Control Regulation for 1997

• Water Authority's Act (No 62,2001)

• Water Authority Law (No 18,1988)

• Underground -water Monitoring By-law (No. 85, 2002)

• Archaeology Act (No. 32, 2004)

• Civil Defence Act (No. 90, 2003)

• Dimensions, Total weights and Vehicles' Engine Horse Power By-law issued in accordance with paragraph (a) from article (19) and article (64) from The Traffic Act (47)/2001

• Labour law (No. 51, 2002)

• Ministry of Agriculture Law (No 44, 2002)

• Land use plan (No. 6,2007)

• Electricity law (No. 64, 2002)

• Water resources protection guidelines (2006)

• Waste oil management instruction.

• Management of solid waste.

• National building codes

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Applicable/potentially applicable World Bank and IFC standards and guidance

Performance Standards

• International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability April 2006 including the following guidance notes:

Safeguard Policies

• IFC Operational Policy OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment October 1998

• IFC Operational Policy OP 4.04 Natural Habitats November 1998

• World Bank Operational Policy Note OPN 11.03 Cultural Property September 1986

Guidance notes

• Guidance Note 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Systems

• Guidance Note 2: Labour and Working Conditions

• Guidance Note 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement

• Guidance Note 4: Community Health, Safety and Security

• Guidance Note 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

• Guidance Note 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management

• Guidance Note 7: Indigenous Peoples

• Guidance Note 8: Cultural Heritage.

Sector guidelines

• World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: General Environmental Guidelines July 1998

• IFC General Health and Safety Guidelines July 1998.

Manuals

• IFC A Good Practice Manual – Doing Better Business Through Effective Public Consultation and Disclosure.

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Draft Guidelines

• Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines.

4.1 Energy sector administrative framework

The Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has established the objectives to facilitate the development of the national power sector. These include:

a. Provision of a secure electricity supply to meet the country’s domestic internal demand;

b. Generate sufficient amounts of electricity to allow the Kingdom to export electricity to other countries in the region;

c. Develop the national electricity network to allow for the interchange of energy, internally and to neighbours in the region; and

d. Attracting of private investment (domestic and foreign) to the Jordanian power sector.

The Government has a particular interest in attracting foreign investment to Jordan and to this end has passed legislation and is implementing policy initiatives to continue to encourage this investment. The Government wants to introduce Independent Power Producers (IPP) to Jordan, and it is particularly interested in participating via such IPPs and interconnection to neighbouring national girds in the development of a regional power market. Jordan offers the region a favourable geographic location, a well developed and efficient infrastructure, political and economic stability, and a quality human resource base with a solid commercial orientation that makes it suitable to offer this service.

To support these specific policy objectives, the Government has adopted a strategy for the development of its power sector, which envisages greater participation by the private sector. As part of its strategy the Government has decided that all new generation capacity will be installed, owned, and operated by the private sector. This new capacity will be procured through an international competitive tendering process. Specifically, the Government has recently taken important measures to commercialize the power sector, increase competitiveness within the sector, and improve the environment for private sector investment.

The electricity sector within Jordan has been undergoing a continuous process of reform since as early as 1996. In September 1996, the Government of Jordan enacted Law No. (10) of 1996, the General Electricity Law (“1996 GEL”). Under the 1996 GEL, the Government took its first step in privatizing the national electricity industry by converting the Jordan Electricity Authority to a public shareholding company called the National Electric Power Company (NEPCO). The 1996 GEL also provided for the issuance of licenses for the generation of electricity to private companies. Such licenses were to be issued by the Council of Ministers.

In 1999, the 1996 GEL was amended and replaced by the General Electricity Law No. (13) of 1999. One of the principal features of the 1999 GEL was the establishment of the Electricity Sector Regulatory Commission (“Commission” or “ERC”). The Commission was charged with the

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responsibility for issuing licenses to companies for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. This law also envisaged the issuance of licenses to developers of electric power stations planned for capacity in excess of 5 MWe through a competitive tendering process.

The Government of Jordan has taken steps to enact a new electricity law, the General Electricity Law for the Year 2002 (2002 GEL) that clarifies the role and function of the Commission as an independent agency responsible for regulating the power sector in three areas – generation, transmission and distribution. Although the 2002 GEL envisages issuance of licenses for generation of electricity pursuant to applications to the Commission, initial independent power producers will be granted licenses pursuant to the applicable license form and the Electricity Companies Licensing By- Law and the terms of the concession (or implementation) agreement entered into with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. It is under this statutory regime that the first IPPs in Jordan including the proposed wind farm will be established.

The successful Project Sponsor will be required to form and incorporate a Project Company in Jordan prior to Financial Close. This Project Company will construct, own, and operate the Facility throughout the Term of the PPA, and will pay taxes and fees as any other corporate entity would within the relevant legal structures and incentive programs. The developer will mobilize project or other financing sufficient to develop and construct the Facility using both equity and debt resources. Funding may also be available from multi- and bi-lateral sources of funding, export credit agencies, and commercial sources of finance.

4.2 Institutional framework and mandate

A summary of responsibilities of governmental authorities is outlined below and in Table 4.1.

TABLE 4.1 SUMMARY OF RESPONSIBILITIES OF SOME RELEVANT REGULATORY AUTHORITIES

Authority Responsibility Permitting prior to operation (ESIA report is required). Ministry of Environment Inspection during operation. Permitting prior to operation (after occupational health and Ministry of Labour safety measures). Inspection during operation. Permitting prior to construction (identification of Water Authority intersection with water piping distribution system). Supplying water needs for hydraulic test. Permitting in case of existence of Archaeological remains Department of Antiquities (ESIA report would be needed). Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Responsible for energy sector. Approval for construction plans. Civil Defences Permitting prior to operation. Ministry of Housing and Public Works Permitting prior to construction Department of Land and Survey Permitting prior to construction

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Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Environment (MoE) was established in 2003 to replace administratively the General Corporation for Environment Protection that was in effective since 1995.

The Environment Protection Law was issued in 2003 as a temporary law, and has been issued in a final form, ratified by the parliament in October, 2006 (Law No. 52 of 2006).

MoE has an authority to prepare the environmental by-laws, regulations, directives and guidelines. MOE will also, in coordination with other concerned authorities, establish a policy for environmental protection and elucidate the strategy for its implementation.

MoE has issued EIA by-law (No. 37, 2005) which includes the procedures for conducting ESIA in Jordan and also gives MoE the responsibility to provide/review/approve terms of reference and review ESIA study reports. Article 13 of the Environmental Protection Law No. 52 of 2006 empowers the Ministry of Environment to ask any new establishment has potential impacts on environment to prepare an ESIA study.

The EIA Directorate in the Ministry is responsible for licensing of the projects. The projects are referred to the EIA Directorate, and submitted to a Central Licensing Committee that consists of representatives of the relevant governmental authorities such as Ministries of Environment, Health, Water and Agriculture. An approval from the committee is required for licensing, which may have conditions attached to it, before the relevant authorities can grant permission.

Once construction on/operation of the proposed plant commences the MoE will be the ministry responsible for investigating any public complaint against the contractor or proponent. In addition the ministry will be responsible for ensuring that any monitoring undertaken is undertaken to a sufficient standard to prove compliance with national legislation. The ministry will make annual or bi-annual assessments of the plants environmental performance as deemed necessary. The Ministry is used to dealing with the impacts associated with projects such as power plant and therefore now agency training is required.

Department of Antiquities

The Law of Antiquities (No. 21, 1988) calls for immediate reporting of any found remnants. The Department then has the right to assess the significance of any discovered remnants/antiquities and puts its recommendations accordingly.

Water Authority (WAJ)

According to the Water Authority Law No. 18, 1988; WAJ is responsible for water distribution network in the Kingdom and supplying projects with the required quantity of water needed. Additionally, WAJ is responsible for monitoring water quality (surface and ground water and industrial discharges).

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Directorate of Civil Defence

The Directorate of Civil Defence grants approval on safety measures for industries and projects including emergency plan, occupational health and safety plans, and storage and handling of hazardous materials. The Directorate issues its final approval after an inspection visit has taken place to the project facilities to ensure conformity with the set requirements.

4.3 Compliance with Jordanian and World Bank/IFC guidance and policies

The project should fully comply with all relevant Jordanian and World Bank/IFC guidance and policies. For clarity these are summarized in below for Jordanian legislation in Table 4.2 and for the World Bank Table 4.3. Where the compliance or otherwise cannot be identified at this stage this is noted in the relevant tables.

TABLE 4.2 COMPLIANCE WITH RELEVANT JORDANIAN STANDARDS

Jordanian law/standard Compliance/rational

Environment protection law Project is expected to comply: The project should not pose an (No. 1, 2003) unacceptable impact to the environment and complies with all relevant Jordanian legislation.

Environmental Impact Project will comply once an Environmental Impact Assessment Assessment by-law (No. 37, has been undertaken for the project 2005)

Ambient Air Quality (No Project is expected to comply: The project should have not .1140,2005) difficulty in complying with all relevant Jordanian ambient air quality requirements

Public Heath law (No. 54, 2002) Project is expected to comply: The Project should not pose any public heath issues

Noise Preventions and Project is expected to comply: The Project is sufficiently removed Limitations Instructions from noise sensitive receptors so as not to generate unacceptable Paragraph (d) issued in noise levels at these locations. accordance to Act No. (1)/2003 Act No. (1)/2003 and Noise Level Control Regulation for 1997

Water Authority's Act (No. Project is expected to comply: All water would be provided by 62,2001) WAJ with no water taken from other sources. No water will be released to sensitive surface or ground waters.

Water Authority Law (No. Project is expected to comply: All water would be provided by 18,1988) WAJ with no water taken from other sources. No water will be released to sensitive surface or ground waters. Underground -water Monitoring By-law (No. 85, 2002)

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Jordanian law/standard Compliance/rational

Archaeology Act (No. 32, 2004) Project is expected to comply provided that the project is designed to minimize the impact to the on-site archaeology which has been identified.

Civil Defence Act (No. 90,2003) Project is expected to comply: The project should not pose a safety hazard to the general public

Dimensions, Total weights and Project is expected to comply: The project should comply with the Vehicles' Engine Horse Power requirements of the law. By-law issued in accordance with paragraph (a) from article (19) & article (64) from The Traffic Act (47)/2001

Labour law (No. 51, 2002) Project is expected to comply: The project should have no difficulty in operate under the requirements of this law

Ministry of Agriculture Law (No. Project Complies: The project will not include the removal of large 44,2002) areas of agricultural land from its current use or impact on these during construction or operation.

Waste oil management Project is expected to comply: The project is expected to handle instruction. all waste oils in accordance with the instruction.

Management of solid waste. Project is expected to comply: The project should ensure proper and appropriate handling of waste materials during the construction, operational and decommissioning phases.

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TABLE 4.3 COMPLIANCE WITH IFC SAFEGUARDS, OPERATIONAL POLICIES AND STANDARDS

Policy Compliance/rational

OP 4.01: Environmental Project is expected to comply: an environmental assessment will Assessment need to be prepared following the requirements for a Category B project. The project is consider to be a category B project as the project impacts should be on site in nature.

OP 4.04 and Annex A Natural Project is expected to comply: the power plant should not impact Habitats significantly on local habitats

OP 4.10: Indigenous Peoples Project Complies: the project is located so as not to require the resettlement of indigenous peoples. This would also be the case for any Overhead Transmission Line

OP 4.11: Management of Project is expected to comply: no historic or culturally features Cultural Property should be significantly affected on the project site provided proper care is taken by the project developer.

OP 4.12 and Annex A: Project Complies: the project is located on land that is leased from Involuntary Resettlement the government. A Resettlement Policy Framework has been established which can be adapted to reflect the need for wayleaves across nearby farms to allow the export of electricity from the site by NEPCO.

Labour Standards Project is expected to comply: no person should be harmfully or unwilling employed by the project sponsor.

Disclosure of Information Policy Project is expected to comply: the project developer will be required to impellent the necessary Public Consultation to facilitate the transfer of information to project stakeholders.

4.4 Environmental reporting

The project will report on environmental performance during the construction and operational phases. Bi-annual reports will be provided to the MoE detailing the projects compliance with relevant Jordanian Standards.

4.5 Conclusion

The environmental assessment has not identified any likelihood that the project will be in anything other than fully compliance with all Jordanian law and World Bank and IFC guidance. The remainder of this document summarizes the assessments undertaken that underpins this conclusion.

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5. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE

This section discusses the existing environmental and social baseline within the study area of the environmental and social impact assessment undertaken for the proposed Fujeij Wind Farm.

5.1 Air quality

The site visit undertaken for the purposes of the EA did not identify any significant issues relating the existing air quality in the immediate vicinity of the site with the exception of the emissions from the cement works immediately to the west of the Rhashadya substation which appeared to emit significant quantities of dust.

5.2 Water quality and geology

The site is located within a semi arid area characterized by hot dry summers and cold wet winters. Local temperatures exhibit wide seasonal variation with temperature fluctuation ranging from 31°C in August to -5 °C in January.

Seasonal low pressure over the eastern Mediterranean and Arabian Gulf creates westerly to north- westerly winds over Jordan and results in high temperatures and zero rainfall during the months of June to September. When the pressure system changes in the autumn, the seasonal trough migrates to the south-east.

The nearest rainfall station to the site is located Al-Shaubak agricultural school which can be considered to be representative of the project site. The annual rain fall recorded ranges from 118.5 mm to 323.6 mm. Rain fall data for the area is summarized in Table 5.1.

TABLE 5.1 AL-SHAUBAK AGRICULTURE SCHOOL ANNUAL RAINFALL DATA

Year Total rainfall (mm)

2000 131.0

2001 206.5

2002 323.6

2003 118.5

2004 278.1

2005 164.4

2006 144.5

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5.2.1 Geology

This Cretaceous rocks consists of a sequence of clastic and non-clastic rocks. The rock consists of predominantly well exposed carbonate rocks which form extensive outcrops in a large area of the basin. These carbonate rocks consist of limestone, dolomatic limestone, marly limestone, and chalky limestone. Figure 5.1 shows a geological map of the area, while Figure 5.2 provides a hydrological map of the area.

5.2.1.1 Upper cretaceous rocks

The Upper Cretaceous rocks are the most abundantly exposed rocks on project site. It is sub-divided into two groups, the Ajlun group and the Belqa group.

5.2.1.1.1 Ajlun group

The Ajlun dates to the Cenomanian – Turonian age and consists of carbonate rocks, limestone, dolomite, marl, shale, chalk, and possibly sand stone. The maximum thickens of the formation ranges from between 500 to 550 metres. This group can be subdivided in to the formations described below.

Naur limestone formation (A1/2)

The formation is composed of three main cliffs of nodular limestone and dolomitic limestone separated by two units of marl and marly limestone. The Juhayra member, a transitional from siliclastic to carbonaceous, forms the base of the Ajloun Group, underlying the Naur Limestone formation. It consists of thin to medium-bedded calcareous sandstone, siltstone and shale. Marls, argillaceous dolomites and limonitic limestone occur locally.

Fuheis, Hummar, Shuayb formations

The Hummar aquifer is a separating aquitard between the A7/B2 aquifer and the Kurnub/Ram Group aquifer. The A3/6 consists predominantly of greenish marl, mudstone, thin-bedded nodular limestone and gypsum. It constitutes the main separating aquitard unit in this area. Gypsum beds occur in the upper part of this formation and have a combined thickness of around 3 m.

Wadi As Sir limestone formation (A7)

The A7 formation consists of limestone and dolomitic limestone with thin marl, calcareous siltstone and gypsum beds. A massive gypsum bed of around 2 m thickness is observed in the lower part of the A7 in the Wadi Mujib area.

5.2.1.1.2 Belqa group

Balqa group dates to the Palaeocene - Eocene age and consists of chert, limestone, chalk, marl and marly limestone. This group can be sub-divided in to the formations described below.

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Wadi Umm Ghudran formation (B1)

It consists of soft white to yellow chalk, marl, chert and fossiliferrous limestone. The B1 formation has a thickness of up to 93 m and gets thinner towards the east and south, reaching only 20 m in the study area.

Amman silicified limestone formation (B2)

The Amman Silicified Limestone Formation consists of pale to dark grey and brown chert, intercalated with grey microcrystalline limestone, chalky and coquinal limestone, marl and phosphate.

The combined total thickness of the B2/A7 is though to be of the order of 130 m in the study area however, this thickness may vary considerably, especially in the graben structures. It is expected that the total thickness is higher because down faulting occurred synchronous to the deposition of the A7/B2 formation. In the project area, the Balqa group is represented by Amman formation (B2). It consists of limestone with chert interbedded with phosphatic layers and marl.

Muwaqqar chalk-marl formation (B3 or MCM)

The formation comprises yellow to pale red marl, chalky marl, and chalk. Gypsum is found as thin bedded lamina and as fillings of joints.

Ajlun and Balqa are differentiated from each other on the basis of the presence of fossil records, the mineralogical composition of the limestone, and the presence of marl and chert. Table 5.2 shows the stereographical description of these two geological groups.

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TABLE 5.2 SIMPLIFIED LITHO LOGICAL SUCCESSION FOR THE CENTRAL PARTS OF JORDAN

ERA PERIOD EPOCH Series Formation Symbol Lithology

Holocene Fuviatile Soil, sand, Quaternary Alluvium RC Pleistocene Lacst &Eolian gravel

Basalt Ba

Eocene Limestone, W.Shallah (B5) B5 chalk, marl

Chert, Rijam B4 limestone, chalk, marl

Marly

CENOZOIC Paleogene Muwaqar B3 Paleocene Balqa limestone

Tertiary Chert, Amman B2 limestone, phosphate

Meastrichtian Chalk, marl, Campanian W.Ghudran B1 marly Santonian limestone

Limestone, Wadi Sir A7 dolomite, chert

Limestone, Shuieb A5,6 marly Taronian limestone

Upper Dolomite, Ajloun Hummar A4 dolomitic Cenomanian limestone Marl, marly Fuheis A3 limestone

Limestone,

Cretaceous Naur A1,2 dolomitic limestone

MESOZOIC Sand and shale,Clay and Albian Subeihi K2 sandy and Limestone

Lower Aptian Neocomian Kurnub

Berriasian Sandstone Aarda K1 Tithomian Marl and shale Kimmeridgian

Oxfordian Jurassic

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5.2.1.2 Hydrology

The project site falls within the Jafer basin is characterized by an aquifer- aquiclude succession. The nature of each of the groups that make up the basin is discussed below.

Amman-Wadi Sir group

The (B2/A7) aquifer related to Upper Cretaceous Limestone aquifer, is considered to be the main aquifer in the Jafer basin which covers most of the area of the basin and is the only exploited aquifer in the area.

The upper Aquifer comprises two carbonate formations, the Amman (B2) and the older Wadi Sir (A7). The carbonate aquifers are well joined and fissured to exhibit solution channels and karstic features.

B2/A7 aquifer is a carbonate aquifer which together with the overlying wadi- fill deposits is known as the Upper Aquifer. The layer is not outcropping in the project area and it mainly consists of limestone, chert-limestone, sandy limestone, marly limestone localized impermeable marl and shaly beds. The aquifer is about 130 m though in some places may exceed 150 m.

As the Wadi-Ghudran formation (B1) is absent over large area of the catchment the Amman (B2) and Wadi Sir (A7) formation are considered to be in hydraulic continuity.

Over a large area of the catchment, the (B2/A7) system is unconfined and underlain by the impermeable Shueib (A5/6) formation. Only in an isolated area, as in the eastern part of the basin, is the aquifer confined by impermeable Muwaqqar formation. However, the degree of confinement is small with the piezometric level a few metres above the base of the Muwaqer Formation.

5.2.1.2.1 Aquifer characteristics

The hydraulic characteristics of Amman-Wadi Sir aquifer systems are complex and variable due to heterogeneous lithology, geological structures and karstification. Transmissivity, which reflects the nature of permeability of the aquifer, ranges between 10-5 m2/s to 10-1m2/s according to the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ).

5.2.1.2.2 Aquifer recharge and groundwater movement

Amman-Wadi Sir aquifer groundwater flows mainly toward the west to the Rift Valley with a smaller proportion of the groundwater flowing eastwards. This pattern of groundwater movement originate from the wadis which cut down to the zone of saturation and hence induce groundwater flow westward by spring discharge. This aquifer is recharged directly by rainfall and indirectly by concentrated surface runoff, return irrigation flow, surface reservoirs and transfer from other aquifer systems.

Groundwater recharge mainly occurs in the outcrop areas of the A7/B2 where rainfall is high. Tectonic movements are believed to have contributed significantly to the relatively high permeability of the strata and indirect recharge along fractures probably plays an important role for groundwater recharge in favourable areas, especially in outcrop areas of the B2/A7 hydrogeological unit along the courses of the wadis.

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5.2.1.2.3 Groundwater recourses in the project area

According to the Water Authority of Jordan, there are 13 wells close or around the project area. Table 5.3 lists these wells and related data, while Figure 5.3 shows the locations of these wells.

The depth of these wells ranges between 106 m to 331 m. All these wells penetrate the (B2/A7) aquifer. The water level ranges between 39.8 m to 133.8 m.

TABLE 5.3 WELLS IN THE PROJECT AREA

Station Id Station name North East Status Depth(m) Aquifer Water level

CF1085 Fujaij no 3 1000368 223155 Used 229 (B2/A7) 127.89

G 1320 Shobak 5 989860 200400 Used 122 (B2/A7) 39.8

G 1351 Ali Fajr Elshobaki 988530 200400 Used 120 (B2/A7) 52.8

G 1355 Othman E'id Elshobaki 985440 201380 Used 130 (B2/A7) 52

G 1407 Shobak 3/Nijil 992800 200200 Used 106 (B2/A7) 50.75

G 3008 Shobak 6/Nijil 991790 203215 Used 228 (B2/A7) 65.25

G 3023 Shobak 1a/Nijil 991320 202500 Used 163 (B2/A7) 62.12

G 3157 Shobak 1b/Nijil 991972 200571 Used 230 (B2/A7) 62.12

G 3162 Shobak 3a 990068 200336 Used 210 (B2/A7) 113.7

G 3165 Shobak monitoring 1 995000 214000 Used 370 (B2/A7)

G 3173 Shobak 6a 991758 203200 Used 331 (B2/A7) 71.75

G 3174 Shobak 8/Dbaghat 986784 200066 Used 205 (B2/A7) 133

G 3203 Shobak 10 986042 200144 Used 220 (B2/A7) 133.8

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5.2.1.2.4 Surface water resources at the project area

Surface water resources in the project area are limited. There are about six springs around the project area; two of these springs penetrate Rijam Aquifer (B4) while the others penetrate Wadi Sir Aquifer (A7). The discharge of these springs ranges from 0.2 m3/h to 10.3 m3/h. The closest spring (DE 0544) is about 4 km south of the project area. Table 5.4 lists these springs and related data, while Figure 5.4 shows the locations of these springs.

