Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 47030-001 November 2015

People's Republic of China: Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development— Final Report SD1: Integrated River Rehabilitation and Flood Risk Management (Financed by the ADB's Technical Assistance Special Fund and Cofinanced by the Multi-Donor Trust Fund under the Water Financing Partnership Facility)

Prepared by AECOM Asia Company Ltd. Hong Kong, China

For Pingxiang Municipal Government

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

OVERVIEW

1. This supplementary document (SD1) covers various aspects of the integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management component (river component):

 SD-1A describes PPTA investigations on existing ecological and environmental conditions of the project rivers, as well as recommendations on river rehabilitation strategies such as embankment design and habitat optimization;  SD-1B presents results of the hydrological analyses on the project rivers conducted by the PPTA Phase 1 hydrologist; and  SD-1C describes and reviews the design institute’s (DI) proposed design for the river component, which includes flood control works (dredging, embankment construction, dam reconstruction) as well as the re-vegetation of riparian areas for several rivers.

2. The following sections provide an overview of the component.

1. INTRODUCTION

3. Flood risk-reduction is a top priority in Pingxiang. Flood frequency and severity have increased significantly since 1998. Floods in 1998, 2001, 2002, 2010, and 2014 affected more than 496,000 people, caused the collapse of more than 2,600 houses, and resulted in significant economic losses in agriculture. A major flood on 25 May 2014 severely impacted public safety and health, and caused an estimated $115 million in economic losses.1 Most riverbanks in Pingxiang have inadequate flood protection; sediment accumulation from riverbank erosion and mining has raised riverbeds, further reducing the flood discharge capacity of rivers.

4. Pingxiang is a headwater municipality; all its rivers originate in the mountainous areas, and flow into two river systems: (i) the Gan River, which drains northeast into Poyang Lake; and (ii) the Xiang River, which flows northwest into Dongting Lake. Where rivers flow through farmland, settlements, and industrial and mining areas they collect pollutants and sediments. At the end of 2012, the urban wastewater treatment rate in Pingxiang was 75.8%, well below the national average. Many small cities and townships lack or have incomplete sewer systems, and no wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Domestic wastewater is discharged untreated into rivers, affecting downstream jurisdictions and Poyang Lake. Illegal solid waste disposal along rivers is common, particularly in rural areas without regular collection. Some rivers in Pingxiang provide drinking water for local communities, and pollution poses serious risks to public health.

5. The project includes best practices and pilot demonstration features. Best practices include (i) linking and functionally integrating infrastructure to optimize development impacts, including river, wastewater, and road components; (ii) implementation of national regulations on water and wastewater tariffs (promulgated by the government and prepared with ADB assistance) established an enabling environment for private sector participation (as regulations require full cost recovery), mainly for the water supply sector in Pingxiang;2 and

1 During the rainy season in April–June, flood events have a duration of several days. Water levels rise by up to four meters above normal levels for a 20-year flood (one that is likely to occur once every 20 years). 2 ADB. 1997/1999. Technical Assistance to the People’s Republic of China for the Water Supply Tariff Study I/II. Manila; and ADB. 2001. Technical Assistance to the People’s Republic of China for Preparing the National Guidelines for Urban Wastewater Tariffs and Management Study. Manila.

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(iii) road alignment optimization through the study of alternatives to minimize and balance resettlement and environmental impacts. Pilot demonstration features include:

i. Urban–rural flood risk management and climate resilience partnerships. River embankments, floodplain preservation, and adaptable weirs protect urban and rural settlements, while ensuring the irrigation needs of farmers are met. As recommended in the climate risk and vulnerability assessment, small concrete dams will be reconstructed as adjustable hydraulic tilting gate weirs to enhance climate variability and change adaptation capacity.3During project implementation, nonstructural climate adaptation measures (i.e., improved river maintenance, flood monitoring, early warning, and disaster response systems) will be implemented.4 A water resource management plan will be developed and farmers will be trained in advanced crop production that is more flood-resilient, and will likely increase their incomes.5 ii. Ecological river management supporting sustainable urban–rural sponge city development. Replanted riparian embankments, rural agricultural shelterbelts, protection of wetland floodplains, and public green space along the river will accommodate seasonal water level fluctuations and increase stormwater retention capacity. The ecologically designed greenways will enhance habitat biodiversity and water quality through filtration by green buffer zones. Implementation of water safety plans through capacity building and policy dialogue on pollution reduction will further enhance sustainability. iii. Community-based environment supervision and roads safety education teams (CERTs). They will develop and implement community environment management rules to foster environmentally sustainable behavior, including orderly solid waste disposal. CERTs will also facilitate community-awareness on road safety and maintenance and discuss public transportation and bus stop locations with the government in the areas adjacent to the rural–urban road.6

