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Report of Biological Investigations at the Los Medanos Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Area of New Mexico During FY1978

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Report of Biological Investigations at the Los Medanos Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Area of New Mexico During FY1978 *w ^ *** SAND79-0368 Unlimited Release UC-48 A Report of Biological Investigations at the Los Medanos Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Area of New Mexico During FY1978 [ifr] Sandia National Laboratories o:s?5i2iri»i! v: v::::-: PBi-usviiT :s IMHITQ SAND79-0368 IJlttS \ d^ Distribution Unlinited Relealilmastlr^ * Category UC-48 Printed March 1980 A REPORT OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE LOS MEDANOS WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT (WIPP) AREA OF NEW MEXICO DURING FY1978 Sandia Contract Nos. 05-7862 07-1489 07-8239 07-9252 13-0806 Prepared for Sandia Laboratories by Eaatern New Mexico University University of New Mexico New Mexico State University Texas Tech University Troy L. Best and Sieglinde Neuhauser Editors """**<• • ^-n^ A REPORT OF BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE LOS MEDANOS WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT (WIPP) AREA OF NEW MEXICO DURING FY1978 WIPP Biology Team: Principal Investigators Dr. Troy L. Best Research Professor of Computer Science Llano Eatacado Center for Advanced Professional Studies and Research Eastern New Mexico University Portales, New Mexico 88130 Dr. Douglas E. Caldwell Assistant Professor of Biology Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 Dr. Bill E. Dahl Professor of Range Management Department of Range and Wildlife Management Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409 Dr. A. L. Gennaro Professor and Curator Natural History Museum Eastern New Mexico University Portales, New Mexico 88130 Dr. Gordon V. Johnson Associate Professor of Biology Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 Dr. J. David Ligon Professor of Biology Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 Dr. William C. Martin Professor of Biology Department of Biology The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 Dr. David K. Northington Assistant Professor of Biology Department of Biology Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409 Dr. Russell D. Pettit Associate Professor of Range Management Department of Range and Wildlife Management Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409 Dr. James E. Sublette Professor of Biological Sciences Natural History Museum Eastern New Mexico University Portales, New Mexico 88130 Dr. Walter G. Whit ford Professor of Biology Department of Biology New Mexico State University Las Cruces, New Mexico 83003 6 CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 9 Troy L. Best and Sieglinde Neuhauser Location and General Features of the Study Area 9 Climate and Topography of the Study Area 10 History and Objectives of the WIPP Biological Program 11 CHAPTER 2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THE WIPP STUDY: A REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE 27 Frederick M. Fisher and Herbert D. Grover Introduction 27 Prediction and Modeling of Radionuclide Transfer in Ecosystems (Fisher) 28 A Review of the Grassland and Desert Biome Programs (Grover) 53 CHAPTER 3 FLORISTICS OF THE LOS MEDANOS WIPP SITE AREA 103 William C. Martin CHAPTER 4 SOILS AND PUNT PRODUCTIVITY STUDIES 159 Gordon V. Johnson, Jens W. Deichmann, Charles C. Gage and Jeffrey W. Potter CHAPTER 5 PRIMARY PRODUCTION PATTERNS ON THE LOS MEDANOS WIPP STUDY AREA FOR 1978 215 John A. Ludwig and Kathy E. Freas 7 CONTENTS (cont) Page CHAPTER 6 PLANT SUCCESSIONAL STUDIES ON THE LOS MEDANOS HASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT (WIPP) AND GNOME SITES 225 SOUTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO Russell D. Pettit, Bill E. Dahl, and David Northington CHAPTER 7 MICROBIAL BIOGEOCHEMISTRY 295 Douglas E. Caldvell CHAPTER 8 THE ARTHROPODS OF THE LOS MEDANOS WIPP SITE, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SOCIAL INSECTS AND SOIL MICRO- ARTHROPODS 323 Walter G. Whitford, Ned Z. Elkins, Ton Marr, Robert Repass, Douglas Schaefer, and Wendy Wisdom CHAPTER 9 DENSITIES AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF THE AVIFAUNA OF THE LOS MEDALS WIPP SITE, SOUTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO 359 J. David Ligon and Donna C. Cole CHAPTER 10 A PROGRESS REPORT ON AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, AND MAMMALS OF THE LOS MEDANOS WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT (WIPP) PROJECT AREA OF NEW MEXICO 393 A. L. Gennaro CHAPTER 11 BATS OF THE LOS MEDANOS WIPP SITE 453 J. David Ligon and Janes H. Bandoli CHAPTER 12 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS OF THE LOWER PECOS DRAINAGE, EDDY COUNTY, NEW MEXICO 463 Janes E. Sublette and Mary Sublette Appendix I 507 Appendix II 511 Appendix III 517 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION* Troy L. Best Llano Estacado Center for Advanced Professional Studies and Research Eastern New Mexico University, Fortales, New Mexico Sieglinde Neuhauser Environmental Assessment Division Sandia laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico Location and General Features of the