Shimura Curves for Level-3 Subgroups of the (2,3,7) Triangle Group and Some Other Examples
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The Class Number One Problem for Imaginary Quadratic Fields
MODULAR CURVES AND THE CLASS NUMBER ONE PROBLEM JEREMY BOOHER Gauss found 9 imaginary quadratic fields with class number one, and in the early 19th century conjectured he had found all of them. It turns out he was correct, but it took until the mid 20th century to prove this. Theorem 1. Let K be an imaginary quadratic field whose ring of integers has class number one. Then K is one of p p p p p p p p Q(i); Q( −2); Q( −3); Q( −7); Q( −11); Q( −19); Q( −43); Q( −67); Q( −163): There are several approaches. Heegner [9] gave a proof in 1952 using the theory of modular functions and complex multiplication. It was dismissed since there were gaps in Heegner's paper and the work of Weber [18] on which it was based. In 1967 Stark gave a correct proof [16], and then noticed that Heegner's proof was essentially correct and in fact equiv- alent to his own. Also in 1967, Baker gave a proof using lower bounds for linear forms in logarithms [1]. Later, Serre [14] gave a new approach based on modular curve, reducing the class number + one problem to finding special points on the modular curve Xns(n). For certain values of n, it is feasible to find all of these points. He remarks that when \N = 24 An elliptic curve is obtained. This is the level considered in effect by Heegner." Serre says nothing more, and later writers only repeat this comment. This essay will present Heegner's argument, as modernized in Cox [7], then explain Serre's strategy. -
Dessins D'enfants in N = 2 Generalised Quiver Theories Arxiv
Dessins d'Enfants in N = 2 Generalised Quiver Theories Yang-Hui He1 and James Read2 1Department of Mathematics, City University, London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK; School of Physics, NanKai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China; Merton College, University of Oxford, OX1 4JD, UK [email protected] 2Merton College, University of Oxford, OX1 4JD, UK [email protected] Abstract We study Grothendieck's dessins d'enfants in the context of the N = 2 super- symmetric gauge theories in (3 + 1) dimensions with product SU (2) gauge groups arXiv:1503.06418v2 [hep-th] 15 Sep 2015 which have recently been considered by Gaiotto et al. We identify the precise con- text in which dessins arise in these theories: they are the so-called ribbon graphs of such theories at certain isolated points in the moduli space. With this point in mind, we highlight connections to other work on trivalent dessins, gauge theories, and the modular group. 1 Contents 1 Introduction3 2 Dramatis Personæ6 2.1 Skeleton Diagrams . .6 2.2 Moduli Spaces . .8 2.3 BPS Quivers . .9 2.4 Quadratic Differentials and Graphs on Gaiotto Curves . 11 2.5 Dessins d'Enfants and Belyi Maps . 12 2.6 The Modular Group and Congruence Subgroups . 14 3 A Web of Correspondences 15 3.1 Quadratic Differentials and Seiberg-Witten Curves . 16 3.2 Trajectories on Riemann Surfaces and Ideal Triangulations . 16 3.3 Constructing BPS Quivers . 20 3.4 Skeleton Diagrams and BPS Quivers . 21 3.5 Strebel Differentials and Ribbon Graphs . 23 3.5.1 Ribbon Graphs from Strebel Differentials . -
On Discrete Generalised Triangle Groups
Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society (1995) 38, 397-412 © ON DISCRETE GENERALISED TRIANGLE GROUPS by M. HAGELBERG, C. MACLACHLAN and G. ROSENBERGER (Received 29th October 1993) A generalised triangle group has a presentation of the form where R is a cyclically reduced word involving both x and y. When R=xy, these classical triangle groups have representations as discrete groups of isometries of S2, R2, H2 depending on In this paper, for other words R, faithful discrete representations of these groups in Isom + H3 = PSL(2,C) are considered with particular emphasis on the case /? = [x, y] and also on the relationship between the Euler characteristic x and finite covolume representations. 1991 Mathematics subject classification: 20H15. 1. Introduction In this article, we consider generalised triangle groups, i.e. groups F with a presentation of the form where R(x,y) is a cyclically reduced word in the free product on x,y which involves both x and y. These groups have been studied for their group theoretical interest [8, 7, 13], for topological reasons [2], and more recently for their connections with hyperbolic 3-manifolds and orbifolds [12, 10]. Here we will be concerned with faithful discrete representations p:T-*PSL(2,C) with particular emphasis on the cases where the Kleinian group p(F) has finite covolume. In Theorem 3.2, we give necessary conditions on the group F so that it should admit such a faithful discrete representation of finite covolume. For certain generalised triangle groups where the word R(x,y) has a specified form, faithful discrete representations as above have been constructed by Helling-Mennicke- Vinberg [12] and by the first author [11]. -