TABLE 5.4 CLOSE SPRINGS TO THE PROJECT AREA

3 Station ID North East Discharge (m /h) Aquifer

DE0542 993400 203700 1.08 Rijam (B4)

DE0544 993700 205300 10.3 Rijam (B4)

DE0546 99560 203700 8.6 Wadi Sir (A7)

DE0548 996300 204200 6.6 Wadi Sir (A7)

DE0554 996800 203500 0.6 Wadi Sir (A7)

DE0556 996900 202800 0.2 Wadi Sir (A7)

5.3 Noise

There are few noise sensitive receptors (NSR) in the vicinity of the project and therefore background noise monitoring has not been undertaken at this stage. There is little by way of man made noise generation in the area of the project with the exception of the road to the east of the proposed site though during the site visit noise levels seemed high due to wind generated noise.

It is considered that the use of buffer zones around the NSR’s of the order of 600 m should be established to avoid noise issues in the first instance though this should be backed up with background noise surveys and modelling be the developer as part of any future EIA studies.

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5.4 Landscape

The topography in the project area varies greatly to the east and west of the site. To the east the land is relatively flat with views available of the project site for a number of kilometres. A 200 m television mast located to the south of the site can be seen over a great distance. To the west the topography drops sharply towards the Jordan Valley.

The site itself is not of any visual importance being bordered to the south by the 200 m television mast and to the north by a petrol station and Jordanian Army base which itself houses a mall two bladed wind turbine, about 15 to 20 m to the blade tip.

There are no known areas of landscape sensitivity or any nearby tourist attractions that would be impacted upon by the project.

A view across the site can be seen in Figure 5.5.

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5.5 Transport infrastructure

The road between Aqaba and Shobaic is a highway designed to withstand heavy goods vehicles (HGV’s) and abnormal loads, and has been constructed using national highway specifications. The road is duel carriageway with a total width of 7.5 m in each direction with an additional 3.0 m hard shoulder.

This highway runs from the port at Aqaba passing through Wadi Alyattum, Ma'an City then to Enaza Bridge, a total distance of about 150 km. From Enaza bridge to the site there is two routes to the proposed site which can be seen in Figure 5.6.

The first route runs from Eneza Bridge to the Shoubic City and the to the Fujeij site, a total distance of about 20 km. The highway is relatively flat ands is about 13 m wide.

Second route runs from Enaza bridge to Al-Hussenieh City, and from there to the Al-Husseniah/ Rashadia Bridge and on to Al-Gadesia City and the project site, a total distance of about 30 km.

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5.6 Socioeconomics

Population

The population of Jordan in 2005 was about 5.5 million with an estimated population growth rate of 2.26 percent and a population density of 61.65 inhabitants per square km. The majority of this population, 80 per cent is urban. This is in contract to the population distribution in the Ma'an Governorate where the project is based where the distribution between urban and rural is 37 per cent to 63 per cent respectively. The estimated population growth for Jordan in recent years is provided in Table 5.5.

TABLE 5.5 ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE KINGDOM FOR THE PERIOD 1998 – 2005

Year Population Estimated growth rate (in 1000’s)

1998 4623 2.56

1999 4738 2.45

2000 4857 2.48

2001 4978 2.46

2002 5098 2.38

2003 5230 2.55

2004 5350 2.26

2005 5473 2.26

The population of the Ma'an Governorate was approximately 104 100 in 2005, representing 1.9 per cent of the national population. The Governorate covers some 32 832 km2 the largest in Jordan. The population density of the Governorate is estimated at 3.17 capita/km2, the lowest in Jordan. Further information on the Governorate of Jordan and the Ma'an Governorate are provided in Table 5.6 and Table 5.7 respectively.

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TABLE 5.6 ESTIMATED POPULATION, AREA AND POPULATION DENSITY BY JORDANIAN GOVERNORATE, 2005

Governorate Population % Area % Population (km2) density (capita/km2)

Amman 2125400 38.8 7’579 8.5 280,43

Balqa 367200 6.7 1’119 1.3 328,15

Zarqa 810500 14.8 4’761 5.4 170,24

Madaba 137100 2.5 940 1.1 145,85

Irbid 974800 17.8 1’572 1.8 620,10

Mafraq 257200 4.7 26’541 29.9 9,69

Jarash 164300 3.0 410 0.5 400,73

Ajlun 126100 2.3 420 0.5 300,23

Karak 214100 3.9 3’495 3.9 61,26

Tafila 77100 1.4 2’209 2.5 34,90

Ma’an 104100 1.9 32’832 37 3,17

Aqaba 115100 2.1 6’900 7.8 16,68

Total 5473000 100 88’778 100 61,65

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TABLE 5.7 ESTIMATED POPULATION BY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION FOR MA'AN GOVERNORATE FOR 2004 (INCLUDING CLOSEST TOWNS TO PROJECT AREA)

Administrative division Population Ma'an Governorate 104100 Ma'an District 104100 Ma'an sub-district 61843 Ma'an Nahia 53387 Ma'an city 30038 Hussiniya nahia 8457 Shoabak sub-District 12910 Shoubak Nahia 12910 Shoubak 2123 Abu Makhtoub 294 Maqariyyeh 1034 Mansoora 1109 Mothalth El-Shoubak 1479 Fujeij 22 Wadi Mousa sub-district 29346 Wadi Mouda Nahia 22358 Lel Nahia 6988

The Jordanian Society is fairly equally divided between males (2821100) and females (2651900) which is also reflected in the Ma'an Governorate. Jordanian society is domination of the youth. It is estimated that the working age (15-60 years) makes up to 56.8 per cent of the total population with the age group 0-14 makes up to 37.1 per cent of the total population with the remained over 60 years old. In Ma'an the working age group (15-60) is about 55 per cent and age group of 0-14 is about 44.5 per cent indicating that the number of people falling in the working age group will increase rapidly with time. Gender and age distributions for Jordan, the various Governorates and the Ma’an Governorates and the are provided in Table 5.8 and Table 5.9.

TABLE 5.8 GENDER DISTRIBUTION FOR JORDAN AND MA'AN GOVERNORATE FOR 2005.

Governorate Males Females Total

Ma'an 56349 47751 104100

Jordan 2821100 2651900 5473000

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TABLE 5.9 GENDER DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO AGE GROUPS AT MA'AN GOVERNORATE FOR 2005

Age Group Total Male Female (%) (%) (%)

0-14 44.5 42.5 47

15 -59 55 57.46 52.96

60 + 0.05 0.04 0.04

Employment

The Jordanian labour force was estimated at about 1 454 023 in 2004 represents about 21 per cent of the Jordanian population. The labour force in Ma'an Governorate is estimated to be about 1.8 per cent of the total labour force in Jordan. Information on employment in Jordan is summarized in Table 5.10.

TABLE 5.10 WORK FORCE AND UNEMPLOYMENT ACCORDING TO GENDER IN JORDAN AND MA'AN GOVERNORATE FOR 2004

Gender Workforce in Unemployment Workforce in Rate of Jordan rate in Jordan Ma'an unemployment (%) in Ma'an (%)

Males 1135824 17.5 29726 15.1

Females 418199 41.6 26594 12.7

Total 1454023 22.7 56320 13.8

Education

The Ministry of Education provides education to much of the Jordanian population with the Armed Forces providing this service to the remote areas in the country. The educational levels in Jordan consist of:

• Kindergartens (2 years).

• Basic education (10 years).

• Secondary education (2 years).

• University education (according to degree)

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In Ma'an Governorate, there are a total of 220 schools of which 164 schools are public (operated by the Ministry of Education). The total number of students in Ma'an is about 26 441 students of which about 14166 students are female. The Governorate has two vocational training centres (one for men and one for women) and one public university, Al-Hussein University.

Housing

Housing in Jordan varies from small-crowded dwellings to large villas, while the total number of housing units in Jordan was estimated at about 1 221 055 in the year 2004. The cost of living in Jordan is quite low compared to first world and neighbouring Middle East North Africa (MENA) countries, with an inflation rate of 3.4 per cent.

Health services

The standard of health services in Jordan is among the best in the region. In 2004, there were 25 520 doctors (physicians and dentists), which represents a rate of 48 doctors per 10 000 of population.

Agriculture

Due to the scarcity of water resources, agricultural activities in Jordan are limited. Jordan is considered to be one of the ten poorest countries in water resources. Agricultural produce accounts for just 1.22 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) yet used 61 per cent (501 million m3) of water resources in Jordan in 2005. The work force in the agricultural sector is estimated at 10 per cent of the workforce at the national level.

The total planted area of fruit trees and field crops in the Jordan is 2 473 867 dunums of which 51 561 dunums is the total planted area in Ma'an. Added to that, grazing reserves in Jordan reach about 751 700 dunums of which about 55 000 dunums are in Ma'an Governorate in 5 grazing reserves.

In Jordan natural grazing lands, as well as barley and hay production from grains and legumes, comprise the main forage production which maintain livestock during winter. There are almost 2 474 100 head of livestock in Jordan, 114 810 head of which are located in Ma'an Governorate.

Industry

Large-scale industries in Jordan include mining of mineral resources and the industrial production of cement, fertilizers and refined petroleum all of which are growing rapidly. The Mining sector now contributes to 2 per cent of the local gross product. The production of oil and gas industry recently (2004) reached 13 602 500 JD.

The overall contribution of the industrial sector in Jordan to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the year of 2005 was about 17 per cent. The value of industrial exports for the same year was about 2379 million which represents about 93.5 per cent of national exports. The industrial enterprises are estimated at 21 000 enterprises of which the small and medium size enterprises represent 98.7 per cent. Industry employs more than 173 000 workers representing about 48 per cent of the

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total numbers of workers in Jordan. As of June 2007, Ma'an Governorate contains more than 56 industrial installations with a revenue of about 8.6 million JD.

Water resources

It is the role of Water Authority of Jordan to manage the distribution of water according to set schedules through 4 main distribution stations. These include, Khaw station, Lajjun station, Lub- Wallah-Heidan station, and al-Azarq station. In 2005, the quantity of the water supply in Ma'an Governorate was around 7 107 804 m3, about 204 l/day per person. In the same year, water production has reached about 9 034 993 m3.

Communication

Jordan has a modern communication infrastructure. Direct dial international phones, mobile cellular phones, pagers, data transmission networks, and facsimile services are available throughout Jordan.

In March 1996, Jordan joined the information superhighway with the launching of on-line Internet services through Sprint Telecommunication. Jordanian companies have been providing Internet services through local network since 1994, and the number of subscribers among individuals and companies are growing very rapidly.

Economy

Jordan’s economy is free market (except for a few subsidized goods) with interest rates and wages are generally determined by market forces. The main economic indicators in Jordan for the year 2005 are shown in Table 5.11.

The service sector, which is comprised of financial services, trade, transportation, communication, tourism, construction and education, contributes 79 per cent of GDP and employs two-thirds of the labour force. The remaining 21 per cent is contributed by the agricultural and industrial sectors.

TABLE 5.11 THE MAIN ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR 2005

Growth rate of GDP at fixed producer prices 7.2 %

Growth rate of GDP at current producer prices 11.5 %

Per capita GDP 1649.1 JD

Total export of goods and services 4654.4 MJD

Total import of goods and services 8329.4 MJD

Inflation rate 3.5%

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As of the year 2004, the percentage of economically active people in Jordan was 40.8 per cent of the total population, 85.6 per cent of them is employed. The income of 85.6 per cent of the household is less than 3600 JD per year, while 14.4 per cent of the household spend more than 3600 JD per year.

Jordan has little by way of indigenous fuels. As can be seen in Table 5.12, Table 5.13 and Table 5.14 Jordan produces little gas and oil and imports significant quantities from other nations. This makes Jordan susceptible to international energy markets all of which means that wind energy represents an attractive option for the Kingdom to reduce its dependence on imported fuels.

TABLE 5.12 A COMPARISON OF TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION WITH THE OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION IN JORDAN DURING THE PERIOD OF 2000-2004.

Year Total Industrial Production Oil and Gas Production % (JDs) (JDs)

2000 3443096000 10894600 0.3

2001 3696429100 8921400 0.24

2002 4031784300 12453900 0.31

2003 4277090200 12661000 0.3

2004 5401278600 13602500 0.25

TABLE 5.13 DETAILS OF LOCAL PRODUCTION OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS (2000-2005)

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Crude oil (000 TOE) 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.1

Natural gas (Billion Cubic Feet) 10.3 9.9 9 10.2 10.4 8.5

Total (000 TOE) 215 208 190 214 218 180

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TABLE 5.14 IMPORTS OF OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (1000 TONS)

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Crude oil 3763 3875 3926 4023 4244 4602

Fuel oil 626 647 758 570 100 19

LPG 133 138 155 171 179 178

Diesel 239 182 230 292 543 785

Gasoline - - 25 40 135 93

Jet fuel - - - - 1 1

Total 4761 4842 5094 5096 5202 5678

5.7 Ecology

The project located in the highland range in the north of Shoubak area. The Highlands region extends from Um Qais in the north passing through Ajlun Mountains, the hills of Ammon and Moab regions, and the Edom mountains region. Many creeks and wadis drain from these hills from north to south and lead to the Jordan River, Dead Sea and Wadi Araba. The southern highlands are higher than those in the north, while the reverse is true concerning the variety of vegetation types and their density. In the south, the desert continues from the northwest of Saudi Arabia. Ecologically it is included with Wadi Araba since there is high similarity between them in terms of topography, soil types, annual rainfall and other environmental factors.

The proposed project is located in one climatic region, which characterized by a variety of the biological elements, the Mediterranean biogeographic region. This region is restricted to the highlands of Jordan extending from Irbid in the north to Ras Al-Naqab in the south. The altitude ranges from 700-1750 m above sea level. This region comprises the most fertile part of Jordan and presents the best climate for the forest ecosystem.

5.7.1 Ecosystems

The project site comprises just one ecosystem, the Scarp and Highland Ecosystem. This ecosystem consists of escarpments and mountains, hills and undulating plateaus, which extend mainly from Irbid in the north to Ras Al Naqab in the south, and, from Rift Valley region in the west to the Badia in the east.

Mediterranean woodlands of pine and oak, with juniper and cypress are believed to have originally covered large tracts of the Jordanian highlands, but the human and climatic factors resulted in high deforestation and replacement of natural vegetation by secondary species.

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The largest remaining areas of natural woodland occur in the highlands between Amman and north of Jordan, and are dominated by Pinus halepensis above 700 m AOD, whilst mixed evergreen/ deciduous oak woodland of Quercus calliprinos and Q. ithaburensis dominate at lower elevations where the original pine-dominated woodland has been degraded.

Cultivation of rain fed wheat widespread on the plateau between Madaba and Irbid, and olive groves cover a large part of the north-western mountains above 700 m AOD. More than 80 per cent of Jordan’s cities and villages occur within this zone.

5.7.1.1 Vegetation types

The project area is considered a transition between two major vegetation types according to the vegetation type’s Map of Jordan, Al Eisawi, 1996. However one of these vegetation types dominates the area more than the other.

These vegetation types are:

• Mediterranean Non-Forest Vegetation

• Steppe Vegetation

5.7.1.1.1 Mediterranean non-forest vegetation

The proposed project area is dominated by this vegetation type. Naturally, this zone which is not covered by forests but does contains some shrubs and bushes. The zone is often referred to as Garigue and Batha Mediterranean vegetation. The leading species of this vegetation are Rhamnus palaestinus, calycotome villosa, Sarcopoterium spinosum and Cistus spp. in the North and Artemisia herba-alba with others in the South.

The Mediterranean non-forest vegetation is tough of as a degraded forest. Therefore, some scientists believe that if this vegetation is protected, steps toward forest climax will be observed until the final stage is reached.

Common species in this vegetation type are summarized below whilst species of nature conservation importance are presented in Table 5.15:

Rhamnus palaestinus Capparis spinosa Echinops spp

Sarcopoterium spinosum Dactylis glomerata Horedeum bulbosum

Teucrium polium Varthemia iphionoides Ononis natrix

Artemisia herba-alba Ballota undulata poa bulbosa

Eryngium glomeratum Thymus capitatus Noaea mucronata

Asphodelus aestivus Calycotome villosa Asparagus aphyllus

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TABLE 5.15 CONSERVATION IMPORTANT SPECIES

Family Species Importance

Araceae Biarum angustatum Common but start to decrease. Sensitive to plowing

Compositae Scorzonera papposa Common/recently under pressure as roots collected and

edible

Achillea falcate Used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach ache./ under pressure

Varthemia iphionoides Used in traditional medicine for different digestive disorders.

Phagnalon rupestre Used in traditional medicine ( Burning) for all joints pains.

Cruciferae Allysum iranicum Restricted to Ras al Naqab area

Graminae Poa bulbosa Palatable for livestock

Leguminosae Ononis natrix Palatable for livestock

Onobrychis crista-galli Palatable for livestock

Liliaceae Allium truncatum Recently under pressure as bulbs collected and edible

Malvaceae Malva parviflora Leaves collected and edible

Rhamnaceae Rhamnus palaestinus Decreasing/ cut for fire wood

5.7.1.1.2 Steppe vegetation

This vegetation type was found on the slopes side of the project area that face west, due to the intrusion of the Irano-turanian biographic zone to this area. . This vegetation is confined to the Irano – Turanian biogeographic zone and may intrude either into the Mediterranean or the Saharo- Arabian zone. The composition of this vegetation varies according to the soil and climatic differences depending on its location with respect to the Mediterranean zone. For example the steppe vegetation in the Northern Ghor which links with the Northern mountains is dominated by Retama raetam, Ziziphus lotus, Z. nummularia, and Ferula communis with almost no Artemizia herba-alba, while the steppe vegetation in the North, East and South Mediterranean borders shows other elements like Pistacia atlantica, Anabasis syriaca and Artemisia herba –alba which are not found in the western steppes. This might be due to the fact that the western steppes are more affected by the tropical conditions and vegetation in the Rift Valley, while the eastern steppes are more affected by the Sahara conditions and vegetation.

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Therefore, variation in the vegetation composition are recognized, a fact that led to distinguish distinct sub- divisions of the major type. However, since it is very difficult to make a clear distinction between the different types it would be more advisable not to subdivide this type of vegetation.

The common features of this type of vegetation are the presence of shrubs and bushes and the absence of tree vegetation.

This vegetation type forms a strip surrounding the Mediterranean region. The common species in this type are presented in Table 5.16.

Retama raetam Artemisia herba-alba Pistacia atlantica

Noaea mucronata Ziziphus lotus Ziziphus nimmularia

Asphodelus aestivus Urgiea maritime Anabasis syriaca

Ferula communis Hammada spp. Gypsophila Arabica

Salsola spp. Astragalus spinosus Tamarix spp.

Crocus moabiticus

TABLE 5.16 CONSERVATION IMPORTANT SPECIES

Family Species Importance Caryophyllaceae Paronychia argentea Used in traditional medicine for the treatment of kidney stones/under pressure Chenopodiaceae Salsola vermiculata Palatable for livestock

Compositae Achillea fragrantissima Used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach ache and digestive disorders/under pressure Artemisia herba alba Used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach ache and digestive disorders/under pressure and palatable for livestock Ifloga spicata Palatable for livestock Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis Used in traditional medicine for the treatment of Arthroides. Graminae Poa sinaica Palatable for livestock Stipa capensis Palatable for livestock

Labiatae Teucrium polium Used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomachache/under pressure Liliaceae Urginea maritime Used in recent medicines for the treatment of heart disorders.

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5.7.1.2 Fauna

5.7.1.2.1 Mammals

The mammals of the project area are all from the Mediterranean Zoogeographic Zone. This is a distinct sub region within the Palearctic region (European Origin) and includes mountain areas that extend from the north of Jordan till Al Naqab Mountains in the south. Table 5.17 provides details of important mammal species found in the Mediterranean Zone.

TABLE 5.17 IMPORTANT MAMMALS FOUND IN THIS MEDITERRANEAN ZONE

Family Scientific name Common name Status

Erinaceidae Erinaceus concolor Common hedgehog Insufficient data

Hemiechinus auritus Long-eared hedgehog Insufficient data

Soricidae Corcidura suaveolens Lesser white-toothed Vulnerable shrew

Canidae Canis aureus Golden jackal Vulnerable

Canis lupus Grey Wolf Nationally threatened

Felidae Felis caracal Caracal Nationally endangered

Felis silvestris Wild Cat Vulnerable

Herpestidae Hepestes ichneumen Egyptian mongoose Vulnerable

Hyaenidae Hyaena hyaena Striped hyena Nationally threatened

Mustelidae Martes foina Rock Marten Nationally threatened

Meles meles Common Badger Nationally threatened

Vormela peregusna Marbled Polecat Vulnerable

Procaviidae Procavia capensis Hyrax Nationally threatened

Spalacidae Spalax leucodon Mole Rat Vulnerable

Hystricidae Hystrix indica Indian crested porcupine Vulnerable

5.7.1.2.2 Birds

Jordan has a wide diversity of bird habitat types due to its varied topography and climate and its biogeographical location. More than 420 bird species have been recorded in Jordan, of which more than 141 species are breeding birds (though it is thought this number might increase with continuous research).

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Jordan lies on the main route of bird’s migration between Africa, Asia and Europe. Millions of birds are migrating over Jordan each year, among which the majority of the Jordanian avifauna belongs. The significant number of migrant birds that visit Jordan twice a year has made the country of great importance for the global avifauna.

The proposed wind farm is located on the astern mountain range on the major birds migration flight path, and is considered important for these species with regard to grounding, roosting and feeding habitats. Table 5.18 provides details of important breeding bird species found in the Mediterranean Zone whilst Table 5.19 provides details of migratory species.

