DOCSLIB.ORG

Lok Sabha’ Were Adopted by the Council of States and the House of People Respectively

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lok Sabha’ Were Adopted by the Council of States and the House of People Respectively Parliament Introduction The Parliament is the legislative organ of the Union government. It occupies a pre-eminent and central position in the Indian democratic political system due to adoption of the parliamentary form of government. Articles 79 to 122 in Part V of the Constitution deal with the organization, composition, duration, officers, procedures, privileges, powers and so on of the Parliament. Organization of Parliament • The Parliament of India consists of three parts viz, the President, the Council of States and the House of the People. • In 1954, the Hindi names ‘Rajya Sabha’ and ‘Lok Sabha’ were adopted by the Council of States and the House of People respectively. • The Rajya Sabha is the Upper House (Second Chamber or House of Elders) and the Lok Sabha is the Lower House (First Chamber or Popular House). • The former represents the states and union territories of the Indian Union, while the latter represents the people of India as a whole. • Though the President of India is not a member of either House of Parliament and does not sit in the Parliament to attend its meetings, he is an integral part of the Parliament. Parliament Consist of President Why President is part of Parliamenet 1. This is because a bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament cannot become law without the President’s assent. 2. He also performs certain functions relating to the proceedings of the Parliament, for example, he summons and prorogues both the Houses, dissolves the Lok Sabha, addresses both the Houses, issues ordinances when they are not in session, and so on. 3. In this respect, the framers of the Indian Constitution relied on the British pattern rather than the American pattern. 4. In Britain, the Parliament consists of the Crown (King or Queen), the House of Lords (Upper House) and the House of Commons (Lower House). 5. By contrast, the American president is not an integral part of the legislature. In USA, the legislature, which is known as Congress, consists of the Senate (Upper House) and the House of Representatives (Lower House). 6. The parliamentary form of government emphasises on the interdependence between the legislative and executive organs. 7. Hence, we have the ‘President-in-Parliament’ like the ‘Crown-in-Parliament’ in Britain. The presidential form of government, on the other hand, lays stress on the separation of legislative and executive organs. Hence, the American president is not regarded as a constituent part of the Congress. Lok Sabha Lok sabha Election • 1st Lok Sabha Election took place in 1952. There were 489 seats elected. Congress won 364 out of 489 seats. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister. • 2019 Lok Sabha elections were country’s 17th General Elections. Elections took place for 552 seats. BJP won 303 seats out of 552. Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister. • In 1952, only 22 women were elected while in 2014, 49 women candidates were elected. • Elections to Lok Sabha are carried out using a first-past-the-post electoral system. Lok sabha • The Lok Sabha, as per the Constitution, consists of not more than five hundred and thirty Members chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the States, not more than twenty Members to represent the Union Territories [Article 81] and not more than two Members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the President, if he/she is of the opinion that the Anglo-Indian Community is not adequately represented in the Lok Sabha [Article 331]. • The limit on the maximum number of Members chosen directly from territorial constituencies in States may be exceeded if such an increase is incidental to the reorganisation of States by an Act of Parliament. Only IAS Nothing Else Tenure • Unless sooner dissolved by the President, the Lok Sabha continues for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer, as the expiration of the period of five years operates as a dissolution of the House. • However, while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not exceeding in any case beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate. Lok sabha Quorum: The quorum to constitute a sitting of the House is one-tenth of the total number of Members of the House under article 100(3) of the Constitution. Elections: The Members of the Lok Sabha are elected through General Elections, held on the basis of universal adult suffrage on the basis of First Past the Post System. • When the seat of a Member elected to the House becomes vacant or is declared vacant, or his/her election is declared void, the same is filled through by-election. • Members are directly elected by the people from the territorial constituencies in the states • Election Principle used – Universal Adult Franchise • Eligibility to Vote: Any Indian Citizen of/above 18 years of age • Note: Voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988. Representation of Union Territories in Lok Sabha • Parliament is empowered to choose the members from the UTs in any manner as it desires • Election Principle used – Direct Election • Note: Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act, 1965, has been enacted by which the members of Lok Sabha from the union territories are chosen by direct election. Representation of Nominated Members in Lok Sabha: • President nominates 2 members from Anglo-Indian Community if they are not adequately represented. • Note: The provision to nominate Anglo-Indians was extended till 2020 by 95th Amendment Act, 2009. • The term Anglo-Indian can refer to at least two groups of people: those with mixed Indian and British (specifically English) ancestry and people of British/English descent born or living in India. Qualification for becoming a Member To become a member of the Lok Sabha, a person should be: 1.A citizen of India, 2.Not less than 25 years of age 3.Possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament [Art. 84] Powers of Lok Sabha Legislative Power 1. The Lok Sabha together with the Rajya Sabha has the power to frame laws on subjects in the union list, concurrent list, and the residuary subjects. 