Arxiv:Math/0306105V2
A bound for the number of automorphisms of an arithmetic Riemann surface BY MIKHAIL BELOLIPETSKY Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia e-mail: [email protected] AND GARETH A. JONES Faculty of Mathematical Studies, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ e-mail: [email protected] Abstract We show that for every g ≥ 2 there is a compact arithmetic Riemann surface of genus g with at least 4(g − 1) automorphisms, and that this lower bound is attained by infinitely many genera, the smallest being 24. 1. Introduction Schwarz [17] proved that the automorphism group of a compact Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 2 is finite, and Hurwitz [10] showed that its order is at most 84(g − 1). This bound is sharp, by which we mean that it is attained for infinitely many g, and the least genus of such an extremal surface is 3. However, it is also well known that there are infinitely many genera for which the bound 84(g − 1) is not attained. It therefore makes sense to consider the maximal order N(g) of the group of automorphisms of any Riemann surface of genus g. Accola [1] and Maclachlan [14] independently proved that N(g) ≥ 8(g +1). This bound is also sharp, and according to p. 93 of [2], Paul Hewitt has shown that the least genus attaining it is 23. Thus we have the following sharp bounds for N(g) with g ≥ 2: 8(g + 1) ≤ N(g) ≤ 84(g − 1). arXiv:math/0306105v2 [math.GR] 21 Nov 2004 We now consider these bounds from an arithmetic point of view, defining arithmetic Riemann surfaces to be those which are uniformized by arithmetic Fuchsian groups. -
Arxiv:2009.05223V1 [Math.NT] 11 Sep 2020 Fdegree of Eaeitrse Nfidn Function a finding in Interested Are We Hoe 1.1
COUNTING ELLIPTIC CURVES WITH A RATIONAL N-ISOGENY FOR SMALL N BRANDON BOGGESS AND SOUMYA SANKAR Abstract. We count the number of rational elliptic curves of bounded naive height that have a rational N-isogeny, for N ∈ {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18}. For some N, this is done by generalizing a method of Harron and Snowden. For the remaining cases, we use the framework of Ellenberg, Satriano and Zureick-Brown, in which the naive height of an elliptic curve is the height of the corresponding point on a moduli stack. 1. Introduction ′ Let E be an elliptic curve over Q. An isogeny φ : E E between two elliptic curves is said to be cyclic ¯ → of degree N if Ker(φ)(Q) ∼= Z/NZ. Further, it is said to be rational if Ker(φ) is stable under the action of the absolute Galois group, GQ. A natural question one can ask is, how many elliptic curves over Q have a rational cyclic N-isogeny? Henceforth, we will omit the adjective ‘cyclic’, since these are the only types of isogenies we will consider. It is classically known that for N 10 and N = 12, 13, 16, 18, 25, there are infinitely many such elliptic curves. Thus we order them by naive≤ height. An elliptic curve E over Q has a unique minimal Weierstrass equation y2 = x3 + Ax + B where A, B Z and gcd(A3,B2) is not divisible by any 12th power. Define the naive height of E to be ht(E) = max A∈3, B 2 . -
Remarks on Codes from Modular Curves: MAGMA Applications
Remarks on codes from modular curves: MAGMA applications∗ David Joyner and Salahoddin Shokranian 3-30-2004 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Shimura curves 3 2.1 Arithmeticsubgroups....................... 3 2.2 Riemannsurfacesasalgebraiccurves . 4 2.3 An adelic view of arithmetic quotients . 5 2.4 Hecke operators and arithmetic on X0(N) ........... 8 2.5 Eichler-Selbergtraceformula. 10 2.6 The curves X0(N)ofgenus1 .................. 12 3 Codes 14 3.1 Basicsonlinearcodes....................... 14 3.2 SomebasicsonAGcodes. 16 arXiv:math/0403548v1 [math.NT] 31 Mar 2004 3.3 SomeestimatesonAGcodes. 17 4 Examples 19 4.1 Weight enumerators of some elliptic codes . 20 4.2 Thegeneratormatrix(apr´esdesGoppa) . 22 5 Concluding comments 24 ∗This paper is a modification of the paper [JS]. Here we use [MAGMA], version 2.10, instead of MAPLE. Some examples have been changed and minor corrections made. MSC 2000: 14H37, 94B27,20C20,11T71,14G50,05E20,14Q05 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1 Introduction Suppose that V is a smooth projective variety over a finite field k. An important problem in arithmetical algebraic geometry is the calculation of the number of k-rational points of V , V (k) . The work of Goppa [G] and others have shown its importance in geometric| | coding theory as well. We refer to this problem as the counting problem. In most cases it is very hard to find an explicit formula for the number of points of a variety over a finite field. When the variety is a “Shimura variety” defined by certain group theoret- ical conditions (see 2 below), methods from non-abelian harmonic analysis on groups can be used§ to find an explicit solution for the counting problem. -