TABLE 5.18 IMPORTANT BREEDING BIRDS

Family Scientific name Common name Status

Anatidae Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Duck Globally threatened

Falconidae Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel Globally threatened

Otididae Chamydotis undulata Houbara Bustard Globally threatened

Accipitridae Aegypius monachus Black Vulture Globally threatened

Strigidae Ketupa zeylonensis Brown Fish Owl Globally threatened

Phasianidae Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin Regionally threatened

Accipitridae Gypaetus barbatus Lammergeier Regionally threatened

Accipitridae Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture Regionally threatened

Passeridae Passer moabiticus Dead Sea Sparrow Restricted to Middle East

Fringillidae Serinus syriacus Syrian Serin Restricted to Middle East

Fringillidae Corpodacus synoicus Sinai Rosefinch Nationally threatened

Accipitridae Gyps fulvus Eurasian Griffon Nationally threatened

Accipitridae Neophron percnopterous Egyptian Vulture Nationally threatened

Paridae Parus caeruleus Blue Tit Nationally threatened

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TABLE 5.19 IMPORTANT MIGRANT SPECIES

Family Scientific name Common name Status Ardidae Botaurus stellaris 1 Great Bittern Globally threatened

Accipitridae Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle Globally threatened Rallidae Crex crex Corn Crake Globally threatened

Accipitridae Buteo buteo Buzzard Significant proportion of the world population Accipitridae Pernis apivorus Honey Buzzard Significant proportion of the world population Accipitridae Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle Significant proportion of the world population Accipitridae Accipiter brevipes Levant Sparrowhawk Significant proportion of the world population

5.7.1.3 Baseline results

Field investigations have been undertaken across the entire wind farm site comprising of four 1 km2 grids. Each grid sample contains at least 10 per cent of its area as slope terrain. The findings for each of these grids is summarized below.

Grid 1

This area is belonging to the Mediterranean non-forest Vegetation type within Fujaij Rangeland Reserve. The vegetation cover is relatively denser than that of the surrounding area. However, the vegetation has suffered from grazing to varying degrees. Some of the recorded plants appear to have been planted by the reserves management as part of the area rehabilitation. The fauna species recorded were restricted to herbivores, mostalids and insectivores. Table 5.20 includes details of plant species encountered at the proposed site with Table 5.21 providing details of mammals and Table 5.22 providing details of birds observed during the site visit.

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TABLE 5.20 RECORDED PLANTS SPECIES

Family Species Arabic name Status

Common اﻟﺴﺮو Cyperaceae Cyperus sp

Common ﺷﻴﺢ Compositae Artemisia sieberi

Common ﺻﺮ Chenopodiaceae Noaea mucronata

Common ﻋﺠﺮم Chenopodiaceae Anabasis articulata

Common ﻗﻄﻒ Chenopodiaceae Atriplex halimus

Common ﺣﻤﺤﻢ Boraginaceae Anchusa strigosa

Common ﺛﻮم ﺑﺮي Lilicaeae Allium orientalis

Common ﺻﻔﻴﺮ Compositae Senecio glaucus

Common ﻗﺘﺎد Leguminosae Astragalus spinosus

Common ﻗﻔﻌﺎء Leguminosae Astragalus hamasus

Common ﻗﻴﺼﻮم Compositae Achillea fragrantissima

Common ﻗﺒﺄ Graminae Poa bulbosa

Common ﺣﻨﺪﻗﻮق Leguminosae Trigonella stellata

Common ﺟﺮﻳﺪ Cistaceae Helianthemum lippii

Common ﻏﻴﺼﻼن Lilicaceae Urginea maritime

Common ﻋﻤﻴﺔ Labiatae Phlomis brachyodon

TABLE 5.21 RECORDED MAMMAL SPECIES

Family Scientific name Common name Arabic Status name

Insufficient data ﻗﻨﻔﺬ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ اﻷذن Erinaceidae Hemiechinus Long-eared auritus Hedgehog

Nationally اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺮي Mustelidae Meles meles Common Badger threatened

Common اﻟﺨﻠﺪ Spalacidae Spalax leucdon Mole-rat

Nationally اﻷرﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﺮي Leporidae Lepus capensis Cape hair threatened

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TABLE 5.22 RECORDED BIRDS SPECIES

Family Scientific name Common name Arabic Status Name Resident اﻟﺤﻤﻴﻖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ Accipitridae Buteo rufinus Long-legged اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻴﻦ buzzard Resident اﻟﺼﻘﻴﺮي Falconidae Falco tinnanculus Kestrel Resident اﻟﺤﻤﺎم اﻷزرق Columbidae Columba livia Rock dove

Migrant اﻟﻬﺪهﺪ Upupidae Upupa epops Hoopoe Resident اﻟﻘﺒﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺟﺔ Alaudidae Galeridae cristata Crested lark

Resident اﻟﺒﻠﺒﻞ Pyconotidae Pycnonotus Yellow-vented xanthopygos bulbul

Grid 2

This area is belonging to the Mediterranean non-forest Vegetation type with some intrusion for the steppe vegetation. This grid was found to have a low diversity of flora but had high activities for hairs and marbled polecat. The grid flora mainly planted atriplex. This grid showed signs of grazing. Table 5.23 includes details of plant species encountered at the proposed site with Table 5.24 providing details of mammals and Table 5.25 providing details of birds observed during the site visit.

TABLE 5.23 RECORDED PLANTS SPECIES

Family Species Arabic name Status

Graminae Cenchrus ciliaris Common

Common ﺷﻴﺢ Compositae Artemisia sieberi

Common ﺻﺮ Chenopodiaceae Noaea mucronata

Caryophyllaceae Gypsophyllum arabicum Common

Common ﻋﺠﺮم Chenopodiaceae Anabasis articulata

Common ﻗﻄﻒ Chenopodiaceae Atriplex halimus

Boraginaceae Podonosma orientalis Common

Common ﻗﺒﺄ Graminae Poa bulbosa

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TABLE 5.24 RECORDED MAMMALS SPECIES:

Family Scientific name Common name Arabic name Status

Vulnerable اﻟﺨﻠﺪ Spalacidae Spalax leucodon Mole rat

Nationally threatened اﻷرﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﺮي Leporidae Lepus capensis Cape hair

Insufficient data ﻓﺄر اﻟﺨﻴﻞ Mustalidae Vormela pregusna Marbled polecat

TABLE 5.25 RECORDED BIRDS SPECIES:

Family Scientific name Common name Arabic name Status

Resident ﺻﻘﻴﺮي Falconidae Falco tinnanculus Kestrel

Resident اﻟﺪﺑﺴﻴﺔ Columbidae Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove

Resident اﻟﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺟﺔ Alaudidae Galeridae cristata Crested lark

Grid 3

This area is belonging to the Mediterranean non-forest Vegetation type. The grid was found to be dominated by planted atriplex by the ministry of agriculture, in addition to some planted pine trees. The grid had high concentration of biomass which indicates protection from wood collection and grazing in this grid. Table 5.26 includes details of plant species encountered at the proposed site with Table 5.27 providing details of mammals and Table 5.28 providing details of birds observed during the site visit.

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TABLE 5.26 RECORDED PLANT SPECIES

Family Species Arabic Status

Common ﺷﻴﺢ Compositae Artemisia sieberi

Common ﺻﺮ Chenopodiaceae Noaea mucronata

Caryophyllaceae Gypsophyllum arabicum Common

Common ﻋﺠﺮم Chenopodiaceae Anabasis articulata

Planted ﻗﻄﻒ Chenopodiaceae Atriplex halimus

Graminae Stipa capensis Common

Common ﺣﻤﺤﻢ Boraginaceae Anchusa strigosa

Common ﺛﻮم ﺑﺮي Lilicaeae Allium orientalis

Common ﺻﻔﻴﺮ Compositae Senecio glaucus

Common ﻗﺘﺎد Leguminosae Astragalus spinosus

Common ﻗﻔﻌﺎء Leguminosae Astragalus hamasus

Labiatae Salvia lanigera Common

Common ﻗﺒﺄ Graminae Poa bulbosa

Common ﺣﻨﺪﻗﻮق Leguminosae Trigonella stellata

Common ﺟﺮﻳﺪ Cistaceae Helianthemum lippii

Common ﻏﻴﺼﻼن Lilicaceae Urginea maritime

Common ﻋﻤﻴﺔ Labiatae Phlomis brachyodon

Common ﻗﻄﺐ Leguminosae Onobrychis christa galli

Planted ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ ﺣﻠﺒﻲ Pinaceae Pinus halepensis

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TABLE 5.27 RECORDED MAMMALS SPECIES

Family Scientific name Common name Arabic Status name

Common اﻟﺜﻌﻠﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ Canidae Vulpes vulpes Red fox

Vulnerable اﻟﺨﻠﺪ Spalacidae Spalax leucodon Mole rat

Nationally اﻷرﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﺮي Leporidae Lepus capensis Cape hare threatened

Insufficient data ﻓﺄر اﻟﺨﻴﻞ Mustalidae Vormela pregusna Marbled polecat

TABLE 5.28 RECORDED BIRDS SPECIES

Family Scientific name Common name Arabic name Status Resident اﻟﻘﺒﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺟﺔ Alaudidae Galeridae cristata Crested lark

Resident اﻷﺑﻠﻖ اﻟﺤﺰﻳﻦ Turdidae Oenanthe lugens Mourning wheatear

Resident ﺻﻘﻴﺮي Falconidae Falco tinnanculus Kestrel

Resident اﻟﺪﺑﺴﻴﺔ Columbidae Streptopelia Laughing dove senegalensis

Grid 4

This area is belonging to the Mediterranean non-forest Vegetation type and has some planted atreplix species. About 40 per cent of the grid area comprises a steep slope toward the west where flocks of laughing doves were observed coming up from the wadi below. Table 5.29 includes details of plant species encountered at the proposed site with Table 5.30 providing details of mammals and Table 5.31 providing details of birds observed during the site visit.

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TABLE 5.29 RECORDED PLANT SPECIES

Family Species Arabic name Status

Graminae Cenchrus ciliaris Common

Common ﺷﻴﺢ Compositae Artemisia sieberi

Compositae Echinops polyceras Common

Common ﺻﺮ Chenopodiaceae Noaea mucronata

Common ﻋﺠﺮم Chenopodiaceae Anabasis articulata

Common ﻗﻄﻒ Chenopodiaceae Atriplex halimus

Common ﻗﻴﺼﻮم Compositae Achillea fragrantissima

Labiatae Salvia lanigera Common

Common ﻗﺒﺄ Graminae Poa bulbosa

Common ﺣﻨﺪﻗﻮق Leguminosae Trigonella stellata

TABLE 5.30 RECORDED MAMMALS SPECIES

Family Scientific name Common name Arabic name Status

Common اﻟﺜﻌﻠﺐ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ Canidae Vulpes vulpes Red fox

Vulnerable اﻟﺨﻠﺪ Spalacidae Spalax leucodon Mole rat

Nationally اﻷرﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﺮي Leporidae Lepus capensis Cape hare threatened

TABLE 5.31 RECORDED BIRDS SPECIES

Family Scientific name Common name Arabic name Status Resident اﻟﻘﺒﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺟﺔ Alaudidae Galeridae cristata Crested lark

Resident اﻷﺑﻠﻖ اﻟﺤﺰﻳﻦ Turdidae Oenanthe lugens Mourning wheatear

Resident اﻟﺪﺑﺴﻴﺔ Columbidae Streptopelia Laughing dove senegalensis

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5.8 Cultural heritage

In order to establish the archaeological baseline data for the environmental assessment and archaeological survey was carried out by a team of specialists. The work included both desk based literary reviews and field studies.

Literature survey included review of the Jordan Antiquities Database and Information System (JADIS) of the Department of Antiquities, and the libraries of American Center of Oriental Research (ACOR) and British Council for Research in Levant (BCRL).

Field work survey included a site walk over of the proposed site. The survey was conducted on foot, hence survey members walked at a distance of 20-30 m from each other to ensure that as much of the site as possible was surveyed.

Site No: 1 Site name: Al-Rujum 1 Site coordinates N: 360751296 E : 3380747 Site description Small round structures was found, built of undressed limestone ashlars. Most of the site remains scattered here and there, while the centre area of the site was dug and robbed in antiquity. No pottery shreds were found, no indication of any occupational phases. The site is located between the new paved road and the sloppy area.

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Site No: 2 Site name: Al Khirbeh

Site Coordinates N:360751470 E: 3381639

Site description Few isolated recent enclosures. Remains of collapsed walls were found situated on the upper slope of the medium mound. The remains were built of two rows of undressed limestone and basalt ashlars, the general shape of these remains either semicircular or rectangular and covering an area of approximately 2 dunums. Few pottery shreds were found on the surface of the site. The site dated broadly to Classical and is located at the eastern edge of the area.

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Site No: 3 Site name: Al – Rujum 2 Site Coordinates N: 360751963 E:3381506 Site description Remains of collapsed walls were found situated on the western side of the paved road. The remains were built of two rows of undressed limestone ashlars, the general shape of these remains are square and covering an area of approximately 20 m x 20 m. No pottery shreds were found on the surface of the site. The site dated broadly to Classical period.

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Site No: 4 Site name The Small Rujum Site Coordinates N: 360752181 E:3382251 Site description Small scattered remains on a flat area. The remains were built of two rows of undressed limestone ashlars, the general shape of these remains are not clear and covering an area of approximately 10 m x10 m. No pottery shreds were found on the surface of the site. The site dated broadly to either Classical or Recent Periods.

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Site No: 5 Site name: Al-Kherbeh es- Samra Site coordinates N: 360752921 E:3386316 Site description The site comprises a large settlement area built on a flat rocky area, overlooking the nearby wadies. Several natural caves were noticed on the slope of the mountain, possibly used by the builders of the cairns. The cairns were affected by robber activities, and severely suffered from destruction, caused by the natural and human activities.

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6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

This section discusses the predicted environmental impact of the proposed wind farm in light of the baseline environmental studies undertaken for the ESIA detailed in Section 6 at a high level. It also includes a summary of the proposed mitigation for the impact addressed as necessary which are presented in full in Section 8 and Appendix A.

6.1 Air quality

Construction of the wind farm may result in the emission of dust due to wind blow over bare earth etc. and also oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, particles and sulphur from vehicle exhausts. Local air quality in the area with respect to these pollutants is not considered to be poor and therefore it is not expected that any Jordanian air quality standards will be breached.

Dust could be emitted during several activities associated with the construction works should preventative measures not be taken. Dust could arise from: earth moving operations for excavation and back filling of foundations; blow-off and spillage from vehicles; concreting operations, site reinstatement and road construction.

Dust emissions from the site should be similar to those normally encountered on construction sites. Construction operations will be conducted so as to minimize the generation and spread of dust in order to prevent construction work generating levels of atmospheric dust that would constitute a health hazard or nuisance to people working on the site or living nearby.

It is the smallest dust particles, ie with a diameter of less than 10 microns (ie PM10) that are most likely to be deposited in the lung and therefore result in health impacts. The dust particles that may be emitted during construction will be of large diameter (50-200 microns) and will therefore tend to resettle on the ground within 100 to 500 m of the site. Approximately 70 per cent of the dust will generally settle out of the atmosphere within 200 m of the source, and less than 10 per cent could be expected to remain at a distance of 400 m. The nearest residential buildings are over 500 m from the site and with the proposed mitigating measures, soiling of buildings etc is unlikely to occur.

Materials deposited on stockpiles on site should be closely monitored for any emission of dust and if required they will be damped down, covered or treated with a dust suppressant.

If finely ground materials are delivered, these will be in bag form or stockpiled in specified locations where the material can be suitably covered or damped down as necessary. All vehicles carrying bulk materials into or out of the site will be covered to prevent dust emission. Minimum drop heights will be used during material transfer.

A temporary wheel and chassis washing facility should be provided adjacent to the site exit and should be used by all heavy commercial vehicles leaving the site, preventing the transmission of soil from the site to the public highway. Vehicles should be encouraged to reduce their speed while moving around the site during dry weather to minimize disturbance.

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The above measures may only be necessary should the activities leading to the greatest dust generation occur during dry periods. The use of the above methods should ensure that dust emissions will not impact on local air quality.

In addition to dust, there will be emissions associated with the construction machinery and vehicles eg exhausts from diesel powered equipment, however this will be easily dispersed by the prevalent winds at the site. It is likely that perhaps seven construction vehicles would be present on site at any one time. Any associated odour would be very minor and local in nature and would again be quickly dispersed.

With suitable techniques employed and a short construction time, the residual impact on air quality is expected to be minor.

During operation the turbines will not emit any pollutants or odours to air. Emissions from maintenance vehicles will be insignificant.

During decommissioning the impacts of emissions from fixed and mobile plant and vehicles are likely to be minor and similar in scale to those associated with construction. There may be some dust generated during the decommissioning of the proposed project, however, this will not be to the same extent as during the construction phase as there will be little earth moving required. Demolition of the project will be conducted so as to minimize the generation and spread of dust. There will be no significant impact on the nearest housing, which is located 500 m away from the site boundary.

6.1.1 National and global air quality

Nationally and globally, a significant benefit of the use of wind power rather than fossil fuels is the reduction of emissions of environmentally harmful gases. These benefits are associated with the prevention of emissions of carbon dioxide, (the main greenhouse gas) and also the acid gases and local air quality pollutants, sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulates and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) arising from the combustion of fossil fuels. In addition to causing health effects and damage to the natural and built environment due to acid rain in the locality where they have been produced, the emission of these pollutants in the Jordan can also result in transboundary impacts, on areas several thousand kilometres away. The project therefore represents and important step in reducing such impacts.

6.2 Water quality and geology

6.2.1 Construction

During the construction phase the contractor will be required to implement an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP). This aims to provide guidance on good working practices on site in order to minimize impacts on the soil, geology, hydrology and hydrogeology resulting from the construction of the wind Farm. This will be further developed by the Contractor and agreed with the relevant authorities prior to any works on site. All construction staff would be required to read the procedure and abide by its findings.

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The construction area will be delineated and measures taken to avoid vehicle use outside the working boundary. In order to further limit disturbance, the site access tracks will be constructed first. Any vegetation, topsoil and subsoil will be removed to expose a suitable sub-grade and the excavated soils will be stockpiled for use in the re-instatement of the site (if available). The access tracks routes will be cleared, rough graded and levelled. The stone for use in the site road construction will be imported from local quarries. It is not likely that quarrying to obtain materials will be undertaken on site and no crushing plant is expected to be used on the sites, as the excavated material is not expected to be of sufficient quality for reuse. However, in the unlikely event that it is possible to reuse this material then a screening and crushing plant would be required.

The roads should be constructed to manage drainage of surface waters as necessary. A temporary wheel washing facility may be installed to prevent transfer of soil onto nearby public roads.

A temporary site compound would need to be constructed for the parking of construction vehicles and equipment, staff vehicles, and the storage of materials including turbine blades and other components. A temporary office and welfare facility, including washroom facilities would also be installed. The washroom would need to be emptied regularly by contractors with waste disposed of in an appropriate manner. The general compound would likely cover approx 40 m × 40 m. A crane pad would also be constructed at the base of each of the turbine locations.

Trenching, installation of underground services and provision of temporary construction facilities and services could then take place.

Impacts on soils and geology would generally be confined to localized, temporary erosion and compaction impacts caused by earthworks and vehicular movements. Impacts on near-surface soils would be within the construction footprint for the turbines, laydown areas and access tracks.

Excavations

Once the access tracks are in place, turbine foundation construction will commence. Excavation and foundation construction would be conducted in a manner that would minimize the size and duration of the excavated area.

The available information suggests that bedrock is at or near surface across the site, therefore mass foundations on competent material is likely to be possible however further information will need to be obtained through geotechnical investigations at the site to determine the depth of rock/competent material. This will better inform the nature of the foundations required.

Any rock, which requires removal for the installation of the turbine foundations, will be cored out by the piling rig. Blasting is not envisaged. The best practicable means shall be adopted at all times in the design, construction, silencing and maintenance of all plant and equipment on site. An area of perhaps 20 m × 20 m × 3 m deep would be excavated for any footings to slab foundations and much of the volume excavated would be backfilled. Any vegetation, topsoil and subsoil will be removed using a digger and the excavated materials stockpiled for use in the backfilling of the excavation and reinstatement of the site.

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Any rock excavation will cause temporary noise and vibration effects. Noise generated on site, directly beside the excavator, may be greater than 90 dB and therefore hearing protection will be required. This noise is likely to attenuate quickly over distance and may represent a temporary annoyance to nearby residents during daylight hours during this short period. Groundwater is unlikely to be encountered in the soils surrounding the foundation excavations.

Vibration, caused by the hydraulic excavator, may also be felt directly on site but should attenuate quickly over distance given the ground conditions.

Any soils, sub-soils or aggregate suitable for reuse will be stockpiled, in the vicinity of the turbine locations.

Contamination issues

There is not considered to be any significant contamination on site.

The EMMP will need to include consideration of the pollution prevention measures and will detail potential sources, receptors and measures to be taken to mitigate the risks. Pollution prevention measures should be put in place to ensure that potential migration pathways to the underlying aquifers are not opened up during ground works.

Pathways to human receptors working on site are through inhalation, ingestion or dermal contact with soils containing contaminants. Dust suppression measures will be in place on site to minimize dust levels on the site and in the surrounding environment.

All manual workers will wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during the construction phase and strict hygiene measures should be adopted. Unsupervised man entry into excavations should be avoided.

Installation of foundations

It is proposed that slab foundations will be used. An area of perhaps 20 m × 20 m x 3 m deep would be excavated for any footings to slab foundations.

Fresh concrete and cement are very alkaline and corrosive and can cause pollution of watercourses. The use of these materials will be carefully controlled. All concrete preparation would take place off- site and be trucked in. Concrete delivery trucks would not be washed out on site following delivery.

A correct concrete class will be used for any subsurface concrete structures in order to minimize the risk of attack and any leaching potential.

The excavated area around the concrete foundation will then be backfilled and compacted. On-site excavated materials will be used for backfill as far as is possible. It is unlikely that this material would require crushing before being backfilled. The area would then be restored.

