Family EUSCORPIIDAE Laurie, 1896
VICTOR FET & w. DAVID SISSOM
The Euscorpiidae, as envisioned by Stockwell (1992), is a small family of only four genera. The genus Euscorpius Thorell is widespread in the southern Europe and around the Mediterranean area, with six species and numerous subspecies. The remaining genera are found from eastern and central Mexico into Guatemala and, with the exception of Megacormus gertschi Diaz, are poorly represented in museum collections. As a result, little is known of their habits. Soleglad (1976b) reported taking several specimens of M. gertschi in or under decaying logs in subtropi cal forests, and Francke (1979b) published on laboratory investigations on the mating behavior and life history of the same species. The two species of Plesiochactas Pocock are known from a total of only three specimens (Soleglad, l 976b ); the wide disjunction exhibited by the two species (one known from Veracruz and the other from Guatemala) is probably the result of inade quate sampling in the intervening area. Troglocormus Francke is of considerable interest as a troglobite, with two species found in caves in Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Traditionally, these genera were all placed in the family Chactidae. Euscorpius was placed with Belisarius Simon in a subfamily Euscorpiinae, and Megacormus, Plesiochactas, and Troglo cormus comprised the subfamily Megacorminae. Suggestions that Euscorpius was related to the megacormines were made by Soleglad (1976b: 299-300; based on trichobothrial patterns) and tentatively by Francke (1979b: 229-230; based on hemispermatophore structure). The placement of Belisarius was not satisfactorily addressed (and remains problematic). Subsequently, Stock well (1992) formalized these original suggestions by establishing the family Euscorpiidae (minus Belisarius, which he placed in the family Superstitionidae; currently, Belisarius is placed in Troglotayosicidae). The family includes four genera, three subgenera (including one norninotypical), 14 species, and 42 subspecies (including four nominotypical forms).
Euscorpiini Laurie, 1896b: 130 (subfamily; part); type genus Euscorpius Thorell, 1876. SYNONYMS Megacorminae K.raepelin, 1899: 161; type genus Megacormus Karsch, 1881. REFERENCES Euscorpiinae: Kraepelin, 1899: 162 (part); Birula, 1900a: 248; Birula, 1900c: 14; Birula, 1904b: 33; Kraepelin, 1905: 339 (part); Birula, 1917a: 103, 164 (part); Birula, 1917b: 56, 159 (part); Kastner, 1929: 2; Fet, 1989a: 78; Fet, 1989b: 120; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 17, 18 (part). Euscorpidinae (ISS): K.raepelin, 1901 b: 272 (part). Megacorrninae: K.raepelin, 1905: 339; K.raepelin, 1912: 46; Birula, 1917a: 101, 103; Birula, 1917b: 56, 163; Hoffmann, 1931: 324; Werner, 1934a: 285; Kastner, 1941: 235; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 126; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 37; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 428; Vachon, 1952: 40; Bticherl, 1967: 115; Bilcherl, 1969: 768; Bilcherl, 197lb: 329; Vachon, 1971: 712; Diaz Najera, 1964: 16; Soleglad, l976b: 255-263, 298-301; Francke, 1981: 23; Sissom, 1990a: 113. Euscorpinae (ISS): Pavlovsky, 1924: 79. Euscorpioninae (ISS): Werner, 1934a: 285; Kastner, 1941: 235; Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 126; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 37; Roewer, 1943: 236; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 428 (part); Vachon, 1950a: 189; Vachon, 1952d: 361; Bilcherl, 1967: 115; Bilcherl, 1969: 768; Bilcherl, 1971: 329; Vachon, 1971: 712; Perez, 1974: 32 (part); Kinzelbach, 1975: 42 (part); Soleglad, 1976b: 254, 299 (part); Francke, 1985: 23 (part); Sissom, 1990a: 113 (part). Euscorpiidae: Stockwell, 1992: 411; Kovarik, 1997d: 181. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA (Mediterranean coast), NORTH AMERICA (Guatemala, Mexico), ASIA (Georgia, Syria, Turkey), EUROPE (south and central).
355 356 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD
Genus EUSCORPIUS Thorell, 1876 Euscorpius Thorell, 1876a: 15; type species by original designation Scorpio carpathicus Lin naeus, 1767 [= Euscorpius carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767)] (see Notes). SYNONYMS Scorpius Poda, 1761: 124; type species originally by monotypy Scorpio europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, a suppressed name (see Notes) (synonymized by Thorell, 1876a: 15). Acanthothraustes Mello-Leitao, 1945: 94; type species Teuthraustes brasilianus Mello-Leitao, 1931 (synonymized by Lourern;o & Vachon, 1981: 223). REFERENCES Scorpius: Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829: 350; Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1831 (pages not numbered); C. L. Koch, 1837c: 36; Gervais, 1844a: 210 (part); Gervais, 1844b: 66 (part); C. L. Koch, 1850: 86; Pocock, l 900d: 11. Euscorpius: Thorell, 1876b: 85; Simon, 1879: 102-103; Karsch, 1881d: 90; Kraepelin, 1894: 153; Lau rie, 1896a: 193; Laurie, 1896b: 130; Lonnberg, 1897b: 199; Kraepelin, 1899: 162; Birula, 1900a: 248; Birula, 1900c: 15; Birula, 1917a: 103, 164; Birula, 1917b: 56, 161; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Kastner, 1929: 2; Werner, 1934a: 285; Kastner, 1941: 235; Vachon, 1950a: 189-190; Vachon, 1952d: 361-362; Vachon, 1962: 347; Vachon, 1974: 915; Soleglad, 1976b: 299; Francke, 1985: 8, 16; Fet, 1989a: 78; Fet, 1989b: 120; Sissom, 1990a: 113; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 18; Pet, 1997b: 247; Kovarik, 1998c: 127. Scorpio (Euscorpius): Lankester, 1885: 379. Euscorpio (ISS): Puzanov, 1929: 104. Acanthothrau.stes: Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 126; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 94; Biicherl, 1967: 111; Bticherl, 1969: 769; Bucher!, 197lb: 329. Euscorpius (Mesotrichus) (ISS): Michalis & Kattoulas, 1981: 111. Euscorpius (Polytrichus) (ISS): Michalis & Kattoulas, 1981: 111. Euscorpius (0/igotrichus) (ISS): Michalis & Kattoulas, 1981: 111. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Tunisia. ASIA. Georgia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen (introduced). EUROPE. Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herze govina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Great Britain (introduced), Greece, France, Hungary (intro duced?), Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Monaco, Romania, Russia (northwestern Caucasus), San Marino, Slovenia, Spain (with Baleares), Switzerland, Turkey (European part), Ukraine (Crimea), Yugoslavia (Montenegro, Serbia). NOTES 1. The name Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 was introduced as a new replacement name for Scor pius, referring to Ehrenberg in Hemprich & Ehrenberg (1829), as its author. It was estab lished not on the basis of homonymy, but based on an (invalid) argument of Thorell (1876: 4) that the names such as Scorpio or Scorpius cannot designate a genus due to their "generic" form. Later, Francke (1985) listed "Scorpius Lacepede, 1802" (Pisces) as a senior homo nym of "Scorpius Ehrenberg". However, Lacepede (1802) listed this name only in syn onymy of Scorpaena L., 1758 (Osteichthyes: Scorpaenidae) as "ex Plumier", among names suggested in the manuscript of C. Plumier. The latter did not use consistent binomial ter minology, therefore this name is not available (Jordan, 1963: 71). Simon (1879: 102) was the first to discover that it was N. Poda (1761: 124), and not Ehrenberg, who first used the generic name Scorpius for a European scorpion. The type species of Poda's genus Scor pius is originally by monotypy "Scorpius europaeus" referable to Linnaeus (1758). How ever, Scorpio europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 is a suppressed name (ICZN Opinion 60, 1957) and is not available. The same name was used in combination with Scorpius by Ehrenberg in 1829 (see Braunwalder & Pet, 1998: 33, 34). The first author to use an available species name in a combination with this generic name was C. L. Koch (1837a: 101-103) for Scor pius aquilejensis. The generic name Scorpius has not been used since the 1870s while Euscorpius Thorell, 1876 won general acceptance. 2. The (currently suppressed) name Scorpio europaeus Linnaeus, 1758 was used by a num ber of early authors to denote various species of Euscorpius (Sulzer, 1761; Scopoli, 1763; Paula Schrank, 1781; DeGeer, 1778; Latreille, 1804 etc.). In most cases, the species in ques tion are not identifiable. SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 357
3. The genus is divided into three subgenera: Euscorpius s. str., Tetratrichobothrius Birula, 1917, and Polytrichobothrius Birula, 1917. The last two subgenera are monotypic. 4. Names Mesotrichus, Oligotrichus, and Polytrichus were created by Michalis & Kattoulas (1981) but these names were not introduced to denote genus-group names since they all explicitly referred to subspecies of Euscorpius italicus. We treat these names as incorrect subsequent spellings of species-group names mesotrichus, oligotrichus, and polytrichus. 5. We include in this common European genus six species and 41 subspecies (with four norninotypical forms). Taxonomy of Euscorpius has been a subject of numerous studies; however, no recent revisions exist. For a detailed old review see Birula (1917a, 1917b) who divided the genus into three subgenera. The most comprehensive treatment was that of Caporiacco (1950b). Keys to the three species of the Eastern Mediterranean area and their brief redescriptions can be found in Kinzelbach (1975). Later, E. mingrelicus Kessler was demonstrated to be a separate species from E. germanus (Koch) (Bonacina, 1980). Now five species are commonly accepted in Euscorpius, and we introduce here the sixth (E. tergestinus) as a replacement for "E. mesotrichus Hadzi" sensu Kinzebach (1975). Help ful redescriptions were done and elaborate system of trichobothrial characters were intro duced by Vachon (1975c, 1978, 1981) and Vachon & Jaques (1977). This system was applied in further regional studies and redescriptions by Bonacina (1980, 1982, 1983), Bonacina & Rivellini (1986), Fet (1986, 1993, 1997a), Scherabon (1987), and Lacroix (l 991a, 1991c, 1995). Numerous subspecific forms were described, especially in E. car pathicus. In light of the declining importance of the subspecies category in taxonomy, a revision of this genus is badly needed.
Subgenus EUSCORPIUS Thorell, 1876 Euscorpius Thorell, 1876a: 15; type species by original designation Scorpio carpathicus Lin naeus, 1767 [= Euscorpius carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767)]. REFERENCES Euscorpius (Euscorpius): Birula, 1917a: 104; Birula, 1917b: 164; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 428; Vachon, 1975c: 639; Kinzelbach, 1975: 15; Yusubov, 1981 : 75: Francke, 1985: 8; Fet, 1989a: 79; Fet, 1989b: 121; Kovai'fk, 1998c: 127. DISTRIBUTION: Range of the genus (excluding Great Britain, Yemen, Algeria. and Morocco). NOTES: The number of species in the subgenus Euscorpius is not clear. Birula (1917a: 167) divided this subgenus into three "sections" which were not maintained by later authors. We list four valid species: E. carpathicus (L., 1767), E. germanus (C. L. Koch, 1837), E. mingrelicus (Kessler, 1874), and E. tergestinus (C. L. Koch, 1837).