Arxiv:1012.2020V1 [Math.CV]
TRANSITIVITY ON WEIERSTRASS POINTS ZOË LAING AND DAVID SINGERMAN 1. Introduction An automorphism of a Riemann surface will preserve its set of Weier- strass points. In this paper, we search for Riemann surfaces whose automorphism groups act transitively on the Weierstrass points. One well-known example is Klein’s quartic, which is known to have 24 Weierstrass points permuted transitively by it’s automorphism group, PSL(2, 7) of order 168. An investigation of when Hurwitz groups act transitively has been made by Magaard and Völklein [19]. After a section on the preliminaries, we examine the transitivity property on several classes of surfaces. The easiest case is when the surface is hy- perelliptic, and we find all hyperelliptic surfaces with the transitivity property (there are infinitely many of them). We then consider surfaces with automorphism group PSL(2, q), Weierstrass points of weight 1, and other classes of Riemann surfaces, ending with Fermat curves. Basically, we find that the transitivity property property seems quite rare and that the surfaces we have found with this property are inter- esting for other reasons too. 2. Preliminaries Weierstrass Gap Theorem ([6]). Let X be a compact Riemann sur- face of genus g. Then for each point p ∈ X there are precisely g integers 1 = γ1 < γ2 <...<γg < 2g such that there is no meromor- arXiv:1012.2020v1 [math.CV] 9 Dec 2010 phic function on X whose only pole is one of order γj at p and which is analytic elsewhere. The integers γ1,...,γg are called the gaps at p. The complement of the gaps at p in the natural numbers are called the non-gaps at p. -
Congruences Between Modular Forms
CONGRUENCES BETWEEN MODULAR FORMS FRANK CALEGARI Contents 1. Basics 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. What is a modular form? 4 1.3. The q-expansion priniciple 14 1.4. Hecke operators 14 1.5. The Frobenius morphism 18 1.6. The Hasse invariant 18 1.7. The Cartier operator on curves 19 1.8. Lifting the Hasse invariant 20 2. p-adic modular forms 20 2.1. p-adic modular forms: The Serre approach 20 2.2. The ordinary projection 24 2.3. Why p-adic modular forms are not good enough 25 3. The canonical subgroup 26 3.1. Canonical subgroups for general p 28 3.2. The curves Xrig[r] 29 3.3. The reason everything works 31 3.4. Overconvergent p-adic modular forms 33 3.5. Compact operators and spectral expansions 33 3.6. Classical Forms 35 3.7. The characteristic power series 36 3.8. The Spectral conjecture 36 3.9. The invariant pairing 38 3.10. A special case of the spectral conjecture 39 3.11. Some heuristics 40 4. Examples 41 4.1. An example: N = 1 and p = 2; the Watson approach 41 4.2. An example: N = 1 and p = 2; the Coleman approach 42 4.3. An example: the coefficients of c(n) modulo powers of p 43 4.4. An example: convergence slower than O(pn) 44 4.5. Forms of half integral weight 45 4.6. An example: congruences for p(n) modulo powers of p 45 4.7. An example: congruences for the partition function modulo powers of 5 47 4.8. -
REFLECTION GROUPS and COXETER GROUPS by Kouver
REFLECTION GROUPS AND COXETER GROUPS by Kouver Bingham A Senior Honors Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The University of Utah In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Honors Degree in Bachelor of Science In Department of Mathematics Approved: Mladen Bestviva Dr. Peter Trapa Supervisor Chair, Department of Mathematics ( Jr^FeraSndo Guevara Vasquez Dr. Sylvia D. Torti Department Honors Advisor Dean, Honors College July 2014 ABSTRACT In this paper we give a survey of the theory of Coxeter Groups and Reflection groups. This survey will give an undergraduate reader a full picture of Coxeter Group theory, and will lean slightly heavily on the side of showing examples, although the course of discussion will be based on theory. We’ll begin in Chapter 1 with a discussion of its origins and basic examples. These examples will illustrate the importance and prevalence of Coxeter Groups in Mathematics. The first examples given are the symmetric group <7„, and the group of isometries of the ^-dimensional cube. In Chapter 2 we’ll formulate a general notion of a reflection group in topological space X, and show that such a group is in fact a Coxeter Group. In Chapter 3 we’ll introduce the Poincare Polyhedron Theorem for reflection groups which will vastly expand our understanding of reflection groups thereafter. We’ll also give some surprising examples of Coxeter Groups that section. Then, in Chapter 4 we’ll make a classification of irreducible Coxeter Groups, give a linear representation for an arbitrary Coxeter Group, and use this complete the fact that all Coxeter Groups can be realized as reflection groups with Tit’s Theorem. -
Conformal Quasicrystals and Holography
