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A Fisher's Guide to New Zealand Seabirds

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A Fisher's Guide to New Zealand Seabirds A Fisher’s Guide to New Zealand Seabirds In this quick-reference Most of the birds in this guide breed in Some of New Zealand’s fisheries now New Zealand and many breed nowhere have mitigation measures in place to guide are 26 different else in the world. In fact, New Zealand reduce seabird bycatch. Many of these seabirds that you may is considered the seabird capital of the mitigation measures are also being used world because of the diversity of seabirds in other parts of the world. There are see in New Zealand’s on our waters including the 96 types numerous individuals, organisations and EEZ. Some of these that breed here. New Zealand’s seabirds governments working to protect seabirds. include penguins, albatrosses, petrels, Populations for many of the seabirds in seabirds can be found shags, gannets, terns and skuas. this guide are low and every individual is important. In other words, your efforts near our coasts, but For this guide we have selected seabirds to reduce bycatch are critical. many are more commonly that are at risk of being caught in fisheries. Because most of the seabirds In general, where seabirds breed seen while foraging over listed in this guide travel long distances, in New Zealand, we have used the the open ocean. they face an array of threats while at New Zealand Threat Classification System sea including interactions with various to show New Zealand Conservation fisheries, pollution and depletion of prey. Status. Where seabirds do not breed in These seabirds often face additional New Zealand, we show the International pressures at their breeding colonies. Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species status categories. List of seabirds found in this guide Great albatrosses Salvin’s albatross Grey-faced petrel Antipodean (wandering) albatross and Thalassarche salvini Pterodroma gouldi Gibson’s albatross Black-browed albatross Cape pigeon/petrel Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis Thalassarche melanophris Daption capense and D. a. gibsoni New Zealand white-capped albatross Northern royal albatross Shearwaters Thalassarche cauta steadi Diomedea sanfordi Buller’s shearwater Southern royal albatross Petrels Puffinus bulleri Diomedea epomophora Northern giant petrel Flesh-footed shearwater Macronectes halli Puffinus carneipes Sooty albatrosses Southern giant petrel Short-tailed shearwater Light-mantled sooty albatross Macronectes giganteus Puffinus tenuirostris Phoebetria palpebrata Grey petrel Sooty shearwater (also known as tïtï Albatrosses Procellaria cinerea or muttonbird) Southern and Northern Buller’s Westland petrel Puffinus griseus (Pacific) albatross Procellaria westlandica Wedge-tailed shearwater Thalassarche bulleri bulleri and T. b. platei White-chinned petrel Puffinus pacificus pacificus Campbell albatross Procellaria aequinoctialis Thalassarche impavida Prions Black petrel Fairy prion Chatham albatross Procellaria parkinsoni Pachyptila turtur Thalassarche eremita Common diving petrel Grey-headed albatross Pelecanoides urinatrix Thalassarche chrysostoma Antipodean (wandering) albatross NZ Conservation Status: Nationally Critical MPI Species Code: XAG and Gibson’s albatross MPI Group Code: XAL Diomedea antipodensis antipodensis and D. a. gibsoni Feeding and range Eats: Forages on squid and sometimes fish. Range: South Pacific Ocean from Australia to Chile. Gibson’s known to forage in the Southern Ocean. Tracking studies on Antipodean albatrosses indicate Photo: Kath Walker Pierre Photo: © M. P. incubating birds mainly forage east of New Zealand, but some Head: White faces and throat with brownish crowns. non-breeding males fly east to the waters off Chile. During early Large albatrosses that become whiter as they mature, but some dark Body: incubation, Gibson’s are believed to tail feathers. Adult males often have white bodies with some mottled brown mainly feed in the Tasman Sea and patches. Females frequently have dark bodies. east of New Zealand. Wings: Average wingspan of around three metres. Upperwings can be dark through to almost all white. White underwings with dark tips. Interesting facts Bill: Pink. Although genetically similar, Gibson’s albatrosses usually have Dark brown plumage with a white face, throat Juvenile features: paler plumage than Antipodean and underwings. albatrosses. Breeding Threats Breeding sites: Antipodean At sea On land albatrosses breed at Antipodes • In New Zealand, these albatrosses • There are currently few land-based Island, with a few pairs at Campbell are reported caught in trawl and threats to Antipodean and Gibson’s Island and the Chatham Islands longline fisheries. albatrosses. (Chatham, Pitt). Gibson’s albatrosses breed only at the Auckland