Glucose Metabolism

Glucose metabolism is central to mammalian life. Dynamic changes in any of the steps involved in processing glucose and its derivatives contribute to a wide range of diseases. Measuring the and metabolites is pivotal to biological and medical research. Cayman offers an array of tools to make these measurements quickly, easily, and accurately.

Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose ATP + HKATP + NADP NADPH Glucose Uptake Glucose Uptake HK NADP NADPH ADP ADP Glucose-6- 6-Phosphogluconolactone Glucose-6-PhosphatePGI Glucose-6-P-Dehydrogenase 6-Phosphogluconolactone Fructose-6-Phosphate PGATIP PFK Glucose-6-P-Dehydrogenase

ADP Fructose-6-PhosphateFructose-1,6-Bisphosphate aldolase aldolase CO TIM 2 IDH ATP PFK GAPDH 2NAD+ Isocitrate α-Ketoglutarate ADP 2NADH α-KGDH Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate 2ADP PGK CO2 CoA-SH Aconitase Citrataldolasee 2AaldolaseTP Succinyl-CoA Citrate TIM PGM CO2 Succ-CoA Synthetase GTPIDH CoA-SH Synthase NADH CoA-SH Succinate + GAPD2ADP H PK IsocitrateSuccinate NADH 2NADNAD+ Dehydrogenase 2ATP α-Ketoglutarate Acetyl-CoA Pyruvate (2X) Electron Oxaloacetate Pyruvate α-KGDH Transport Fumarate fumarase 2NADH Lactate Dehydrogenase Chain Malate MDH CoA-SH 2NADH O2 H2O 2ADP 2NADPG+ K CO2 CoA-SH Aconitase Lactate (2X) Citrate 2ATP Succinyl-CoA PGM Succ-CoA Synthetase Citrate GTP CoA-SH Synthase enolase NADH CoA-SH Succinate 2ADP PK Succinate NADH NAD+ Dehydrogenase 2ATP Acetyl-CoA Pyruvate (2X) Electron Oxaloacetate Pyruvate Transport Fumarate fumarase Lactate Dehydrogenase Chain Malate MDH CoA-SH 2NADH O2 H2O 2NAD+ Lactate (2X)

Assay Kits Item No. Product Name Measure

600470 Glucose Uptake -Based Assay Kit Glucose uptake in cultured cells

10009582 Glucose Colorimetric Assay Kit Glucose in plasma, serum, and urine

600450 Cell-Based Assay Kit Extracellular L-lactate in cultured cells

700750 Glucose-6-Phosphate Fluorometric Assay Kit G6P in cell lysates and tissue homogenates

700300 Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay Kit G6PDH activity in cell lysates and tissue homogenates

700510 L-Lactate Assay Kit L-Lactate in cultured cells, plasma, saliva, serum, urine, and whole blood

700470 Pyruvate Assay Kit Pyruvate in cultured cells, plasma, saliva, serum, urine, and whole blood

700480 Glycogen Assay Kit Glycogen content in tissue homogenates

700410 ATP Detection Assay Kit - Luminescence Total ATP levels in a variety of sample types

2019 CAYMAN CHEMICAL · 1180 EAST ELLSWORTH ROAD · ANN ARBOR, MI 48108 · USA · (800) 364-9897 WWW.CAYMANCHEM.COM 1 2 3 4

250 kDa · · · · · · · 150 kDa · · · · · · · 100 kDa · · · · · · · 75 kDa · · · · · · · 1 2 3 4 50 kDa · · · · · · · Active second in the glycolytic pathway 250 kDa · · · · · · · 37 kDa · · · · · · · 150 kDa · · · · · · ·

100 kDa · · · · · · · 25 kDa · · · · · · · Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerase (human recombinant) 75 kDa · · · · · · · 20 kDa · · · · · · · 15 kDa · · · · · · · 50 kDa · · · · · · · 10 kDa · · · · · · · Item No. 18279 37 kDa · · · · · · · Lane 1: MW Markers 25 kDa · · · · · · · Lane 2: GPI (human recombinant) (2 µg) 20 kDa · · · · · · · Lane 3: GPI (human recombinant) (5 µg) Lane 4: GPI (human recombinant) (10 µg) · Purity: ≥95% (estimated by SDS-PAGE) 15 kDa · · · · · · · Representaìve gel image shown; actual purity 10 kDa · · · · · · · may vary between each batch. Lane 1: MW Markers · Source: Recombinant C-terminal, His-tagged protein expressed in E. coli Lane 2: GPI (human recombinant) (2 µg) Lane 3: GPI (human recombinant) (5 µg) Lane 4: GPI (human recombinant) (10 µg)

Representaìve gel image shown; actual purity may vary between each batch. Glucose Metabolism Substrates Item No. Product Name Activity

D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate An intermediate in the glycolysis and pathways formed by the phosphorylation 20516 (sodium salt hydrate) of fructose-6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase

19588 D-Fructose-6-phosphate (sodium salt hydrate) An intermediate of the glycolytic pathway formed by the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate α-D-Glucose-1,6-biphosphate 16464 A derivative of glucose used to study carbohydrate metabolism (cyclohexyl ammonium salt hydrate) 20376 D-Glucose-6-phosphate (sodium salt) The starting molecule for the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways

19192 (potassium salt) An enzyme substrate for the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways

21423 D-Ribulose-5-phosphate (sodium salt) An intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway

21344 D-Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (barium salt) An intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway

Glucose Metabolism Inhibitors Altered glucose metabolism is characteristic of neoplastic and highly proliferative cells. Inhibitors of the rate- controlling enzymes in the gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways have great potential in the treatment of cancer. Item No. Product Name Activity

Inhibits 6-PGD (K = 0.46 μM); interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and 10009315 6-Aminonicotinamide i synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, like cisplatin, in killing cancer cells

Blocks fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1 activity (IC = 3.4 µM; K = 1.1 µM); blocks glucose 18860 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1 Inhibitor 50 i production in starved rat hepatoma cells (IC50 = 6.6 µM) 14325 2-deoxy-D-Glucose A non-metabolizable glucose analog that inhibits phosphorylation of glucose by

Inhibits GAPDH (K = 1.6 µM); selectively induces apoptosis in high-glycolytic cancer cells by 14079 Heptelidic Acid i inhibiting the generation of ATP in the glycolytic pathway

14640 Lonidamine Inhibits glycolysis though the inactivation of mitochondria-bound hexokinase

A competitive inhibitor of glucokinases and (K = 0.25 mM); prevents the conversion 16548 D-Mannoheptulose i of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate Inhibits PFKFB3 (IC = 207 nM); suppresses glucose uptake and growth of Lewis lung carcinomas 17689 PFK15 50 in syngeneic mice Inhibits PFKFB3 (IC = 23 µM); causes a rapid reduction in fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, 19276 3PO 50 glucose uptake, and lactate secretion

15352 YZ9 Inhibits PFKFB3 (IC50 = 183 nM in vitro); inhibits the growth of HeLa cells (GI50 = 2.7 μM)

Fluorescent Probes Item No. Product Name Detects Excitation (nm) Emission (nm)

9002314 NBD-Fructose Fructose uptake 472 538

11046 2-NBDG Glucose uptake 475 550

13961 6-NBDG Glucose uptake and transport 465 535

Read the Article: ​Manipulating Mitochondrial Fuel Pathways at www.caymanchem.com/mitofuel

2019 CAYMAN CHEMICAL · 1180 EAST ELLSWORTH ROAD · ANN ARBOR, MI 48108 · USA · (800) 364-9897 WWW.CAYMANCHEM.COM