Conformal Quasicrystals and Holography Latham Boyle1, Madeline Dickens2 and Felix Flicker2;3 1Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada, N2L 2Y5 2Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 3Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom Recent studies of holographic tensor network models defined on regular tessellations of hyperbolic space have not yet addressed the underlying discrete geometry of the boundary. We show that the boundary degrees of freedom naturally live on a novel structure, a conformal quasicrystal, that pro- vides a discrete model of conformal geometry. We introduce and construct a class of one-dimensional conformal quasicrystals, and discuss a higher-dimensional example (related to the Penrose tiling). Our construction permits discretizations of conformal field theories that preserve an infinite discrete subgroup of the global conformal group at the cost of lattice periodicity. I. INTRODUCTION dom [12{24]. Meanwhile, quantum information theory provides a unifying language for these studies in terms of entanglement, quantum circuits, and quantum error A central topic in theoretical physics over the past two correction [25]. decades has been holography: the idea that a quantum These investigations have gradually clarified our un- theory in a bulk space may be precisely dual to another derstanding of the discrete geometry in the bulk. There living on the boundary of that space. The most concrete has been a common expectation, based on an analogy and widely-studied realization of this idea has been the with AdS/CFT [1{3], that TNs living on discretizations AdS/CFT correspondence [1{3], in which a gravitational of a hyperbolic space define a lattice state of a critical theory living in a (d + 1)-dimensional negatively-curved system on the boundary and vice-versa. -
Dessins D'enfants and Counting Quasiplatonic Surfaces
Dessins d'Enfants and Counting Quasiplatonic Surfaces Charles Camacho Oregon State University USTARS at Reed College, Portland, Oregon April 8, 2018 1 The Compact Surface X ... 2 ...with a Bipartite Map... 4 2 6 1 7 5 1 3 7 2 6 3 5 4 3 ...as an Algebraic Curve over Q... 4 2 6 1 7 5 1 3 7 2 6 3 5 4 y 2 = x7 − x 4 ∼ ...with a Uniformizing Fuchsian Group Γ = π1(X )... 6 1 7 7 5 2 6 1 4 3 5 2 3 4 ∼ X = H=Γ 5 ...Contained in a Hyperbolic Triangle Group... 6 1 7 7 5 2 6 1 4 3 5 2 3 4 ∼ X = H=Γ Γ C ∆(n1; n2; n3) 6 ...with the Cyclic Group as Quotient 6 1 7 7 5 2 6 1 4 3 5 2 3 ∼ 4 X = H=Γ Γ C ∆(n1; n2; n3) ∼ ∆(n1; n2; n3)=Γ = Cn, the cyclic group of order n 7 Method: Enumerate all quasiplatonic actions of Cn on surfaces! Main Question How many quasiplatonic surfaces have regular dessins d'enfants with automorphism group Cn? 8 Main Question How many quasiplatonic surfaces have regular dessins d'enfants with automorphism group Cn? Method: Enumerate all quasiplatonic actions of Cn on surfaces! 8 Example Three dessins with order-seven symmetry on the Riemann sphere. Dessins d'Enfants A dessin d'enfant is a pair (X ; D), where X is an orientable, compact surface and D ⊂ X is a finite graph such that 1 D is connected, 2 D is bicolored (i.e., bipartite), 3 X n D is the union of finitely many topological discs, called the faces of D. -
Elliptic and Modular Curves Over Finite Fields and Related Computational
Elliptic and modular curves over finite fields and related computational issues Noam D. Elkies March, 1997 Based on a talk given at the conference Computational Perspectives on Number Theory in honor of A.O.L. Atkin held September, 1995 in Chicago Introduction The problem of calculating the trace of an elliptic curve over a finite field has attracted considerable interest in recent years. There are many good reasons for this. The question is intrinsically compelling, being the first nontrivial case of the natural problem of counting points on a complete projective variety over a finite field, and figures in a variety of contexts, from primality proving to arithmetic algebraic geometry to applications in secure communication. It is also a difficult but rewarding challenge, in that the most successful approaches draw on some surprisingly advanced number theory and suggest new conjectures and results apart from the immediate point-counting problem. It is those number-theoretic considerations that this paper addresses, specifi- cally Schoof’s algorithm and a series of improvements using modular curves that have made it practical to compute the trace of a curve over finite fields whose size is measured in googols. Around this main plot develop several subplots: other, more elementary approaches better suited to small fields; possible gener- alizations to point-counting on varieties more complicated than elliptic curves; further applications of our formulas for modular curves and isogenies. We steer clear only of the question of how to adapt our methods, which work most read- ily for large prime fields, to elliptic curves over fields of small characteristic; see [Ler] for recent work in this direction.