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The foundations for the Control Building is expected to comprise a spread footings with depth appropriate to the underlying soils and geology.

Water, water use and disposal

Flood water in the wades is dependent on the capricious storm, which occurs during rainy season from October to May. Annual rainfall in the project area ranges from between 118.5 mm to 323.6 mm, these amounts of water not expected to make any flash floods.

A small amount of water will be required each day for the general construction works and hygiene, which will be brought in by bowser. This water would be required for road construction and perhaps also for dust suppression/wheel-washing facilities.

A licensed contractor would empty the on site washroom on site, as necessary.

It is not expected that ground water will be encountered during the excavations due to the limited depth of the necessary works. Surface water run-off is not expected to be an issue given the separation to the nearest surface water course however the contractor should take care to ensure that surface waters do not escape the site through the use of interceptors if necessary.

The potential changes as a result of the proposed project will not impact on the various wells in the vicinity of the project site due to distance.

Oil spills

There is also the potential for spills/leakage of oil associated with the construction machinery and vehicles.

The storage of fuel, equipment and construction materials should be designed so as to minimize the risk of soil contamination or water pollution for example through the use of bunds, drip trays and oil interceptors.

Storage of fuel would be limited and secure. Temporary diesel storage tanks should be double skinned or contained with an impermeable bund, capable of holding 110 per cent of the tank’s contents.

Construction machinery should be checked regularly. Any maintenance required should occur over hardstanding or on a suitable impermeable ground cover. Refuelling will be limited to a designated area. Spill kits, absorbent pigs and absorbent sands will be available on site at all times. Any spills will be cleaned up as soon as possible with any contaminated sands bagged up and disposed of correctly.

Parking of staff vehicles should only be permitted in designated areas.

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Waste management

Throughout the works, the EMMP should be strictly adhered to, including the collation of all required paperwork and checking of transport and disposal contractors.

Spoil generated on site will be stockpiled and if necessary and removed off site by a waste contractor by appropriate means.

Vehicles carrying wastes would be suitably sheeted/netted or appropriately covered to prevent the escape of waste materials en route.

6.2.2 Operation

Only relatively small quantities of potentially hazardous substances will be stored and used at the site. These substances, which are detailed elsewhere, mainly comprise transformer and lubricating oils. No significant problems are anticipated in dealing with any of these substances. Appropriate handling precautions will, in any case, be documented and practised at the wind farm.

The amount of oil contained within a wind turbine is typically about 400 l. Most of the oil is contained in the gearbox and any leakage would be contained within the nacelle and tower structures. The turbines would be designed with fluid catch basins and containment systems to prevent accidental releases from leaving the nacelle. The door to the tower is situated above ground level. Any accidental gear oil or other fluid leaks form the wind turbines would be contained inside the towers as they are sealed around the base and would be cleaned up as soon as possible.

Other leakages can come from the hydraulic system (brake, pitch). The amount of oil is minimal and leaks would cause streaks on the side of the external tower. It is therefore generally possible to identify any leaks before oil reaches ground level and before any impact can occur.

The wind turbines would be equipped with sensors to automatically detect loss in fluid pressure and/or increases in temperature in the lubricating oils used, enabling the turbines to be shut down automatically in the event of a fluid leak. Gearbox oil changes would be undertaken on a conditioning monitoring basis, experience has shown that even after 2 years of operation there has been no requirement to change the oil. Component lubrication oils would be replaced, perhaps, every 6 months.

Transformers would be sealed units with negligible leakages. Approximately 4.5 m3 of oil would be held in each of the three transformers. The transformer oils will not contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

The small quantity of sewage arising from the infrequent visits of maintenance staff would be treated in a septic tank or cess pool. A rainwater collection system would be installed to provide water for flushing which would be topped up with water brought to site in containers. Excess rainwater falling on the roof of the control building will be discharged to a soakaway. Being approx 10 m × 6 m the building will not intercept significant quantities of water and no impact is expected.

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Disposal of all waste materials, whether hazardous or not, will only be via appropriate and authorized routes.

The combination of the turbine design features, and the heavy foundation used means that any vibrations caused in the ground by a wind turbine are too small to be detectable by a person, even when standing right next to the turbine. Any vibrations produced by a certified and maintained wind turbine would certainly be too small to cause physical or structural damage to the surrounding area of a turbine, or to cause land instability.

Operation of the wind cluster is therefore expected to have a minimal impact upon site geology, soils, hydrogeology and hydrology.

6.2.3 Decommissioning

The concrete foundations will likely be left in the ground after decommissioning the site. It is, of course, common for concrete foundations to remain in the ground for many years, with concrete being used for construction of foundations for over 150 years. There is not considered to be any significant environmental impact generated from these bases. The ground will be reinstated back to its original state (before the turbine field was commissioned) with suitably clean topsoil and grass covering where appropriate.

The effects on geology and soil during decommissioning are expected to be minimal and similar to those for construction.

Appropriate measures will be taken during the site works (see section on concrete) to ensure that concrete leaching is minimized.

6.3 Noise

Noise associated with wind farms occurs only above the wind speed turbine ‘cut-in’ point, which is usually set at around 4 m/s. For wind speeds below the ‘cut-in’ point wind energy levels are not sufficient for the turbine to produce power. The wind speed ‘cut-off’ point is usually set to 25 m/s, this ‘cut-off’ point is a built-in safety feature to prevent mechanical or structural damage to the turbines.

Wind farms are, as is the case for the Fujeij Wind Farm, generally situated in rural areas where background noise levels produced by the surrounding environment are seldom high enough to mask the noise produced by the wind farms, at the closest receptors. Usually, when wind levels are high, there is enough noise generated by wind blowing through trees and foliage in the surrounding area to mask the turbine noise. When wind levels are lower, there may not be enough wind generated tree/foliage noise to provide adequate masking. This often does not present a problem as turbine noise also drops off with wind speed, so is less likely to create an annoyance to local residents.

The proposed Fujeij Wind Farm is well separated from local properties and other noise sensitive receptors (NSR) and noise is therefore not expected to be a significant issue for the project.

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6.3.1 Limits and guidelines

In the ‘Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook’ issued by the World Bank Group in July 1998 , noise limits for new installations are set out. These are considered to be the most appropriate limits for the proposed installation and are summarized below in Table 6.1. Additionally, it is stated in the handbook that an increase of up to 3 dB above the existing background levels outside the project property boundary is considered acceptable.

TABLE 6.1 WORLD BANK NOISE LIMITS

Maximum LAeq, dB Receptor Day (07:00-22:00) Night (23:00-07:00)

Residential, institutional, educational 55 45

Industrial, commercial 70 70

The following table lists the highest permissible LAeq limits for residential areas. The project noise limit chosen for use in this assessment is the ‘Residential in urban’ with a maximum night time LAeq of 40 dB.

TABLE 6.2 NOISE PREVENTIONS AND LIMITATIONS INSTRUCTIONS PARAGRAPH (D) ISSUED IN ACCORDANCE TO ACT NO (1)/2003 AND NOISE LEVEL CONTROL REGULATION FOR 1997

Area Highest permissible limits of equivalent sound level (dB(A))

Day Night

Residential in urban 60 50

Residential in sub-urban 55 45

Residential in rural 50 40

Industrial 75 65

6.3.2 Construction noise

Construction activity inevitably leads to some degree of noise disturbance at locations in close proximity to the construction activities. It is however a temporary source of noise. The noise levels generated by construction activities would have the potential to impact upon nearby noise sensitive receptors. Noise levels at any one location will vary as different combinations of plant machinery are used, and throughout the construction of the proposed plant as the construction activities and

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locations change. However, these would depend upon a number of variables, the most significant of which include the following:

• the noise generated by plant or equipment used on site, generally expressed as sound power levels;

• the periods of time construction plant is operational;

• the distance between the noise source and the receptor;

• the level of attenuation likely due to ground absorption, air absorption and barrier effects.

Considering the temporary and changing nature of the proposed construction works and the large distances between the proposed construction activities and NSR’s, the impact of construction noise is not predicted to be significant. This will need to be confirmed by the developer as part of the full EIA for the project.

6.3.3 Construction vibration

Some construction activities can be a source of ground-borne vibration, which can be a cause for concern at the nearest receptors. Typical activities that would lead to vibration effects include compaction, breaking and piling.

The impact at the nearest properties from any vibration activities is a function of the vibration source and the propagation path to the receptor; larger distances reduce the impact. Due to the large distances involved, it is unlikely that construction vibration will be noticeable at the receptor locations. The impact of construction vibration will therefore be negligible.

6.3.4 Turbine noise during operation

There are three main potential sources of vibration in a wind turbine. These are mass imbalances in the rotor system (low frequency noise), the meshing of gear teeth (relatively high frequency noise) and variations in wind conditions (mainly low frequency noise). Modern wind turbines are not a source of tonal noise.

Wind turbine manufacturers seek to minimize vibrations in wind turbines, as vibrations cause audible noise and add to stresses in the machines. The methods used to minimize vibrations include the matching of turbine blades by weight to minimize imbalances, the use of flexible vibration isolating components, and the specialized design of towers to dampen vibrations.

The combination of the design features, and the heavy foundations used means that any vibrations caused in the ground by a wind turbine are too small to be detectable by a person, even when standing right next to the turbine and are hard to measure, even with very sensitive equipment. Any vibrations produced by a certified and maintained wind turbine would certainly be too small to cause physical or structural damage to the surrounding area of a turbine, or to cause land instability.

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Typical sound power levels at source for typical 2.5 MW and 3 MW turbines are provided in Table 6.1.

TABLE 6.3 TURBINE SOUND POWER LEVEL

Wind speed (m/s) Sound power level Sound power level at 10 m height 2.5 MW turbine lwa 3 MW turbine lwa

4 94.8 97

5 100 102

6 100.5 106

7 101 108

8 101.5 109

9 102 109

10 102.5 108

A comparison of noise emitted by wind turbines and other noise levels encountered in day to day life is included in Table 6.4.

TABLE 6.4 TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS FOR VARIOUS ACTIVITIES

Source/activity Indicative noise level dB(A)

Threshold of pain 140

Jet aircraft at 250m 105

Pneumatic drill at 7m 95

Busy general office 60

Wind farm at 350m 35 – 45

Quiet bedroom 20

Rural night-time background 20 – 40

Threshold of hearing 0

6.3.5 Impact assessment

It is considerer that through appropriate placement of the proposed turbines the impact of noise from the proposed turbines on NSR should not be significant. This will need to be confirmed by the

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developer through a thorough noise monitoring and modelling exercise which is discussed in the outline ToR document provided in Appendix D.

The project will however have difficulty in conforming with the requirement of the World Bank that the project should not increase noise 3 dB(A) above background at the site boundary and therefore it is advised that this limit is not applied to the project by the Bank.

6.4 Landscape

6.4.1 Construction

Throughout the construction period associated with the project the proposed site will have the appearance of a typical construction site. The construction site will be screened to an extent by the undulating topography of the area.

The contractor will be required to provide areas for the disposal of wastes during the construction period so as to prevent these escaping to the surrounding area and becoming unsightly.

6.4.2 Operation

During the operational stages of the project the proposed wind turbines will be seen over many kilometres. The extent of the visual impact will depend on the size and nature of the turbines proposed by the eventual project developer.

TABLE 6.5 TYPICAL TURBINE DIMENSIONS

Turbine output Hub height Blade length Total height (MW) (m) (m) (m)

0.8 46-70 25 71-95

1.3 45-80 31 76-111

1.5 58-100 35-41 93-141

2 60-100 35-45 115-145

2.5 80-105 40 120-145

3 65-105 45 110-150

4.5 90 60 150

5 90-120 63 153-183

The turbines will been to be designed to withstand extreme ambient conditions to which it may be exposed and to continue to function normally, within appropriate range of derating factors to account

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for such ambient conditions. The external structures of the buildings should be designed such that there will be no deterioration in appearance over the lifetime of the project.

6.4.3 Assessment of visual impact

The significance of the landscape effects due to a development may be considered to reflect the extent to which the proposal is compatible with the character and perceived quality of the local landscape. A range of factors including the scale of the local landform, the pattern of landscape features and general sensitivity of the landscape in relation to the scale and layout of the proposed project will influence the degree of compatibility.

Accordingly the assessment considers the baseline characteristics of the landscape, the extent of predicted visibility and the magnitude of change associated with the construction of the proposed wind farm.

Potential effects on landscape

Changes to landscape occurring within the boundary of a site would be both direct (physically alteration) and indirect (visual influence). During the construction phase there will be temporary effects on the landscape of the site as the result of ground disturbance, ie hard standing areas for construction cranes etc.

During the operational life of the development there will be long term but reversible effects on the landscape of the site. The proposal would essentially introduce a number of large wind turbines to the landscape. The turbines would be that would be screened by the local topography in some areas but would be visible over many kilometres.

Wind turbines generally have a significant visual impact to the receiving environment within about 3 km of the project site with the impact reduced as distance increase. There are few properties located within 3 km of the project and in no case is the visual impact associated with the project considered likely to be unacceptable given the setting of the project site which already contains a number of large man made structures including a number of telecommunications towers and industrial facilities.

Significant impacts of course could be encountered at distances beyond 3 km where the landscape is sensitive to change however there are not considered to be any such areas in the vicinity of the project.

The photomontages provided in Figure 6.1, Figure 6.2 and Figure 6.3 show how the proposed turbines may appear in the landscape. The photomontages assume that a turbine in the 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW range would be installed.

6.4.4 Mitigation measures and monitoring programmes

The architectural design of the control building should endeavour to match that of other buildings in the surrounding landscape. The contractor should also explore the planting of vegetation on the

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proposed site to help improve the visual setting of the site whilst ensuring that no vegetation is planted that could affect the proposed turbines through turbulence over time.

The developer should give consideration to the finish of the proposed turbines which should be coloured so as to blend in with the receiving landscape. It is likely that turbines will have a light grey matt (non-reflective) finish however consideration should be given to painting the lower parts of the turbine towers so as to match colours found in the surrounding environment (ie various shades of orange and yellow).

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S5/90/W Drawn: RWW FIGURE 6.1 VIEW LOOKING TOWARDS RHASHADYA Checked: MW FROM SOUTH OF SITE Approved: MD Drawn: RWW FIGURE 6.2 VIEW LOOKING SOUTH FROM THE KINGS HIGHWAY Checked: MW Approved: MD Drawn: RWW FIGURE 6.3 VIEW FROM NORTH-WESTERN Checked: MW EDGE OF RHASHADYA Approved: MD PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Page 94

6.5 Transport infrastructure

6.5.1 Construction

To access and service the wind turbines on site access tracks will be constructed to link the turbines to the highway to the east of the site. Access tracks will be about 4.5 m width and will be placed to avoid known ground hazards and environmental constraints at the site, in addition to steep gradients. Passing places, turning circles and turbine laydown areas may also be necessary.

Vehicles will be required to bring construction staff, construction equipment, materials and the turbines to the site. The peak traffic movements would be associated with the construction of the access tracks, the concrete bases and the delivery of the turbines.

Construction staff

A maximum of 40 construction staff are expected onsite at any one time. The use of mini-buses and car sharing would be encouraged to reduce the number of vehicular movements. A worst case will be for all vehicles to arrive during the morning peak hour and leave during the evening peak hour. Staff vehicles will park on a dedicated area of the site.

Construction equipment

An excavator, bulldozer, compactor, trencher and dump truck will be brought to site by low loader. Additional site vehicles may be required in order to expedite the construction phase. A vehicle would be required to bring two cranes to site and others to bring the associated counterweights. It is expected that two mobile cranes, (650 tonnes and 120 tonnes capacity) will be required. The majority of this equipment will be brought to site in the first few weeks of the construction phase with the exception of the cranes which would arrive later in the construction phase.

Access road construction

It is not expected that aggregate will need to be brought to site the construction of the on site access tracks will therefore likely be limited to the clearance of on site vegetation and perhaps the compaction of the existing surface to ensure that it is suitable to allow for use by the various HGV’s and abnormal loads vehicles.

Foundation pouring

As many as 30 conventional concrete mixers trucks per turbine are expected to bring concrete to site (each carrying 5 m3 of concrete) and about two HGVs per turbine for reinforced steel.

Abnormal loads

Up to nine articulated low loader lorries would be expected to bring each prefabricated turbine to site. The tower will arrive in two to four sections and each blade will travel separately as will the nacelle

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and hub. Each nacelle may be brought in one or two sections. All such traffic movements would constitute abnormal loads. Miscellaneous equipment such as nose cones, control panels, ladders, cable etc would be brought to site by HGV. Further information on the abnormal loads expected is included in Table 6.6.

TABLE 6.6 ABNORMAL LOADS PER TURBINE

Number of loads Approx length Approx unit weight (m) (tonnes)

Tower sections 4 23 70 (max)

Blades 3 40 - 45 4.9

Nacelles (assuming 2 parts) 2 25 47

Total abnormal loads 9

Road improvements are not expected to be extensive and at this stage are expected to be limited to possible widening of the stretch or road before the turn off to Shubic.

Logistics

The details of a Traffic Management Plan governing vehicle movement in and out of the site would also be developed and agreed with the relevant authorities. Necessary permissions should be taken from government ministries to allow overweight passing through roads with a control vehicle to maintain trucks safety.

The contractor will make the final arrangements for abnormal load transportation with the relevant authorities. Escorts may be required for the abnormal load transportation. A trial run with an extendable turbine blade trailer will be carried out.

The transport of abnormal loads may lead to delays and cause inconvenience to other road users, however, due to the relatively small number of abnormal loads over a fairly long time frame, such disruption will be minimal.

Cleanliness of the existing roads will be maintained at all times. Construction plant and vehicles will not be permitted to deposit mud or other debris onto the existing road system. Temporary wheel- washing facilities may be provided.

The environment and amenity of communities should not be unduly affected by the impacts of traffic resulting from the development as the majority of the potential access routes are away from major settlements.

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6.5.2 Operation

During the operation phase, only infrequent maintenance traffic is expected to visit the site. Due to the high reliability of the plant requirements for maintenance will be minimized, limiting the number of site visits necessary by maintenance staff. Twice yearly visits are expected for servicing and once- monthly visits for routine inspection. Servicing would require staff on site for up to a week. This will involve very few vehicular movements. Impacts on traffic levels during operation are therefore expected to be negligible.

Parking for the operational phase will be on the on-site access road or adjacent to the turbines.

6.5.3 Decommissioning

Decommissioning will require access for heavy goods vehicles to visit site to remove all items of plant, including turbines and associated infrastructure. The number of vehicles will be considerably less than those during the construction phase as the foundations will remain in situ. The foundations will be removed to approximately 1 m below ground level then buried using topsoil, as this will cause less environmental impact than removing them in their entirety. There will not therefore be traffic corresponding to the removal of the concrete and steel reinforcement. The access tracks may also remain, depending on the wishes of the landowner.

The impacts during decommissioning will be temporary in nature and would be unlikely to give rise to significant impacts to local traffic and infrastructure.

6.6 Socioeconomics

6.6.1 Construction

It is likely that the wind turbines will be manufactured overseas although they are likely to include Jordanian manufactured components. Most wind turbines installed in the worldwide have been manufactured in Denmark or Germany.

The developer should encourage the contractor to use local contractors where ever possible. Its is expected that the civil and electrical contractors will be based locally and will therefore have a minor positive impact on the rate of local unemployment and local economic activity, through purchase of construction materials such as concrete for the foundations and staff wages.

There will be a positive economic benefit for local contractors (eg haulage) and local service companies (ie cafes, hotels, shops, security) during the construction phase.

During the construction phase the proposed project will employ of the order of 40 construction workers at peak periods during the pouring of concrete for the foundations and during turbine assembly when a number of contractors are on site. The construction period will be of approximately 8 months duration.

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More specialized skills are required for certain construction activities such as turbine erection and testing which may not be available locally. Such staff would commute or seek temporary accommodation in local hotels, guesthouses, or privately, helping to support this section of the local economy and increase spending in the area. With a peak workforce of 40, there would be little conflict with other users of temporary accommodation. The site is within commuting distance of a number of large conurbations.

Positive minor indirect impacts would therefore result from increases in indirect and induced income and jobs added to the local economy. However, project-induced economic activity will not result in indirect population growth and a related demand for housing capacity. No on site housing is envisaged.

When construction has been completed the laydown areas will be returned to their original condition, excluding service roads, which will remain in place for the life of the facility.

On a national scale and also internationally there would be socio-economic benefits in terms of job creation and investment cumulatively with other wind energy projects. The project would also help to reduce reliance on imports of fuel and improve national air quality through the displacement of generation from fossil fuel fired power plant.

6.6.2 Operation

The wind farm will likely be unmanned though a security guard may be necessary. Its performance would be automatically monitored from a centralized control room, which would be off-site. A staff of two would be required to service and maintain the project though they would not need to be present at site every day. Staff will have a background appropriate to their discipline and will be trained in the operation of the plant.

Wind energy uses land sparingly. Wind farms may extend over a large geographical area, but their actual "footprint” covers only a very small portion of the land, making wind development an ideal way for farmers to earn income in additional to current revenues from crops or pasture. The disturbance associated with the construction phase is temporary with areas such as the site compound being returned to their prior usage/made available for future use as soon as construction has finished. As fencing will not be required around the turbines, land can be used for other uses right up to the base of the towers though there will be some access requirements that could limit potential uses to some extent.

The actual amount of land utilized for the project depends on the project’s boundaries but will represent a small area in the wider project landholding.

Indirect land use changes off-site are not expected as the project is not expected to substantially induce regional growth to change off-site land uses.

The location site of the project is Fujeij area at a distance of a distance of about 2-5 km of the closest town or village. Most of the surrounding land is agricultural. Such project is not expected to affect the

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value of land in that area. In case of desired expansion of the wind farm in the future, land value is expected to dramatically increase.

6.6.3 Decommissioning

As for construction, opportunities will be created for local contractors to be involved in non-technical aspects of decommissioning

6.7 Ecology

The winds farm proposed project is located within a rangeland reserve area which has been rehabilitated by tree planting, mainly triplex, in order to be used for the managed grazing regime.

The activities of construction and decommissioning could have a significant impact on the vegetation cover of the area. It is recommended therefore that consideration be given minimising where ever possible the land take associated with the access roads, laydown areas and other associated activities.

