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Excavating the History of Counterhegemonic (And Thermidorian) Subjectivity in Kensington Market: the Rise (And Fall) of Toronto's Jewish Left (1881-1956)

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Excavating the History of Counterhegemonic (And Thermidorian) Subjectivity in Kensington Market: the Rise (And Fall) of Toronto's Jewish Left (1881-1956) Excavating the History of Counterhegemonic (and Thermidorian) Subjectivity in Kensington Market: The Rise (and Fall) of Toronto's Jewish Left (1881-1956) by Andrew Shmuely A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Geography University of Toronto © Copyright by Andrew Shmuely (2008) Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-45038-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-45038-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Excavating the History of Counterhegemonic (and Thermidorian) Subjectivity in Kensington Market: The Rise (and Fall) of Toronto's Jewish Left (1881-1956) Andrew Shmuely Master of Arts Department of Geography University of Toronto 2008 Abstract: This thesis explores the ascent and implosion of the Jewish Left in Toronto's Kensington Market from the turn of the twentieth century to the postwar age: particularly through the lens of the problematic ofhegemony (Gramsci), the production of space (Lefebvre), and the notion of Thermidorian subjectivity (Badiou). It is argued that the strategies and tactics employed by the Jewish Left's fraternal organizations on the (urban) terrain of everyday life created the conditions for radical subjectivities to flourish in Kensington; up to, and including, the interwar period. It is further contended, however, that both an "objective" conjunctural change, along with the "subjective" application of a constellation of four reactionary procedures (trasformismo, Thermidor, fraternite, and the movement inward) conspired—along with the rise of Conservative Judaism and the increasing dominance of Zionism in the Jewish imaginary—to'bring about an untimely end to the world of the Jewish Left in postwar Toronto. ii Acknowledgments: Firstly, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support of The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and Le Fonds quebecois de la recherche sur la societe et la culture (FQRSC). Secondly, I want to thank Sue Ruddick and Eric Cazdyn for giving me both time and space during a particularly trying conjuncture wherein I found myself without enough of either category. Their engaging seminars cleared the ground and opened a gap for me to think through a number of challenging issues that will continue to haunt me for some time to come. Thirdly, I would like to express my gratitude to Laura Hannant, Nigel Francis, and Veronica Tunzi for their unwavering support as I struggled to bring this (somewhat unwieldy) project to a fruitful conclusion. Without their kindness and understanding, I am not entirely convinced that I would have succeeded. Fourthly, I feel obligated to show my "appreciation" to the anonymous construction company that renovated the exterior of the Copernicus Lodge on Roncesvalles Avenue in Toronto over the summer of 2008 - but a stone's throw away from the desk where I endeavoured to complete this manuscript. Amongst his theses on writer's technique, Walter Benjamin once wrote that "everyday mediocrity," "semirelaxation," and "a background of insipid sounds" were "degrading" to the writing process, whereas a "cacophony of voices [could] become as significant for work as the perceptible silence of the night." To be sure, the diligent workers who put drill to concrete, day after day, as I quietly (and impotently) raged through what seemed to be apassage a Facte without end, effectively ensured that I would not fall victim to the Sirens of auditory tranquility. Lastly, and most importantly, I owe the greatest debt to Kanishka Goonewardena: who has provided for me a virtually endless wellspring of intellectual inspiration and dependable comradeship. A better supervisor—or friend—I could not have asked for. Walter Benjamin, "One-Way Street," in P. Demetz (ed.) Reflections, trans. E. Jephcott (New York: Schocken Books, 1978 [1935]), 80. iii Table of Contents: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS: IV INTRODUCTION - OF CONJUNCTURES AND CONSTELLATIONS 1 WITHER COUNTERHEGEMONY? INVERTING THE URBAN SENSORIUM 1 RUSSO-EUROPEAN ORIGINS: FROMTHE PALE OF SETTLEMENT TO ST. JOHN'S WARD 9 CHAPTER 1 - TOTALITY, MARGINALITY, AND THE MARKET 17 KENSINGTON CONTRADICTIONS 17 FROMLOUIS WIRTH TO HENRILEFEBVRE 19 THE LANDSMANSHAFTN, THE WORKMEN'S CIRCLE, AND THE LABOUR LEAGUE 27 CHAPTER 2 - "SOVIET KENSINGTON," OR, THE PRODUCTION OF (DIFFERENTIAL) SPACE 31 AN URBAN WAR OF POSITION IN THE BATTLE OVER EVERYDAY LIFE 31 STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS, CREATING THE CONDITIONS 33 DISSIDENT MANIFESTATIONS, COUNTERHEGEMONIC REACTIONS 43 CHAPTER 3 - BLUEPRINTS OF CATASTROPHE: FOUR UR-FORMS 53 TRASFORMISMO 53 THERMIDOR 55 FRATERNITE 60 THE MOVEMENT INWARD 63 CHAPTER 4 - HEGEMONY UNRAVELED: SUBJECTIVE DESTITUTION AND IDEOLOGICAL COLLAPSE 66 THERMIDOR REVISITED: BETRAYAL AND THE NEW YORK INTELLECTUALS 66 TORONTO'S RELUCTANT THERMDORIANS: JOE SALSBERG AND MORRIS BIDERMAN 72 CHAPTER 5 - OUTFLANKED AND OUTMANEUVERED: A WAR OF POSITION SQUANDERED 82 CROSS-CLASS ALLEGIANCES AND THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION OF CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM 82 HEGEMONY AND THE "NATIONAL QUESTION": ZIONISM AND THE FATE OF THE JEWISH LEFT 87 CONCLUSION - GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION AND "EVERYDAY THERMIDORLANISM" 99 iv 1 Introduction - Of Conjunctures and Constellations Wither Counterhegemony? Inverting the Urban Sensorium In the final pages of Fredric Jameson's definitive attempt at tracing the constellation of what he 2 has termed the "cultural logic of late capitalism," he makes what is by now a well-known juxtaposition between influential city-planner Kevin Lynch's understanding of the phenomenon of cognitive mapping—the process by which individuals come to relate to their perceptions of the (urban) environment around them —and French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser's pioneering reconstruction of the problematic of ideology as "the Imaginary representation of the subject's relationship to his or her Real conditions of existence." Jameson makes an "emblematic" or "allegorical" use of the former's schematic, suggesting that "the mental map of city space explored by Lynch can be extrapolated to that mental map of the social and global totality we all carry around in our heads in variously garbled forms." Along these lines, he comments on how: Lynch's conception of city experience—its dialectic between the here and now of immediate perception and the imaginative or imaginary sense of the city as an absent totality—presents something like a spatial analogue of Althusser's great formulation of ideology itself.. .What ever its defects and problems, this positive conceptualization of ideology as a necessary function in any form of social life has the great merit of stressing the gap between the local positioning of the individual subject and the totality of class structures in which he or she is situated, a gap between phenomenological perception and a reality that transcends all individual thinking and experience; but which ideology, as such, attempts to span or coordinate, to map, by means of conscious and unconscious Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001 [1991]), 415-418. 3 See Lynch's classic work The Image of the City (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960). 4 Althusser's formulation can be found in his influential essay "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (notes towards an investigation)," in Lenin and Philosophy, trans. B. Brewster (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971 [1962]). Jameson, Postmodernism, 415. 2 representations. The concept of cognitive mapping proposed here therefore involves the extrapolation of Lynch's spatial analysis to the realm of social structure, that is to say, in our historical moment, to the totality of class relations on a global (or should I say multinational) scale.
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