Study Area The U.S. Department of Energy is considering the construction of a Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) on Sections 20, 21, 28, and 29, T22S, R31E, in Eddy County, NH. This location is approximately 40 km east of Carlsbad, MM. Biological studies during FY78 were concentrated within a 5-mi radius of drill hole ERDA 9 (encircled in Figure 1.1). Additional study areas have been established at other sites in the vicinity, e.g., the Gnome site (Sec 34, T23S, R30E), the salt lakes (14.5 km southwest of ERDA 9), and several stations along the Pecos River southward from Carlsbad, NM, to the dam at Red Bluff Reservoir in Texas. The precise locations of all study areas are presented in the chapters that follow. The data presented in this document is a condensed version of the Annual Report of Biological Investigations at the Los Medanbs Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Area of Mew Mexico for FY1978, T. L. Best and D. W. Jackson (eds), submitted to Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, under Sandia Contract Nos. 05-7862, 07-1489, 07-8239, 07-9252, and 13-0806. The annual report contains extensive listings of raw data, voucher specimens, detailed materials, and methods, etc. Although unpublished, the annual report is available at the Sandia Laboratories WIPP Archives, P. 0. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 1500+ pages. The WIPP study area consists of six biologically distinct regions: Location Description Illustration Creosotebush West & southwest Shallow calcareous soils Figs 1.2 Chihuahuan Desert and 1.3 vegetation Extreme north­ Shallow calcareous soils Figs. 1.4 east corner Low-grazing mesquite and 1.5 and burrograss Dune 4 to 5 km from Wind-blown sand Fig. 1.6 James Ranch Hq. Hummock- Northeast of Mesquite-anchored Fig. 1.7 mesquite James Ranch Hq. hummocks separated by bare sand Oak-mesquite Between first Deep sandy soil Figs. 1.8 four areas Large expanses of and 1.9 sage, shinnery oak, and mesquite Aquatic Stock tanks Figs. 1.10 and 1.11 Salt lakes Figs. 1.12 -1.14 Pecos River Figs. 1.15 -1.17 These biological regions are discussed in more detail in the chapters that follow. Climate and Topography of the Study Area The Duval Potash Mine, the nearest weather station1 to ERDA 9, is located at an elevation of 3,520 ft (1073 •), and is approximately 21 km northwest of ERDA 9. Table 1.1 is a listing of temperature and precipita­ tion data at the mine. Sandia Laboratories has maintained a weather station at the site since 1976. The early data are now being compiled. The following discussion is based primarily on the Duval Mine data. 10 Rainfall during the early months of 1978 was considerably less than the previous 2 yrs (Table 1.1). However, in September there were heavy rain* throughout the area. Annual precipitation is usually near 14 in., with most occurring in late summer, in early fall, and in late spring. There are often periods of drought interspersed with heavy downpours from localized thunderstorms. Precipitation patterns tend to be scattered. Certain sections of the study area may receive significant rainfall and other sections none. Runoff, even during heavy downpours in the oak- mesquite and dune areas, is rarely significant; but in the more impervious toils of the mesa and creosotebush areas, which include Livingston Ridge (Fig. 1.2), there is considerable runoff and often severe soil erosion. The Los Medanbs area is characterized by wide temperature extremes (both daily and seasonally) with typically hot summers and cool winters (Table 1.1). Summer temperatures may reach 100°F (38°C) or more in the afternoon with soil surface temperatures peaking to 155°F (68°C). Winter temperatures are frequently below freezing and snowfall usually melts the following day. Elevation varies -'coo about 3,800 ft (1158 m) on the mesa in the northeast to about 3,400 ft (1036 m) across the oak-mesquite area that comprises most of the central and northern sections, then drops to about 3,000 ft (914 m) in the creosotebush area west of Livingston Ridge (Fig. 1.1). The general appearance of the oak-mesquite area is that of undulating, stabilized dunes. History and Objectives of the HIPP Biological Program Biological studies have been conducted as part of the WIPP program since August 1975.J~5 The biological program was expanded and reoriented in late 1977 and early 1978. The data presented herein represent the first year of field studies of the expanded program. 11 The major objectives of the biological studies in FY78 were as follows: •> To provide on-site data for environmental assessment reports • To provide baseline data to be used in studies of flow rates and concentration factors of radionuclides in the ecosystem • To elucidate on the relationships between humans and species that are either potential food sources for man or that come in close contact with man • To establish a long-term monitoring system fcr use in evaluating changes caused by activity at the WIPE Bite. The first objective will be met with the publication of a final Environmental Impact Statement, scheduled for release in FY80. The last three objectives were to provide source material for mathematical models* The kinds and amounts of data collected in the HIPP Biology Program were determined with future mathematical modeling in mind.
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