Migratory Birds

The proposed project area is located on the eastern range of a major fly way for birds. The study was undertaken in summer where the migration is minimal and it is therefore not easy to guage the potential impact associated with the project. There is no specific data available as to the importance of Fujeij in relation to bird migration. It is recommended that additional survey work be undertaken in the spring to better inform the impact assessment of the project.

In addition, the project site is not that far from the Dana nature reserve which is a important area for migratory and resident birds. The site is protected as rangeland and is able to provide good roosting and feeding ground and, therefore, could be deemed as a buffer zone to this important bird area. For that construction and decommissioning activities should not take place during the migration seasons, in the early morning, late in the day or during the night in these seasons.

It is recommended that continuous monitoring for birds related issues during the operation and any bird killing accident should be reported to ministry of environment and royal society for conservation of nature.

Bats Activities

The wind farms have the potential to impact on bats through collision if the project area holds high population of these species. It is not considered that the bat population in the vacinity of the project site will be especially significant and therefore any impact on these species should be low.

Mammals Borrows

The area has high density of herbivores, mainly hairs and mole rats. It is recommended to avoid the active borrows that have signs of animals activities to select the towers locations where practical.

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6.8 Cultural heritage

Impact Evaluation

The archaeological survey revealed the existence of five archaeological sites, non of them is under direct threat by the project activities so long as they are properly considered during placement of the proposed turbines.

The five sites might be indirectly affected by the construction activities if the proposed mitigation measures are not taken into considerations during the construction phase.

Mitigation Measures

As mentioned above through proper placement of the proposed turbines there should be no direct impact (direct destruction due to construction) on the sites however there may still there might be indirect impacts. With regard to the specific sites therefore the following mitigation should be considered.

Site (1): The site should be protected from threats of digging activities. Also, it is recommended that the camping locations and the movements of the heavy machinery should avoid the site.

Site (2): The site is not directly threatened by any construction project; only protection measurements should be adopted during any foundations construction to avoid needless destruction of the scattered remains.

Site (3): The site is outside the project area; nevertheless it should be protected from the indirect threats such as, dumping and borrowing areas.

Site (4): A fence should be established to protect the site and the digging activities should avoid the site.

Site (5): The site is mostly destroyed and most of the walls were built on the natural rocky strip. The digging activities should be avoided in this site.

In addition to the above and during the construction phase, it is essential to provide strict instructions to the contractor to pause construction work and excavations in case of discovering any antiquities or archaeological item. Such discoveries should be reported to the Director of Department of Antiquities or to the nearest Public Security Center. The Department of Antiquities may in such cases recommend certain measures to protect the found items.

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7. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

7.1 Background

Jordan has in recent years relied entirely on imported crude oil and oil products to meet the energy needs of the country. With international fuel prices increasing however the Government of Jordan has been striving hard to minimize dependence on imported energy through investing in the sources of energy available and searching for new exploitable sources.

According to the Jordanian energy strategy, it is planned that the renewable energy contribution will reach 3 per cent of the overall energy mixture by the year 2015. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources as well as the Royal Scientific Society conducted many studies for measuring the characteristics of the wind energy in the Kingdom, drawing detailed climatic maps to assess wind energy resource.

Production of electricity using wind energy should be a viable economic option with today's oil prices. Added to these potential benefits, it is a helpful tool to resolve environmental issues.

7.2 Alternative technologies

There are a number of options available for the generation of energy from renewable sources in Jordan however it is considered that the proposed project represents the most appropriate option for generation of the energy required.

Solar photovoltaic panels could be used to convert light energy directly into direct current (dc) current suitable for charging a battery. Due to their small scale they are not considered feasible for providing up to 50 MWe in Jordan. As there would be intermittency associated with generation of electricity from photovoltaic panels which needs to be considered. Also in today’s market photovoltaic panels are still not efficient or cheap enough to represent a cost effective alternative to other forms of electricity generation.

Tidal and hydro power is not a sensible alternative for Jordan given the minimal amounts of rain fall and limited assess to the sea in the country. There is the potential for generation of electricity from the pumping of water from the “red sea” to the “dead sea” with recovery of energy from the discrepancy in water levels (the Dead Sea is about 300 m below the level in the Red Sea) however this is a politically sensitive project and at present there is no sign that such a project can be agreed with the various relevant parties.

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MITIGATION PROGRAMME

An outline Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) has been prepared for the project and is presented in Appendix A. This document provides information on the mitigation measures that are discussed in detail in the EA and identifies monitoring that it is considered will be necessary to ensure that these are being successfully implemented. The EMMP will need to be revised by any future project developer for both the construction and operational phases. Other documents such as the construction HSE Plan and the Operations EMS should be prepared at a later date and should include further details on the manner in which the aims of the EMMP will be implemented.

In preparing the EMMP consideration has been given as appropriate to the IFC’s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability. Consideration has also been given to the relevant Jordanian legislation as necessary including:

• Instruction for management and handling of hazardous waste

• Civil Defence Act (No.90,2003)

• Public Health Act (No. 54,2002)

• Instruction of managing and circulating of the waste oils

Due to the proven nature of Wind Turbine technology the project will be able to take advantage of many years of development in the process that make wind turbines an inherently clean and safe way of generating electricity. As a result of this there is little by way of mitigation and monitoring additional to that which is inherent in the plant design necessary and therefore little by way of additional expense.

The costs associated with any mitigation for the project should be minimal and are inherent to good engineering practice. There are not considered to be any site specific mitigation measures that could represent a significant expense.

Monitoring costs would be minimal and would principally be associated with the purchase of monitoring equipment and the employment of the relevant environmental managers. It is not expected that the cost of monitoring will exceed $10,000 with regard to the expenses incurred by the contractor and a similar amount by the proponent (annually).

Key mitigation and monitoring objectives of the EMMP include:

• The bunding of all storage tanks and containers with 110 per cent impermeable bunds to ensure that in the event that a tank were to leak all material is contained and could be safely removed and the tank was repaired;

• The use of dust suppression measures such as the use of water bowsers to minimize the potential for dust creation during the construction period;

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• The encouraging of the use of public transport, car sharing or use of minibuses to minimize the impact of the projects construction and operational activities on the local traffic infrastructure;

• The installation of lightening and fire protection measures to ensure that any fire can be combated effectively.

To ensure that the monitoring and mitigation measures outlined in the EMMP are successfully implemented consideration of the appointment of an environmental and safety manager should during the construction and operational phases should be considered.

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S5/102/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Appendix A

APPENDIX A ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MITIGATION PLAN (21 pages)

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S6/1/W MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MITIGATION PLAN

OCTOBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROJECT DESCRIPTION STATEMENT

OCTOBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

Document No. 62995/PBP/000001 0927R000.DOC/S1/2/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm List of Revisions Page 1 of 1

LIST OF REVISIONS

Current Date Page Prepared Checked by Checked by Approved Rev. affected by (technical) (quality by assurance)

Original Oct 2007 All

RW WEARMOUTH M WILSON MA MITCHELL M DENNY

REVISION DETAILS

Original Oct 2007 All Original issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000004

Document No. 62995/PBP/000001 0927R000.DOC/S2/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Contents Page i of i

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1

1. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MITIGATION PROGRAMME 1

1.1 Key mitigation and monitoring objectives of the EMMP include 1

ANNEX A OUTLINE EMMP 1

______

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CO2 carbon dioxide DCS distributed control system DOA Department of Antiquities of Jordan DFO distillate fuel oil EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EM electromagnetic EMMP environmental and social monitoring and mitigation plan EU European Union GW gigawatt HGV’s heavy goods vehicles IEC International Electro-technical Commission ISO International Organisation for Standardisation km kilometre kV kilovolt LCV lower calorific value LNG liquefied natural gas m metre mg/Nm3 milligrams per normal cubic metre MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MW megawatt NEPCO Jordan National Electric Company NOx oxides of nitrogen PBP PB Power PCB polychlorinated biphenyls RAP Recognized Air Picture ReeC Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition SO2 sulphur dioxide ToR Terms of Reference TV television UK United Kingdom VOC volatile organic compounds

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1. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MITIGATION PROGRAMME

An outline Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) has been prepared for the project and is presented below. This document provides information on the mitigation measures that are discussed in the EA report and identifies monitoring that in PB Power’s opinion would be necessary in order to ensure that these are being successfully implemented. This is provided for both the construction and operational phases. The developers/contractors HSE Plan and the Operations EMS will of course only be prepared once the project is much further progressed and should include further details on the manner in which the aims of the EMMP will be implemented.

1.1 Key mitigation and monitoring objectives of the EMMP include

• The bounding of all storage tanks and containers with 110 per cent impermeable bunds to ensure that in the event that a tank were to leak all material is contained and could be safely removed and the tank was repaired;

• The use of dust suppression measures such as the use of water bowsers to minimize the potential for dust creation during the construction period;

• The encouraging of the use of public transport, car sharing or use of minibuses to minimize the impact of the projects construction and operational activities on the local traffic infrastructure.

The Engineer would need to be designated by the project developer who would be responsible for the implementation of the EMMP. The Engineer would be responsible for reporting on any oil spills etc, and for ensuring EMMP and permitting requirements are met, as well as ascertaining adequate reporting of events. The compliance or non-compliance as results from inspections would need to be documented by the Engineer, who would be in consultation with the Ministry of Environment as required.

Employees/contractors engaged in the works would be expected to comply with the EMMP by their direct managers, who would be familiar with the EMMP and would liaise with the responsible Engineer.

If an environmental incident occurs, the Owner would be responsible for remediation works and cost. In the event of an environmental incident, the point of contact would be the responsible Engineer. The responsible Engineer would use the incidents register and should report all incidents to the Owners within 48 hours. Any serious incidents should be reported as soon as practically possible. The responsible Engineer would need to notify the Ministry of Environment of the environmental incident as required by Jordanian legislation.

Document No. 62995/PBP/000001 0927R000.DOC/S5/1/W PB Power Annex A

ANNEX A OUTLINE EMMP (15 PAGES)

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c dust, contaminants or or contaminants c dust, d out throughout the To ensure that atmospheri do not the construction generated by dust deposits a health constitute levels which could exceed on working persons to those nuisance hazard or monitoring a dust the site or living nearby will be carrie programme period. construction be made to ensure will Daily visual inspections at all times. employed is that good practice points of exit will include monitoring Inspections site entrance. the outside area and the immediate sensitive receptors located away from ANNEX A OUTLINE EMMP wherever possible. will be closely deposited on stockpiles site Materials and if required emission of dust monitored for any possible dust or treated with a covered down, they will be damped suppressant. A Water Bowser will be used if required (following tests to tests (following if required will be used A Water Bowser of material) moisture content the determine either will, if required, be worked not being Excavation faces suppressant dust chemical or treated with a sheeted will dust emission of potential working in areas All operatives facemasks. with paper be provided All stockpiles will be and out of the site will into materials bulk carrying All vehicles that may be any material so as to contain be sheeted will be used heights dispersed during transit. Minimum drop transfer material during bag these will be in are delivered, If finely ground materials can the material where locations stockpiled in specified form or covered. be suitably Moderate Moderate Significance Concern Significance Significance Concern measure Mitigation Monitoring Dust creation from creation Dust soil movements, from emissions etc vehicles in use. off when not switched will be Engines emissions air reduce maintained to will be properly All vehicles Construction impact mitigation, monitoring, and management measures Air quality

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will be areas of bunded Daily visual inspection of these the effectiveness made to ensure systems.

ound water. Site personnel to water. ound machinery will not be allowed on will not be allowed machinery Water inflows to excavated areas to be minimized by the use of to be areas inflows to excavated Water by the and techniques keeping good house lining materials, in order to materials construction and control of drainage of gr prevent the contamination surface and ground impact on of the potential be made aware works of the construction aspects with certain water associated impacts. of accidental the incidence to further reduce to be equipment and vehicles of construction Refuelling fuel designed with properly area to a designated restricted procedures. operating proper and tanks and bunds of in the local wadis. will be disposed No materials Spill kits will be kept on site to clean up any spills of fuels or of fuels or any spills to clean up on site be kept Spill kits will as quickly to as and responded be reported oils. Spills would possible. Maintenance of construction to prevent the to help necessary absolutely site unless fluids. and hydraulic of lubricating leakage accidental effluents construction of any to dispose contractor Construction manner. in a responsible and areas in assigned will be materials Storage of construction practices. working best follow standard at an will either be off site Disposal of excavated materials give of the site that will not areas site or in landfill appropriate wet periods. run off during surface rise to Moderate Moderate Significance Moderate Significance Moderate Significance Concern Significance Significance Concern measure Mitigation Monitoring Water Quality and Soil Quality Water of Protection waters ground Potential leakage tanks of storage of Protection surface and ground waters

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Daily auditory inspection/walk round to ensure to ensure round inspection/walk Daily auditory being employed are means best practicable

are in use, and all ancillary ancillary in use, and all are ators, compressors and pumps pumps and ators, compressors mporary acoustic barriers or barriers mporary acoustic All vehicles and mechanical plant used for construction would would for construction plant used mechanical All vehicles and and regularly be fitted with effective exhaust silencers, maintained. fitted with mufflers or tools would be percussive pneumatic by the manufacturers. of the type recommended silencers Portable toilets will be provided during the construction period period construction the during will be provided Portable toilets of in an site and disposed of tankered with any waste manner. appropriate minimized by the use of to be areas inflows to excavated Water by the and techniques keeping good house lining materials, in order to materials construction and control of drainage water. of ground prevent the contamination where boundary within the site material excavated Reuse of excavated the volume reduce would which practicable off site to landfill. material going this material (should excavated of contaminated Segregation material excavated from non-contaminated be encountered), to an removed soils with the contaminated be made would site. disposal appropriate fitted models be sound-reduced would All major compressors be would which covers acoustic sealed lined and with properly the machines whenever kept closed gener as plant such All ancillary would be provided. enclosures would be positioned so as to cause minimum noise noise minimum cause so as to be positioned would te If necessary, disturbance. Moderate Moderate significance Concern Significance Significance Concern measure Mitigation Monitoring Noise noise Construction appropriate be used where quiet plant would Inherently

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Visual inspection to ensure that construction that construction to ensure Visual inspection other land. onto spread do not impacts the death of wild life will in resulting Any accidents of Environment and to the Ministry be reported RSCN. that made to ensure will be Visual inspections to the surrounding are not escaping plant wastes environment. ers to hunt or kill animals. kill animals. ers to hunt or use without presenting an overly presenting use without ept to a minimum during night- ept to a minimum during to cut down plants in the Potential aqueous effluent and runoff from site activities will be site activities will be from effluent and runoff Potential aqueous kept to an absolute minimum so as to ensure that there is no project the outside and ecosystems of habitats contamination boundary. be vegetation will natural removal of existing Unnecessary avoided. Any ground will be prohibited. of bird nests The destruction with in coordination will be moved the site found inside nests the Royal Society for and Ministry of Environment area. of Nature (RSCN) to an appropriate Conservation activity will be k Construction inside for landscaping plants of exotic or invasive The planting will be prohibited site the project and around work will not allow The contractor sized etc that will be cranes as such equipment Construction their intended to serve so as Workers will be required not Workers will in the area. wildlife on disturbance time to decrease reported the death of wild life will be in resulting Any accidents to the Ministry of Environment and RSCN. impact. intrusive visual disposal for the areas to provide will be required The contractor these to prevent so as period the construction during of wastes unsightly. becoming area and to the surrounding escaping surrounding area for fires etc. for fires etc. area surrounding Moderate Moderate Significance Low Significance Low Significance Low Significance Low Significance Low Significance Moderate Significance Concern Significance Significance Concern measure Mitigation Monitoring Ecology effluent Aqueous and runoff Removal of existing natural vegetation bird of Destruction nests to Disturbance wildlife Planting of exotic or invasive plants of or killing Hunting animals Visual impact of Visual impact construction

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etc this will be internally etc this will be internally requested to report any dust that to ensure will be made Visual checks to not encountered are mud carry and creation degree. any significant staff will be Construction manager. appropriate finds to an archaeological is in place all signage that will check The operator as necessary. by staff of law breaking cases report locals Where with regard to speed limits as necessary. investigated finds that may have cultural or be obliged to comply with all archaeological significance. significance. archaeological Car sharing and the use of minibuses and public transport will transport public and the use of minibuses and sharing Car be encouraged will be of vehicles maintenance and servicing Regular to air emissions help minimize employed to mud and prevent to help may be employed washing Wheel roads site on to local from the carried earth being the to help minimize will be prepare plan A Traffic Management localimpact traffic to the network. staff will report any Construction Land not required for permanent use by the power station will the power by permanent use for required Land not better condition. to original or be reinstated a to provide be encouraged would appointed The contractors staff construction for service minibus will transport public and the use of minibuses and sharing Car by all staff be encouraged the to reduce may be dampened onsite roads In dry periods creation potential for dust site will Drivers accessing the Jordanian road safety laws road Jordanian Moderate Moderate Significance Moderate Significance Moderate Significance Moderate Significance Moderate Significance Concern Significance Significance Concern measure Mitigation Monitoring infrastructure Traffic and Construction traffic Vehicle emissions and dirt Dust generation Safety Road Construction traffic management Archaeology necessary. in place as will be put signage Adequate site Archaeological finds

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will be suitable for their use will be suitable truction activitiesthe in will be invited to assess the will be invited otection will be adequate for the otection tificial illumination, and signage s, exits, materials etc. s, exits, materials he written approval of the he written approval will appropriately mark hazard If any site is found during construction and will be damaged by will be damaged and construction If any site is found during activities, the DOA construction salvage carry out an emergency may and discovered remains that entails which excavation salvage excavation construction during is conducted excavation archaeological of to wait for a period be obliged would The contractor phase. cons commencing 10 days before to respond find to allow the DOA vicinity of an archaeological the sites identification. t seek shall The Contractor interest of archaeological areas should avoid the The project be should Fences assessment. identified in the environmental to damage accidental no to ensure these areas placed around phase. construction the during occurs these areas with and complied will be applied (No.51,2002) law Labour necessary. as of the project duration the throughout Equipment, tools and substances to safety or health when to minimize dangers and selected correctly. used and be natural light receive possible will where places Work ar supplemented with sufficient Sufficient fire prevention and pr will be systems and protection Fire detection use. proposed Department of Antiquities before the removal of any chance of any chance of Antiquities before the removal Department and other obstruction fence structure, foundation, find building, is in the quarrel. old, any portion of which over 50 years Concern Significance Significance Concern measure Mitigation Monitoring Socioeconomics rights Worker and Safety On site Health NA Safety NA

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Daily visual inspection of use PPE equipment be made. would be site would on of accidents A register held. sessions training prevention with maintained and safety plan would health site specific Review basis. regular appropriately an be made on will be actively enforced if is cleaned when dirty, properly is cleaned when dirty, opriate protection against the protection against opriate ed standards. They will be ed standards. climate and have acceptable light and noise conditions. conditions. light and noise acceptable have climate and structurally safe, provide appr structurally Places of work, traffic routes and passageways shall be kept be shall and passageways traffic routes of work, Places and cleaned, regularly and spillage, waste free from will be and provided will be First aid facilities maintained. work. Welfare the place of throughout easily accessible of number an adequate rooms, locker will include facilities An for eating. dedicated and a room toilets with washbasins, at all places of water will be provided of drinking ample supply work. to local according be designed will structures and Buildings recogniz and internationally provided, and will be identified equipment Personal protection co-workers to the worker, protection that will offer adequate unnecessary without incurring visitors and occasional PPE inconvenience. The use of cannot or procedures work plans alternative technologies, The or exposure. a hazard sufficiently reduce eliminate or employer shall ensure that PPE Proper or worn out. damaged when replaced and maintained use of PPE shall be part the training programs for employees. through be controlled will to vibration from equipment Exposure The limitation of time exposure. and of equipment selection conform to those will values limits for vibration and action OHS. for by the IFC guidelines provided of with the aim safety plan would be prepared A health and and and construction for both injuries and accidents preventing provided as necessary. as necessary. provided Concern Significance Significance Concern measure Mitigation Monitoring stocked and appropriately adequately First aid facility

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volving the public will be volving the public will be maintained as

A training register for Employees would be would for Employees A training register of up to date with evaluation kept and maintained made. training sessions Accidents and incidents in to management. and reported documented register A complaints necessary. te manner. ested to travel no faster than a security fence ensuring to a security fence ensuring in an appropria The site will be located within The site entry of the site by local or accidental prevent trespass peoples. Sufficient training will be provided to all workers to ensure to ensure to all workers will be provided Sufficient training in the work place safety heath and safely with any be managed will materials Construction to prevent any risk local in areas placed etc stockpiles through airborne becoming the materials as such communities exposure to the wind. so will be managed of the project all phases during Transport as to minimize impact to the localcommunity. disposal the transport and and of raw materials The transport will be undertaken of waste with well maintained will be equipment and vehicles Project project-related traffic will be requ regarding complaints for a means of will allow The contractor by members of the local to be made on site activities community. the speed limit. limit. the speed operation stages of the project. of the project. operation stages NA Concern Significance Significance Concern measure Mitigation Monitoring Health and Safety Community Health Community and Safety

Document No. 62995/PBP/000001 0927r000.doc/S7/8/w} PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Appendix A Page AError! No sequence specified.

