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Earlyattempts of English Mineral Exploration in North America: the Jame,Stown Colony

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Earlyattempts of English Mineral Exploration in North America: the Jame,Stown Colony VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 176 EARLYATTEMPTS OF ENGLISH MINERAL EXPLORATION IN NORTH AMERICA: THE JAME,STOWN COLONY Lisa L. Heuvel fir i+7r L I odrq h".a 1L l. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Edward E. Erb, State Geologist Charlottesville, Virginia 2007 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 176 EARLYATTEMPTS OF ENGLISH MNERAL EXPLORATION IN NORTH AMERICA: THE JAMESTOWN COLONY Lisa L. Heuvel L& tfi. Hh &rt. swt9..,4a od&t btr 4L COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DE,PARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Edward E. Erb, State Geologist Charlottesville, Virginia 2007 COVER: John Smith's "Virginia" was separately published in London in 1612 and was also included in the Oxford publication of John Smith's A Map of Virginia: Wth a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion [1612J (Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foun- dation). RES.URCES 'IRGINIA "ttf,1?it8HHiffiL EARLYATTEMPTS OF ENGLISH MINERAL EXPLORATION IN NORTHAMERICA: THE JAMESTOWN COLONY Lisa L. Heuvel COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES. MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Edward E. Erb, State Geologist Charlottesville, Virginia 2007 nHere are abundunce of Iron Mines/here bee silver and gold mines but they cannot beefound out/other mines I know not" " .....I sent some heavy esrth and a peece of fullers earth......" Michael Upchurch in leffers to John Ferrar in approximately 1650 (Upchurch, Ferrar Papers). Portions of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form: Heuvel,LisaL.,2007,Eafly attempts of English mineral exploration in North America: The Jamestown Colony: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 176,40 p. CONTENTS An overview of Virginia, the waiting landscape.. ............3 A mineral commodities map of the Westem Hemisphere................ ....................7 England enters the scene... ...........9 Precontact to contact: The Virginians and the English .....................16 The Jamestown story. .................22 The significance of Falling Creek........ ........29 Acknowledgements.... ................34 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure l. Location of Jamestown and Jamestown Island........ ..........1 Figure 2. Generalized geologic map of Virginia ..............4 Figure 3. Location of the gold-pyrite belt in Virginia..... ...................5 Figure 4. Location of the Popham Colony...... ...............15 Figure 5. John Smith's "Map of Virginia"................ .....I7 Figure 6. Sites of burial grounds and archeological sites producing copper................. .......19 Figure 7. Location of select mineral mining sites........... .................27 EARLY ATTEMPTS OF ENGLISH MINERAL EXPLORATION IN NORTH AMERICA: THE JAMESTOWN COLONY by Lisa L. Heuvel ABSTRACT Carolina, Virginia, and Maine (Figure l). Plans for expeditions and colonization regularly includ- Modern accounts of early New World ex- ed "mineral men" (prospectors), assayers, min- ploration and colonization often overlook signifi- ers, and goldsmiths. Familiar with period tech- cant geologic and technical foundations of min- nology or artisanship, they were as well prepared eral exploration. These accounts, instead, focus to explore for minerals as the state of Old World on the English colonists' overall failure to find and New World knowledge allowed at that time. gold and subsequent success at growing and ex- Even so, the English did not duplicate Spanish porting tobacco in Virginia. The 1607 Jamestown successes in amassing great mineral wealth in the Colony was one of several English investment Western Hemisphere. Native resistance to territo- attempts to discover and exploit precious metals, rial and cultural encroachment, bad luck and near gems, non-precious metallic ore, and medicinal misses in mineral exploration, and the transition plant and clay commodities in modern-day North from alchemy to a science-based understanding Figure 1. Location of Jamestown and Jamestown Island. (Map on right from the USGS 7.5-minute Surry quadrangle.) EARLYATTEMPTS OF ENGLISH MINERAL EXPLORATION IN NORTH AMERICA: THE JAMESTOWN COLONY by Lisa L. Heuvel ABSTRACT Carolina, Virginia, and Maine (Figure 1). Plans for expeditions and colonization regularly includ- Modern accounts of early New World ex- ed "mineral men" (prospectors), assayers, min- ploration and colonization often overlook signifi- ers, and goldsmiths. Familiar with period tech- cant geologic and technical foundations of min- nology or artisanship, they were as well prepared eral