2. Although ordinary bill can be introduced in either of two houses of the Parliament, yet almost 95% of the bills are introduced in the Lok Sabha. 3. In a Joint session due to deadlock, the Lok Sabha dominates the show because of its large membership. Hence the Lok Sabha has a dominant position. Executive Power 1. Under article 75(3) of, constitution council of the minister has been made responsible to the House of people that is Lok Sabha. 2. The council of minister remains in office till it enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha if, it loses the confidence of Lok Sabha the Council of Ministers shall have to resign. 3. Thus, the Lok Sabha enjoys the power over life and death of the council of minister. Financial Power 1. The Lok Sabha has a superior position in the financial matter as a money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. 2. A money bill can only be delayed by the Rajya Sabha for a maximum of 14 days. 3. If the Rajya Sabha fails to pass the money bill within the 14 days of receiving it, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both of the houses of the Parliament. 4. In case of any dispute as to whether a particular bill is money bill or not the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha is final. Judicial Power 1. The charges of impeachment against President, Judges of Supreme Court and the High court can be framed in either of two houses by a two-thirds majority of the members present voting. 2. Though the impeachment charges against the Vice President of India by Rajya Sabha, it is essential that regulation is passed by the Lok Sabha also. 3. In case of the violation of the discipline in the Lok Sabha, the members are free to take action against the defaulting members. Amendment Power 1. A Constitutional Amendment Bill can be introduced in either House of the Parliament. 2. It is deemed to have been passed only when it is passed by both the houses of the parliament in accordance with the provision of Article 368 of the constitution. 3. The Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha can together amend all articles of the Constitution with the exception of those which requires special approval by one half of the state legislature. Approval Over the Declaration of Emergency • The constitution empowers the Indian President to declare three Types of emergencies. a. National Emergency- Article 352 b. Constitutional emergency- Article 356 c. Financial emergency -Article 360 • But each such a declaration of emergency has to be got approved by both of the houses of parliament. • In case the Lok Sabha dissolved at the time of the declaration of emergency, it has to be approved by the Rajya Sabha. Miscellaneous Power a. It gives approval to the ordinance issued by the president. b. It changes the boundary of state, to establish new states and change the name of States. c. It makes changes in the jurisdiction of the Supreme court and High court according to the provision of the constitution. d. Revising the salary and allowances of the member of the Parliament. e. To discuss the report of UPSC, Auditor General of India and finance commission etc.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Estimates Commi1tee 1960-61
    , -- ESTIMATES COMMI1TEE 1960-61 HUNDRED AND FIFTH REPORT (SECOND LOK SABHA) MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT AND COM.MUNICADONS (Department of CommDDicadoas) Action taken by Govenunent on the recommendations contained in the Eleventh Report of the Estimates Committee (Second Lok Sabha) on the Ministry of Transport and Communica- tions (Department of Communications)-Indian Telephone - Industries Ltd. LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI Janucay, 1961 Pausa, 1882- (Saia)­ Price Re. : 1"05 n. P. CORhIGENDA Hundred and Fifth Repnrt ~f the Estimates Cl")mmittee (Sec~nd 10k Sabha). Page 37, Cl")l. 3, 1 ine 11: E2r. II pRper II r.~ II pl"),~ er II Page 37, col. 4, last Ij ne: F'1r "national" read II n"t: i'1n81". Page 59, c')l. 1: E')r "32 1i read "82". Page 62, col. 5, line 10: F'r,r lI()n" reac I!')fll. FEIge 6~, c')l. 4, 1 ine 21: [21:. II the" :!:!23.1 "be" . CONTENTS Composition of the Estimates Committee (iii) Introduction ('Y) I. Report I II. Recommendations that have been accepted by Government 3 ); III. Replies of the Govemment that have been accepted by the 31 , IV. ~=:~ the Government that have not been accepted by the I Committee . 60 ,I V. Recommendations on which final replie! of Go'Yernment are still awaited 73 APPENDICES I. Copy of Letter No. I(14)-CL.VI/59, dated 16-4-1959 issued by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Deptt. of Co. Law Administration) 74 II. Chart showing the 'Y8lue of Production of I.T.I. Ltd. w-a-vis Ex- penditure 77 III.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal of Parliamentary Information