Upon receiptof complaint from local etc peoples/MoE contract construction Daily during contract construction Daily during As necessary contract construction Daily during contract construction Daily during ons contract construction Daily during ual inspections ual inspections contract construction Daily during Dust monitoring programme will be carried out will be carried programme Dust monitoring best to ensure round Auditory inspection/walk employed are being means practicable that construction to ensure Visual inspection other land. onto spread do not impacts the death of wild life will in resulting Any accidents of Environment and to the Ministry be reported RSCN. that site made to ensure will be Visual inspections to the surrounding escaping not are wastes environment. dust that to ensure will be made Visual checks to any not encountered are mud carry and creation degree. significant Monitoring issue issue Monitoring method Monitoring frequency Monitoring Construction monitoring programme Air Quality emissions soil movements, from creation Dust etc from vehicles points of exit will include monitoring Inspections areas of bunded inspection Vis noise Construction and runoff effluent Aqueous of animals or killing Hunting Visual inspecti of construction Visual impact generation and dirt Dust

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As necessary As necessary As necessary Daily As necessary Annually As necessary As necessary etc this will be internally volving the public will be volving the public be maintained. As necessary requested to report any Where locals report cases of law breaking by staff of law breaking cases report locals Where with regard to speed limits investigated. staff will be Construction manager. appropriate finds to an archaeological Visual inspection of use PPE equipment would be made. be site would on of accidents A register held. sessions training prevention with maintained and safety plan would health site specific Review basis. regular appropriately an be made on be would for Employees A training register of up to date with evaluation kept and maintained made. training sessions Accidents and incidents in to management. and reported documented Monitoring issue issue Monitoring method Monitoring frequency Monitoring Road Safety Road site finds Archaeological Safety is in place. all signage that will check The operator As necessary will register A complaints

Document No. 62995/PBP/000001 0927r000.doc/S7/10/w} PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Appendix A Page AError! No sequence specified.

death of wild life of these systems during during systems of these nistry of Environment eatment systems will be eatment systems Inspection of bunded areas will be made to will be made areas bunded of Inspection ensure the effectiveness site visits by maintenance staff. of the tr All elements optimum to ensure monitored regularly and maintenance. performance of for the monitoring be put in place to Provisions in (on and off site) receptors noise at sensitive for or reason complaint the event that there is a concern. will be reported to the Mi nt of the capacity of the nt of the capacity or machinery will be performed or machinery workers to hunt or kill animals. kill animals. to hunt or workers the in resulting Any accidents tanks and areas where drums where tanks and areas tion measure Monitoring All oil and chemical storage storage All oil and chemical bund. by an impermeable be surrounded will are stored per 110 to contain sized bunds will be within Single tanks within will be and multiple tanks or drums cent of capacity per ce 110 to contain sized bunds largest tank. more considered are impulsive noises Since tonal or will turbine items noise sources, continuous than annoying regular through controlled otherwise or be silenced are not emissions such no to ensure maintenance locations at NSR audible significantly removal of unnecessary will avoid any The proponent vegetation. existing natural Any maintenance of vehicles off site unless strictly necessary. onitoring, and management measures Moderate Moderate significance significance Low Significance Moderate Significance Concern Significance Mitiga Operational impact mitigation, m Air Quality None and Soils Quality Water Potential leakage of storage tanks Noise Operational noise Moderate Ecology natural Removal of existing vegetation by vehicle Contamination maintenance of animals or killing Hunting Low will not allow The proponent

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oject area will not be allowed oject he use of PPE will be actively he use of hall ensure that PPE is cleaned hall ensure tion measure Monitoring tances will be suitable for their tances will be suitable Parking on areas outside the pr Parking necessary. strictly unless for screening planted to provide may be bushes and Trees local receptors. and limits speed obey all relevant to instructed will be Drivers laws. other relevant necessary. as of the project duration the throughout design. project in the included to the worker, protection that will offer adequate provided, incurring without visitors occasional and co-workers inconvenience. T unnecessary or work plans enforced if alternative technologies, reduce a hazard or sufficiently cannot eliminate procedures s or exposure. The employer use and selected to minimize dangers to safety or health safety or health to dangers to minimize selected use and used correctly. when Significance and RSCN. Low Significance Significance Significance Concern Significance Mitiga Screening Moderate inappropriate Unauthorized/ parking Visual impact Moderate Screening Traffic and Infrastructure Traffic management Socioeconomics minor rights Worker Safety Safety NA with and complied will be applied (No 51,2002) law Labour NA Equipment, tools and subs will be measurements and protection Fire prevention and will be identified equipment Personal protection

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for the operation stages of stages operation for the requested to travel no faster tion measure Monitoring preventing accidents and injuries and accidents preventing the project. project-related traffic will be limit. than the speed when dirty, properly maintained and replaced when when replaced and dirty, properly maintained when of shall be part of PPE worn out. Proper use or damaged for employees. training programs the recurrent Concern Significance Mitiga Health and Safety Community NA with well maintained will be equipment and vehicles Project stocked and appropriately adequately First aid facility of with the aim safety plan would be prepared A health and

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monthly As necessary As necessary be maintained. As necessary ace for the monitoring of noise at sensitive at sensitive of noise for the monitoring ace dents involving the public will be documented and and will be documented the public involving dents tion of bunded areas will be made to ensure the made to ensure will be areas tion of bunded effectiveness of these systems. of these systems. effectiveness complaint or the event that there is a and off site) in (on receptors concern. for reason to management. reported

Monitoring issue issue Monitoring method Monitoring frequency Monitoring Operational monitoring programme Quality Water tanks Potential leakage of storage Operational noise Health and Safety Community Visual inspec Health and Safety Community be put in pl to Provisions inci and Accidents will register A complaints

Document No. 62995/PBP/000001 0927r000.doc/S7/14/w} PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Appendix B

APPENDIX B CONSULTATION PLAN (8 PAGES)

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S8/1/W

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

CONSULTATION PLAN

NOVEMBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

CONSULTATION PLAN

NOVEMBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

Document No. Doc Number 1027R000 REV B.DOC/S1/2/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm List of Revisions Page 1 of 1

LIST OF REVISIONS

Current Date Page Prepared Checked by Checked by Approved Rev. affected by (technical) (quality by assurance)

Rev B Nov 2007 All

RW WEARMOUTH M WILSON MA MITCHELL M DENNY

REVISION DETAILS

Original Sep 2007 All Original issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000005

Final issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000005 Rev A Rev A Oct 2007 All Including Clients Comments

Final issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000005 Rev B Rev B Nov 2007 All Including World Bank Comments

Document No. Doc Number 1027R000 REV B.DOC/S2/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Contents Page i of i

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Scoping exercise 1 1.2 Additional public consultation 2 1.3 Public consultation methodology 2

2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE COMMUNICATION 3

2.1 Operational phase communication 3

______

Document No. Doc Number 1027R000 REV B.DOC/S3/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm List of Abbreviations Page 1 of 1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment HSE Health and Safety Executive MoE Ministry of Environment NEPCO National Electric Power Company NGO Non-Governmental Organisation ToR Terms of Reference

Document No. Doc Number 1027R000 REV B.DOC/S4/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Page 1 of 1

1. INTRODUCTION

This document provides details of the Interagency, public and NGO consultation that it is considered should be undertaken by the future project developer to satisfy the requirements of the relevant Jordanian legislation and the guidance and expectations of the World Bank.

1.1 Scoping exercise

The principle objectives of the scoping study were to:

• Identify the key environmental issues to be included in the assessment.

• Identify the legal requirements and framework for the project through the course of its lifetime.

• Identify the relevant component studies to establish the relevant baseline for the project.

• Produce an outline EIA Terms of Reference (ToR).

As part of the scoping session members of the EA team gave a presentation detailing the project activities, facilities, and processes. Graphics and diagrams were included in the presentation highlighting the importance of the project and the need to identify potential interactions between the project activities and the receiving environment.

Participants specifically invited to the scoping session by the MoE included:

• Jordan Environment Society.

• New Shoubak Municipality.

Document No. Doc Number 1027R000 REV B.DOC/S5/1/W PB Power Fujeij Wind Farm Page 2

• Shoubak District.

There were a number of other attendees at the scoping session from non-governmental organisations such as other consultants interested in the environmental issues associated with wind energy projects. A register for the scoping session can be seen in Appendix G of the Environmental Assessment.

To satisfy the requirements of the Jordanian EIA regulations the project developer will need to undertake a separate scoping study for the project that will follow the lines of the above study.

1.2 Additional public consultation

To satisfy the requirements of the World Bank it is considered the project developer should undertake additional public consultation with local residents to allow them to become better in formed on the project.

1.3 Public consultation methodology

The nature of the public consultations should be tailored by the developer to reflect the impacts of the project. However it is considered that this may include the following:

1. The consulting process could perhaps start with house to house meeting with local people to explain the nature of the project and the expected effects and benefits on the surrounding environment and people and end with public hearing conducted in an appropriate venue in the area such as a local school or ministry building.

2. Residents could perhaps be provided with a leaflet discussing the project in Arabic. This could include:

• An introduction to the project and nature of the plant processes.

• Comparison between the wind farm and the traditional methods of electricity production, with discussion of the process benefits.

• The positive affects of the project on the surrounding area and people.

3. Holding of a public consultation day to where local residents could discuss the project with the developer and any advisors. Key concerns could be discussed to allow for a better understanding of the project and its impacts as necessary. Participants might also be invited to fill the survey questionnaire form in Arabic language. (Where the participants are illiterate they would need to be helped to fill the forms).

4. Provision of a contact within the development company who could answer any questions members of the public may have on the project.

Document No. Doc Number 1027R000 REV B.DOC/S5/2/W PB Power Fujeij Wind Farm Page 3

2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE COMMUNICATION

The developer should require his contractor(s) to maintain a register of any complaints by members of the local community with regard to the construction phase of the project.

During construction, the point of contact will likely be the Construction Manager or the Site HSE Coordinate as designated by Construction Manager. The Construction Manager should maintain the complaints register and should report all complaints to the developers Project Management team within 48 hours. Any serious complaints will be reported as soon as practically possible. A contact within the developers management team who will coordinate with local residents should also be established.

The developer should aim to deal with complaints within 72 hours. If dealing with the complaint involves investigations that are likely to take longer than this, then the complainant should be advised of this. After completion of the investigation and then as per nature of the issue, the complainant should be appraised.

Where complainants are found to have a genuine grievance with regard to any activities being undertaken by the contractor(s) suitable mitigation measures should be put in place so as to remedy the problems encountered.

Accidents and incidents involving the public should be documented and reported to management.

2.1 Operational phase communication

During to operational phase of the project the developer should maintain close contact with members of the local population. If there is a desire amongst the local community consideration should be given by the developer to the holding of a bi-annual meeting with local residents/their representatives to discuss any issues with regard to the project ongoing activities.

The developer should identify a point of contact within his company to discuss any complaints regarding the project with members of the local community.

The developer should aim to deal with complaints within 72 hours. If dealing with the complaint involves investigations that will take longer than this, then the complainant should be advised of this. After completion of the investigation and then as per nature of the issue, the complainant should be apprised.

Where complainants are found to have a genuine grievance with regard to any activities being undertaken at the site suitable mitigation measures should be put in place so as to remedy the problems encountered.

Accidents and incidents involving the public should be documented and reported to management.

Document No. Doc Number 1027R000 REV B.DOC/S5/3/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Appendix C

APPENDIX C ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM AND CONSTRAINTS (7 pages)

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S10/1/W

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM AND CONSTRAINTS

OCTOBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING AND CONSTRAINTS

OCTOBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

Document No. Doc Number MAPPING.DOC/S1/2/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm List of Revisions Page 1 of 1

LIST OF REVISIONS

Current Date Page Prepared Checked by Checked by Approved Rev. affected by (technical) (quality by assurance)

Original Oct 2007 All

RW WEARMOUTH M WILSON MA MITCHELL M DENNY

REVISION DETAILS

Original Oct 2007 All Original issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000006

Document No. Doc Number MAPPING.DOC/S2/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Contents Page i of i

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Scoping exercise Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Additional public consultation Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Public consultation methodology Error! Bookmark not defined.

2. CONSTRUCTION PHASE COMMUNICATION ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

2.1 Operational phase communication Error! Bookmark not defined.

______

Document No. Doc Number MAPPING.DOC/S3/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm List of Abbreviations Page 1 of 1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS m metres MW megawatts NEPCO National Electric Power Company

Document No. Doc Number MAPPING.DOC/S4/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Page 1 of 1

1. INTRODUCTION

This document provides details of the social and environmental screening and constraints that should generally be applied to a wind farm in the early stages of development. Buffer zones are identified which might be applied to any future wind farm project though it should be noted that such buffer zones do not necessarily adequately reflect the social and environmental constraints at any specific site and do not remove the requirement for the proper assessment of environmental impacts associated with any specific project.

It is highly recommended that prior to the development of any potential site developers undertake a pre-feasibility study of the site. Any such study should include a high level consideration of environmental issues as well as engineering considerations such as likely wind speeds etc.

2. SCREENING

The section identifies typical constraints which affect the location and layout of wind farms and provides guidance on buffer zones to help future wind farm developers in Jordan to better understand the issues associated with their projects. It is hoped that the information provided which is based on the international experience of PB Power in the wind energy market and on guidance issued by national governments will aid developers in the identification of viable wind farm sites and avoid the projects being progressed where the environmental and social constraints are too limiting.

Specific issues are addressed below.

2.1 Noise

The developer should allow for a separation to the nearest residential property of at least 500 m for turbines greater than 1.3 MW and 600 m for turbines larger than 2 MW.

2.2 Safety

Turbines should be located at least 110 percent x the tip height (the height to the blade at its highest point) away from roads, railways and buildings to mitigate for blade through, ice through and the unlikely event of the turbine falling over.

2.3 Visual impact

Developers should seek to identify sensitive landscape features in the surrounding environmental and avoid locating projects close to these where possible. No specific buffer zone can be advised.

2.4 Aviation

Developers should seek to avoid the locating projects in the immediate vicinity of civil or military air fields. No specific buffer zone can be advised but it is recommended that airfield operators are made

Document No. Doc Number MAPPING.DOC/S5/1/W PB Power Fujeij Wind Farm Page 2

aware of any wind farm project early in the development process to they can advise the developer as to how the project might affect their on going operations.

2.5 Archaeology

Turbines should be located at least 110 percent x the tip height away from archaeological remains to mitigate for blade through, ice through and the unlikely event of the turbine falling over. Where archaeological sites are more sensitive developers should avoid these areas and consider locating projects elsewhere.

2.6 Telecommunications links

Where telecoms links across the site are identified the developer should avoid these through placement of turbines outside the 2nd Fresnel zone (usually about 20 m from the centre of the link) which is considered to be sufficient to remove the potential for the turbines to significantly impact on such links.

2.7 Ecology and ornithology

Developers should seek to identify sensitive ecological and ornithological areas in the surrounding environmental and avoid locating projects close to these where possible. No specific buffer zone can be advised.

2.8 Grid Connection and Turbine Separation

In considering potential project sites consideration should be given to the proximity of a grid connection from which power can be exported. In identifying such connections it may be necessary to discuss the requirements of the project with NEPCO. Developers should be aware that the proximity of a substation or transmission line does not necessarily mean that there is capacity in the grid to allow for the export of significant amounts of power.

In placing turbines developers should seek to establish the direction of the prevailing wind at the proposed site and the nature and variation in the wind direction more generally. The separation distances between turbines should be informed by this information and advise from turbine manufactures.

Document No. Doc Number MAPPING.DOC/S5/2/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Appendix D

APPENDIX D OUTLINE EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE (17 pages)

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S12/1/W MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

OUTLINE EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE

OCTOBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

OUTLINE EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE

OCTOBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

Document No. 62995/PBP/000003 0917R000.DOC/S1/2/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm List of Revisions Page 1 of 1

LIST OF REVISIONS

Current Date Page Prepared Checked by Checked by Approved Rev. affected by (technical) (quality by assurance)

Original Oct 2007 All

RW WEARMOUTH M WILSON MA MITCHELL M DENNY

REVISION DETAILS

Original Oct 2007 All Original issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000003

Document No. 62995/PBP/000003 0917R000.DOC/S2/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Contents Page i of i

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. APPLICABLE LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE 1

3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 4

3.1 Air quality 4 3.1.1 Assessment methodology 4 3.2 Visual impact 5 3.2.1 Assessment methodology 5 3.3 Noise and vibration 5 3.3.1 Assessment methodology 6 3.4 Traffic and infrastructure 6 3.4.1 Assessment methodology 7 3.5 Telecommunications and fixed links 7 3.5.1 Assessment methodology 7 3.6 Aviation and radar 7 3.6.1 Assessment methodology 8 3.7 Ecology 8 3.7.1 Assessment methodology 8 3.8 Cultural heritage 9 3.8.1 Assessment methodology 9 3.9 Socio-economics 9 3.9.1 Assessment methodology 10 3.10 Water quality and geology 10 3.10.1 Assessment methodology 10 3.11 Human health impact 11 3.11.1 Assessment methodology 11

______

Document No. 62995/PBP/000003 0917R000.DOC/S3/1/W PB Power and ReeC List of Abbreviations Page 1 of 1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CO2 carbon dioxide DCS Distributed Control System DOA Department of Antiquities of Jordan DFO distillate fuel oil EA Environmental Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EM electromagnetic EMMP environmental and social monitoring and mitigation plan EU European Union GW gigawatt HGVs heavy goods vehicles IEC International Electro-technical Commission ISO International Organization for Standardization km kilometre kV kilovolt LCV lower calorific value LNG liquefied natural gas m metre mg/Nm3 milligrams per normal cubic metre MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MW megawatt NEPCO Jordan National Electric Company NOx oxides of nitrogen PBP PB Power PCB polychlorinated biphenyls RAP Recognized Air Picture ReeC Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition SO2 sulphur dioxide ToR Terms of Reference TV television UK United Kingdom VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

Document No. 62995/PBP/000003 0917R000.DOC/S4/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Page 1 of 1

1. INTRODUCTION

This outline Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Terms of Reference document has been prepared to identify the issues that any future ESIA for the Fujeij Wind Farm project should examine to ensure that the environmental impact of the proposed wind farm are within acceptable limits as identified by the laws of the Hermetic Kingdom of Jordan, the guidelines of the World Bank and international wind industry best practice.

The document refers to a generic wind farm at the Fujeij site as the choice of the turbine manufacturer, turbine size and turbine numbers will be decided by any future project developer. The ToR assumes that the project will be similar in nature the generic wind farm discussed in Section 3 of the Environmental Assessment document provided for the Fujeij project by PB Power (Document “62995/PBP/000002”).

It is important to note that this outline ToR does not remove the requirement placed on any future developer to properly scope the project ESIA through the Ministry of Environment and that the developer may have to undertake work additional to that discussed in this document in order to meet the requirements of the Ministry in identifying that the project will comply with all relevant laws and regulations.

2. APPLICABLE LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE

The ESIA for any project to emerge for the site will need to be undertaken for the project in accordance with the requirements of the Equator Principles, World Bank Guidance and Article (13) of the Jordanian Environmental Protection Law as the potential exists for the plant to have negative impact on the environment. The findings of these studies will need to be presented in an Environmental Statement (ES) for submission to the relevant ministries and financial institutions.

The ES will need to consider all relevant legislation and guidance as appropriate including that of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the World Bank (applying the more stringent where these overlap). The policies considered relevant to the project by PBP and ReeC through review of the various law regulations and guidelines and those identified during a Scoping Secession by consultees to the process are identified below and are discussed in more detail in the EA undertaken for the project (Document “62995/PBP/000002”).

Applicable Jordanian laws and standards

• Environment protection law (No.52, 2006).

• Environmental Impact Assessment by-law (No.37, 2005).

• Ambient Air Quality (No. 140,2005)

• Public Heath law (No. 54, 2002)

• Noise Level Control Regulation for 1997

Document No. 62995/PBP/000003 0917R000.DOC/S5/1/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Page 2

• Water Authority's Act (No 62,2001)

• Water Authority Law (No 18,1988)

• Underground -water Monitoring By-law (No. 85, 2002)

• Archaeology Act (No. 32, 2004)

• Civil Defence Act (No. 90, 2003)

• Dimensions, Total weights and Vehicles' Engine Horse Power By-law issued in accordance with paragraph (a) from article (19) and article (64) from The Traffic Act (47)/2001

• Labour law (No. 51, 2002)

• Ministry of Agriculture Law (No 44, 2002)

• Land use plan (No. 6,2007)

• Electricity law (No.64,2002)

• Water resources protection guidelines (2006)

• Waste oil management instruction.

• Management of solid waste.

• National building codes

Applicable/potentially applicable World Bank and IFC standards and guidance

Performance Standards

• International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability April 2006 including the following guidance notes:

Safeguard Policies

• IFC Operational Policy OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment October 1998

• IFC Operational Policy OP 4.04 Natural Habitats November 1998

• World Bank Operational Policy Note OPN 11.03 Cultural Property September 1986

Document No. 62995/PBP/000003 0917R000.DOC/S5/2/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Page 3

Guidance notes

• Guidance Note 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Systems

• Guidance Note 2: Labour and Working Conditions

• Guidance Note 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement

• Guidance Note 4: Community Health, Safety and Security

• Guidance Note 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

• Guidance Note 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management

• Guidance Note 7: Indigenous Peoples

• Guidance Note 8: Cultural Heritage.

Sector guidelines

• World Bank Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook: General Environmental Guidelines July 1998

• IFC General Health and Safety Guidelines July 1998.

Manuals

• IFC A Good Practice Manual – Doing Better Business Through Effective Public Consultation and Disclosure.

Draft Guidelines

• Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines.

A project specific Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) will need to be prepared for the project in accordance with the Equator Principles and relevant World Bank guidance (pollution prevention and abatement handbook 1998) by any future project developer. The EMMP will detail proposed mitigation, monitoring and institutionalized measures that will be employed during the constriction and operation of the project to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts or at least reduce them to acceptable levels. An outline EMMP for expansion by the eventual project developer in accordance with the World Bank Guidance has been prepared as part of the studies undertaken and is included in Appendix A of the EA.

A outline resettlement policy framework document has also be prepared for the project and associated transmission line in accordance with the requirements of the relevant World Bank guidance and an outline public consultation plan will also be developed for the project for expansion by any future project developer and is included in Appendix E of the EA.

Document No. 62995/PBP/000003 0917R000.DOC/S5/3/W PB Power and ReeC Fujeij Wind Farm Page 4

3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

The EIA to be prepared by any future developer of the Fujeij Wind Farm should cover all relevant Jordanian legislation as well as the guidelines of the World Bank discussed in Section 2.

A summary of the significant expected impacts of the Project to be included in the EIA are given below. The assessment methodology for each aspect of the environment is then described. Mitigating measures are mentioned; however, these are not exhaustive and should be revisited by any future project developer as part of any future scoping of the EIA as required by Jordanian Law.

3.1 Air quality

Changes in air quality associated with the proposed development should be local in impact during the construction and decommissioning phases and as negligible during the operational phase.