exploration. These accounts, instead, focus to explore for minerals as the state of Old World on the English colonists' overall failure to find and New World knowledge allowed at that time. gold and subsequent success at growing and ex- Even so, the English did not duplicate Spanish porting tobacco in Virginia. The 1607 Jamestown successes in amassing great mineral wealth in the Colony was one of several English investment Western Hemisphere. Native resistance to territo- attempts to discover and exploit precious metals, rial and cultural encroachment, bad luck and near gems, non-precious metallic ore, and medicinal misses in mineral exploration, and the transition plant and clay commodities in modern-day North from alchemy to a science-based understanding Figure l. Location of Jamestown and Jamestown Island. (Map on right from the USGS 7.5-minute Surry quadrangle.) VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES of mineral occuffence prevented timely or early Like mineral exploration, attempts to cre- success of a mineral-based economy in Virginia. ate and support the Virginia iron industry would An English toehold in the New World was es- not bear fiuit for the first colonists. Their descen- tablished through a tobacco-based economy, dants - and Virginians today - would be the ones seemingly limitless supply of fuel and renew- to benefit from mineral-related industries, as sta- able resources, and other realized opportunities. tistics show. Over 400 different minerals have Economic mineral development, however, was been found and more than 30 different mineral achieved in Virginia and North Carolina as tech- resources are produced in Virginia at a combined nology, exploration, and westward expansion in- annual value of nearly two billion dollars. creased. Since gold deposits and successful min- ing activities are documented in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literature and physical evi- INTRODUCTION dence, why did the English fail in their seven- teenth-century efforts? The hypothesis in this paper centers on the limitations of technology on Colonial mineral exploration by the Eng- the edge of the English frontier as well as a se- lish in the New World has long been considered a ries of circumstances that can best be described footnote to the larger story ofVirginia. However, as near misses and plain bad luck, as well as dis- mineral exploration's influence on the contested ease and death that seemed to follow the "min- landscape of BritishAmerica and the evolution of eral men" (prospectors) in Virginia. In addition, cultural interaction should be re-evaluated from a conflicting perceptions of the landscape by the new perspective. English and the Powhatans had a profound in- Both the English and the indigenous peo- fluence on events in the London Company era. ples were irreversibly locked into an adaptation This new perspective may increase process that evolved over time through cultural awareness of metallurgical and cosmological contact. The scope of this intercultural relation- concepts underlying the English colonial mind- ship can be demonstrated and better understood set by 1607, especially as compared to the spiri- through geo-archaeological evidence and a closer tual and economic perspectives of the Powhatan examination of primary source documents. Indian world. In turn, it may further delineate English and European colonists did not the scope of cultural interaction in early colonial necessarily recognize the complex skills of the Virginia. As James Axtell has written, "We can- native cultures they encountered, particularly in not afford to privilege one kind of source over relation to the natural environment. A compari- another: We need them all if we are to com- son of historical events and geologic documenta- pensate for - when we cannot recover - the tion shows that English colonists at Jamestown evanescent words and gestures that constituted came much closer to precious metals than has much of the public past of these oral cultures been previously credited to them. They projected and face-to-face societies" (Axtell, 1997, pp. their knowledge of mining, mineral exploration, 2-3). As the first chapter will show, geography and metalworking onto the landscape, using it to and geology expand our understanding of the express their expectations. Limitations born of visual and physical landscape of four centuries territorial hostilities, technology, and unforeseen ago, alerting us to the possibility - and reality events were factors in their perceived failure. - of different perceptions of a coflrmon ground. PUBLICATION 176 AN OVERVIEW OF VIRGINIA, THE wealth was just waiting for the colonists to exploit WAITING LANDSCAPE it. The quest for gold and silver was a catalyst for English exploratory and colonizing efforts. Such It was not their known world, this
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