Planning Middle Eastern Cities an Urban Kaleidoscope in a Globalizing World Ii PLANNING MIDDLE EASTERN CITIES: an URBAN KALEIDOSCOPE in a GLOBALIZING WORLD
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REDRAWING BOUNDARIES: DUBAI, AN ENGINEERING GLOBAL CITY i Planning Middle Eastern Cities An urban kaleidoscope in a globalizing world ii PLANNING MIDDLE EASTERN CITIES: AN URBAN KALEIDOSCOPE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD Planning, History and Environment Series Editor: Professor Dennis Hardy, Middlesex University, UK Editorial Board: Professor Arturo Almandoz, Universidad Simón Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela Professor Nezar AlSayyad, University of California, Berkeley, USA Professor Eugenie L. Birch, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA Professor Robert Bruegmann, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA Professor Jeffrey W. Cody, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Professor Robert Freestone, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Professor David Gordon, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Professor Sir Peter Hall, University College London, UK Professor Peter Larkham, University of Central England, Birmingham, UK Professor Anthony Sutcliffe, Nottingham University, UK Technical Editor Ann Rudkin, Alexandrine Press, Oxford, UK Published titles The Rise of Modern Urban Planning, 1800–1914 edited by Anthony Of Planting and Planning: The making of British colonial cities by Sutcliffe Robert Home Shaping an Urban World: Planning in the twentieth century edited by Planning Europe’s Capital Cities: Aspects of nineteenth-century urban Gordon E. Cherry development by Thomas Hall Planning for Conservation: An international perspective edited by Politics and Preservation: A policy history of the built heritage, 1882– Roger Kain 1996 by John Delafons Metropolis 1980–1940 edited by Anthony Sutcliffe Selling Places: The marketing and promotion of towns and cities, 1850– Arcadia for All: The legacy of a makeshift landscape by Dennis Hardy 2000 by Stephen V. Ward and Colin Ward Changing Suburbs: Foundation, form and function edited by Richard Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe edited by Martin Harris and Peter Larkham Ward The Australian Metropolis: A planning history edited by Stephen Thomas Adams and the Modern Planning Movement: Britain, Canada Hamnett and Robert Freestone and the United States by Michael Simpson Utopian England: Community experiments 1900–1945 by Dennis Holford: A study in architecture, planning and civic design by Gordon Hardy E. Cherry and Leith Penny Urban Planning in a Changing World: The twentieth experience edited Goodnight Campers! The history of the British holiday camp by Colin by Robert Freestone Ward and Dennis Hardy Twentieth-Century Suburbs: A morphological approach by J.W.R. Model Housing: From the Great Exhibition to the Festival of Britain by Whitehand and C.M.H. Carr S. Martin Gaskell Council Housing and Culture: The history of a social experiment by Two Centuries of American Planning edited by Daniel Schaffer Alison Ravetz Planning and Urban Growth in the Nordic Countries edited by Planning Latin America’s Capital Cities, 1850–1950 edited by Arturo Thomas Hall Almandoz From Garden Cities to New Towns: Campaigning for town and country Titles published in 2003 planning, 1899–1946 by Dennis Hardy Exporting American Architecture, 1870 –2000 by Jeffrey W. Cody From New Towns to Green Politics: Campaigning for town and country Planning by Consent: the Origins and Nature of British Development planning 1946–1990 by Dennis Hardy Control by Philip Booth The Garden City: Past, present and future edited by Stephen V. Ward The Place of Home: English domestic environments by Alison Ravetz Titles published 2004 with Richard Turkington The Making and Selling of Post-Mao Beijing by Anne-Marie Prefabs: A history of the UK temporary housing programme by Brenda Broudehoux Vale Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An urban kaleidoscope in a globalizing Planning the Great Metropolis: The 1929 Regional Plan of New York world edited by Yasser Elsheshtawy and Its Environs by David A. Johnson Rural Change and Planning: England and Wales in the twentieth century by Gordon E. Cherry and Alan Rogers REDRAWING BOUNDARIES: DUBAI, AN ENGINEERING GLOBAL CITY iii Planning Middle Eastern Cities An urban kaleidoscope in a globalizing world edited by Yasser Elsheshtawy iv PLANNING MIDDLE EASTERN CITIES: AN URBAN