There may be some dust or mud emitted during construction works depending on the time of year, for example during excavations or quarrying. Mitigation measures should be imposed upon the contractor should ensure that local nuisance is minimized. In addition there will be emissions associated with the construction machinery and vehicles eg exhausts from petrol/diesel powered equipment; however the associated odour would be very minor and local in nature and should be easily dispersed by the prevalent winds at the site.

During operation the turbines should not emit any pollutants or odours to air and will have the benefit of displacing electricity generated by more polluting sources. The use of wind power at the expense of fossil fuels helps to reduce emissions of environmental harmful gases such as carbon dioxide

(CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) oxides of nitrogen (NOx) particulate matter (PM10’s) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Emissions from maintenance vehicles should be insignificant in nature.

Impacts during decommissioning should be similar to those during construction and will be temporary in nature.

3.1.1 Assessment methodology

The ESIA should consider a baseline study of the existing physio-chemical quality of local, regional and global air quality where information exists. No air monitoring is considered to be necessary given the nature of the works.

During the construction phase and to a lesser extent during the decommissioning phase the impacts on local air quality due to dust generation and vehicle exhausts should be described.

The avoidance of emissions of greenhouse gases, sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen etc associated with generation of electricity from wind turbines should be discussed and quantified to demonstrate the need and benefits of the project.

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3.2 Visual impact

The visual impact of the project will be most significant during the operational phase. The extent of the impact will be governed by the size of the turbines proposed by the eventual project developer.

During construction, the visual impact associated with cranes etc is temporary in nature. Most civil work takes place at ground level and, as such, is shielded to a degree by the topography and existing vegetation. Excavations and earthworks associated with the project should be limited to those associated with the access road and foundations. Taller equipment used during construction includes two cranes associated with construction of the turbines, which will occasionally be visible for a short time during installation of the turbines.

Visual impact during day-to-day operation will be that associated with the turbines, access roads and control building. The principle impact will be that of the turbines which will be visible from many kilometres in the surrounding area.

Upon decommissioning, there will be the possibility of raised land/concrete foundations and the presence of overhead transmission lines.

3.2.1 Assessment methodology

The visual impact of the proposed Project should be addressed in relation to the projects surroundings. Likely dimensions of major items of plant should be listed. A number of photomontages should be produced to show how the wind farm will look from surrounding towns and villages and from sensitive tourist areas where these exist in the vicinity of the project.

3.3 Noise and vibration

Noise considerations are an integral part of wind turbine design and wind farm layout. Due to distance the only potentially noise sensitive receptors are considered to be the petrol station and army base immediately to the north of the site.

Construction noise is of limited duration and its impact is expected to be minor in nature. Construction noise will mainly be from vehicular movements on site and earth moving tasks. A requirement should be made on site equipment, such as generators, to meet appropriate standards of noise protection. It is not typical that any continued pile driving or repetitive noise activities will be required, though this can only be confirmed after further site investigations have been completed by the project developer.

There are two different potential types of noise arising from the wind turbine. The first is mechanical noise from the gearbox and generator. The design of modern turbines means that this noise is very low and generally less than the aerodynamic noise from the passage of the blades through the air. The aerodynamic noise from the blades is generally unobtrusive and is ‘broad band’ in nature, making it similar to other wind-associated noise such as rustling tree branches. Wind-associated noise increases with wind speed (becoming more significant at wind speeds in excess of 8 m/s) at a faster rate than the wind turbine aerodynamic noise increases with wind speed, making the difference between background noise and wind turbine aerodynamic noise greatest at low wind speeds. If

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required, a variety of mitigation measures are available to reduce turbine noise levels. Furthermore, different turbines from different manufacturers produce different noise levels. The eventual choice of turbine should be selected on the basis of, among other things, conformity with noise limits for the project.

The noise from decommissioning is similar to the noise from construction and is of limited duration and, as such, its impact is also expected to be minor in nature.

3.3.1 Assessment methodology

Noise sensitive receptors (NSR) should be identified in the vicinity of the project. Noise measurements should then be made at these locations. It is considered that the noise measurements should take place over the course of a week (provided weather conditions are suitable) with the use of a continuous noise monitor that records noise levels at regular intervals. The developer should then seek to collate these noise readings to the wind speeds being recorded by the MEMR at the site using permanent 40 m anemometer towers to reflect the wind speed (at the proposed hub height) for which the noise level was identified at the NSR.

A noise modelling exercise should then be undertaken using noise information for a worst case turbine (or hybrid) to predict noise levels at the NSR. This information can then be compared to the background noise recorded at the NSR to identify whether the project complies with the relevant Jordanian and World Bank Limits.

3.4 Traffic and infrastructure

Access to the site would be from the existing road to the east of the site which is well connected to national highways. Access by heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) and abnormal loads to the project site is not expected to present any difficulty.

During construction, the workforce will travel to and from the site, no on site construction camp is envisaged at this stage. The use of mini-buses, public transport (where possible) and car sharing would be encouraged to reduce the number of vehicular movements. A maximum of 40 construction staff are expected onsite at any time. The peak traffic movements would be associated with the creation of on-site roads and the concrete bases of the turbines. Parking would be on-site.

A number of bulky loads will be delivered to the site and deliveries should be timed to minimized inconvenience to local residents. These will include the turbine blades delivered complete (up to 45 m long), tower sections (up to 30 m long and 4.6 m wide) and the turbine nacelle (about 20 m × 4 m × 4 m).

During the operation phase, only maintenance traffic is expected to visit the site. This should involve very few vehicular movements, of the order of one per month. Decommissioning impacts should be similar, though not as disruptive as, those during construction.

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3.4.1 Assessment methodology

The EIA should demonstrate that there will be no unacceptable impacts to the existing road traffic infrastructure.

The details of a Traffic Management Plan governing vehicle movement to and from the site should be developed prior to the commencement of construction.

3.5 Telecommunications and fixed links

The project may impact on telecommunications links in the area. Telecommunication systems use a variety of electromagnetic (EM) signals, commonly described as radio waves. Uses primarily include television (TV), radio, mobile telephony, microwave communications and radar. Interference with EM signals can potentially occur when existing telecommunication systems are not adequately considered during a wind farm’s design and development. Interference of EM signals can cause distorted sound, image or data transmission.

The impact of wind farms on analogue terrestrial TV broadcasts can occur via two routes: through interference with the permanent broadcast links between transmitters, and through direct interference with domestic reception. A range of remedial options are available for both fixed links and television interference and suitable remedial action will be recommended for investigation by any future developer.

3.5.1 Assessment methodology

An EMI study should be undertaken to identify ‘fixed links’ and TV/Radio transmitters in the vicinity of the site through discussion with telecoms operators known to have interests in the area. Where telecoms links across the site are identified the developer should avoid these through placement of turbines outside the 2nd Fresnel zone (usually about 20 m from the centre of the link) which is considered to be sufficient to remove the potential for the turbines to significantly impact on such links.

The potential of the project to impact directly on domestic television reception through back and forward scatter of signals that pulse with the rotation of the blades will also need to be assessed though it is expected that most TV signals in the area now use satellite or other digital signals which are rarely affected by turbines as they do not suffer from scatter etc.

3.6 Aviation and radar

Wind turbines, as is the case with any tall structure, can present a vertical obstruction to aircraft. This is of particular relevance in the vicinity of aerodromes with respect to approaching or departing aircraft. Any tall structure can also potentially interfere with certain electromagnetic transmissions associated with air transport, for example primary radar and secondary surveillance radar.

In addition, wind turbines have the potential to impact on the surveillance systems used to detect and identify aircraft approaching, overlying or leaving Jordanian airspace and for which a Recognized Air Picture (RAP) is produced.

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3.6.1 Assessment methodology

In order to safeguard aerodromes or airports the developer should identify radar facilities in the area and identify to the operators the potential for the proposed wind turbines to create a radar flicker.

The developer should also identify the need or otherwise for warning lights on the turbines with the relevant authorities.

3.7 Ecology

From ecological investigations undertaken to date it is not considered that the site is home to any particularly sensitive flora or fauna though there is a nature reserve in the area which are home to migratory bird species.

The construction of the turbines will involve the disturbance of a small area of land for civil works such as foundations, roads and the cable routing. There will also be limited disturbance from hardstanding and laydown areas needed for construction. With the exception of land-take by foundations and the access roads, all disturbances should be temporary in nature.

Disturbance may occur to ground nesting birds and/or to feeding areas during construction of the wind farm. This can be minimized by timing activities outside the nesting season where possible.

Further to the impacts of construction, there would be no additional habitat disturbances, severances or losses during the operational phase. The overall long-term footprint of the structures on the land would be significantly smaller than that of construction. Operational impacts on fauna may include noise disturbance and disruption of audio communications and behaviour, potentially affecting birds and any grasshoppers and crickets and reptiles present.

Bird strike (collision with the blades of the turbine) is sometimes expressed as a concern in relation to wind farms, although experience has shown that appropriate siting and design of a wind farm can result in minimizing the impact on birds. The studies undertaken to date do not show that the site is home to important populations of bird species.

Decommissioning impacts are likely to be similar to those during construction and may comprise temporary habitat disturbance by vehicular and machinery activities.

3.7.1 Assessment methodology

The developer should seek to quantify the impacts to on-site and off-site ecological interests of the final proposals and propose mitigation measure as necessary to ensure that the impacts to flora and fauna are minimized.

To properly assess the impacts to birds it is considered that surveys will be required of bird activity during autumn and spring to ensure that sufficient data is available to allow the developer to identify that the impact to birds will be within acceptable limits.

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3.8 Cultural heritage

Jordan is very rich in archaeology and the potential therefore exists for the project to impact on as yet unidentified archaeological remains. In addition to this the site houses five areas of archaeological interest that should be avoided by the developer (see discussion in the EA). .

Wind farm construction has the potential to damage known or unknown features of archaeological or cultural importance. The construction of the project will therefore need to be undertaken in accordance with the Archaeology Act which requires that any archaeological find at the site is reported to the Department for Antiquities and that work is suspended until the nature of the find has been ascertained and a decision made on how best to deal with the find.

There is little potential for the operation of the proposed wind farm to impact on cultural heritage interests physically however there is potential for the operation of the wind turbines to affect areas of cultural importance visually and this should be addressed in identifying turbine sizes and position as necessary.

Decommissioning of the wind farm should not affect archaeological interests at the site.

3.8.1 Assessment methodology

An archaeological survey has already been undertaken by a qualified archaeologist who did identify some archaeological remains at the proposed site. The project developer should seek to confirm the findings of these studies as necessary and put in place suitable mitigation measures as part of the project EMMP for dealing with these and the identification of archaeological finds during the construction phase. The developer should also seek to identify any archaeological attractions/relics that could have their visual setting compromised by the installation of the turbines and size the turbine so as to minimise the impact where practical.

3.9 Socio-economics

The project is fairly well removed from existing settlements and as such negative socioeconomic impacts will be minimal.

The possibility for disruption of services such as electricity, gas, water or telecommunications due to the presence of underground cables and pipes should be identified prior to construction by appropriate surveys. Such surveys are likely to be carried out by the construction company and will not be reported on in the EIA.

Appropriate mitigation should be developed as necessary and should be designed to minimize disruption to local residents, eg the development of a traffic management plan.

Opportunities will be created for suitably qualified local contractors during the construction phase. The workforce would comprise up to 40 staff during the peak phase. The operational workforce would be likely to comprise two part-time staff. A security guard may be employed at the site if this is

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considered to be necessary. As for construction, opportunities will be created for local contractors to be involved in non-technical aspects of decommissioning.

3.9.1 Assessment methodology

Public consultation should be undertaken to secure the views of the local community on the proposed development and to ensure that those views are considered in the design of the proposed plant where appropriate. The consultation will need to be in accordance with the requirements of the Equator Principles and the requirements of the World Bank as well as those of the Jordanian Environmental regulations.

As part of the EIA studies the developer will need to scope the project in accordance with Jordanian law.

3.10 Water quality and geology

The discharge of any effluents during construction, including site drainage, should be carefully managed. Standard good working practices should ensure that any impacts due to the quality of water discharging from the site are insignificant.

Impacts to water quality will be minimal as only small amounts of water are required during the construction phase, primarily for the concrete for the turbine foundations. The foundation excavations would be fairly shallow and as such there is little chance that the foundation excavations will interfere with any ground waters.

The impact of the proposed project on geology is predominantly limited removal of rock/quarrying for construction materials on site, ie access roads. The impact on soils is mainly limited to erosion and compaction and ground contamination due to contaminated runoff from hardstanding. The construction works may also potentially lead to erosion of elevated areas.

The project would have minimal effects to water quality and soils in the operational phase. The only potential causes of pollution during the operation phase would be from spills or leaks of fuel and oil during maintenance. Water use during to operational phase would be insignificant and would be limited to that used in the washroom facilities in the on-site control room.

On decommissioning it is possible that the concrete foundations may be left in-situ. This will not result in any significant environmental effects. The impacts on water quality, geology and soils during decommissioning will be temporary and minor in nature and would be similar to those for construction.

3.10.1 Assessment methodology

A baseline study of the existing hydrological, hydro-geological and drainage characteristics of the land in the vicinity of the site under investigation has been undertaken and is summarised in the EA. The developer should ensure that the design of the wind farm takes in to consideration the findings of the EA though the conditions encountered at the proposed site are unlikely to constrain the development of the project in any way.

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As part of the EIA for the project the developer should identify the quantities of water that will be used by the project as well as means of disposal of any waste waters.

Discussion should also be included of indicative working practices which could be employed to control pollution during the construction phase. This should include discussion of how the project developer will deal with fuel/oil storage, plant maintenance, silt and cement, storage of hazardous products and chemicals and clean up/decontamination procedures in a manner that will ensure that no significant environmental impacts are encountered.

3.11 Human health impact

The project is unlikely to impact on human health due to the inherently safe nature of wind turbine technology and the separation of the project from residential properties.

The risk of injury occurring on the construction site will be minimal due to the use of experienced site staff and high safety standards employed on site.

The primary concern of the public is with regards to turbines shedding part or the whole of a blade and also the shedding of ice that may collect on the rotating blades. There have been very few instances of blade shedding worldwide and few cases where injury has resulted are know.

As is the case with any complex machine, there is some potential for fire caused by mechanical malfunction inside the wind turbine generators. Electrical fires can also result from both shorts in equipment and surges due to lightning strikes. Occurrences of wind turbine fires are rare. While the potential for lightening strike does exist lightning protection and guidance systems are built in to the turbine to minimize their impact.

Rotating wind turbine blades have the potential cause shadow flicker in nearby properties. This effect occurs only within about ten rotor diameters of a turbine and therefore this effect can be mitigated as part of the project design through the use of buffer zones around properties. The impacts of shadow flicker vary subject to site-specific features including terrain and screening amongst others. This will therefore need to be assessed by the developer of the site in more detail once turbine locations are finalized. Should the evaluation show that any nearby properties are likely to be effected by shadow flicker, a number of potential mitigation options are available to minimize any effects.

The risk of injury occurring during decommissioning will be minimal due to the use of experienced site staff and high safety standards employed on site.

3.11.1 Assessment methodology

The risk of injury occurring on the construction site should discussed and ways in which this will be mitigated discussed in the EIA/EMMP.

The safety of both site-staff and the general public would be discussed. And safety measures explained. The potential for Icing and blade through should be discussed.

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The potential for shadow flicker occurring at properties within 10 rotor diameters should be discussed and mitigation measures that could be employed should this become a problem during operation identified.

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APPENDIX E RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK (18 pages)

Document No. 62995/PBP/000002 0987R000.DOC/S14/1/W MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK

NOVEMBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINISTRY RESOURCES

FUJEIJ WIND FARM

RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK

NOVEMBER 2007

PB POWER in association with Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies

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LIST OF REVISIONS

Current Date Page Prepared Checked by Checked by Approved Rev. affected by (technical) (quality by assurance)

Rev B Nov 2007 All

RW WEARMOUTH M WILSON MA MITCHELL M DENNY

REVISION DETAILS

Original Aug 2007 All Original issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000005

Final issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000005 Rev A Rev A Oct 2007 All Including World Bank and MEMR comments

Final issue as Document No. 62995/PBP/000005 Rev B Rev B Nov 2007 All Including World Bank comments

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CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1

3. LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE 2

3.1 Jordanian Laws and Guidelines 2 3.2 World Bank requirements 4 3.3 NEPCO Guiding Principles for Resettlement 5 3.4 Discussion 6

4. ESTIMATED POPULATION DISPLACEMENT AND LIKELY CATEGORIES 7

5. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR VARIOUS CATEGORIES DISPLACED PERSONS 8

6. VALUATION METHODS 8

7. ENTITLEMENT DELIVERY 9

8. IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 9

9. FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS 10

10. CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 11

11. MONITORING OF CONFISCATION AND COMPENSATION 13

12. BUDGET 13

______

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CO2 carbon dioxide CRB Compensation Review Board DCS Distributed Control System DOA Department of Antiquities of Jordan DFO distillate fuel oil EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EM electromagnetic EMMP environmental and social monitoring and mitigation plan EU European Union GW gigawatt HGVs heavy goods vehicles IEC International Electro-technical Commission ISO International Organisation for Standardisation JD Jordan Dinar km kilometre kV kilovolt LAL Land Acquisition Law LCV lower calorific value LNG liquefied natural gas m metre mg/Nm3 milligrams per normal cubic metre MEMR Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MoF Ministry of Finance MW megawatt NEPCO Jordan National Electric Company NOx oxides of nitrogen OHL overhead line PAP project affected parties PBP PB Power PCB polychlorinated biphenyls ReeC Al Rawabi Environmental and Energy Consultancies RPF resettlement policy framework SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition SO2 sulphur dioxide ToR Terms of Reference TV television UK United Kingdom VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

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1. INTRODUCTION

This resettlement policy framework (RPF) document has been prepared for aspects of the Fujeij Wind Farm that may result in the “Involuntary Resettlement” and or confiscation of lands. The document has been prepared to allow the project to comply with the World Bank's social safeguard policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) as the project will be funded in part by the World Bank.

It is considered that the wind farm project itself has no potential to either lead to involuntary resettlement or the loss of land to parties such as farmers as the land is entirely owned by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and is not farmed by any tenants and is not used by any indigenous peoples four housing etc.

The overhead line that connects the site to the Jordanian national grid network does have the potential to require the confiscation of land but does not have the potential to lead to the involuntary resettlement as small areas of land will be required to house transmission tower foundations for the lifetime of the project. It is expected that NEPCO (the Jordanian state owned electricity distribution company), will own and operate this line and will agree suitable compensation with regard to any loss of land. This document has therefore concentrated on the resettlement issues associated with the overhead power line.

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has an existing law regarding the confiscation/compulsory purchase of land which is outlined in Decree (12) of 1987 or “the Land Acquisition Law” (LAL). This law has been applicable to NEPCO for many projects in the past and has been embodied in a number of principles identified by NEPCO to ensure that the company operates within the law. It is considered that where the law is followed and NEPCO’s principles adhered to sufficient protection is afforded to any potential project affected peoples.

As the project progresses to the consents stages NEPCO will be required to undertake the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in accordance with this RPF to be provided to the World Bank to demonstrate that the project has been undertaken with due consideration of the law and of OP 4.12. This will need to be coordinated with the eventual project developer and will need to be completed to allow funding for the project to be made available by the Bank.

It is important to note that this document is an outline document only and is only a suggestion of the approach that NEPCO and any future developer of the wind farm site may wish to take.

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The project will comprise of a number of wind turbine generators located on land owned by the Jordanian Ministry of Agriculture. The exact number and make of turbines is at this stage not known and will depend on the project developer and manufacturers who will be selected as part of a competitive tendering process. On site access roads will connect the turbines to a road to the east of the site.

The electricity generated by the Project will be exported to the Jordanian national grid network via an on site control room and substation and a overhead transmission line (OHL) that will likely be either 33 kV or 132 kV depending on the electrical output of the project. The OHL will be about 11 km in length and will connect to the existing Rhashadya substation though the exact route and therefore

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length of the OHL are not yet determined and will be dependent on the route identified as being most appropriate by NEPCO in the next stages of the project. The substation and Overhead Transmission Line will be owned and operated by NEPCO.

It is highly likely that the transmission line will cross mainly agricultural land and will not run close to existing housing.

3. LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCE

3.1 Jordanian Laws and Guidelines

NEPCO Framework and Authority

NEPCO (National Electric Power Corporation) is responsible for bulk power purchase and sale in Jordan. It was established according to articles 6-9 of the temporary General Electricity Law no. 64 of the year 2002. NEPCO is an independent and fully self-operational entity headed by a 5 member board appointed by the Prime Minister.

NEPCO has been afforded under Jordanian law the authority to confiscate land for public benefit on the understanding that the company provides fair and just compensation to any project affected parties (PAPs). In doing so NEPCO must ensure that any Land acquisition is undertaken in accordance with Decree (12) of 1987, commonly referred to as the Land Acquisition Law (LAL) and its amendments. The LAL applies in all cases of land acquisition and to all concerned institutions.

The LAL lists two main conditions for acquisition/confiscation. According to article 3 of the LAL, it is stated that no land can be confiscated unless it is for public benefit and that there is fair and just compensation for any PAPs.

Land confiscation is dependent on the approval of the Cabinet which requires public benefits and fair compensation results for the works be undertaken, as well as requiring evidence that NEPCO has the capability to pay any necessary compensation. To this end NEPCO has to provide any required documents and maps demonstrating this. Cabinet approval will not be provided until agreement with land owners on proper compensation is reached. According to Article 9 of the LAL, direct negotiation between NEPCO and land owners should be conducted until agreement is arrived at. In the event that agreement cannot be found cases are referred to the Primary Court that has jurisdiction in this area. On referral to the court the court will resolve the issue according to article 10 of the LAL. The article states that the court can be assisted by governmental experts from the Ministry of Finance, Directorate of Land, or others as necessary to assist in establishing the proper amount of just and fair compensation. Articles 11-26 of the LAL state the legal basis for compensation are set out the following key principles and stages for the process:

1. Land value is essentially dependent on the amount of land confiscated, the purpose of confiscation, the percentage of land confiscated, and status and size of the leftover land. Such details will be taken into account in setting the proper amount of compensation.

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2. The land owner is responsible for paying any previous taxes on the property concerned prior to compensation.

3. Upon final agreement upon compensation, approval and authentication by the Directorate of Land followed by an authentication of the Cabinet is required.