Euscorpius carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767) Scorpio carpathicus Linnaeus, 1767: 1038. HOLOTYPE (?): S? (LSL), "Montibus Carpathicus", probably Transylvanian Alps in southwestern Romania; briefly redescribed by Kinzelbach (1975: 35). SYNONYMS Scorpio germanicus Herbst, 1800: 71-73, pl. I, fig. 3 (synonymized by C. L. Koch, 1836: 107; see also: Kraepelin, 1899: 159; Birula, 1900c: 16, footnote; Fet & Braunwalder, 1997). Type(s) lost; "Germania australis", Tyrol (now Austria and Italy). Scorpio pallipes Risso, 1826: 156 (synonymized by Simon, 1879: 108). Type(s) lost; southern Alpes-Maritimes, France. Buthus terminalis Brulle, 1832: 60, pl. XXVIII, fig. 3 (synonymized by Simon, 1884: 351). Type(s) lost; southern Greece. Scorpius aquilejensis C. L. Koch, 1837a: 101-103, pl. CV, fig. 244 (synonymized by Simon, 1879: 108; see E. carpathicus aquilejensis). HOLOTYPE: 0 (lost), Trieste, Italy. Scorpius rufus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 103-104, pl. CVI, fig. 235 (synonymized by Simon, 1879: 108). HoLOTYPE: S? (lost); type locality unknown, probably Romania. Scorpius concinnus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 105-106, pl. CVI, fig. 246 (synonymized by Pavesi, 1876a: 430; see E. carpathicus concinnus). HOLOTYPE: S? (lost); type locality unknown, probably Italy. 358 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD
Scorpius sicanus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 108-109, pl. CVII, fig. 249 (synonymized by Simon, 1879: 108; see E. carpathicus sicanus). HOLOTYPE: 0 (lost), Messina, Sicily, Italy. Scorpius tauricus C. L. Koch, 1837b: 6-8, pl. CXI, fig. 255 (synonymized by Kraepelin, 1894: 159; see E. carpathicus tauricus). HoLOTYPE: REFERENCES ?Scorpius europaeus (unavailable name): Poda, 1761: 121. Scorpio europaeus (unavailable name): Scopoli, 1763: 404; Schmidlein, 1786: 433-434; Kutorga, 1834: 490; Nordmann, 1840: 731. Kessler, 1860: 196. Scorpio carpathicus: Muller, 1775: 1091; Pallas, 1795: 64; Pallas, 1799: 475; Peters, 186lb: 510; Ferrari, 1872: 657; Cruinescu & Calinescu, 1930: I. Scorpius carpathicus: C. L. Koch, 1837a: 112; C. L. Koch, 1837b: 9-10, pl. CXI, fig. 256; C. L. Koch, 1850: 87. Scorpio europaeus var. tauricus: Nordmann, 1840: 731, pl. I, fig. 3. Scorpio (Scorpius) europaeus: Gervais, l 844b: 67. Scorpio (Scorpius) terminalis: Gervais, l 844b: 67. Scorpio (Scorpius) aquilejensis: Gervais, 1844b: 68. Scorpio (Scorpius) rufus: Gervais, l 844b: 68. Scorpio (Scorpius) sicanus: Gervais, 1844b: 68. Scorpio (Scorpius) concinnus: Gervais, 1844b: 68. Scorpio (Scorpius) carpathicus: Gervais, 1844b: 68. Scorpio (Scorpius) tauricus: Gervais, 1844b: 68. Scorpius sicanus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86; Ausserer, 1867: 24; Fanzago 1872b: 83-84, fig. 4. SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 359 Scorpius aquilejensis: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86; Fanzago, 1872b: 85-86, fig. 6. Scorpius rufas: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Scorpius tauricus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Scorpius concinnus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Scorpius banaticus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86; Cfilinescu & Cfilinescu, 1930: 1; Vachon, 1976b: 1683. Scorpius niciensis: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Scorpius oravitzensis: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86; Cfilinescu & Cfilinescu, 1930: 1. Scorpius bannaticus (ISS): C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Scorpius oravizensis (ISS): C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Scorpius nizziensis (ISS): C. L. Koch, 1850: 87. Scorpius flavicaudus (nee Scorpius flavicaudis DeGeer, 1778; MIS; ISS): Lucas, 1853: 527. Scorpius flavicaudis (nee DeGeer, 1778; MIS): Raulin, 1869: 672. Scorpius provincialis (nee C. L. Koch, 1836; MIS): Fanzago, 1872: 81, fig. 3. Scorpio nizaeensis (ISS): Ferrari, 1872: 657. Scorpio tauricus: Ferrari, 1872: 658; Kessler, 1874: 23-24; Koppen, 1881: 219. Scorpio carphicus (ISS): Kondaraki, 1875. Scorpius sicanus: C. L. Koch, 1876: 282. Euscorpius carpathicus: Thorell, 1876a: 15; Thorell, 1876b: 211; Pavesi, 1876a: 430; Pavesi, 1877: 324; Pavesi, 1878a: 339-340; Simon, 1879: 108-111, pl. XX, fig. 4; Becker, 1881: 27; Karsch, 188ld: 90; Simon, 1882b: 47; Simon, 1882c: 17; Pavesi, 1884: 455; Simon, 1884c: 351; Simon, 1885a: 214; Simon, 1885d (N.V.); Kraepelin, 1894: 159-161, pl. II, fig. 68-69; Cecconi, 1895: 190; Birula, 1898b: 140; Kraepelin, 1899: 164, fig. 47; Birula, 1900a: 250-251; Birula, 1900c: 15, 18; Kraepelin, 1901a: 273; Pavesi, 1901: 79; Mallasz, 1902: 170; Werner, 1902: 604-605; Kulczyiiski, 1903: 632, 678; Yurinich, 1904: 1-7; Dalla Torre, 1905: 2-3; Werner, 1905: 113; Penther, 1906: 61-62; Zottu, 1907: 326; Werner, 1908: 121-123; Birula, 1909b: 518-520; Birula, 1910: 156; Simon, 1910: 83; Birula, 19lla: 178; Masi, 1912: 141; Pavesi, 1912: 339; Borelli, 1915a: 463; Cavanna, 1917: 223-229; Werner, 1916a: 338; Birula, 1917a: 105; Birula, 1917b: 168; Lampe, 1917: 202; Popescu-Voitesti, 1918: 14; Fage, 1921: 98; Cfilinescu, 1922: 384; Caporiacco, 1922: 104; Dalmas, 1922: 96; Lammermayer & Hoffer, 1922 (N.V.); Menozzi, 1923: 86-88; Mi.iller, 1924: 199; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Werner, 1925b: 209; Caporiacco, 1926: 125; Werner, 1927b: 77; Werner, 1927c: 144-145; Zottu, 1927: 101-103; Borelli, 1928: 354-355; Caporiacco, 1928b: 127; Roewer, 1928: 452; Werner, 1928: 294; Hadzi, 1929: 36; Kastner, 1929: 3, fig. 67; Werner, 1929: 483; Hadzi, 1930a: 34; Hadzi, I930b: 57-64, fig. 2; Hadzi, 1931a: 356-362; Hadzi, 1931c: 127-129, map; Berland, 1932: 30; Caporiacco, 1932a: 395; Giltay, 1932: l; Walde, 1932: 308; Zavattari, 1934: 173; Werner, 1934a: 285; Werner, 1935a: 295; Caporiacco, 1936b: 328; Werner, 1936c: 17; Werner, 1937: 153; Wolf, 1937: 534; Werner, 1938: 172; Capra, 1939: 202; Strouhal, 1939a: 79; Cfilinescu, 1940: 14; Feytaud, 1940: 38-39; Vachon, 1940b: 248, 250, 252, fig. 13, 17, 25, 28; Kastner, 1941: 235; Werner, 1941: 115; Hadzi, 1943: 121; Roewer, 1943: 236; Schenkel, 1947: 14; Sochurek, 1947: 354; Strouhal, 1947: 181; Vachon, 1948a: 63-68, fig. 13; Vachon, 1948e: 17-18; Caporiacco, 1949b: 240; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 418; Cfilinescu & Bunescu, 1950: 38; Caporiacco, 1950b: 178-209; Vachon, 1950a: 190, fig. 540, 542; Vachon, 1950b: 413, fig. 636; Vachon, 1951a: 49; Vachon, 1951c: 342-343; Strouhal, 1952: 1; Takashima, 1952: 32; Vachon, 1952d: 361, fig. 540, 542, 636; Cfilinescu, 1956: 155-167; Hadzi, 1956: 50-51; Strouhal, 1956: 7; Sochurek, 1958: 170; Bunescu, 1959: 90, 93-94, fig. 1; Taborsky, 1959: 211; Tolunay, 1959: 366; Lang, 1960: 162-166, fig. 2; Berbece, 1961 : 52-54; Marcuzzi, 1961 (N.V.); Taborsky, 1961: 7-21, 8 fig.; Daniel, 1962: 25; Friese & Konigsmann, 1962: 784; Gueorguiev & Beron, 1962: 308-309; Vachon, 1962: 348-353, fig. 1-3, 5; Marcuzzi et al., 1963: 81-88; Vachon, 1963a: 348, fig. 1-3, 5; Bogdan, 1964: 70-71; Cfilinescu & Jana, 1964: 162; Friden, 1964: 202; Vanden Eeckhoudt, 1964: 29-35; Hadzi, 1965: 5; Zangheri, 1966: 529; CurCic, 1968: 74; Szalay, 1968: 16, fig. 9C, D, fig. lOA, B; Cfilinescu, 1969: 85; Vachon, 1969b, fig. 4; Kinzelbach, 1970: 351; Biicherl, 197lb: 329; CurCic, 1971: 95-97, fig. 2-5; Daniel, 1971: 18; Ranzi, 1971: 25; Rucner & Rucner, 1971: 138, 140, 146, 150, 167, 174, 181; CurCic, 1972: 83-88; Bobirnac & Jonescu, 1974: 7-12; Cola & Freude, 1974: 38; Vachon, 1974, fig. 172; Kinzelbach, 1975: 28-37, fig. 13-17; Vachon, 1975c: 633-643, fig. 1, 5-7, 17, 18; Valle, 1975: 209-234, pl. 1, fig. 2, 4, pl. 2, fig. 2, 4, pl. 3, fig. 2, 4; fig. 1-8; Soleglad, 1976b: 299-300; Kofler, 1977 (pages unnumbered); Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 409-436, fig. 1-17; Voulalas & Michalis, 1977: 134-136; Thaler, 1978: 53-54; Vachon, 1978: 321, fig. 1-7; Vachon & Goyffon, 1978: 320-321, fig. 2; Goulliart, 1979: 2-3; Guerra, 1979: 1-92; Bonacina, 1980: 57; Dumitrescu, 1980: (N.V.); Michalis & Kattoulas, 1981: 108-109; Kinzelbach, 1982: 59-61, fig. Id; Bonacina, 1983: 3-10; Vachon, 1983a: 25-41, fig. 1, 4, 6; Vachon, 1983b: 77; Schmallfuss & Schawaller, 1984: 7; Sochurek, 1984: 27-29; Pet, 1986: 3-10~ Kinzelbach, 1985: map I; Scherabon, 1985: 133-135; Scherabon, 1987: 80-149, fig. 2, 9, 15, 18, 20, 25, 28, 30; Sissom, 1987: 272; Pet, 1989a: 79-82; Pet, 1989b: 121-125; Michalis & Dolkeras, 360 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD 1989: 261-262; Schembri & Schembri, 1990: 16-20; Hansen, 1991: 7; Kovarik, 1991: 169; Lacroix, 199la: 17-27, pl. 10-13, fig. 58-93; EI-Hennawy, 1992: 99, 142; Kovarik, 1992a: 184; Crucitti, 1993a: 51; Crucitti, 1993c: 289-291, fig. 2; Beran, 1994: 18 ; Scherabon, 1994: 276-277; Chemini, 1995: 2; Crucitti, 1995a: 94-95, fig. 3; Lo Valvo & Massa, 1995: 880; Thaler & Knoflach, 1995: 66; Dupre, 1996: 22; Ferreri, 1996: 18; Crucitti et al., 1997a: 31; Crucitti et al., 1997b: 7-14; Fet, 1997a: 106-108; Gantenbein et al., 1997: 12; Kovaffk, 1997d: 181-182; Crucitti, Buccedi, & Malori, 1998: 7; Crucitti, Malori, & Rotella, 1998: 163-170; Gantenbein etal., 1998b: 33-39; Kovaffk, 1998c: 127. Euscorpius canestrinii: Pavesi, 1876a: 430; Birula, 1900c: 15; Cavanna, 1917: 229; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Perez, 1974: 34. Euscorpius sicanus: Pavesi, 1876a: 430; Kulczynski, 1887: 349-354; Birula, 1900c: 15; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168. Euscorpius terminalis: Karsch, 1879b: 102; Karsch, 188ld: 90; Birula, 1917a: 198; Perez, 1974: 34. Euscorpius tauricus: Simon, 1879: 113; Birula, 1896: 230; Birula, 1900a: 250-251; Birula, 1900c: 15, 18; Birula, 1903a: XVI; Birula, 1904b: 33; Karatygin, 1910: 122; Mokrzhetsky, 1914: 14; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168, pl. III, fig. 10, pl. V, fig. 3-4; Puzanov, 1927: 27; Puzanov, 1949: 22; Perez, 1974: 32; Orlov et al., 1977: 5; Fet, 1982: 1911; Vasilyev & Orlov, 1983: 72; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1983: 62; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1984: 6, fig. 4. Euscorpius concinnus: Simon, 1879: 113. Euscorpius germanicus: Simon, 1879: 113. Scorpio italicus (nee Herbst, 1800; MIS): Rudov, 1897: 89. Euscorpius banaticus: Chyzer, 1900: 2. Euscorpiusfanzagoi: Birula, 1900c: 15; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Werner, 1925b: 209; Caporiacco, 1928b: 127; Perez, 1974: 32. Euscorpius niccaeensis (ISS): Birula, 1900c: 15. Euscorpius scaber: Birula, 1917a: 105, 129, 198; Birula, 1917b: 167; Werner, 1938: 173; Perez, 1974: 34; Fet, 1986: 3-l 0 ("status uncertain"). Euscorpius koschevnikovi: Birula, l917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Werner, 1938: 173; Fet, 1986: 3-6 ("status uncertain"). Euscorpius candiota: Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Werner, 1938: 173; Menozzi, 1941: 235-237, fig. 3-4; Roewer, 1943: 236; Caporiacco, 1950b: 182; Perez, 1974: 32; Kinzelbach, 1982: 63-64; Fet, 1986: 3-10 ("status uncertain"). Euscorpius italicus (nee Scorpio italicus Herbst, 1800; MIS): Tarnani, 1907: 30 (part: Crimea). Euscorpius carpathicus austriacus: Birula, 1917 a: 207. Euscorpio (ISS) tauricus: Puzanov, 1929: 104. Euscorpius carpathicus oligotrichus: Hadzi, 1930a: 35-36, fig. 4; Hadzi, 193lc: map; Curcic, 1968: 74-75, fig. 1; CurCic, 1971: 96-97, fig. 5. Euscorpio (ISS) carpathicus: CaJ.inescu & CaJ.inescu, 1930: 1. Euscorpius germanus polytrichus: Hadzi, 193lc: map; Caporiacco, 1950b: 215; CurCic, 1971: 99-101, fig. 7. Euscorpius carpathicus aegaeus: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 295; Lacroix, 199la: 19. Euscorpius carpathicus ossae: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 297; Lacroix, 199la: 19, fig. 66, 76, 86; Kovarik, 1997d: 182. Euscorpius carpathicus garganicus: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 296-297. Euscorpius oravizensis (ISS): Caporiacco, 1950b: 261. Euscorpius carpathicus candiota: Kinzelbach, 1975: 36-37, fig. 12, 16; Kritscher, 1992: 185-188; Kritscher, 1993: 384-385. Euscorpius carphaticus (ISS): Perez, 1974: 32. Euscorpius carpathicus koschewnikovi: Kinzelbach, 1975: 36. Euscorpius carpaticus (ISS): Costantini, 1976: 121. Euscorpius carpathicus scaber: Soleglad, 1976b: 299. Euscorpius germanus banaticus: Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 412; Scherabon, 1987: 141; Lacroix, 199la: 20, fig. 94, 105-107, 117-119. Euscorpius colchicus (ISS): Kovarik, 1991: 170. Euscorpius carpathicus garganicus: Lacroix, 1991 a: 19. Euscorpius (Euscorpius) carpathicus: Kovarik, 1997d: 181. Euscorpius (Euscorpius) carpathicus ossae: Kovarik, 1997d: 182. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Egypt, Libya, Madeira, Tunisia. ASIA. Turkey. EUROPE. Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Greece, France, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Monaco, Romania, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain (including Baleares), Turkey (European part), Ukraine (Crimea), Yugoslavia (Montenegro, Serbia). SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 361 NOTES 1. The range of E. carpathicus extends eastward to Turkey (southern Anatolia) and includes an isolated population in Crimea; however, all records from the Caucasus (Kraepelin, 1899; Kastner, 1929) are erroneous and may refer to E. italicus or E. mingrelicus. 2. Kinzelbach (1975) separated "E. mesotrichus" from E. carpathicus. We list this species as Euscorpius tergestinus (see below) but its scope and geographic range remain uncertain. If E. tergestinus is in fact a valid species, it will include some of the synonyms and sub specific forms listed here under E. carpathicus. 3. The subspecific nomenclature of E. carpathicus is extremely complicated. Caporiacco (1950b) created numerous subspecies. Valle (1975) attempted to reanalyze several Italian forms, and Kinzelbach (1975), some circum-Aegean forms; complete revision was never done. We list, besides the nominotypical subspecies, 22 formally valid trinomina. See also E. tergestinus. Euscorpius carpathicus carpathicus (Linnaeus, 1767) Scorpio carpathicus Linnaeus, 1767: 1137. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus carpathicus: Caporiacco, 1950b: 201-202; Valle, 1975: 210; Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 415, 431, fig. 16; Kinzelbach, 1985: map I; Scherabon, 1987: 143; Lacroix, 199la: 19; Altmann, 1992: 8; Kritscher, 1993: 383-384 (part?). DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Romania, ?Bosnia and Herzegovina, ?Greece. Norns: The scope and range of the nominotypical subspecies are not clear. The type local ity is probably in the Transylvanian Alps (southwestern Romania). Euscorpius carpathicus apuanus Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus apuanus Caporiacco, 1950b: 186, 227 SYNTYPES: 1 9 (MZUF), Bardono, upper Val di Magra, Tuscany, Italy; 1 o, 1 9 (MZUF), Tam bura, Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy; 1 o (MZUF), Castelnuovo Garfagnana, Apuan Alps, Tus cany, Italy; 32 o 9 (MZUF), Levigliani, Valecchia, Pietrasanta, Mt. Corchia, Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus apuanus: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 295; Lacroix, 1991a: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (northwestern Tuscany). Euscorpius carpathicus aquilejensis (C. L. Koch, 1837) Scorpius aquilejensis C. L. Koch, 1837a: 101-103, pl. CV, fig. 244. HOLOTYPE: 0 (lost); Trieste, Italy. REFERENCES Scorpio (Scorpius) aquilejensis: Gervais, 1844: 68. Scorpius aquilejensis: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Euscorpius carpathicus aquilejensis: Caporiacco, 1950b: 182, 229; Lacroix, 199la: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Trentino, Brescia, Ferrara, eastern Friuli, Trieste). Euscorpius carpathicus argentarii Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus argentarii Caporiacco, 1950b: 196, 228. SYNTYPES: 3 o 9 (MZUF), Mt. Argentario, Isolotto, Tuscany, Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus argentarii: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 295; Lacroix, 199la: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Mt. Argentario). Euscorpius carpathicus balearicus Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus balearicus Caporiacco, 1950b: 187, 227. SYNTYPES: 3 9 (MZUF), Puerto Soller, Mallorca (Majorca), Balearic Islands, Spain. 362 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus balearicus: Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 431, fig. 17; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 295; Lacroix, 199la: 19, fig. 65, 68, 79, 89; Dupre, 1997a: 15. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Spain (Balearic Islands). Euscorpius carpathicus banaticus (C. L. Koch, 1841) Scorpius banaticus C. L. Koch, 184la: 111-112, pl. CCLXXXIII, fig. 679-680. SYNTYPES: o ~ (lost); Banat, western Transylvanian Alps, now Romania. REFERENCES Scorpius bannaticus (ISS): C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Euscorpius banaticus: Chyzer, 1900: 2; Caporiacco, 1950b: 261. Euscorpius germanus banaticus: Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 415-436, fig. 1-9, 13; Lacroix, 1991a: 20, fig. 94, 105-107, 117-119. Euscorpius carpathicus banaticus: Bonacina, 1983: 3-10, fig. 1-8. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Romania. NOTES: This form was placed by Vachon & Jaques (1977) in a subspecies of E. germanus but moved back to E. carpathicus in the revision by Bonacina (1983). However, the last author did not discuss the validity of a subspecies. Euscorpius carpathicus calabriae Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus calabriae Caporiacco, 1950b: 200-201, 228. SYNTYPES (all from Calabria, Italy): 3o (depository unknown), Fago del Soldato, Calabria, Italy; 190 (depository unknown), Monte Oliveto; 17 o (depository unknown), Soveria Manetti; I~ (MZUF), Monte Consolino (Stilo); 6~ (MZUF), Arena, Catanzaro; 2 ~ (MZUF), Filandari, Catanzaro: 3 ~ (MZUF), Bosco di Filo, near Palmi; 1 ~ (MZUF), Palrni; 6 Ii? (MZUF), Colle di Pizzo, Catanzaro; 1 Ii? (depository unknown), Vibo Valenzia; 1 ~ (MZUF), Mongiana forest under the Mt. Pecoraro, Catanzaro; 2 Ii? (MZUF), Palizzi; ~ (depository unknown), Melossena Cave near Maratea (Potenza); 1 ~ (MZUF), Tirnenovo (mountains under Oppido); 1 ~ (MZUF), without locality; Calabria, Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus calabriae: Valle, 1975: 232; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 296. Euscorpius carpathicus calabria (ISS): Lacroix, 199la: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Calabria, excluding Vibonese). Euscorpius carpathicus candiota Birula, 1903 Euscorpius candiota Birula, 1903e: 298-299. SYNTYPES: 80 ,15 ~ (ZISP 947), Candia (now Iraklion), Crete, Greece. REFERENCES Euscorpius candiota: Birula, 1917a: 198; Birula, 1917b: 168; Werner, 1938: 173; Menozzi, 1941: 235-237, fig. 3-4; Roewer, 1943: 236; Caporiacco, 1950b: 182; Perez, 1974: 32; Kinzel bach, 1982: 63-64 (part); Fet, 1986: 3-10 ("status uncertain"). Euscorpius carpathicus candiota: Kinzelbach, 1975: 36-37, fig. 12, 16 (part); Valle, 1975: 219; Kinzelbach, 1985: map I (part); Schembri & Schembri, 1990: 15, 20; Lacroix, 199la: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Greece (Crete). NOTES: This taxon was not included in the revision of Caporiacco (1950b). Kinzelbach (1975, 1982) elevated Hadzi's subspecies E. c. mesotrichus to the species level (see under E. tergestinus) and used E. candiota Birula as a name for an alleged hybrid between E. carpathicus and "E. mesotrichus" found in wide range around the Eastern Mediterranean. These changes were not accepted by other authors (Vachon & Jaques, 1977; Bonacina, 1983; Fet, 1986, 1989, 1997b). We restrict the scope and range of E. c. candiota to its original locality (Crete). Other references to this form are listed under E. carpathicus. SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 363 Euscorpius carpathicus canestrinii (Fanzago, 1872) Scorpius canestrinii Fanzago, 1872: 78, fig. 1, la, lb. LECTOTYPE (designated by Kovarik, 1997d: 182): 2 (HNHM 2277-214), Sardinia, Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius canestrinii: Birula, 1900c: 16; Cavanna, 1916: 229; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Perez, 1974: 34. Euscorpius carpathicus canestrinii: Caporiacco, 1950b: 184, 227; Valle, 1975: 233; Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 415,431; Vachon, 1978: 321-330,fig. 1-7;Vachon, 1981: 199,fig. 7, 11; Lacroix, 1991a: 19, fig. 58. Euscorpius (Euscorpius) carpathicus canestrinii: Kovarik, 1997d: 178, 182, fig. 1-4. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Sardinia). Euscorpius carpathicus concinnus (C. L. Koch, 1837) Scorpius concinnus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 105-106, pl. CVI, fig. 246. HOLOTYPE: 2 (lost), type locality unknown. REFERENCES Scorpius concinnus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Euscorpius carpathicus concinnus: Caporiacco, 1950b: 190-194, 228; Lacroix, 1991a: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Tuscany, eastern Liguria, central Marche, Umbria; possi bly also Lombardy, eastern Piedmont, Campania). Euscorpius carpathicus corsicanus Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus corsicanus Caporiacco, 1950b: 186, 227 SYNTYPES: 2 2 (MZUF); 4c3', 2 2 (depository unknown), Corsica, France. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus corsicanus: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 296; Lacroix, 1991a: 17. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. France (Corsica). Euscorpius carpathicus fanzagoi Simon, 1879 Euscorpius fanzagoi Simon, 1879: 111-112, pl. XX, fig. 5. HOLOTYPE: 2 (MNHN), Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrenees-Orientales, France. REFERENCES Euscorpiusfanzagoi: Birula, 1900c: 16; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Perez, 1974: 32. Euscorpius carpathicus fanzagoi: Caporiacco, 1950b: 209. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. France (Pyrenees-Orientales), Spain. Euscorpius carpathicus hadzii Caporiacco, 1950 Eu.Scorpius carpathicus hadzii Caporiacco, 1950b: 180 (see Notes). HoLOTYPE: c3' (MNHN), Ivan Pass, Bosnia and Herzegovina. SYNONYMS Euscorpius carpathicus polytrichus HadZi, 1929: 37; a junior homonym of Euscorpius italicus polytrichus Hadzi, 1929 (synonymized by Caporiacco, 1950b: 180; see Notes). SYNTYPES: (depository unknown), type locality unknown. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus polytrichus: Hadzi, l 930a: 32-34, fig. 1-2; Curcic, 1971: 96-97, fig. 3. Euscorpius carpathicus polytichus (ISS): Hadzi, 1931c: map. Euscorpius carpathicus hadzii: Caporiacco, 1950b: 180; Valle, 1975: 231; Lacroix, 1991a: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (!stria), Yugoslavia (Mon tenegro, Serbia). 