Islands • Because Antipodean and Gibson’s • Mammalian predators may take (Adams, Auckland, Disappointment). albatrosses forage widely across eggs and kill unguarded chicks the South Pacific Ocean and Tasman at some colonies. Adams, Breeding period: Egg laying begins Sea they are at risk from fishing Disappointment and Campbell in December for Gibson’s and outside New Zealand’s Exclusive islands are free of introduced January/February for Antipodean Economic Zone, and in mammals. albatrosses. Chicks usually fledge international waters. the following January through March. • Visitor impacts on this species are • Outside New Zealand waters, these currently minimal because access Frequency of breeding: Every two albatrosses are caught in longline is restricted to Antipodes, Adams years for successful breeders or fisheries targeting tuna and tuna- and Disappointment islands, and annually for failed breeders. like species, e.g. off Australia and very few people visit the nests of Chile, and southern hemisphere birds breeding at Campbell and Number of eggs: One. longline fisheries operated by Auckland islands. Type of nests: Nest in loose colonies Japan. Further, while information with nests widely spaced apart. is still poor in some cases, these Nest is a raised cup of soil that is albatrosses overlap with Asian built among tussock and megaherbs. distant-water pelagic longline fleets operating in the central Pacific. NZ Conservation Status: Naturally Uncommon MPI Species Code: XNR Northern royal albatross MPI Group Code: XAL Diomedea sanfordi Feeding and range Eats: Mainly feed on squid, but also eat some fish. Range: Forage widely over the Tasman Sea, Pacific Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean. Photo: Tui De Roy Photo: Tui Photo: http://blog.doc.govt.nz/?s=taiaroa+500 Interesting facts The northern royal albatross White, sometimes with dark spots on their crown. Head: colony at Taiaroa Head on the Body: Very large. Body and back white. Otago Peninsula is the only albatross colony on New Zealand’s Wings: Upperwings are completely dark. main islands. Feet: Pink. Since the colony established in the 1930s, more than 650 chicks have Bill: Light pink with a thin black line on the cutting edge. hatched at Taiaroa Head. Juvenile features: Immature birds look similar to adults, but may have some dark spots on their crown and back. Breeding Threats Breeding sites: Chatham Islands At sea On land (Forty-Fours, Big Sister and Little • In New Zealand, northern royal • Monitoring at the colony at Taiaroa Sister), South Island (Taiaroa Head) albatrosses have been reported Head started in 1937. Land-based and Auckland Islands (Enderby caught in trawl and longline threats are actively managed at where some have hybridised with fisheries. the colony. Managing fly strike southern royal albatrosses). and heat stress has increased egg • They have also been reported and chick survival significantly. Breeding period: Egg laying bycaught in longline fisheries Extensive trapping for mammalian begins in late October and chicks around Australia, Brazil, and predators (cats, stoats, and ferrets) depart the following year from Uruguay. August to October. has reduced predation risks. • Where information exists, the • Nesting habitat on the Chatham Frequency of breeding: Every two relatively high survival rates of Islands can be vulnerable to severe years for successful breeders. adults and juveniles suggest that storms, which remove vegetation fisheries-related mortality is not a Number of eggs: One. and soil from nesting areas. major threat to this species. Nesting: Northern royal albatrosses • There are no mammalian predators have denser colonies than other where these albatrosses breed on great albatrosses. They build nesting the Chatham Islands. mounds out of soil and vegetation. NZ Conservation Status: Naturally Uncommon MPI Species Code: XRA Southern royal albatross MPI Group Code: XAL Diomedea epomophora Feeding and range Eats: Mainly feed on squid, but also eat some fish. Range: During breeding season they forage over the Tasman Sea and South Pacific Ocean. Birds migrate after breeding to the South Atlantic Ocean and have Photo: © M. P. Pierre Pierre Photo: © M. P. Pierre Photo: © M. P. a circumpolar distribution in the Southern Ocean. Head: Usually white, some may have dark spots on their crown. Body: Very large albatrosses with a white body. Tail all white in adults. When fully mature they are the whitest of all the albatrosses. Interesting facts Southern royal albatrosses and White upperwings with some black barring. As they age their Wings: wandering albatrosses are the upperwings become whiter. largest of all albatrosses. Feet: Light pink. Like many other seabirds, southern royal albatross chicks vomit a Pink with a thin black line on the cutting edge. Bill: foul-smelling stomach oil
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