4. The relevant party (NEPCO) is required to pay the compensation to the land owner directly or deposited in the Treasury under their names within three months. Non-payment results in a 9 per cent annual interest being added to the compensation starting the day after the three months period. (As the world Bank required payment prior to acquisition this will be accommodated where possible by NEPCO).

The implications of the LAL on specific groups is summarized below.

Land Owners

The LAL specifies in Article 7 that the owner of the property is the person in whose name the property is registered at the Land Registry. If the property is not registered, the person seizing the land on the day of issuance of the Council of Ministers’ Resolution to acquire the land shall, for the purposes of compensation, be considered the owner. This stipulation does not preclude anyone else from claiming ownership through the courts. The entitlements of legally-established renters and renters are also confirmed.

In the case of multiple ownerships, it is the general practice of the government that NEPCO deal with the owners as a body and to ask them to select a representative to act and negotiate on their behalf. Nonetheless, all owners (shareholders) will be entitled to property compensation according to their shares.

Compensation for Improvements and Water Rights

Compensation for farmlands may include separately itemized compensations for features such as walls, greenhouses, wells, water rights, etc.

The LAL in Article 10 states clearly that compensation should be fair to all PAPs both owners and tenants. Owners should be compensated for their properties including (buildings, improvements, trees. etc) at full replacement cost. In principle, any damage or injury may be compensated. Judgements on the LAL in 1996 confirm this position: “The property appropriated is the land and the buildings, trees and other fixtures on it including the water tank built in the land. Claiming for equitable compensation includes all that is in the property”.

The loss of water rights also attracts compensation: “That the appropriation of the land which includes water spring by the Water Authority does not include the waters of that spring. The owners, if the land was irrigated from the spring, shall have the right to claim for compensation due to harm accrued to their land as a result of depriving it from the right of irrigation.”

There are no identified impacts to this group from the proposed wind farm or associated infrastructure at this time.

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Crops and Trees

Under the LAL, tree and annual crops are subject to compensation but no guidelines are defined expect that the expropriation shall be in consideration of a suitable level of compensation.

Under past practice in Jordan, confiscation of tree crops has been compensated on the basis of a flat rate single payment defined according to a schedule developed for this purpose based on the type and age of tree.

There are no identified impacts to this group from the proposed wind farm or associated infrastructure at this time.

Amount of compensation payable to renters

As there are no tenants identified along the transmission line route the provision of compensation to such parties is not required. In the event that such individuals are identified during refinement of the transmission line routing the following compensation will be awarded (as required by the Land Acquisition Law) to tenants proportionately as a percentage of the compensation for the plot. The maxima are:

• 15 per cent if the compensation is for occupation for industrial or commercial purposes,

and,

• 5 per cent if the property is occupied for any other purpose.

The LAL does not preclude private agreements between tenants and owners. In conjunction with other laws, a settlement without the agreement of the renter extremely unlikely.

3.2 World Bank requirements

Given that the project is to be funded in part by the World Bank the Bank's social safeguard policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) is also relevant to the project.

Consistent with the Bank's OP 4.12, this Policy Framework sets out three underlying policy principles:

• Involuntary resettlement is avoided wherever feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs;

• Where it is not feasible to avoid involuntary resettlement, activities are conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable people adversely affected by the project to share project benefits. Displaced persons are to be meaningfully consulted and have opportunities to participate in the planning and implementing of resettlement programs affecting them;

and

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• Displaced persons are assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living, or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

The mechanism of assisting displaced persons is based on full and prior compensation for loss of assets or livelihoods.

It is considered that where Jordanian legislation and World Bank Guidance overlap the most stringent limits should be applied to the project. 3.3 NEPCO Guiding Principles for Resettlement

It is understood from previous World Bank funded projects in Jordan that NEPCO would seek to apply the following principles with regard to any land acquisition as part of the proposed works:

PRINCIPLE 1: Resettlement Must Be Avoided Or Minimized:

NEPCO should easily be able to comply with this requirement as it is not expected that any development would be necessary that would require the demolition of housing. Where land must be acquired for the OHL land confiscation will be conducted in full accordance with the Jordanian Land Acquisition Law No. 12 of 1987 and its Amendments as well as the General Electricity Law no. 64 of the year 2002 (temporary) to determine the land value and appropriate level of compensation.

PRINCIPLE 2: Genuine Consultation and Participation Must Take Place:

Compensation requires negotiation and communication with any project affected peoples. This should include house to house calls and advertisement of the project in newspapers and other publications as appropriate.

PRINCIPLE 3: A Pre-resettlement Data Baseline should be established:

To support the successful re-establishment of affected households/landowners, NEPCO should compile an inventory of landholdings, crops in agricultural land, and buildings to determine fair and identify what the company considers to be a reasonable levels of compensation along the transmission line route.

PRINCIPLE 4: Assistance in Relocation should be Made Available:

It is not expected that the project will lead to the relocation of any households therefore this principle does not apply.

PRINCIPLE 5: A Fair and Equitable Compensation Must be Negotiated:

Through the Land Acquisition Law of 1987 it is stated that direct negotiation between land owners and the relevant purchasing party (in this case NEPCO) should occur to allow for agreement to be made on a fair and just level of compensation of any confiscated land (articles 3, 9B and 10).

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PRINCIPLE 6: Resettlement Must Take Place as a Development That Ensures That Directly Affected Communities Benefit:

There will be a national benefit from the project as a result of a more environmentally friendly and sustainable electricity generating sector. On a local level there will be little by way of inconvenience to local people as there will be no resettlement required.

PRINCIPLE 7: Vulnerable Social Groups Must Be Specifically Catered For:

Since the project plan does should not include the resettlement of any households no further action is likely required to fulfil this principle for all activities associated with the project. However, NEPCO should take any such groups into consideration in the event that they are identified during the consultation and negotiation for compensation with PAPs.

PRINCIPLE 8: Resettlement Must Be Seen As An Upfront Project:

NEPCO should ensure that confiscation and compensation costs are built in the overall project budget as an up-front cost, and that the confiscation budget is ’ring fenced’. This should prevent under budgeting and treating such costs as a peripheral to the overall project.

PRINCIPLE 9: An independent monitoring and grievance procedure should be in place:

NEPCO should ensure that compensation for land along the transmission line route is directed to the PAPs or placed under bank accounts in their names in accordance with the Land Acquisition Law of 1987 (article 16). Grievance procedures are set according to articles 10-14 of the Land Acquisition Law and these will be adhered to as necessary.

PRINCIPLE 10: The Developer should accept responsibility for resettlement and ensure that “best practice” is adopted:

Since the project plan should not include the resettlement of any households no action is required except to assure that fair and just compensation for confiscated land along the transmission line route is delivered to the PAPs.

3.4 Discussion

There will be little to no affect on local people as a result of the proposed project. What affect there is will be solely from the installation of the transmission line to connect the wind farm to the Jordanian national grid. No resettlement should be required though there will likely be some land confiscation of lands along the transmission line that will require compensation under the Jordanian Land Acquisition Law of 1987. This will not be the case with the wind farm as it is located on government owned land.

The route of the transmission line is yet to be determined however it is expected that no more than 50 land owners will be affected (in terms of seizure of lands) given the short length of the transmission line route. However as required by the World Bank this RPF has been prepared in accordance with OP4.12 to detail the manner in which it is proposed the project affected peoples are to be

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compensated. NEPCO will need to provide a RAP to the World Bank in due course detailing how they propose to deal with resettlement and compensation for loss of any land and crop damage.

Within the framework of a process of public consultation and disclosure, the land acquisition plans that will need to be developed by NEPCO will be subject to scrutiny by PAPs the local authorities and the World Bank. The land acquisition plan would need to include a survey/census of all those who will be affected by the land acquisition. To facilitate this involvement/scrutiny NEPCO should ensure that the document is made available to the following parties, for comment and consideration:

• Project Lenders

• Relevant Government Departments as well as local government and the relevant district assemblies.

• Project Affected People (PAPs) and their political representatives.

In terms of ensuring that the PAPs are sufficiently empowered so as to be able to make meaningful input to the development process, it is essential that the consultative mechanisms referred to above are put in place. Given the relatively low levels of literacy in some parts of Jordan it is suggested that the document be presented to the PAPs in the form of verbal presentations to ensure that consultation is as robust as possible.

4. ESTIMATED POPULATION DISPLACEMENT AND LIKELY CATEGORIES

Although the project will not require the resettlement of any people a number of household may be affected by the power line through loss of small areas of agricultural land. These households would be affected through potential loss of land which would be confiscated for the transmission lines construction and operation. This would include not only the land associated with the installation of the transmission towers but also the acquisition of lands that would need to be cleared beneath the power line to allow for access and clearance for the cables. Categories of impact and estimated cost are summarized in Table 4.1.

All people affected by the acquisition of the land for the transmission lines belong to those defined as ‘potentially displaced’. The final route of the transmission line is yet to be determined so the affected parties are yet to be fully identified however it is not expected that more than 50 land owners will be affected given the short length of the transmission line route. However the project will still require a Resettlement Action Plan under the World Bank's social safeguard policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12).

TABLE 4.1 CATEGORIES OF IMPACT AND ESTIMATED COST

Category of Impact Estimated No. Estimated Total Cost of PAPs Average Value (JDs)

Residences Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable

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Religious Structures Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable

Estimated Permanent land 11 km long JD 20,000 per Not known: Will be loss, Agricultural fields (Power Dunum undertaken through NEPCO Line) compensation procedures

Permanent Land Loss, Government Not Applicable Not Applicable Agricultural Fields wind farm Land

Temporary Land Loss, Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Agricultural Fields

Trees Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable

5. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR VARIOUS CATEGORIES DISPLACED PERSONS

This section of the RPF details the types of people could will qualify for resettlement assistance and the associated eligibility criteria for assessing this eligibility. These parties include:

• Loss of Land: People who will lose land over which they have established ownership or rights of use to allow for the construction of the transmission line. These people would need to be compensated for their losses according to LAL of 1987.

• Loss of Communal Resources: Not applicable to any of the project activities.

• Loss of Places of Worship: Not applicable to any of the project activities.

The land to be lost is at this stage identified as being 100 per cent agricultural land. The land is not at this stage identified as being community owned or the subject of any designation that would preclude development.

6. VALUATION METHODS

According to the LAL of 1987, valuation methods would need to include the following steps:

• Demonstration of public benefit from the project concerned.

• Assessment of replacement values of confiscated land.

• Establishment of compensation rates for all assets to be confiscated.

TABLE 6.1 THE PROCESS FOR THE VALUATION OF LAND

Asset Process

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Land, Although the suggested transmission line route will not result in any resettlement, agriculture the line and its associated infrastructure could impact some households. fields. In particular it will include confiscation and acquisition of agricultural land. Therefore, the loss of this land is not likely to impact significantly on any one homestead or community. In order to ensure that impact is minimal and just compensation agreed, a designated division of NEPCO should undertake the following: • Inventory: As part of the Land Acquisition Plan (LAP) NEPCO should acquire the names and contact details of all persons affected by the construction of the power line. • Compensation: A summary of how each person or household is affected should be prepared and the level of compensation that will be paid for land, crops, and trees lost identified. • Monitoring: NEPCO through their dedicated land acquisition division should insure that appropriate compensation is delivered to its rightful people.

7. ENTITLEMENT DELIVERY

Once the compensation amounts have been negotiated and agreed upon, NEPCO would be required to deliver the compensation to the land owners directly or place it in the Treasury under their names according to the requirements of the LAL of 1987 articles 14 and 16D. The officials at the Directorate of Land or the local Municipality would verify the delivery of the negotiated amount of compensation.

NEPCOs land acquisition team should monitor the delivery of such funds so as to ensure that all amounts reach all intended beneficiaries.

8. IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

The fundamental responsibility for delivery and implementation of the resettlement actions would rest with NEPCO. Current protocol for the land confiscation process lies within the Land Acquisition Law of 1987 and its Amendments.

Implementation of any land acquisition would start with identification of the required land and its owners or PAPs that have any use rights upon that land. NEPCO would be responsible for the announcement of any confiscation and identifying the associated public benefit through two daily newspapers before allowing for 15 days to pass to allow for any interested of affected parties to respond.

The second step is the application to the Cabinet for approval of any necessary confiscation which would not be given until it is proven that the project is for public benefit, agreement on the appropriate level of compensation with the PAPs had been achieved, and the capability of NEPCO to pay the agreed compensation was assured. Agreement upon compensation could be achieved through direct negotiation or through the Primary Court of Jurisdiction. Any agreement made by NEPCO must be agreed by the Cabinet.

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NEPCO as developer of the project would be required to work with local officials to identify the public benefits of the project as well as agree the appropriate level of compensation with the PAPs. Agencies that that could provide assistance in this as necessary include:

• Ministry of Finance

• Ministry of Municipalities

• Directorate of Land

• Ministry of Agriculture

• Ministry of Environment.

9. FUNDING ARRANGEMENTS

The overall responsibility of implementation of the confiscation and compensation plan would lie with NEPCO. Current practice with other transmission line project (financed by NEPCO/the Government) is for NEPCO to work closely with different government agencies in Jordan to calculate compensation and make sure that such compensation reaches the appropriate parties.

On successful completion of negotiations NEPCO should provide each PAP with a Compensation Statement. The Statement should record the precise loss of property (type, physical dimensions, and replacement value) or livelihood and state the compensation due for this loss to each property holder. Copies of each Statement should also be sent to the relevant municipalities. If the PAPs confirm the content of the Statement and his acceptance of the compensation offered, he/she will sign the Statement.

All cash payments should be made by cheque, made out in the name of the PAP. Copies of all records of payments should be attached together with a copy of the PAPs national identity document. Once the Compensation Statement is countersigned by the PAP to confirm his receipt of the agreed compensation, it should be placed in a personal file containing the documentary record of entire process. One complete a copy of this file should become the property of the PAP. Cases referred to the courts should be handled as per present due legal process.

For those PAPs who are unable for any reason (eg because they are overseas), to collect their cheques within a short period of these being issued, compensation should be held by the Treasury until such a time as the rightful recipient can claim the money.

NEPCO should provide both financial as well as additional administrational and technical expertise to the confiscation and compensation processes. To this end NEPCO would be required to:

• Co-ordinate the implementation of the confiscation and compensation processes.

• Ensure that the Guiding Principles are adhered to.

• Ensure maximum participation of the PAPs.

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• Obtain sufficient funds to finance just and fair compensation to PAPs.

• Accept financial responsibility for payment of compensation to PAPs.

• Ensure monitoring and evaluation of the implementation stages and undertaking of appropriate action to deal with any grievances.

10. CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

The identification of an appropriate level of compensation requires negotiation and communication with all PAPs. Consultation with affected communities would commence with visits by the NEPCO project management team to various individuals identified as being potentially affected by the proposed development. The project was also advertised in the press to raise public awareness.

It may be useful to prepare a leaflet about the project for distribution to the village people in Arabic containing:

• An introduction about the project,

• An introduction about the wind farm,

• The overhead transmission line route and safety factors.

NEPCO should then prepare a compensation package for the PAPs. PAPs would have the right under LAL to appeal the valuation within 28 days from receipt of notification of the valuation from NEPCO. At the conclusion of this process one of three situations will be reached:

• No Appeal. If no intent to appeal is received by the end of the 28 days period the affected person would be requested to sign a document agreeing to the compensation offer. This final agreement would then be forwarded for official approval and implementation.

• Appeal Lodged. If an appeal is lodged, municipal representatives may seek to negotiate with the affected person for the remainder of the 28 days to seek a compromise. If no agreement could be reached and ratified by the end of 28 days, the case would be referred to the Compensation Review Board (CRB) [subject to their agreement to act in this project]. An affected person may also request appeal to CRB without further negotiation. Negotiations are undertaken on a case-by-case basis, with regard to the Jordanian guidelines in place. These seek to ensure appropriate and fair redress at acceptable cost.

• No Response. If the person concerned did not respond to the initial valuation and no further response is obtained within the 28 day period, and provided that reasonable effort is shown to have been made by NEPCO to contact the person concerned, the draft compensation offer is referred to the CRB for approval. In this case letters of notification of approval of the compensation will be served. In the “no response” case, when compensation is awarded but the entitled person has not been identified, the funds allocated for this particular compensation will

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be retained within the Ministry of Finance (MoF) in the project’s name until such a time as the rightful recipient can be identified.

Grievance Procedures

Appeals of four types may be made at the respective stage.

Appeal Against the Intent to Expropriate. Up to 15 days after publication of the intent to acquire land in the newspapers, written appeals against the project may be lodged with relevant municipalities. All appeals will be acknowledged in writing and considered by relevant municipalities together with NEPCO. Those that may be accommodated through design modification would need be taken into account.

Appeals on the ground of Disputed Ownership. Disputes may arise over who is entitled to compensation. Lack of formal documentation over the status of a piece of land or tenancy agreement may lead to such disputes, affecting the project implementation. In such cases the further verification of status of the entitlement by NEPCO/the relevant parties may be necessary. This may include consideration of a variety of documentation:

• Copies of land titles, mortgage deeds, revenue receipts or other legal tender showing ownership of tenancy;

• In the case of renter farmed or rented land, documentary evidence of the understanding between the landowner and the renter, if available; and,

• For proof of residence, voters list or any other official record.

The municipality can be expected to attempt to facilitate an agreement within the project framework, failing which the case would be referred to the CRB for resolution. However, the PAP has the right and may wish to appeal through court proceedings. In these cases the compensation process would proceed through to valuation irrespective of the status of the land. Compensations due would be assessed and funds made available to the PAPs.

Appeal against the Compensation Valuation. Appeals against assessed levels of compensation will be heard by the CRB. Article 10 of the Jordanian LAL states that failure to agree on levels of compensation at this stage could lead to the matter being referred to the Courts. The CRB would review each case put to it and reach one of three recommendations:

• Confirm the original offer;

• Propose a revised offer at the hearing; or,

• Establish new guidelines for the development of a revised offer to be developed under negotiation.

If agreement is still not reached under revised guidelines, the Municipality will confirm the details of the last offer in writing to the person concerned and refer the matter back to the CRB. If the CRB do not wish to revise their offer, either party may refer the matter to the Courts.

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Appeal to the Courts. Once referred to the Courts the acquisition process would taken out of the hands of NEPCO. The judgment of the court would be binding on all parties. However, if the land to be acquired is not classed as directly affecting a residential unit (as would be the case for the proposed project), either by demolition or in making the property uninhabitable, the acquisition process will proceed on the basis of the last valuation made by the CRB. Any changes on that compensation ordered by the Courts would be settled as required.

11. MONITORING OF CONFISCATION AND COMPENSATION

NEPCO would be responsible for the implementation of the confiscation and compensation plan. NEPCO would be responsible for providing finances for compensation and its delivery to the rightful people, and grievances are being properly dealt with.

Internal monitoring should be conducted through qualified persons within NEPCO. NEPCO has a division who deal with the acquisition/confiscation of land associated with NEPCO projects and who’s responsibility it is to negotiate appropriate payment for parties affected by NEPCO projects.

External monitoring should be conducted through World Bank Supervision missions. Such monitoring levels should assure that fair and just compensation was delivered to the right individuals.

In the event that there are grievances with regard to the level of compensation provided to land owners or the provision of money promised then the case can be referred to the Primary Court of jurisdiction for arbitration and to higher courts as necessary.

12. BUDGET

No budget is required for the wind farm as this will all be located on Government owned lands.

The budget required for the transmission line is at this stage not known though the compensation for any agricultural land would be 600 JD per square metre.

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APPENDIX F AREAS FOR INVESTIGATION IDENTIFIED BY THE SCOPING SECESSION (4 pages)

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KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES PUBLIC HEALTH

Issue Construction Operational Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase

Dust √ √

Noise Impact on Public Health √ √ √

Solid waste √ √

Transportation Accidents √ √

Transmission Line EMF √

Domestic Wastewater √ √ √

Security √ √ √

KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WATER RESOURCES

Issue Construction Operational Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase

Wastewater √ √ √ (Domestic )

Impact of floods on project √ √

Oil Changing √ √ √

Interference of surface water √ √ √ runoff Protection of wells and up √ √ √ streams catchments area

KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES SOCIO- ECONOMIC

Issue Construction Operational Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase

Employment √ √ √

New businesses √ √ √

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Business prosperity √ √ √

Land value √ √ √

Stress on infrastructure √ √

Benefits of generation wind √ power Using natural resources for electricity production √ (displacement of fossil fuel)

Visual impact √

New resources if energy in the √ area Enhancing the use of modern √ technology

Wind tower pieces transportation √

Access roads √ √ √

KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES BIODIVERSITY

Issue Construction Operational Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase

Impact on flora √ √ √

Impact on fauna √ √ √

Impact on habitat √ √ √

Agricultural activities √ √ √

Grazing activities √ √ √

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KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Issue Construction Operational Decommissioning Phase Phase Phase

Dust √ √

Noise √ √ √

EMF √

Falling from height (Accidents) √ √ √

Sanitary services √ √ √

Security issues √ √ √

KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ARCHAEOLOGY

Issue Construction Phase

Impacts on seen remains √

Impacts on unseen remains √

RELEVENT LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

• Environment protection law (No.52, 2006).

• Environmental Impact Assessment by-law (No.37, 2005).

• Public Heath law (No. 54, 2002)

• Noise Level Control Regulation for 1997

• Water Authority's Act (No. 62,2001)

• Water Authority Law (No. 18,1988)

• Archaeology Act (No.32, 2004)

• Civil Defence Act (No.90,2003)

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• Dimensions, Total weights and Vehicles' Engine Horse Power By-law issued in accordance with paragraph (a) from article (19) & article (64) from The Traffic Act (47)/2001

• Labour law (No.51,2002)

• Waste oil management instruction.

• Agriculture law (No.44/2002)

• National building codes

• Land use plan (No. 6,2007)

• Electricity law (No.64,2002)

• Water resources protection guidelines for the year 2006

RELEVANT COMPONENT STUDIES IDENTIFIED

• Water Resources Study;

• Socio-Economics Study;

• Biodiversity Study;

• Archaeology Study

• Traffic assessment

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APPENDIX G ATTENDEES AT THE SCOPING SECESSION (2 pages)

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