    The Journal of Parliamentary Information VOLUME LIX NO. 1 MARCH 2013 LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. 24, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-2 EDITORIAL BOARD Editor : T.K. Viswanathan Secretary-General Lok Sabha Associate Editors : P.K. Misra Joint Secretary Lok Sabha Secretariat Kalpana Sharma Director Lok Sabha Secretariat Assistant Editors : Pulin B. Bhutia Additional Director Lok Sabha Secretariat Parama Chatterjee Joint Director Lok Sabha Secretariat Sanjeev Sachdeva Joint Director Lok Sabha Secretariat © Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi THE JOURNAL OF PARLIAMENTARY INFORMATION VOLUME LIX NO. 1 MARCH 2013 CONTENTS PAGE EDITORIAL NOTE 1 ADDRESSES Addresses at the Inaugural Function of the Seventh Meeting of Women Speakers of Parliament on Gender-Sensitive Parliaments, Central Hall, 3 October 2012 3 ARTICLE 14th Vice-Presidential Election 2012: An Experience— T.K. Viswanathan 12 PARLIAMENTARY EVENTS AND ACTIVITIES Conferences and Symposia 17 Birth Anniversaries of National Leaders 22 Exchange of Parliamentary Delegations 26 Bureau of Parliamentary Studies and Training 28 PARLIAMENTARY AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 30 PRIVILEGE ISSUES 43 PROCEDURAL MATTERS 45 DOCUMENTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND PARLIAMENTARY INTEREST 49 SESSIONAL REVIEW Lok Sabha 62 Rajya Sabha 75 State Legislatures 83 RECENT LITERATURE OF PARLIAMENTARY INTEREST 85 APPENDICES I. Statement showing the work transacted during the Twelfth Session of the Fifteenth Lok Sabha 91 (iv) iv The Journal of Parliamentary Information II. Statement showing the work transacted during the 227th Session of the Rajya Sabha 94 III. Statement showing the activities of the Legislatures of the States and Union Territories during the period 1 October to 31 December 2012 98 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Indian Politics
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Introduction to Indian Politics Borooah, Vani University of Ulster December 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/76597/ MPRA Paper No. 76597, posted 05 Feb 2017 07:28 UTC Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Politics In his celebrated speech, delivered to India’s Constituent Assembly on the eve of the 15th August 1947, to herald India’s independence from British rule, Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, famously asked if the newly independent nation was “brave enough and wise enough to grasp this opportunity and accept the challenge of the future”. If one conceives of India, as many Indians would, in terms of a trinity of attributes – democratic in government, secular in outlook, and united by geography and a sense of nationhood – then, in terms of the first of these, it would appear to have succeeded handsomely. Since, the Parliamentary General Election of 1951, which elected the first cohort of members to its lower house of Parliament (the Lok Sabha), India has proceeded to elect, in unbroken sequence, another 15 such cohorts so that the most recent Lok Sabha elections of 2014 gave to the country a government drawn from members to the 16th Lok Sabha. Given the fractured and fraught experiences with democracy of India’s immediate neighbours (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar) and of a substantial number of countries which gained independence from colonial rule, it is indeed remarkable that independent India has known no other form of governmental authority save through elections. Elections (which represent ‘formal democracy’), are a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for ‘substantive democracy’.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Accounts Committee
    PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE Introduction In a parliamentary democracy like ours, the Committee system assumes great importance. Administrative accountability to the legislature becomes the sine qua non of such a parliamentary system. The check that Parliament exercises over the executive stems from the basic principle that Parliament embodies the will of the people and it must, therefore, be able to supervise the manner in which public policy laid down by Parliament is carried out. However, the phenomenal proliferation of governmental activities has made the task of legislatures very complex and diversified. By its very nature, Parliament, as a body cannot have an effective control over the government and the whole gamut of its activities. Administrative accountability to the legislature through Committees has been the hallmark of our political system. The Committee on Public Accounts enjoys the place of pride in our Committee System. Genesis of the Committee The Committee on Public Accounts was first set up in 1921 in the wake of the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. The Finance Member of the Executive Council used to be the Chairman of the Committee. The Secretariat assistance to the Committee was rendered by the then Finance Department (now the Ministry of Finance). This position continued right up to 1949. During the days of the Interim Government, the then Finance Minister acted as the Chairman of the Committee, and later on, after the attainment of Independence in August, 1947, the Finance Minister became the Chairman. This naturally restricted the free expression of views and criticism of the Executive. The Committee on Public Accounts underwent a radical change with the coming into force of the Constitution of India on 26 January, 1950, when the Committee became a Parliamentary Committee functioning under the control of the Speaker with a non-official Chairman appointed by the Speaker from among the Members of Lok Sabha elected to the Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim Legislators of Uttar Pradesh