6. Flood risk and the need for river rehabilitation has been identified as key development objectives for this project, hence the integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management component and subcomponents (the river projects) to which much attention was given. The design principles that ADB and the PPTA team have been promoting to the local government and the DI are based on creating ecological rivers as green infrastructure as opposed to grey infrastructure relying on traditional hardened channels for flood control. Flood safety is undoubtedly the top priority of the component, but can be achieved without building high flood walls along the rivers. Instead, more space should be provided to the rivers to allow for natural seasonal fluctuations in water level. Pervious ecological materials and vegetation should be used where possible along the riverbanks and vegetative coverage should be maximized. Land should be provided along the rivers to allow for flood storage and detention. These measures will not only effectively reduce flood peak elevations, but also protect water quality in the river.

3 Initial climate risk screening determined that the project is at medium risk from climate change effects. A project-level climate risk and vulnerability assessment confirmed that design assumptions for flood control works were adequate. River embankments have a safety buffer freeboard of 0.5–0.7 meters that can accommodate projected increases in precipitation resulting from climate change until at least 2050. 4 Counties and districts have fairly effective flood information systems. In Luxi County, short messages are sent to all residents’ mobile phones to warn of flood events. 5 Additional income for farmers will be promoted through value-added activities in food processing and agri-tourism. 6 Details are in the procurement and consulting services section and in the social development action plan of the Project Administration Manual.

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7. Riverbank rehabilitation should fully consider and preserve where possible existing landforms and vegetation, instead of simply channelizing the river without consideration of the possible damage to the decades- or even centuries-old trees currently lining the riverbanks.

8. Pingxiang Municipality has been selected as 1 of 16 cities in the PRC to be a pilot in the national government Sponge City program. The ADB project will contribute with the river related infrastructure to Pingxiang's Pilot as an overall strategy by piloting sponge city design principles and green infrastructure development in the four key sub-centers and the respective river areas of influence of Pingxiang Municipality in Xiangdong District urban center, Lianhua County (county seat), Luxi County (county seat) and Shangli County (county seat and Tongmu township). The ADB funded infrastructure components have a holistic approach to sponge city infrastructure design. The integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management component has various features and water management functions including green embankments, publicly accessible river greenways, floodplain protection, wetlands rehabilitation, and wetland parks for stormwater retention, as well as the sewer pipe components freeing up the drainage pipes to be exclusively used for rainwater runoff.

9. Since the river projects are a significant component of the entire project, AECOM ecological and river rehabilitation specialists were added to the PPTA team after the inception mission (variation order approved on August 20, 2014) to assist with the design of the integrated river rehabilitation and sustainable flood risk management components.

10. During the interim stage, the specialists:

 Conducted two detailed site visits (total of 8 days in August and October2014) to evaluate and analyze the existing riverbank conditions, flora and fauna, landscaping and pollution sources;  Proposed strategies for riverbank morphology design, revetment/embankment technologies, shoreline vegetation based on existing conditions and the local design institute’s (LDI) hydrologic calculations;  Performed preliminary designs for typical nodes7, including layout plan and section drawings; and  Reviewed the LDI’s draft FSRs and provided recommendations for improving the design.

11. In addition, two design workshops were held with the LDI, the Phase 1 hydrologist, and the climate change specialist in Tianjin during the interim phase (total of 4 days in September and October 2014).