364 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD NOTES: Caporiacco ( 1950: 178), as a first reviser, introduced a replacement name instead of E. c. polytrichus Hadzi, 1929 (described on p. 37) which is a junior primary homonym of E. italicus polytrichus Hadzi, 1929 (described on the same date). The description of this form by Hadzi was based on a set of characters without a reference to any type material. Euscorpius carpathicus ilvanus Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus ilvanus Caporiacco, 1950b: 195, 229. SYNTYPES: 80 Q (MZUF), 1 specimen (depository unknown), Elba Island; 120 Q (MZUF), Giannutri Island; 1 '? (MZUF), Capraia Island; 140 (depository unknown), Gorgona Island; 390' (depository unknown), Giglio Island; Tuscany, Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus: Dalmas, 1922: 96. Euscorpius carpathicus ilvanus: Valle, 1975: 219; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 297; Lacroix, 199la: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy, islands off the Tyrrhenian coast (Tuscany Archipelago, Capri). Euscorpius carpathicus koschevnikovi B irula, 1900 Euscorpius koschevnikovi Birula, l 900c: 19-20. SYNTYPES: 1 '? (ZISP 1000), 1 o, 2 Q (ZMMSU Tb-36), Russik, Mt. Athos, Proclos Island, Chalkidiki, Greece. REFERENCES Euscorpius koschevnikovi: Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Werner, 1938: 173; Fet, 1986: 3-6 ("status uncertain"). Euscorpius koschewnikovi (ISS): Birula, 1917a: 199; Perez, 1974: 34. Euscorpius carpathicus koschewnikovi (!SS): Kinzelbach, 1975: 36. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Greece (northeast). NOTES: Status of this tax.on is uncertain. It was not included in the revision of Caporiacco (1950b). Euscorpius carpathicus lagostae Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus lagostae Caporiacco, 1950b: 180 SYNTYPES: 11 specimens (MZUF), Lagosta (now Lastovo) Island, Croatia; 2 specimens (depos- itory unknown): Meleda (now Mljet) Island, Croatia. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus lagostae: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 297; Lacroix, 1991a: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Croatia (islands in the Adriatic Sea). Euscorpius carpathicus linosae Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus linosae Caporiacco, 1950b: 184, 227. SYNTYPES: I 9 (MZUF), 80 9 (depository unknown), Linosa Island (in the southern Mediter- ranean Sea), Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus linosae: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 297; Lacroix, 199la: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Island Linosa). Euscorpius carpathicus niciensis (C. L. Koch, 1841) Scorpius niciensis C. L. Koch, 1841a: 112-114, pl. CCLXXXIII, fig. 681. Type lost (sex unknown), Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France. REFERENCES Scorpius nizziensis (ISS): C. L. Koch, 1850: 87. Scorpio nizaeensis (ISS): Ferrari, 1872: 657. Euscorpius niccaeensis (ISS): Birula, 1900c: 15. SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 365 Euscorpius carpathicus niciensis: Caporiacco, 1950b: 229; Lacroix, 1991a: 17, 19, fig. 60-63, 67, 69-75, 77-78, 80-85, 87-88,90-93. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. France (Alpes-Maritimes), Italy (western Liguria, Piedmont), Monaco. Euscorpius carpathicus oglasae Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus oglasae Caporiacco, 1950b: 197, 228. SYNTYPES: 2 2 (MZUF), 1 o (depository unknown), Montecristo Island, Tuscany, Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus oglasae: Valle, 1975: 223; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 297; Lacroix, 199la: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Montecristo Island). Euscorpius carpathicus palmarolae Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus palmarolae Caporiacco, 1950b: 196, 228. SYNTYPES: 1 2, 3o (MZUF), Palmarola Island (in the Tyrrhenian Sea), Latium, Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus palmarolae: Caporiacco & Denis, 1954: 136; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 297; Lacroix, 1991a: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Palmarola Island, Zannone Island). Euscorpius carpathicus picenus Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius carpathicus picenus Caporiacco, 1950b: 194, 228. SYNTYPES: 1 2 (MZUF), Teramo, Abruzzo; 9o 2 (MZUF), Caramanico, near Castello, Pescara, Abruzzo; 60 (depository unknown), Barrea; 15 2 (MZUF), Avellana (Pesaro and Urbino), Marche; 60 (depository unknown), Bibbiena; 7 2 (MZUF), Vallombrosa (Reggelo, Firenze), Tuscany, Italy; I 2 (MZUF), San Marino. REFERENCES Euscorpius carpathicus picenus: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 298; Lacroix, 199la: 19. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Abruzzo, Marche, Tuscany), San Marino. Euscorpius carpathicus sicanus (C. L. Koch, 1837) Scorpius sicanus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 108-109, pl. CVII, fig. 249. HoLOTYPE: o (lost); Messina, Sicily, Italy. REFERENCES Scorpius sicanus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Euscorpius carpathicus sicanus: Becker, 1881: 33; Cantoni, 1881: 281; Kraepelin, 1894: 159; Caporiacco, 1950b: 183, 227; Vachon, 1950a: 190, 198; Vachon, 1952d: 362, fig. 540, 542; Perez, 1974: 33; Vachon, 1975c: 642-643, fig. 31; Valle, 1975: 219, 223; Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 413; Vachon, 1978: 328; Kovarik, 1991: 169; Lacroix, 1991a: 19, fig. 64; El-Hennawy, 1992: 99, 142. Euscorpius sicanus: Kulczynski, 1887: 349-354; Birula, 1900c: 15; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168. Euscorpius carpathicus var.: Birula, 1909b: 518-520. Euscorpius carpathicus var. sicanus: Becker, 1881: 33; Birula, 1917a: 215. Euscorpius carpathicus sinacus (ISS): Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 431. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Egypt, Libya, Tunisia. EUROPE. Italy (Barese, western Calabria, Sicily), ?Malta, ?Greece (?mainland, ?Crete). Euscorpius carpathicus tauricus (C. L. Koch, 1837) Scorpius tauricus C. L. Koch, 1837b: 6-8, pl. CXI, fig. 255. HOLOTYPE: 2 (lost), Crimea, now Ukraine. 366 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD REFERENCES Scorpio carpathicus: Pallas, 1795: 64; Pallas, 1799: 475. Scorpio europaeus (unavailable name): Kutorga, 1834: 490; Rathke, 1837 (N.V.); Nordmann, 1840: 731; Kessler, 1860: 196. Scorpio europaeus var. tauricus: Nordmann, 1840: 731, pl. I, fig. 3. Scorpio (Scorpius) tauricus: Gervais, 1844: 68. Scorpius tauricus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86. Scorpio tauricus: Ferrari, 1872: 658; Kessler, 1874: 23-24; Koppen, 1881: 219. Euscorpius tauricus: Simon, 1879: 113; Birula, 1896: 230; Birula, 1898b: 140; Birula, 1900a: 250-251; Birula, 1900c: 16, 18; Birula, 1903a: XVII; Birula, 1904b: 33; Karatygin, 1910: 122; Mokrzhetsky, 1914: 14; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168, 208-224, pl. 3, fig. 10, pl. 5, fig. 3-4; Puzanov, 1927: 27; Puzanov, 1949: 22; Lange, 1969: 39; Perez, 1974: 32; Fet, 1982: 1911; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1983b: 62; Vasilyev & Orlov, 1983: 72; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1984: 6, fig. 4. Euscorpius italicus (nee Scorpio italicus Herbst, 1800; MIS): Tarnani, 1907: 30 (part: Yalta). Euscorpio (ISS) tauricus: Puzanov, 1929: 104. Euscorpius carpathicus oligotrichus (nee Hadzi, 1929; MIS): Hadzi, l 930a: 35 (part: Crimea). Euscorpius carpathicus tauricus: Caporiacco, 1950b: 193, 209; Fet, 1989a: 82-83; Pet, 1989b: 124-125; Kovarfk, 1991: 169; Lacroix, 199la: 19; Fet, 1997a: 106-108. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Ukraine (Crimea). NOTES: Simon (1879) erroneously gives "Taurus" (a mountain range in Turkey) as a local ity of E. tauricus (instead of "Taurie", i.e., Crimea) Euscorpius germanus (C. L. Koch, 1837) Scorpius germanus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 110-112, pl. CVIII, fig. 250-252. SYNTYPES: o '? (lost); southern Tirol (now Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy) and northern Italy. SYNONYMS ?Euscorpius germanus mesotrichus Hadzi, 1929: 38-39, fig. 7 (synonymized by Kinzelbach, 1975: 26); a junior homonym of Euscorpius italicus mesotrichus Hadzi, 1929 (see Fet, 1997b: 248). SYNTYPES: 3 o, 7 Curcic, 1972: 83-88; Perez, 1974: 34; Vachon, 1974, fig. 178, 228-230; Kinzelbach, 1975: 26-28 (part), fig. lOc, 11, 16; Strouhal & Vornatscher, 1975: 532, 540; 1975: Vachon, 1975c: 635-641, fig. 5-7, 15, 16; Valle, 1975: 211, pl. 1, fig. 1, 3, pl. 2, fig. 1, 3, pl. 3, fig. 1, 3; Costantini, 1976: 121; Soleglad, 1976b: 299; Toroni, 1976: 243; Kofler, 1977 (pages unnumbered); Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 414, fig. 10-12; Ortner, 1978: 25; Thaler, 1978: 53-54; Vachon & Goyffon, 1978: 320-321, fig. 2; Guerra, 1979: 119; Kofler, 1979: 356; Bonacina, 1980: 47-78, fig. 1-4; Kinzel bach, 1982: 52; Marcuzzi, 1982: 26; Bonacina, 1983: 3; Sochurek, 1984: 27-29; Pet, 1985: 83; Kinzelbach, 1985: map I; Scherabon, 1985: 133-135; Cotti et al., 1986: 314; Pet, 1986: 4, 6-10; Tognina, 1986: 31-35;Scherabon, 1987: 80-149,fig. 1, 3-6, 10, 12-14, 16-17, 19,21-24, 26-29, 31-32; Pet, 1989b: 133-134; Michalis & Dolkeras, 1989: 264; Tognina, 1989: 308-316; Tognina, 1990: 77-83; Kovarik, 1991: 169; Lacroix, 1991a: 17, 19-20, fig. 96, 98a, 99, 102-104, 114-116; Lacroix, 199lb: 17; Kovarik, 1992a: 184; Crucitti, 1993a: 51; Crucitti, 1993c: 289, fig. 1 (part); Fet, 1993: 5; Scherabon, 1994: 276-277; Chemini, 1995: 2 (part); Lacroix, 1995: 4; Thaler & Knoflach, 1995: 66; Braunwalder, 1996: 33-35; Braunwalder & Tschudin, 1997: 9-15, figs; Pet & Braunwalder, 1997: 308-309; Gantenbein et al., 1997: 12; Crucitti, Buccedi & Malori, 1998: 3; Gantenbein et al., 1998b: 33-39; Gantenbein & Scholl, 1998: 748-749; Kovarik, 1998c: 127. Euscorpius germanus mesotrichus: Hadzi, 1930a: 37-38; Hadzi, 1931c: map; Caporiacco, 1950b: 215; Curcic, 1971 : 98-102, fig. 8; Perez, 1974: 34; Scherabon, 1987: 141. Euscorpius germanus oligotrichus: Roewer, 1943: 237; Caporiacco, 1950b: 215 ("forme oligotriche"); Curcic, 1971: 98-102, fig. 9. Euscorpio (ISS) germanus: Sarnpl, 197<6: 29. Euscorpius germanus beta: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 295-296. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, ?Greece, Italy, ?Macedonia, ?Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, ?Yugoslavia. NOTES 1. The correct authorship belongs to C. L. Koch (1837). Schaeffer (1766), quoted by many sources as the species author, published a picture of possibly this species but not a Latin binomial name for it (Fet & Braunwalder, 1997). 2. The eastern limits of the geographic range of E. germanus are not clear. A number of ref erences listed above may apply, completely or partially, to E. mingrelicus. 