    The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy is a division of Kasturi & Sons Ltd., publishers of The Hindu and group newspapers. It was inaugurated by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee on January 31, 2013. The aim of The Hindu Centre is to promote research, dialogue and discussion to enable the creation of informed public opinion on key issues facing India to safeguard, strengthen and nourish parliamentary democracy and pluralism, and to contribute to the nation’s economic, social and political betterment. In accordance with this mission, The Hindu Centre publishes Policy Reports drawing upon the research of its scholars, to explain and highlight issues and themes relating to political affairs and public policy. These are intended to aid the public in making informed judgments on issues of public importance. The Hindu Centre publishes the Policy Reports online, and can be accessed at www.thehinducentre.com/publications/policy-report/ Published by: The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, 859&860, Anna Salai, Chennai 600002, [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The Phenomenon of Political Dynasties Among the Muslim Legislators of Uttar Pradesh Mohd Osama Public Policy Scholar, The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy (February – May, 2018) --- ABSTRACT his report on the phenomenon of political dynasties among Muslims in Uttar Pradesh is an empirical enquiry into the extent it has impacted the legislature. The report bases T its findings in the fieldwork conducted in Uttar Pradesh to determine the dynastic credentials of Muslim legislators over the last two decades, and finds that the more marginalised a community, the larger the number of political dynasties it will have in the Legislature.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction:- While Replying to Questions In
    Introduction:- While replying to questions in the House or during discussions on Bills, Resolutions, Motions etc., Ministers on several occasions give assurances, undertakings or promises either to consider a matter, take action or furnish information later. The Standard List of forms constituting Assurances, may be seen at Annexure-I. In order to ensure that these assurances etc., are implemented and in a reasonable time, the Lok Sabha has constituted a Committee on Government Assurances with a view to institutionalizing the procedure to ensure the fulfillment of promises and undertakings given from time to time by the Minister on the floor of the House. Constitution of the Committee:- Until 1953, there was no institutional arrangement to pursue the assurances, promises etc., given by the Minister on the floor of the House and it was left to each individual Member to keep watch on the assurances/promises made by the Ministers. On 1 December, 1953 the Speaker nominated the first Committee on Government Assurances with six Members on it. The strength of the Committee was later on increased to fifteen Members on 13 May, 1954 by the Hon'ble Speaker. The Chairman/Chairperson is appointed by the Speaker from amongst the Members of the Committee. A Minister is not nominated as a Member of the Committee and if a member after his nomination to the Committee is appointed a Minister, he ceases to be a member of the Committee from the date of such appointment. The term of office of the members of the Committee shall not exceed one year from the date of its constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Larrdis 19032019.Pdf
    82 PARLIAMENT OF INDIA : THE FIFTEENTH LOK SABHA (20092014) 12 PARLIAMENT LIBRARY AND REFERENCE, RESEARCH, DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SERVICE (LARRDIS)AN OVERVIEW There was no separate Library as such for Service is the result of a major functional re-organisation members of the Indian Legislature till the year 1921. of the Secretariats of the Lok Sabha and the Only a small collection of publications comprising Rajya Sabha effected during 1974-75. mainly Departmental reports, proceedings of the Legislatures, statutes, etc. used to be maintained, and Even though LARRDIS is a part of the administrative that too without any proper classification. Books and set-up of the Lok Sabha Secretariat, it serves members other important publications, when required by members, of both the Houses of Parliament and functions on a were obtained on loan from the Libraries of the then subject-section-cum-desk officer system. The objective Legislative Department and the Imperial Secretariat. has been to ensure the development of necessary Inadequacies inherent in such an arrangement came to specialization and expertise coupled with diversification be realized over the years and a small Library was, for of experience and interchangeability of desks within the the first time, established in the year 1921 in the then broad subject areas. Central Legislative Assembly. This Library continued to serve members on a modest scale for a number of years. LARRDIS is presently divided into several functional Divisions. The team of officers in each Division is led by It was only after the Constituent Assembly a Director/Additional Director. The nomenclatures of, and undertook drafting a new Constitution for free India that work allocation to, these Divisions are subject to the demands on the Library started multiplying.