2. NOTE ON SPONGE CITIES

12. In December 2013 People’s Republic of China (PRC) President Xi Jinping spoke about “building Sponge Cities where stormwater can be naturally conserved, infiltrated, and purified”.8 A sponge is a natural or artificial material, light in weight, which is able to take in and hold liquid such as water. A Sponge City captures stormwater and uses it to supplement existing water supply.

13. In October 2014 the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued a “Technical Guide on the Construction of a Sponge City - Construction of Low Impact

7 A node refers to a river section that is representative of a land use or habitat type, such as an urban node or a rural node. 8 http://journal.hep.com.cn/laf/EN/Y2015/V3/I2/22#1

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Stormwater Drainage System (Trial)”. On 2 April 2015 Pingxiang was named as one of 16 PRC cities to be a Pilot Sponge City9 10.

14. Cities have large areas of land covered by hard, impervious surfaces, such as bitumen, concrete, and buildings. This results in increased amounts of stormwater run-off during rain storms. The traditional response to managing stormwater run-off has been to convey the stormwater away from the urban area using gray infrastructure11.

15. In the PRC the drainage systems of a city are generally divided into two separate systems: (1) urban drainage network and (2) urban flood control system. The urban drainage network is the underground drainage network in the city, whereas the urban flood control system refers to rivers, channels, lakes, and receiving waters for the city. These two systems are typically managed by different government departments12 and designed against different design standards. In general, the urban flood control system has a higher design standard. There are many locations when the rainstorms are higher than the design capacity of the urban drainage network such that the excessive runoff cannot go into the underground drainage system, causing local overland flow of stormwater, which is called “urban waterlogging” in the PRC13.

16. A combination of circumstances – expected increase in stormwater volume resulting from climate change; cost and lack of space to build stormwater infrastructure; and shortages of water suitable for domestic use – have caused a re-consideration of stormwater from a nuisance requiring rapid disposal to being a resource.

17. Urban stormwater in several developed countries is now managed as part of an ecologically sustainable development approach that integrates land use planning, urban landscape architecture, water resources management, and urban drainage infrastructure. In Australia, this approach is referred to as Water Sensitive Urban Design; in the USA as “green infrastructure” or “low impact development” (LID) practices14; in Europe and the UK, Sustainable Urban Development principles.

9 In January 2015, the Ministries of Finance, Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and Water Resources initiated a competition to select pilot Sponges Cities. Over 100 cities applied.http://jjs.mof.gov.cn/zhuantilanmu/xxczh/201504/t20150402_1211843.html

10 The Economic Construction Division of Ministry of Finance, the Urban Construction Division of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, and the Planning Division of Ministry of Water Resources jointly issued the following official documents on how to conduct the sponge city evaluation work: Announcement about the Central Finance’s support on Conducting Pilot Sponge City Construction [CaiJian (2014) No. 838] and Announcement about To Organize the Application for the Pilot Sponge City [CaiBanJian (2015) No.4]. 11 Gray Infrastructure is a term used by urban planners to describe street gutters, storm sewers, stormwater drainage channels and other traditional methods of dealing with rainwater. 12 In the PRC the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) is the key national agency responsible for planning, construction and management of structural flood control works and the Ministry for Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) is responsible for providing policy and planning guidance to local and municipal governments on stormwater drainage management. Thus the municipal Water Resources Bureau is responsible for flood control while the Urban Construction Bureau is responsible for urban drainage. 13 “Urban Stormwater Management and Waterlogging Disaster Prevention”, Asian Development Bank ADTA No.7839 PRC, AECOM, December 2012 14 Supplementary Report #2. “Non-Structural Methods for Urban Water Quality and Flooding”. Anhui Huainan Urban Water Systems Integrated Rehabilitation Project, ADB Project No. TA-8094PRC. AECOM Asia Co. Ltd. July 2013.

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18. Green infrastructure facilitates retention, penetration, and preservation of stormwater. It includes rainwater harvesting; bio-retention areas15 and rain gardens16; porous pavement for parking lots, driveways, and sidewalks; green parks with flood-tolerant plants.

19. Green infrastructure requires planning, design, and maintenance. For example rain gardens should be located 2.5 to 3 meters away from buildings to avoid moisture around the building foundation. Vegetation should be suitable for rainwater retention. A bio-retention area needs17 pre-treatment of urban runoff to filter out coarse sediments and debris and a border of small gravel stones to spread flow evenly and catch larger particles.