3. Subspecific structure was revised by Caporiacco (1950b) and Bonacina (1980). Currently, four subspecies are recognized. Scherabon (1987) demonstrated that two morphologically different forms of E. germanus are found in Austria (a "typical form" in Nordtirol, Osttirol and western Carinthia, and a "Karawanken-Form" in the Karawanken Alps of Carinthia). Gantenbein & Scholl ( 1998) confirmed that the Karawanken population is genetically sep arated, but it has not been yet formally ascribed to any subspecies. High genetic (allozyme) differentiation between two clusters of Alpine populations from Switzerland, Italy and Aus tria (Gantenbein et al., 1997, 1998; Gantenbein & Scholl, 1998) possibly reflects divergence between E.g. alpha and the nominotypical form. Euscorpius germanus germanus (C. L. Koch, 1837) Scorpius germanus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 110-112, pl. CVIII, fig. 250-252. SYNONYMS Euscorpius germanus beta Caporiacco, 1950b: 211, 230 (synonymized by Valle et al., 1971: 95). SYNTYPES: 2 ~ (?MZUF), Lamorano; 1 o, 1 ~ (MZUF 5584-5585), Colle della Piccola Mologna, 2000 m, BieHa, Vicenza; 60 ~ (MZUF 5588-5593), Monte Massone, Cesara, Novara; Piedmont, Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius germanus "forma tipica": Capra, 1939: 203. Euscorpius germanus "forma B": Capra, 1939: 204. Euscorpius germanus germanus: Roewer, 1943: 237; Caporiacco, 1950b: 209; Marcuzzi & Pabris, 1957: 307; Marcuzzi, 1961: 12; Valle et al., 1971: 95-96; Kinzelbach, 1975: 27 (part), fig. 11; Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 414-415, 431, fig. 11; Bonacina, 1980: 58-70, 75; Kinzelbach, 1982: 59; Kinzelbach, 1985: map I (part); Scherabon, 1987: 141-142; Lacroix, 199la: 20, fig. 104, 116; Crucitti, 1993c: 289; Pet, 1993: 5; Gantenbein et al., 1998b: 39; Gantenbein & Scholl, 1998: 748-749. Euscorpius (Euscorpius) germanus germanus: Kovarik, 1997d: 182. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland. 368 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Euscorpius germanus alpha Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius germanus alpha Caporiacco, 1950b: 211, 229. SYNTYPES: 5o 2 (MZUF 5575-5579), Varese, Lombardy; 7o 2 (MZUF 5568-5574), Lago di Como next to Varenna, Lombardy; 1 2 (MZUF 5567), Mt. Stelvio, Trentino-Alto Adige; 1 specimen (depository unknown), Edolo, Lombardy; Italy. REFERENCES Euscorpius germ.anus "forma A": Capra, 1939: 203. Euscorpius germanus alpha: Valle et al., 1971: 95-96; Bonacina, 1980: 58-70, 75-76; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 295; Lacroix, 199la: 20; Crucitti, 1993c: 289; Pet, 1993: 5; Gantenbein et al., 1998b: 39; Gantenbein & Scholl, 1998: 748-749. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy, Switzerland. Euscorpius germanus croaticus Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius germanus croaticus Caporiacco, 1950b: 215, 229 SYNTYPES: 1 o (MZUF 5580), 3 o, 1 2 (depository unknown), Mali Halam, Velebit Mts., Croa tia; 1 o, 1 2 (depository unknown), valley of Vrbas, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 1 o, 1 2 (depository unknown), Trebevic, S of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. REFERENCES Euscorpius germanus croaticus: Valle et al., 1971: 96; Bonacina, 1980: 58, 70-71, 75; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 296; Lacroix, 1991a: 20; Pet, 1993: 5. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Bosnia and Herzegovina, ?Bulgaria, Croatia. Euscorpius germanus marcuzzii Valle, Berizzi, Bonino, Gorio, Gimmillaro-Negri et Percassi, l 971 Euscorpius germanus marcuzzii Valle et al., 1971: 95-96. SYNTYPEs: (sex unknown) (MCSNB), refugial massifs of Venetian Pre-Alps, Italy; northern Slovenia. REFERENCES Euscorpius germanus marcuzzii: Vachon, 1975c: 640; Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 415, 431, fig. 10; Bonacina, 1980: 58, 68-70, 75; Lacroix, 199la: 20, fig. 102, 114; Crucitti, 1993c: 289; Pet, 1993: 5. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Northeasthem Italy, northern Slovenia. Euscorpius mingrelicus (Kessler, 187 4) Scorpio mingrelicus Kessler, 1874: 25-26. SYNTYPES (formerly in ZISP, now lost): Mingrelia, now Georgia. SYNONYMS Scorpius bosnensis von Mollendorf, 1873: 22 (synonymized by Fet, 1989b: 126; see Notes). Type(s): (sex unknown) (depository unknown); Bosnia. Euscorpius picipes Simon, 1878b: 158-159 (synonymized by Birula, 1896: 230). SYNTYPES: o 2 (MNHN), "Transcaucasia", now probably Georgia. Euscorpius ciliciensis Birula, 1898b: 136-140, fig. 1 (synonymized by Fet, 1989b: 126). SYNTYPES: 2 2 (ZISP 956), Bulghar Dagh, Turkey; 20', 1 2, 1 juv (ZISP 957) (not 2 2 as stated by Birula, 1898b), Kara GOI, Bulghar Dagh, Turkey. Euscorpius mingrelicus boninoi Bonacina, 1980: 73; see Notes (synonymized by Fet, 1989b: 127). Euscorpius mingrelicus caprai Bonacina, 1980: 73-75; see Notes (synonymized by Fet, 1997b: 248). REFERENCES Euscorpius picipes: Simon, 1879: 113; Koppen, 1881: 220. Scorpio mingrelicus: Koppen, 1881: 219. Euscorpius mingrelicus: Birula, 1896: 230; Birula, 1898b: 138-140, fig. 2; Kraepelin, 1899: 165; Radde, 1899: 478; Birula, 1900a: 251-252; Birula, 1900c: 16, 19; Birula, 1903a: XVII; Kulczynski, 1903: 678; Birula, 1904b: 33; Birula, 1905a: 129; Tarnani, 1907: 30; Birula, 1910: 170; Birula, 19lla: 177-179; Nesterov, 1911: 0144; Birula, 1912: 126-127; Leister, 1912: 2; Shugurov, 1912: 105; Wer ner, 1916b: 92; Birula, 1917a: 122, fig. 10; Birula, 1917b: 168, 192-208, plate 3, fig. 7-8, plate 5, fig. 1-2; Lampe, 1917: 202; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Leister, 1933: 341; Capra, 1939: 201; Richter, 1945: 31; Vachon, 1947a: 162; Vachon, l947b: 26; Mkheidze, 1960: 184; Kobakhidze, 1964: 8; SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 369 Mkheidze, 1968: 214; Khalilova & Monina, 1973: 34; Perez, 1974: 32; Vachon & Jaques, 1977: 414; Bonacina, 1980: 55-58, 71-77, fig. 1-4; Fet, 1982: 1911; Fet, 1986: 4, 7-9; Fet, 1987c: 313; Fet, 1989a: 83-84; Fet, 1989b: 126-127; Kovarfk, 1991: 169; Lacroix, 1991a: 20-21, fig. 95, 96b, 97, 98b-d, 100, 101, 108-113, 120-125; Lacroix, 1991b: 17; Kovarfk, 1992a: 184; Crucitti, 1993a: 51; Fet, 1993: 1-8; Kritscher, 1993: 386-387; Crucitti, Buccedi & Malori, 1998: 3; Kovarfk, 1998c: 127. Euscorpius ciliciensis: Kraepelin, 1899: 165; Birula, 1900c: 16; Werner, 1902: 605; Kulczynski, 1903: 679; Birula, 1910: 170; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Capra, 1939: 201; Vachon, 1947a: 162; Vachon, 1947b: 26; Caporiacco, 1950b: 223; Vachon, 1966c: 214; Bonacina, 1980: 49; Fet, 1986: 3-5 ("status uncertain"). Scorpius bosnensis: Chyzer, 1900: 2. Euscorpius germanus (nee Scorpius germanus C. L. Koch, 1837; MIS): Chyzer, 1900: 2; Kulczynski, 1903: 632, 678-679; Hadzi, 1931c: 127-129, map (part); Vachon, 1966c: 214; El-Hennawy, 1992: 99, 142; Crucitti, 1993c: 289, fig. 1 (part). Euscorpius germanus mingrelicus: Caporiacco, 1950b: 209; Vachon, 1951c: 342-343; Vachon, 1966c: 214; Kinzelbach, 1975: 27, fig. 11; Kinzelbach, 1982: 59; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1984: 6, fig. 5; Kinzelbach, 1985: map I; Fet, 1986: 3. Euscorpius germanus ciliciensis: Caporiacco, 1950b: 209; Vachon, 1951c: 342; Vachon, 1966c: 214. Euscorpius germanus gamma (part: Italy, Slovenia): Valle et al., 1971: 95-96. Euscorpius carpathicus (nee Scorpio carpathicus Linnaeus, 1767; MIS): Tolunay, 1959: 366. Euscorpius ciciliensis (ISS): Perez, 197 4: 32. Euscorpius germanicus (ISS) mingrelicus: Orlov & Vasilyev, 1983: 62; Vasilyev & Orlov, 1983: 679. Euscorpius (Euscorpius) mingrelicus: Kovarfk, 1997d: 182. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Georgia, Syria, Turkey (Anatolia). EUROPE. Bosnia and Herzegovina, ?Bulgaria, Croatia, ?Greece, Italy (northeast), ?Romania, Russia (northern Caucasus), Slovenia, Turkey (European part), Yugoslavia. NOTES 1. True date of description of this species is 1874 but not 1876 as usually quoted (see Pet, 1989b). 2. "New type locality" was designated by Pet (1993: 4) as Batumi, Adzharia, Georgia; how ever, the neotype was not fixed. 3. The name Scorpius bosnensis von Mollendorf, 1873 was forgotten until mentioned by Kinzelbach (1975) in synonymy. It is likely a senior synonym of E. mingrelicus (Kessler); this name, however, was used only once (by Chyzer, 1900: 2). 4. Currently, ten subspecies are recognized; subspecific structure requires further revision. Four subspecies from Anatolia (E. m. phrygius Bonacina, E. m. legrandi Lacroix, E. m. ollivieri Lacroix, and E. m. uludagensis Lacroix) were described without their detailed comparison to E. m. ciliciensis Birula or to the norninotypical subspecies, also known from Anatolia. 5. The species was subdivided by Lacroix (1995: 4) into two "complexes" of subspecies: "occi dental" (Italy, former Yugoslavia, Aegean islands) and "oriental"(Turkey, Caucasus). Sta tus of these complexes is not clear. 6. The subspecific name Euscorpius mingrelicus boninoi Bonacina, 1980 was introduced to replace Euscorpius germanus histrorum Caporiacco, 1950. By priority, this form should be called E. mingrelicus histrorum (Caporiacco, 1950) (Pet, 1989b). 7. The subspecific name E. mingrelicus caprai Bonacina, 1980 was introduced to replace (in part) Euscorpius germanus gamma Caporiacco, 1950. By priority, this form should be called E. mingrelicus gamma (Caporiacco, 1950) (Pet, 1997b: 248). 8. A record of E. germanus from Syria (Vachon, 1966c: 214; El-Hennawy, 1992: 99, 142), if correct, refers to E. mingrelicus. Euscorpius mingrelicus mingrelicus (Kessler, 1874) Scorpio mingrelicus Kessler, 1874: 25-26. REFERENCES Euscorpius mingrelicus mingrelicus: Bonacina, 1980: 71-77; Fet, 1989a: 84-86; Fet, 1989b: 127-129; Fet, 1993: 1-8; Kovarfk, 1991: 170; Lacroix, 1991a: 21, fig. 98c, 101, 111-112, 123-124; Lacroix, 1995: 4-6. Euscorpius (Euscorpius) mingrelicus mingrelicus: Kovarfk, 1997d: 182. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Georgia, Turkey (Anatolia). EUROPE. Russia (N Caucasus). 370 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Euscorpius mingrelicus caporiaccoi Bonacina, 1980 Euscorpius mingrelicus caporiaccoi Bonacina, 1980: 72-73, 75. SYNTYPES: o S? (MCSNB), Barevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. REFERENCES Euscorpius mingrelicus caporiaccoi: Lacroix, 199la: 21; Fet, 1993: 5. Euscorpius mingrelicus caporiacoi (ISS): Kovarfk, 1991: 170. Euscorpius (Euscorpius) mingrelicus caporiacoi (ISS): Kovarik, 1997d: 182. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Bosnia and Herzegovina. Euscorpius mingrelicus ciliciensis Birula, 1898 Euscorpius ciliciensis Birula, 1898b: 136-140, fig. 1. SYNTYPES: 2o, 1 S?, 1 juv (ZISP 957), Kara Gol, Bulghar Dagh, Turkey; 2 S? (ZISP 956), Bul ghar Dagh, Turkey. REFERENCES Euscorpius ciliciensis: Kraepelin, 1899: 165; Birula, 1900c: 16; Werner, 1902: 605; Kulczynski, 1903: 679; Birula, 1910: 170; Birula, 1917a: 105, 129; Birula, 1917b: 168; Capra, 1939: 201;Vachon, 1947a: 162; Vachon, 1947b: 26;Caporiacco, 1950b: 223;Vachon, 1966c: 214; Bonacina, 1980: 49; Fet, 1986: 3-5 ("status uncertain"). Euscorpius germanus ciliciensis: Caporiacco, 1950b: 209; Vachon, 195 lc: 342. Euscorpius ciciliensis (ISS): Perez, 1974: 32. Euscorpius mingrelicus ciliciensis: Fet, l 989b: 127; Kovarfk, 1991: 170; Lacroix, 1991 a: 21 (mentioned as a species, under a heading "subspecies"). DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Turkey (Anatolia). Euscorpius mingrelicus dinaricus (Caporiacco, 1950), new combination Euscorpius germanus dinaricus Caporiacco, 1950: 215, 229. SYNTYPES: S? (depository unknown), Prenj near Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 20S?, 80 (PASW), Kalinovik, Bosnia and Herzegovina. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Bosnia and Herzegovina. NOTES: Bonacina ( 1980: 73) mentioned that characters of E. germanus dinaricus fit descrip tion of both E. germanus and E. mingrelicus. Our (V.F.) study of the type series from Kali novik confirms affiliation of this form with E. mingrelicus. Euscorpius mingrelicus gamma (Caporiacco, 1950) Euscorpius germanus gamma Caporiacco, 1950b: 214, 230 (part?). SYNTYPES: 1 S? (MZUF 5581), mouth of the Risano (Rifana) River, northern !stria, Slovenia; 3 S? (depository unknown), mouth of the Risano (Rizana) River, Slovenia, and Soea (Isonzo) Valley, northeastern Italy and western Slovenia; 3 specimens (depository unknown), Cave de Predil, northeastern Italy; 3 2 (depository unknown), Kamno, Vrsno, Km, Soca (Isonzo) Valley, Slovenia; 1 S? (depository unknown), Panovizza (now Panovec), Slovenia; 1 speci men (depository unknown), Trenta Valley, Slovenia. SYNONYMS Euscorpius mingrelicus caprai Bonacina, 1980: 73-75 (synonymized by Fet, 1997b: 248). REFERENCES Euscorpius germanus "forma C": Capra, 1939: 204 (part) Euscorpius germanus gamma (part): Valle et al., 1971: 95-96; Scherabon, 1987: 141-142. Euscorpius germanus gamma: Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 296. Euscorpius mingrelicus caprai: Kovarfk, 1991: 170; Lacroix, 1991a: 21; Fet, 1993: 5. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. ?Croatia, Italy (northeast, Isonzo valley), Slovenia. NOTES 1. Bonacina (1980: 73) proposed the name Euscorpius mingrelicus caprai as a replace ment for E. germanus gamma Caporiacco, 1950 (in part; only for specimens with SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 371 6 trichobothria on the ventral surface of pedipalp tibia). However, Caporiacco's name is a valid senior synonym (Fet, l 997b, in press). 2. Bonacina (1980) noted that the characters of this form coincide with those of a sub species from Turkey, E. m. phrygius Bonacina, 1980. The validity of both forms is problematic. Euscorpius mingrelicus histrorum (Caporiacco, 1950) Euscorpius germanus histrorum Caporiacco, 1950b: 214, 229. SYNTYPES : 1; ma (MZUF 5582), lo (depository unknown), Risnjak Mountains, Croatia; 1 juv (MZUF 5583), 2 '? (depository unknown), Monte Maggiore (now Ucka), Istria, Croatia; 2 5? (depository unknown), Mt. Nanos (Re), southern Slovenia. SYNONYMS Euscorpius mingrelicus boninoi Bonacina, 1980: 73, 75; see Notes (synonymized by Fet, 1989b: 126). REFERENCES Euscorpius germanus histrorum: Valle et al., 1971: 96; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 297; Scherabon, 1987: 142. Euscorpius mingrelicus histrorum: Fet, 1989b: 127; Fet, 1993: 5. Euscorpius mingrelicus boninoi: Kovaffk, 1991: 170; Lacroix, 1991a: 21. Euscorpius (Euscorpius) mingrelicus histrorum: Kovarik, 1997d: 182. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, ?Greece (islands in the Aegean Sea), Italy (northeast), Slovenia, Yugoslavia (Montenegro, ?Serbia). NoTEs: The subspecific name Euscorpius mingrelicus boninoi Bonacina, 1980 was intro duced to replace Euscorpius germanus histrorum Caporiacco, 1950. By priority, this form should be called E. mingrelicus histrorum (Caporiacco, 1950). Euscorpius mingrelicus legrandi Lacroix, 1995 Euscorpius mingrelicus legrandi Lacroix, 1995: 4-6 SYNTYPES (GDP): 1 Q, Sapan\:a; 1 S?, Ak\:akoca; 1 '?, Eksipazar/Mengen, Turkey. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Turkey (NW Anatolia). Euscorpius mingrelicus ollivieri Lacroix, 1995 Euscorpius mingrelicus ollivieri Lacroix, 1995: 4-6 SYNTYPES (GDP): 1 Q' Dranaz Dag; 10' 1 '?' Kavac, 35 km SW from Sarnsun; 10, 3 Q' Bor~ka, Turkey; 1 o, Col Scuruca, Turkey. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Turkey (NW Anatolia). Euscorpius mingrelicus phrygius Bonacina, 1980 Euscorpius mingrelicus phrygius Bonacina, 1980: 72-75. SYNTYPES: o 'i? (MCSNB), Abant, Bolu, western Anatolia, Turkey. REFERENCES Euscorpius germanus: Kulczynski, 1903: 678. Euscorpius mingrelicus phrygius: Vachon & Kinzelbach, 1987: 100; Fet, 1989a: 86; Fet, 1989b: 129; Kovarfk, 1991: 170; Lacroix, 1991a: 21, fig. 98b, d, 100, 108-110, 113, 120-122, 125; Fet, 1993: 5; Lacroix, 1995: 4-6. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Turkey (Anatolia). EUROPE. ?Romania, Turkey (European part). NOTES: Fet (1989b: 129) discussed a possible record of this subspecies from Moldova (former Moldavian SSR, or Bessarabia). A specimen in question labeled by K. Jelsky "Mol davia" (without a date) is deposited in the Polish Academy of Sciences; it was identified and confirmed as E. m. phrygius by Fet (1989b). Other specimens (of Euscorpius car pathicus) in the same collection from Turkey (Constantinople) and Greece (Saloniki) are labeled 1864. Jelsky emigrated from Russia to Turkey (and then to South America) after repression of the Polish uprising in 1863. Therefore, a specimen from "Moldavia" could 372 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD have been also collected in 1864. However, since Jelsky obviously collected outside of Rus sian borders, the label most likely refers to Romanian Moldavia (area westward of Prut River) rather than to the Russian-held (in the 1860s) Bessarabia (area between Prut and Dniester Rivers). No other records of E. mingrelicus are known from Romania. The clos est record of scorpions is E. carpathicus in the Buzau valley (tributary of Prut) in eastern Romania. No scorpions are known from the former USSR republic of Moldova (see Notes under E. italicus regarding erroneous records). Euscorpius mingrelicus uludagensis Lacroix, 1995 Euscorpius mingrelicus uludagensis Lacroix, 1995: 4-6. HOLOTYPE: '? (GDP), Ulu Dag, nothwestem Anatolia, Turkey. DISTRIBUTION: ASIA. Turkey (NW Anatolia). Euscorpius tergestinus (C. L. Koch, 1837) Scorpius tergestinus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 106, pl. CVII-CVTII, fig. 247-248. SYNTYPES: 0 ~ (lost), Trieste, Italy. SYNONYMS Euscorpius carpathicus mesotrichus Hadzi, 1929: 36-38, fig. 5-6 (synonymized by Caporiacco, l 950b: 179); a homonym of E. italicus mesotrichus Hadzi, 1929: 35 (see Capra, 1939: 202; Fet, 1997b: 248). SYNTYPES: 2o, 7 ~ (depository unknown), southern Slovenia. Euscorpius germanus polytrichus HadZi, 1929: 37 (synonyrnized by K.inzelbach, 1975: 30); a homonym of Euscorpius italicus polytrichus Hadzi, 1929: 33 (see Pet, 1997b: 248). SYNTYPES: (depository unknown), type locality unknown. REFERENCES Scorpio (Scorpius) tergestinus: Gervais, 1844b: 68. Scorpius tergestinus: C. L. Koch, 1850: 86; Fanzago, 1872b: 84-85, fig. 5. Euscorpius carpathicus tergestinus: Simon, 1885a: 214; Caporiacco, 1950b: 182, 227; Valle, 1975: 225; Lacroix, 1991 a: 19. Euscorpius tergestinus: Chyzer, 1900: 2. Euscorpius carpathicus mesotrichus: Hadzi, 1930a: 34-35, fig. 3; Hadzi, 1931c: map; Vachon, 1948a, fig. 9, 11; Curcic, 1968: 74, 76, fig. l; Curcic, 1971: 96-97, fig. 4; Perez, 1974: 33. Euscorpius mesotrichus: Kinzelbach, 1975: 30-38, Tab. 1-2, fig. 13-17 (part?); Michalis & Kattoulas, 1981: 109-110; Kinzelbach, 1982: 61-63 (part?), fig. le; Kinzelbach, 1984: 99; Kinzelbach, 1985: Map IV (part?); Scherabon, 1987: 144; Vachon & Kinzelbach, 1987: 101 (part?); Michalis & Dolkeras, 1989: 263-264; Lacroix, 1991a: 17 (part?); Reichholf & Steinbach, 1992: 32, fig. 1-3 (part?); Kritscher, 1993: 385-386 (part?). Euscorpius (Euscorpius) carpathicus tergestinus: Kovarfk, 1997d: 182. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy (Abruzzi, Apulia, Venezia-Giulia), Slovenia, Turkey (Prinkipos Islands in the Marmara Sea; Black Sea coast), Yugoslavia (Montenegro). Norns: This species, described by C. L. Koch (1837a), was synonymized with E. carpathicus (L., 1767) by Simon (1879: 108). It was later considered a subspecies of E. carpathicus, and Capo riacco (1950b) characterized it from Italy and the Balkans. The subspecies name Euscorpius car pathicus mesotrichus Hadzi, 1929 is a junior homonym of E. italicus mesotrichus Hadzi, 1929, and cannot be used (Fet, 1997b). Caporiacco ( 1950b) synonymized it with E. carpathicus tergesti nus (C. L. Koch, 1837). Kinzelbach (1975), however, continued using Hadzi's homonym, and elevated Hadzi's subspecies to the species status as Euscorpius mesotrichus Hadzi, 1929. Kinzel bach (1975) provided diagnostic characters for Greek populations clearly separating it from the sympatric populations of E. carpathicus (L.), and significantly increasing scope and range of Hadzi's subspecies. These changes were not accepted by some authors (Vachon & Jaques, 1977; Bonacina, 1983; Fet, 1986, 1989, 1997b). A number of other authors (e.g., Michalis & Dolkeras, 1989; Lacroix, 1991; Kritscher, 1993), however, followed Kinzelbach (1975) in using the species name E. mesotrichus. It is not clear whether the form described by Kinzelbach (1975), which was based on the series of specimens from the mountains of Greece (Ossa, Pindos, Pilion, and Olympus), is identical with SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 373 Koch's Scorpius tergestinus (originally described from Trieste, Italy), or with any other known form of E. carpathicus (of which several have been described or recorded from Greece). We accept the taxon characterized by Kinzelbach (1975) as a species under the correct name Euscorpius tergestinus (C. L. Koch, 1837). However, its identity and true geographic range still have to be confirmed. Here, we restricted the range of E. tergestinus to Italy and Balkan Peninsula, i.e., to the populations described by Caporiacco (1950b) and Kinzelbach (1975, Abb. 16) rather than to the inferred range including other Mediterranean populations of E. carpathicus (Kinzelbach, 1975, Abb. 17; 1982: 61; 1985: Map IV; Kritscher, 1993). Subgenus POLYTRICHOBOTHRJUS Birula, 1917 Euscorpius (Polytrichobothrius) Birula, 1917a: 105; type species by original designation Scor pio italicus Herbst, 1800 [= Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800)]. REFERENCES Euscorpius (Polytrichobothrius): Birula, 1917b: 164; Kinzelbach, 1975: 15; Vachon, 1975c: 639; Yusubov, 1981: 75; Kinzelbach, 1982: 52; Francke, 1985: 8, 16; Fet, 1989a: 86; Fet, 1989b: 129; Lacroix, 1991c: 14; Kovarik, 1998c: 127. DISTRIBUTION: See the range of Euscorpius italicus (Herbst). NOTES: The subgenus is monotypic; Kinzelbach (1975), without a justification, placed here also E. flavicaudis (DeGeer) which is commonly included in another monotypic subgenus, Tetra trichobothrius Birula, 1917. Euscorpius italicus (Herbst, 1800) Scorpio italicus Herbst, 1800: 76, pl. I, fig. 2. Type(s) lost; Italy. SYNONYMS Scorpius naupliensis C. L. Koch, 1837a: 93-95, pl. CIV, fig. 240 (synonymized by Simon, 1884: 351). HOLOTYPE: ~ (lost); Greece. Scorpius provincialis C. L. Koch, 1837a: 114, pl. CIV, fig. 243 (synonymized by Thorell, 1876b: 212). Type(s) lost; Marseille, France. Scorpio awhasicus Nordmann, 1840: 731, pl. I, fig. 4 (synonymized by L. Koch, 1878: 38). Type(s) lost; Sukhumi, Poti; Abkhazia, now Georgia. Euscorpius italicus polytrichus Hadzi, 1929: 33-35, fig. 1-4 (synonymized by Kinzelbach, 1975: 38). SYNTYPES: 20' (depository unknown), Greece. Euscorpius italicus mesotrichus Hadzi, 1929: 35-36 (synonymized by Caporiacco, 1950b: 170). SYNTYPES: 1 o, 1 S? (depository unknown), type locality unknown. Euscorpius italicus oligotrichus Hadzi, 1929: 36 (synonymized by Kinzelbach, 1975: 38). HOLOTYPE: 1 S? (depository unknown), type locality unknown. Euscorpius italic us etruriae Caporiacco, 1950b: 172 (synonymized by Vachon, 1981: 196). SYNTYPES: 18 o ~ (MZUF), Lippiano (upper Val Tiberina), Perugia, Umbria, Italy. Euscorpius italicus zakynthi Caporiacco, 1950b: 172 (synonymized by Kinzelbach, 1975: 38). SYNTYPES: 2 specimens (depository unknown), Zante (now Zakynthos) Island; 1 specimen (MZUF), 2 specimens (depository unknown), Peluso Island (near Zakynthos), Greece. REFERENCES Scorpius italicus: C. L. Koch, 1837a: 95-101, 114, pl. CIV, fig. 241-243; C. L. Koch, 1850: 87; Milde, 1865: 965; Auserer, 1867: 160; Fanzago, 1872b: 80-81, fig. 2; Pavesi, 1872: 28. Androctonus