    [Show full text]
  • 1St Lok Sabha Speaker – Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar (1952-1956) •Following 17Th Lok Sabha Elections (2019 General Elections), Om Birla Is the Speaker of Lok Sabha 1
    Programme BA Subject Public administration Semester III-semester University University of Mysore Session 12-14 Content developer Shwetha K Parliament of India Loksabha Composition Powers and Function Learning objectives of the chapter To make the students to understand the Indian parliament Session outcomes Learners will be able to express their views and opinions on powers and functions of loksabha. The Organization of the Parliament 1.The Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. 2.Lok Sabha is the Lower House (First Chamber or Popular House) and Rajya Sabha is the Upper House (Second Chamber or House of Elders). Composition • 1.The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552. Out of this, 530 members are to be the representatives of the states, 20 members are to be the representatives of the union territories and 2 members nominated by the president from the Anglo-Indian community. • At present, the Lok Sabha has 545 members, 530 members directly elected by their respective constituencies,13 from Uts. • The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988. • Term • The normal term of loksabha is five years from the date of its first meeting after the general elections, after which it automatically dissolves. • This term can be extended for one year during an emergency. But fresh elections to the Lok Sabha must be held within six months of the end of emergency. • Further, the President can dissolve the Lok Sabha at any time when the Prime Minister may advise him to do so or when no party may be in a position to form a government.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Handbook of Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs – India
    LEGISLATIVE MATTERS (UPDATED UPTO 31ST MARCH, 2009) Table No. Subject 1. Dates of poll, constitution, first sitting expiration of the term and dissolution of the Lok Sabha since 1952 (First to Fourteenth Lok Sabha) 2. Statement showing the dates of constitution, dissolution etc. of various Lok Sabhas since 1952 3. Dates of issue of summons, commencement, adjournment sine-die, prorogation, sittings and duration of various Sessions of Lok Sabha held since 1952 (‘B’ in column 1 stands for Budget Session) 4. Dates of issue of summons, commencement, adjournment sine-die,prorogation, sittings and duration of various Sessions of Rajya Sabha held since 1952 5. Statement showing the interval of less than 15 days between the issue of summons to Members of Lok Sabha and dates of Commencement of sessions since 1962 6. Statement showing the interval of less than 15 days between the issue of summons to Members of Rajya Sabha and dates of Commencement of sessions since 1962 7. Statement showing the names and dates of appointment etc. of the Speakers pro tem 8. Statement showing the dates of election, names of Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha 9. Dates of election of the Speaker, Lok Sabha and the constitution of the Departmentally related Standing Committees since 1993 10. Statement showing the dates of election and names of the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha 11. Duration of recess during Budget Sessions since 1993 12. Statement showing the details regarding Sessions of the Lok Sabha etc.when the House remained unprorogued for more than 15 days 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Representation of a Minority: Muslim Representation in Contemporary India Adnan Farooqui
    INDIA REVIEW https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2020.1744996 Political representation of a minority: Muslim representation in contemporary India Adnan Farooqui ABSTRACT Set against the political ascendance of the Hindu Nationalist BJP, this paper engages with the issue of political representation of Indian Muslims in the legislative arena. It gives an overview of broad trends and patterns in Muslim representation and seeks to draw out conclusions by focusing exclusively on the last two parliamentary elections. The paper argues while the Muslims have remained underrepresented in the legislative arena since Independence, the rise of BJP on a decidedly majoritarian political and social agenda makes it distinct from the earlier period. The attempt here is to flag out systemic shifts in Indian politics and what they mean for Indian Muslims. How different these shifts are for the Muslims compared to their past experience? And what are its possible implications?� Introduction Fair representation is a desirable goal in a democracy. However, in a society characterized by extreme plurality substantive representation on its own may not always be sufficient to ensure that the representative claims of numeri- cally vulnerable minorities are equally met.1 Therefore, the descriptive repre- sentativeness of a polity becomes a necessary condition, although by no means sufficient one, to ensure that marginal voices are not only seen but also heard.2 Against this backdrop, it will be instructive to look at the representative claims of Indian democracy by focusing on persistent under- representation of Indian Muslims in the political realm. Muslims in India, as per the 2011 census, comprise 14 percent of the country’s population.