KALEIDOSCOPE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD First published 2004 by Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 2004 Selection and editorial material Yasser Elsheshtawy; individual chapters: the contributors This book was commissioned and edited by Alexandrine Press, Marcham, Oxfordshire All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Planning Middle Eastern cities : an urban kaleidoscope in a globalizing world / edited by Yasser Elsheshtawy. p. cm. — (Planning, history, and the environment series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-30400-8 (hb) 1. City planning—Middle East. I. Elsheshtawy, Yasser. II. Series HT169.M628P58 2004 307.1’216’0956—dc22 2004005323 ISBN 0-203-60900-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-34583-5 (Adobe eReader Format) REDRAWING BOUNDARIES: DUBAI, AN ENGINEERING GLOBAL CITY v Contents Preface vii Illustration Credits and Sources ix The Contributors xi 1 The Middle East City: Moving beyond the Narrative of Loss 1 Yasser Elsheshtawy The narrative of loss 3 Globalization, cultural hybridity and polarization 6 The structure of the book 9 Concluding thoughts 18 2 The Merits of Cities’ Locations 22 Jamel Akbar Overview and Developments 3 The Spatial Development and Urban Transformation of Colonial and Postcolonial Algiers 29 Karim Hadjri and Mohamed Osmani Introduction 29 Colonial Algiers 30 Postcolonial Algiers 43 Conclusion 55 4 Globalization and the Search for Modern Local Architecture: Learning from Baghdad 59 Hoshiar Nooraddin Introduction 59 Globalization and the architecture of Baghdad 60 Baghdad past and present 61 Baghdad emerging as the capital city of Iraq 62 The emergence of the modern architecture of Baghdad 63 The role of local architects, international architects and users in shaping Baghdad’s contemporary architecture 71 The architecture of Baghdad under international sanctions 78 Rebuilding Baghdad and the architecture of the city 80 Conclusion 81 vi PLANNING MIDDLE EASTERN CITIES: AN URBAN KALEIDOSCOPE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD 5 Sana’a: Transformation of the Old City and the Impacts of the Modern Era 85 Khaled A. Al-Sallal Prologue 85 Background 89 History 90 The vernacular architecture of Sana’a 95 Early transformations in Sana’a after the Revolution 99 The vast growth of the city 100 The impact of modernity 102 Comparative analysis of architectural transformation 105 Tower house design 109 Conclusion: the need for a novel approach 111 Case Studies: Redrawing Boundaries 6 Lake Tunis, or the Concept of the Third Centre 114 Bechir Kenzari The medina: the fi rst form of centrality 114 European city: the second form of centrality 117 Suburbia: the expression of different symbolisms 119 Lake Tunis: a third form of centrality 122 Conclusion 131 7 Cairo’s Urban Déjà Vu: Globalization and Urban Fantasies 134 Khaled Adham The colonial economy and agrarian capitalism 138 Heliopolis: a European vision of the Orient 144 The postcolonial economy and mixed capitalism 151 Dreamland: an Oriental vision of the Occident 157 Parting thoughts 163 8 Redrawing Boundaries: Dubai, an Emerging Global City 169 Yasser Elsheshtawy The globalization/hybridity discourse 170 The case of Dubai 172 The creation of a ‘global’ image 180 Evoking symbols: the sail and the palm 185 Conclusion: redrawing boundaries 193 Index 200 REDRAWING BOUNDARIES: DUBAI, AN ENGINEERING GLOBAL CITY vii Preface This book originated from a desire to articulate to dismantle stereotypes: whether it is in how a local voice. Many writings on the Middle the Middle East city is conceptualized, as I argue East are from external observers. While such in the introduction, or how scholars employed efforts are commendable they may miss some in Arab universities are sometimes viewed. All of the nuances of our region which can only but two of the contributors are working in Arab be detected by those who are – on a daily basis scientifi c institutions. It is rare that a chance is – dealing with the problems of the ‘Arab’ street. offered for people in our region to write about Whether it is in encounters with citizens and issues of vital interest to us and directed at authorities or dealing with various public and a Western audience. The widely cited Arab private organizations, all play a vital role in con- Human Development Report, commissioned by structing an understanding, a referential frame- the United Nations, has acquired its relevance work, which may be absent for those observing and signifi cance from the fact that it was written our cities