awhasicus: Eichwald, 1841: 188. Scorpius naupliensis: C. L. Koch, 1842: 18-20, pl. CCCXXX, fig. 766; C. L. Koch, 1850: 87. Scorpio (Scorpius) awhasicus: Gervais, 1844: 67. Scorpio (Scorpius) naupliensis: Gervais, 1844: 68. Scorpio italicus: Ausserer, 1867: 160; L. Koch, 1876: 282. Scorpius provincialis: Fanzago, 1872b: 81-82, fig. 3. Scorpio awhasicus: Kessler, 1874: 24-25; Koppen, 1881: 219. Euscorpius italicus: Pavesi, 1876b: 57; Thorell, 1876b: 212; L. Koch, 1878: 38; Pavesi, 1878: 793; Simon, 1879: 107-108; Entz, 1880a: 71; Entz, 1880b: 160; Becker, 1881: 33; Karsch, 188ld: 90; Simon, 1884c: 351; Lankester, 1885: 379; Kraepelin, 1894: 155-156, pl. II, fig. 163; Birula, 1896: 230; Laurie, 1896a: 192; Lonnberg, 1897: 187; Deryugin, 1899: 94; Kraepelin, 1899: 163; Birula, 1900a: 249-250; Birula, 1900c: 15, 17; Chyzer, 1900: 2; Mallasz, 1902: 170; Werner, 1902: 604; 374 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Birula, 1903a: XVII; Kulczynski, 1903: 632; Birula, 1904b: 33; Birula, l 905a: 129; Dalla Torre, 1905: 2-3; Tarnani, 1907: 30 (part); Julien, 1909: 240-245; Werner, 1908: 121-123; Birula, 1910: 170; Leister, 1910: l; Birula, 19lla: 177; Zykoff, 1912: 209; Leister, 1912: 2; Shugurov, 1912: 106; Masi, 1912: 141; Borelli, 1915a: 463; Cavanna, 1917: 223-229; Werner, 1916b: 338; Birula, 1917a: 105; Birula, 1917b: 173-192, pl. III, fig. 1-6, 9, pl. IV, fig. 3-4; Lampe, 1917: 201; de Lessert, 1917: 6-7, fig. 5-6; Caporiacco, 1922: 104; Menozzi, 1923: 85-86; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Pavlovsky, 1925: 198; Werner, l 927c: 144; Hadzi, 1929: 33; Kastner, 1929: 2; Hadzi, l 930a: 29; Hadzi, 1930b: 53-57, fig. l; Hadzi, 1931a: 356-362; Hadzi, 1931c: 127-129, map; Werner, 1932b: 306; Werner, 1934a: 285; Dorier, 1935: 101; Caporiacco, 1936b: 328; Birula, 1937: 107-108; Werner, 1937: 153; Wolf, 1937: 534; KolOsvary, 1938: 587; Werner, 1938: 173; Feytaud, 1940: 38-39; Kastner, 1941: 235; Werner, 1941: 115; Kobakhidze, 1943 (N.V.); Hadzi, 1943: 121; Roewer, 1943: 237; Richter, 1945: 32; Schenkel, 1947: 14; Vachon, 1947a: 161; Vachon, 1947b: 26; Vachon, 1948a: fig. 6-7; Vachon, 1948e: 17-18; Caporiacco, 1949b: 239; Millot & Vachon, 1949: 430;Caporiacco, 1950b: 164-173;Vachon, 1950a: 190,fig.54l;Vachon, 1950b:412,fig. 570, 573, 635; Bott, 1951: 290-293; Vachon, 1951a, fig. 667; Vachon, 1951c: 342; Strouhal, 1952: l; Vachon, 1952d: 362, fig. 540-541, 570, 573, 635, 667; HadZi, 1956: 50-51; Sochurek, 1958: 170; Bunescu, 1959 (N.V.); Tolunay, 1959: 366, fig. 1, 5; Marcuzzi, 1961 (N.V.); Friese & Konigs mann, 1962:734;Vachon, 1962: 349-353,fig.2, 3, ?;Vachon, 1963a:353,fig.2,3, 7; Kobakhidze, 1964: 8; HadZi, 1965: 5; Vachon, 1966c: 214; Zangheri, 1966: 529; Le Corroller, 1967: 62; Vachon, 1969b, fig. 2; Biicherl, 1971b: 329; Curcic, 1971: 93-95, fig. l; Rucner & Ruc ner, 1971: 146; Curcic, 1972: 83-88; Perez, 1974: 33; Kinzelbach, 1975: 38-40, fig. 18; Vachon, 1975c: 637-643, fig. 12-14, 21-22, 26-28; Costantini, 1976: 122; Soleglad, 1976b: 300; Kofler, 1977 (pages unnumbered); Voulalas & Michalis, 1977: llO; Ortner, 1978: 25; Thaler, 1978: 53-54; Vachon & Goyffon, 1978: 320-321, fig. 2; Goulliart, 1979: 3; Guerra, 1979: 263-293; Michalis & Kattoulas, 1981: 110-111; Vachon, 1981: 196-202, fig. 1-6, 8-10, 13-16; Fet, 1982: 1912; Bonacina, 1982: 3-15; Kinzelbach, 1982: 64, fig. lg; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1983b: 62; Vachon, 1983a: 25-41, fig. 2, 6; Vachon, 1983b: 77; Vasilyev & Orlov, 1983: 72; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1984: 5, fig. 2; Bolokan, 1984: 203; Sochurek, 1984: 27-29; Kinzelbach, 1985: map III; Cotti et al., 1986: 314; Fet, 1986: 4; Fet & Gruodis, 1987: 42-45, fig. 1; Fet, 1989a: 86-88; Fet, 1989b: 129-132; Michalis & Dolkeras, 1989: 262; Tognina, 1989: 308-316; Tognina, 1990: 77-83; Kovarik, 1991: 170; Lacroix, 1991c: 14-25, fig. 126-150; El-Hennawy, 1992: 99, 142; Kovai'fk, 1992a: 184; Kovarfk, 1995b: 20; Crucitti, 1993a: 51; Crucitti, 1993c: 291-293, fig. 3; Kritscher, 1993: 387-388; Sissom, 1994a: 36; Chemini, 1995: 2; Thaler & Knoflach, 1995: 66; Braunwalder & Tschudin, 1997: 9-15, figs.; Crucitti et al., 1997a: 31; Crucitti et al., 1997b: 7-14; Gantenbein et al., 1997: 13; Crucitti, Buccedi & Malori, 1998: 10-11; Crucitti, Malori & Rotella, 1998: 163- 170; Gantenbein et al., 1998: 33-39; Kovarik, 1998c: 127. Euscorpius naupliensis: Pavesi, 1877: 326; Simon, 1884c: 351; Birula, 1900c: 15; Fage, 1921: 98. Scorpio (Euscorpius) italicus: Lankester, 1885: 379. Scorpioflavicaudis (nee DeGeer, 1778; MIS): Rudow, 1897: 89. Euscorpius awhasicus: Radde, 1899: 478; Birula, 1900c: 15. Euscorpius provincialis: Birula, 1900c: 15. Euscorpius italicus awhasicus: Birula, l 904b: 33; Birula, 1905a: 129; Birula, 1910: 170; Birula, 191 la: 177; Birula, 1912: 125-126; Leister, 1910: 2; Shugurov, 1912: 106; Vachon, 1947a: 161-162; Vachon, 1947b: 26; Caporiacco, 1950b: 223; Vachon, 195lc: 343; Tolunay, 1959: 366; Vachon, 1966c: 214; Perez, 1974: 33; Orlov & Vasilyev, 1983: 62; Vachon, 1983a: 25; Vasilyev & Orlov, 1983: 72; Kinzelbach, 1985: map III. Euscorpius italicus naupliensis: Birula, 1917a: 198; Vachon, 1975c: 641. Euscorpius italicuspolytrichus: HadZi, 1929: 33, fig. 1-4; Perez, 1974: 33; Vachon, 1975c: 641. Euscorpius italicus mesotrichus: HadZi, 1929: 35; Hadzi, 1930a: 31; Roewer, 1943: 237; Caporiacco, 1950a: 116; Curcic, 1971: 93-95, fig. 1; Perez, 1974: 33; Vachon, 1975c: 641. Euscorpius italicus oligotrichus: Hadzi, 1929: 36; Caporiacco, 1950b: 224; Vachon, 1975c: 641. Euscorpius italicus italicus: Roewer, 1943: 237; Vachon, 1981: 198, fig. 4-6; Kinzelbach, 1985: map III; Lacroix, 1991c: 14-25,fig. 126, 130, 133, 136, 142, 144, 148. Euscorpius italicus etruriae: Caporiacco, 1950b: 172; Vachon, 1975c: 641; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 296. Euscorpius italicus zakynthi: Caporiacco, 1950b: 172; Vachon, 1975c: 641; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 298. Euscorpius carpathicus naupliensis: Perez, 1974: 33. Euscorpius italicus avhasicus (ISS): Vachon, 1975c: 641; Lacroix, 1991c: 14-25, fig. 127, 129, 131, 137, 141, 143. Euscorpio (ISS) italicus: Verstraeten, 1990: 20. Euscorpius (Polytrichobothrius) italicus: Kovarik, 1997d: 182. Euscorpius (Polytrichobothrius) italicus mesotrichus: Kovaffk, 1997d: 182. SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 375 DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA (Mediterranean coast). Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia. ASIA. Georgia, Turkey (northern Anatolia), Yemen (introduced). EUROPE. Albania, Croatia, Greece, France (Alpes-Maritimes), Hungary (introduced?), Italy (northern and central), Macedonia, Monaco, Romania, Russia (northwestern Caucasus), San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland (Ticino, Valais), Turkey (European part), Yugoslavia (Montenegro). NOTES 1. Subspecific forms of E. italicus are currently not recognized (Vachon, l 975c; Bonacina, 1982). Kinzelbach (1985) in a map listed E. i. awhasicus (Nordmann) from Anatolia and the Caucasus as a valid subspecies, without a justification. However, Caporiacco (1950: 172) and Vachon (1981: 202, fig. 1-3, 8, 13) discussed a possible subspecies from Greece; possibly the same form is listed by Crucitti ( 1995a: 95-96, fig. 4-7) from Mt. Taigetos as "Euscorpius cf. italicus". 2. Record of this species in Moldova (former Moldavian SSR, or Bessarabia) (Tkachuk, 1975; Bolokan, 1984) is not confirmed by any known museum collections (Pet, 1989b). The con fusion probably was caused by the title of Nordmann's ( 1840) work on scorpions published in "Voyage dans la Russie meridionale et la Crimee, par la Hongrie, la Valachie et la Mol davie ... " which does not list any scorpions from this area. See also Notes under E. min grelicus phrygius. 3. E. italicus is often introduced by man beyond its natural range; e.g., it was found in Bel gium (Verstraeten, 1990), Germany (Kinzelbach, 1975), and Lithuania (Fet & Gruodis, 1987). A reproducing population recorded in Yemen (Birula, 1937) is also considered an introduced one (see also Notes under E.flavicaudis). Subgenus TETRATRICHOBOTHRIUS Birula, 1917 Euscorpius (Tetratrichobothrius) Birula, 1917a: 104; type species by original designation Scorpio flavicaudis DeGeer, 1778 [= Euscorpius flavicaudis (DeGeer, 1778)]. SYNONYMS Acanthothraustes Mello-Leitao, 1945: 94; type species Teuthraustes brasilianus Mello-Leitao, 1931 (synonymized by Louren~o & Vachon, 1981: 223). REFERENCES Euscorpius (Tetratrichobothrius): Vachon, 1975c: 639; Francke, 1985: 13, 16; Kovarik, 1998c: 127. Acanthothraustes: Mello-Leitao, 1942a: 126; Mello-Leitao, 1945: 94. DISTRIBUTION: The range of Euscorpius flavicaudis (DeGeer). Euscorpius flavicaudis (DeGeer, 1778) Scorpioflavicaudis DeGeer, 1778: 339-340, pl. XL, fig. 11-13. HOLOTYPE: o (NRS), type locality unknown. SYNONYMS Scorpius massiliensis C. L. Koch, 1837a: 89-92, 114, pl. CIII, fig. 237-238 (synonymized by Thorell, 1876b: 164; see E.flavicaudis massiliensis). SYNTYPES: o Scorpio (Scorpius) algericus (ISS): Gervais, 1844b: 68. Scorpio (Scorpius) massiliensis: Gervais, 1844b: 68. Scorpiusflavicaudus (ISS): Lucas, 1849: 273; Bellevoye, 1870: 114; Fanzago, 1872a: 1-4. Scorpius algericus (ISS): C. L. Koch, 1850: 87. Scorpius massiliensis: C. L. Koch, 1850: 87; Fanzago, 1872b: 86-87, fig. 7. Euscorpiusflavicaudus (ISS): Pavesi, 1876: 56-57. Euscorpiusflavicaudis: Thorell, 1876b: 164; Pavesi & Pirotta, 1878: 554; Simon, 1879: 104-107; Pavesi, 1880: 314; Becker, 1881: 28; Karsch, 188ld: 90; Becker, 1882: 36-37, 39; Simon, 1882b: 47; Simon, 1882c: 17; Simon, 1882d: 366; de Carlini, 1885: 196; Pavesi, 1885: 196; Kraepelin, 1894: 157-158, pl. II, fig. 67; Kraepelin, 1899: 163-164; Birula, 1900c: 15, 18; Kraepelin, 1901a: 273; Werner, 1902: 604; Delval, 1904: 178; Dalla Torre, 1905: 2; Birula, 1909b: 518; Dufour, 1909: 209; Borelli, 1915a: 463; Birula, 1917b: 171; Cavanna, 1917: 223-229; Lampe, 1917: 202; Caporiacco, 1923: 220; Pavlovsky, 1924: 79; Kraepelin, 1905: 345; Birula, 1917a: 162; Birula, 1917b: 58; Pav lovsky, 1924: 79; Pavlovsky, 1925: 197; Chaine, 1925: 214; Fage, 1929a: 650-652; Hadzi, 1931c: 356-362; Berland & Droumaguet, 1933: 180; Werner, 1934a: 285; Dorier, 1935: 98-100; Feytaud, 1940: 39; Vachon, 1940b: 252, fig. 26; Kastner, 1941: 235; Roewer, 1943: 237; Balazuc et al., 1947: 38;Vachon, 1948a:fig. 14;Vachon, 1948e: 17-18;Caporiacco, 1950b: 173-178; Vachon, 1950a: 191-193, fig. 543-548; Vachon, 1950b, fig. 570, 573, 587, 634; Balazuc et al., 1951: 188, 190; Balazuc et al., 1954: 183; Vachon, 1951a, fig. 650, 654, 670; Vachon, 1952d: 364-365, fig. 540,543-548,570,573,587, 634,650,654,670;Baudrimont, 1960: 125-129;Vachon, 1962: 349-353, fig. 2, 3, 6; Vachon & Roman, 1965: 42-44; Barley & Grenet, 1969: 42; Vachon, 1969b: 189-202, fig. 1, 3, 5; Bucher!, 1971b: 329; Curcic, 1972: 83; Perez, 1974: 33; Vachon, 1974, fig. 15(2), 171, 179; Vachon, 1975c: 637-643, fig. 9-11, 19, 20, 29, 30; Soleglad, 1976b: 300; Feltwell, 1977: 131; Wanless, 1977: 74-76; Lacroix, 1978: 260; Goulliart, 1979: 2; Guerra, 1979: 93-118; Badmin, 1981: 2; Lourenc;:o & Vachon, 1981: 223-228, fig. 1-21; Rambla, 1981: 89-90; Vachon, 1981: 201, fig. 12; Hawkins, 1982a: 65; Hawkins, 1982b: 6-7; Kinzelbach, 1982: 64, fig. lf; Cloudsley-Thompson & Constantinou, 1983: 87-92; Vachon, 1983a: 25-41, fig. 3, 5, 7; Vachon, 1983b: 77; Michalis & Dolkeras, 1989: 263-264; Benton, 1991: 105-110; Kovarik, 1991: 170; Kovarik, 1992a: 185; Crucitti, 1993a: 51; Crucitti, 1993c: 294-295, fig. 4; Chemini, 1995: 2; Crucitti et al., 1997a: 31; Crucitti et al., 1997b: 7-14; Gantenbein et al., 1997: 13; Crucitti, Buc cedi & Malori, 1998: 8-9; Crucitti, Malori & Rotella, 1998: 163-170; Gantenbein et al., 1998a: 51; Gantenbein et al., 1998b: 33-39; Kovarik, 1998c: 127; Toscano-Gadea, 1998: 6. Euscorpius algeriacus: Birula, 1909b: 518; Birula, 1910: 154; Birula, 1917a: 215. Teuthraustes brasilianus: Mello-Leitao, 1932: 33. Acanthothraustes brasiliensis (ISS): Mello-Leitao, 1945: 94-97, fig. 26-28; Bi.icherl, 1967: 112; Bi.icherl, 1969: 769; Bi.icherl, 197lb: 329. Euscorpiusflavicaudis massiliensis: Vachon, 1975c: 641; Vachon & Goyffon, 1978: 320-321, fig. 2. Euscorpius (Tetratrichobothrius)flavicaudis: Kovarik, 1997d: 182. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Algeria, Tunisia. EUROPE. Great Britain (introduced), France (south; Corsica), Italy, Spain (including Baleares). SOUTH AMERICA. Uruguay (introduced). NOTES 1. Five subspecies are recognized; subspecific structure requires a detailed revision. Vachon & Goyffon (1978) detected genetic differences between French forms from Marseille (type locality of E.f. massiliensis) and Ardeche on the basis of hemolymph proteins gel elec trophoresis. 2. E.flavicaudis is often introduced by man beyond its natural (western Mediterranean) range; it was delivered as far as Brazil (Lourern;o & Vachon, 1981). This species is also intro duced to Great Britain; it was found there in the docks of Sheerness, Isle of Sheppey, Kent (Feltwell, 1977; Wanless, 1977; Badmin, 1981; Benton, 1991) where an established colony exists, and in Colchester, Essex (Hawk.ins, 1982). Another reproducing colony exists in Uruguay (Toscano-Gadea, 1998). Euscorpius flavicaudis flavicaudis (DeGeer, 1778) Scorpius flavicaudis DeGeer, 1778: 339. REFERENCES Euscorpius fiavicaudis flavicaudis: Vachon, 1975c: 641. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Algeria, Tunisia (north; Galite Island). EUROPE. France (south; Corsica), Great Britain (introduced), Italy (west; Sardinia), Spain (including Baleares). SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 377 Euscorpiusjlavicaudis algeriacus (C. L. Koch, 1838) Scorpius algeriacus C. L. Koch, 1838b: 1-3, pl. CXLV, fig. 340-341. SYNTYPES: 2 specimens (lost), Alger, Algeria. REFERENCES Scorpius algericus (!SS): C. L. Koch, 1841c: 215-216; C. L. Koch, 1850: 87. Euscorpius algeriacus: Birula, 1910: 154; Birula, 1917a: 215, 225 (part). Euscorpiusflavicaudis algeriacus: Vachon, 1950a: 198; Vachon, 1952d: 364; Perez, 1974: 34; Kovarik, 1991: 170; El-Hennawy, 1992: 142. Euscorpiusflavicaudis algericus (ISS): Vachon, 1975c: 641; El-Hennawy, 1992: 99. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Algeria. NOTES: Caporiacco (1950b) did not discuss this subspecies but created a new one based on the African material, E.flavicaudis galitae Caporiacco, 1950 from Tunisia. Validity of both forms remains unclear. Euscorpius jlavicaudis cereris Bonacina & Rivellini, 1986 Euscorpiusflavicaudis cereris Bonacina & Rivellini, 1986: 73-76, fig. lB, IC, 3, 5. SYNTYPES: 7 o, 11 S? (MCSNB 7694-7711), Capaccio; 60, 12 '? (MCSNB 13468-13485), between Piagine and Roscigno, 550 m; 7 o, 5 S? (MCSNB 13486-13497), Roccadaspide, 350 m; Campagna, Italy. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy (Campagna). Euscorpius jlavicaudis galitae Caporiacco, 1950 Euscorpius flavicaudis galitae Caporiacco, 1950b: 177, 225. SYNTYPES: 1 specimen (MZUF), 4 specimens (depository unknown), Galite Island, Tunisia. REFERENCES Euscorpius algeriacus (part): Birula, 1917a: 215. Euscorpiusflavicaudis galitae: Vachon, 1950a: 198; Vachon, 1952d: 364; Perez, 1974: 34; Vachon, 1975c: 641; Bartolozzi et al., 1987: 296; Kovarik, 1991: 170; El-Hennawy, 1992: 99, 142. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA. Algeria, Tunisia (north; Galite Island). Euscorpiusjlavicaudis massiliensis (C. L. Koch, 1837) Scorpius massiliensis C. L. Koch, 1837a: 89-92, 114, pl. CUI, fig. 237-238. SYNTYPES: o '? (lost); Marseille, France. REFERENCES Euscorpius flavicaudis massiliensis: Caporiacco, 1950b: 178, 225. DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE. Italy, France (south). Genus MEGACORMUS Karsch, 1881 Megacormus Karsch, 1881b: 17; type species by monotypy Scorpio granosus Gervais, 1843 [= Megacormus granosus (Gervais, 1843)). REFERENCES Megacormus: Kraepelin, 1894: 149, 151; Kraepelin, 1899: 161; Pocock, 1900b: 470; Pocock, 1902b: 17; Borelli, 1909: 223; Kraepelin, 1912: 46; Birula, 1917a: 56, 108, 163; Birula, 1917b: 101, 103; Hoff mann, 1931: 324-326; Werner, 1934a: 285; Hoffmann, 1938: 317; Kastner, 1941: 235; Dfaz Najera, 1964: 16 (part); Diaz Najera, 1966: 264; Mitchell, 1968: 773; Diaz Najera, 1970: 114; Bticherl, 1971b: 329; Vachon, 1974: 915, 935; Dfaz Najera, 1975: 3; Soleglad, 1976b: 263-264, 298; Francke, 1981: 26; Francke, 1985: 10, 16, 20; Sissom, 1990a: 111, 113; Nenilin & Pet, 1992: 12; Stockwell, 1992: 411, 419, fig. 7, 15, 69, 71, 72, 74; Sissom, 1994b: 265-271; Kovarik, 1998c: 128. Plesiochactas (MIS): Diaz Najera, 1964: 18 (part?). DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA. Mexico. NOTES: Soleglad's (1976b) revision of the Megacorrninae contains keys to Megacormus and Plesiochactas. An updated key to Megacormus, which included a new species, was provided by Sissom (1994c). Currently, this genus includes four species. 378 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Megacormus gertschi Diaz Najera, 1966 Megacormus gertschi Dfaz Najera, 1966: 264. HOLOTYPE: o (ISETM), Zacualtipan, Hidalgo, Mexico. PARATYPES: 1 ~ (allotype), 2o (ISETM), same locality as holotype. REFERENCES Megacormus gertschi: Diaz Najera, 1970: 120; Diaz Najera, 1975: 4; Soleglad, 1976b: 264, 278-286, fig. 5-7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 25-27, 29-33, 61-65, 69-83; Sissom, 1990a: 106, fig. 3.19K; Sissom, 1994b: 270; Kovarik, 1997d: 182; Kovarik, 1998c: 128. Megacormus granosus (MIS; part): Hoffmann, 1931: 324, 326, 327-329, fig. 13-15; Dfaz Najera, 1964: 18; Dfaz Najera, 1966: 275; Bilcherl, 197lb: 329; Vachon, 1974: fig. 170, 181, 193-195. ?Plesiochactas dilutus (MIS): Diaz Najera, 1964: 20. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA. Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, south ern Tamaulipas, Veracruz). Megacormus granosus (Gervais, 1843) Scorpio hranosus (IOS) Gervais, 1843: 431. HOLOTYPE: ~ (depository unknown), "Mexico". REFERENCES Scorpio (Chactas) granosus: Gervais, 1844a: 233-234, pl. XII, fig. 42-44; Gervais, 1844b: 65. Chactas granosus: Karsch, 1879b: 111. Megacormus granosus: Karsch, 188lb: 17; Kraepelin, 1894: 151-153, fig. 72; Kraepelin, 1899: 162; Pocock, 1900b: 470; Pocock, 1902b: 18, tab. V, fig. 1-lh; Borelli, 1909: 224; Werner, 1934a: 285; Hoffmann, 1938: 317 (part?); Biicherl, 197lb: 329; Stahnke, 1973: 113 (part?); Vachon, 1974, fig. 170, 181, 193-195; Diaz Najera, 1975: 4 (part?); Soleglad, 1976b: 265-273, 285, fig. 1, 10, 13, 18, 23, 28, 34-45, 59, 67; Sissom, 1994b: 270; Kovarfk, 1998c: 128. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA. Mexico (Veracruz). NOTES: The incorrect original spelling "hranosus" is an obvious typographic error and was cor rected already by Gervais (1844a, 1844b). Megacormus grubbsi Sissom, 1994 Megacormus grubbsi Sissom, 1994c: 265-268, 270, fig. 1-4, 8. HoLOTYPE: o (AMNH), Cerro Ocote, 5 mi S Tenango, Oaxaca, Mexico. PARATYPES: 2 ~, 1 juv (AMNH), same locality as holotype; 2 ~ (TMM, WDS), 25-32 km E Huautla on way to Cerro Rabon, Oaxaca, Mexico. REFERENCES Megacormus segmentatus (MIS; part?): Soleglad, 1976b: 277 (specimens from Oaxaca). Megacormus grubbsi: Kovarik, 1998c: 128. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA. Mexico (Oaxaca). NoTEs: Soleglad (1976: 277) noted differences between his three Oaxacan females and the holotype of M. segmentatus from Veracruz, but decided to place the Oaxacan material with that species. The discovery of the male provided the additional evidence needed to establish M. grubbsi as a valid species (Sissom, 1994c). Megacormus segmentatus Pocock, 1900 Megacormus segmentatus Pocock, 1900b: 470. HoLOTYPE: ~ (BMNH), Atoyac, Veracruz, Mexico. REFERENCES Megacormus segmentatus: Pocock, 1902b: 18-19; Werner, 1934a: 285; Soleglad, 1976b: 265, 272, 273-278,fig. 10, 14,20,23,24,46-58,60,66,68;Sissom, 1994b:268-270,270,fig.5-7,9; Kovarik, 1998c: 128. Megacormus granosus (MIS; part): Hoffmann, 1931: 326; Dfaz Najera, 1964: 16; Diaz Najera, 1966: 263; Dfaz Najera 1970: 121. DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Veracruz). SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE 379 Genus PLESIOCHACTAS Pocock, 1900 Plesiochactas Pocock, 1900b: 470; type species by monotypy Plesiochactas dugesi Pocock, 1900b: 470 [= Plesiochactas dilutus (Karsch, 1881)]. REFERENCES Plesiochactas: Pocock, 1902b: 16; Kraepelin, 1912: 46; Birula, 1917a: 56, 108, 163; Birula, 1917b: 101 , 103; Hoffmann, 1931 : 330; Hoffmann, 1938: 317; Werner, 1934a: 285; Kastner, 1941: 235; Dfaz Najera, 1964: 16 (part?); Diaz Najera, 1970: 114 (part?); Bi.icherl, 197lb: 329; Dfaz Najera, 1975: 33 ; Soleglad, 1976b: 286, 298; Francke, 1985: 12, 16, 20; Sissom, 1990a: 111, 113; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 12; Stockwell, 1992: 411, 419, fig. 73, 75; Kovarfk, 1998c: 128. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA. Mexico. CENTRAL AMERICA. Guatemala. NOTES: A key to the two species may be found in Soleglad's (1976) revision of the subfamily Megacorminae. Almost nothing is known about the bionomics of these species. Plesiochactas dilutus (Karsch, 1881) Megacormus granosus dilutus Karsch, 1881b: 18. HOLOTYPE: Plesiochactas mitchelli Soleglad, 1976 Plesiochactas mitchelli Soleglad, 1976b: 288, 294-297, fig. 17, 21, 86, 87, 117, 118, 121, 123-134. HoLOTYPE: Genus TROGLOCORMUS Francke, 1981 Troglocormus Francke, 1981a: 24-26; type species Troglocormus willis Francke, 1981. REFERENCES Troglocormus: Francke, 1985 : 14, 16, 19; Sissom, 1990a: 111 , 113; Nenilin & Fet, 1992: 12; Stockwell, 1992: 411, 419, fig. 68, 70; Armas, 1994: 19; Kovarfk, 1998c: 128. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA (caves in north central and northeastern Mexico). NOTES: The two species of Trogocormus are troglobitic. Both species have lost the median pair of eyes, but retain two pairs of small lateral eyes. Pigmentation is only slightly to moderately reduced, and the appendages exhibit moderate attenuation compared to their epigean relatives. Francke (1981) described and diagnosed both species, so a key was not necessary. 380 CATALOG OF THE SCORPIONS OF THE WORLD Troglocormus ciego Francke, 1981 Troglocormus ciego Francke, 198 la: 28, fig. 2, 6, 15, 16. HoLOTYPE: o (AMNH), Cueva de Elias, 13 km N Agua Buena, San Luis Potosf, Mexico. REFERENCES Troglocormus ciego: Louren~o & Francke, 1985: 4, 5; Armas, 1994: 19, 21; Louren~o. 1994b: 182-183; Kovaffk, 1998c: 128. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA. Mexico (San Luis Potosi). Troglocormus willis Francke, 1981 Troglocormus willis Francke, 1981a: 26-28, fig. 1, 3-5, 7-14. HoLOTYPE: o (AMNH), Cueva del Brinco (entrance passage), Tamaulipas, Mexico. PARATYPES: 1 juv o, 1 "medium size juv", 1 ~ (AMNH), from several caves in Tamaulipas, Mexico. REFERENCES Troglocormus willis: Louren~o & Francke, 1985: 4, 5; Armas, 1994: 19, 21; Louren~o. 1994b: 182-183; Kovaffk, 1998c: 128. DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA. Mexico (Tamaulipas).