    [Show full text]
  • Lok Sabha – Indian Polity Notes
    UPSC Civil Services Examination Political Science & International Relations Topic: Lok Sabha – Indian Polity Notes What is Lok Sabha and who are Lok Sabha members? Indian Parliament is bicameral in nature i.e. that it has two houses. Lok Sabha is one of those two houses. The other house is the Rajya Sabha. Lok Sabha is the first chamber of the parliament and represents the people of India as a whole. The members elected by universal adult suffrage are part of Lok Sabha. Composition of Lok Sabha: Composition of Lok Sabha Maximum Strength – 530 represent the States 552 20 are the representatives of Union Territories 2 are nominated by the President from Anglo-Indian Community Current Strength – 545 530 represent States 13 represent Union Territories 2 are nominated from the President from Anglo-Indian Community Lok Sabha Elections The members of Parliament (MPs) are elected/appointed from states, union territories or are appointed from a field of particular expertise. The elections to Lok Sabha occur every 5 years in the name of general elections. The Indian Constitution has adopted universal adult franchise as a basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies. Representation of States in Lok Sabha: Members are directly elected by the people from the territorial constituencies in the states Election Principle used – Universal Adult Franchise Eligibility to Vote: Any Indian Citizen of/above 18 years of age Note: Voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988. Representation of Union Territories in Lok Sabha: Parliament is empowered to choose the members from the UTs in any manner as it desires Election Principle used – Direct Election Note: Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act, 1965, has been enacted by which the members of Lok Sabha from the union territories are chosen by direct election.
    [Show full text]
  • Lok Sabha Is Iive Years (Six Years Under the 42Nd Amendment} Unless Dissolved Sooner by The
    C H A f T H t 11 UnPtLTTnii ot THL »>0RK1WG n> TH, 22 CHAPTER - II Mcxl«llti«» of th< working of the Parli— nt (a) Parll«Bi«intanr ProciKiur* Th« Legislative procedure providee an4 insight into the operational equilibriuia and the dynamics of a Consti­ tutional system* It helps the observer to identify the centres of power, in and outside the system^. The chief merit of the procedure of the Indian Parliament is that the Parliament is the aaster of its own procedure. Although our Parliament is much Influenced fay the British parlia- mentary procedure, it has adopted aome procedures which are absent in Britain. A few of these are, allotment of time to business on the recoiaaendation of the Business Advisory coBunittee, discussion of any matter during the *sero hour', calling attention notice, short duration notice etc.^« The Indian Constitution has conferred uptoOYS the Parliament the power to regulate its own business. Pro­ cedures like voting on demand for grants, passing the b ills etc* have been enumerated in the Constitution itself* The Indian Legislature is the supreme authority to which the executive is made responsible* Parliamentary control 23 OT«r th« axteutlY* Is of different kind*. Th« Legislative procedure has undergone a change over the years and has evolved a practice which has the following foiu* sources. a) Statuses as provided by the Constitution. b) Rules and Standing Orders i The Government of India Act of 1919 drew a distinction between Rules and Standing Orders. The rules were to provide for regulat­ ing the course of business and the Standing Orders were laade by the then Central Legislative Assembly for the conduct of business.
    [Show full text]