20. Green infrastructure is not maintenance-free. All vegetation needs periodic pruning and removal of dead and decaying plants. Accumulated trash must be removed because it degrades performance by interfering with water flow and penetration.

21. The Pingxiang Municipality Sponge City Urban Construction Pilot is planned for a 33 km2 area that is susceptible to flooding. Construction during the three-year period of 2015- 2017 is planned in three different areas: (i) flood prone areas of the old urban district: (ii) commercial and administrative centers of the new development district; and (iii) Tianzhong Lake and its surrounding areas. The pilot, estimated to cost 460 million CNY, will be funded by both central government subsidies and local funds. Works will include permeable pavements, green roofs, sunken greenbelts, vegetated swales, bio-retention ponds, detention tanks and other green "sponge bodies" to slow the release of stormwater into drainage systems and to promote groundwater recharge18.

22. The overall goals of the pilot are as follows:

 Annual runoff volume control rate of 75% (i.e. no runoff is produced when daily precipitation is lower than 22.8 mm);  Drainage standard of 1/30 year (i.e. flooding/waterlogging will not occur during a 1/30 year storm);  Flood control standard of 1/50 year for the main trunk of the Pingshui River and 1/20 year for its tributaries;  12% stormwater utilization rate; and  Class III water quality standards for rivers in the pilot areas.

23. Pingxiang Municipality uses funds from the central and local government to pilot sponge city infrastructure development for the urban core area and the new development district north of the urban core. The ADB project will focus on piloting sponge city design principles and green infrastructure development in the four key sub-centers and the respective river areas of influence of Pingxiang Municipality in Xiangdong District urban center, Lianhua County (county seat), Luxi County (county seat), and Shangli County (county seat and Tongmu township). The ADB funded infrastructure components have a holistic approach to sponge city infrastructure design. The integrated river rehabilitation and flood risk management component (river component) has various features and water management functions including green embankments, publicly accessible river greenways, floodplain protection, wetlands rehabilitation, and wetland parks for stormwater retention.

15 http://buildgreen.ufl.edu/Fact_sheet_Bioretention_Basins_Rain_Gardens.pdf

16 http://www.lowimpactdevelopment.org/raingarden_design/whatisaraingarden.htm

17 http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Bioretention-Rain-Gardens.cfm

18 http://kanbao.pxrbs.com/html/20150626_51441.html

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The wastewater component will also free up drainage pipes to be exclusively used for rainwater runoff. In addition, the river component in Xiangdong District will directly contribute to the sponge city pilot’s objective of achieving a 1/50 year flood control standard in the Pingshui River.

3. COMPONENT DESIGN OVERVIEW19

3.1 Existing Conditions

24. The Project Rivers in the four project counties/districts in Pingxiang share similar problems. Most of the rivers do not have adequate flood and erosion protecting embankments and existing riverbanks in most river sections only protect against 1/2 - 1/5 year floods. Accumulation of sediment in the rivers over time has raised riverbed elevations, further reducing flood discharge capacities. Sedimentation is especially severe behind the many concrete dams constructed along the rivers for water abstraction. These dams, as well as abandoned bridges, uncontrolled vegetative growth, and sewer manholes in the rivers also impede flows during flood events.

25. The overall river environment and ecology has deteriorated in urban areas and near rural settlements as development encroaches upon wetland areas and floodplains. Riverbank erosion and degradation is serious in some river sections. Garbage dumps are commonly observed in the riverine areas, particularly in rural areas without municipal solid waste collection systems. Wastewater collection rates are still low in Pingxiang, which means that wastewater is often discharged untreated into the rivers. Where sewer systems do exist, interceptor mains are buried directly in the river, creating risks to water quality. 3.2 Basis of Design

3.2.1 Design Approach

26. The overall design approach to river rehabilitation that has been encouraged by ADB20 and the PPTA consultants since the beginning of the project is one that promotes a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment by:

 Preserving natural flood plains where possible to reduce flood vulnerability and protect wetland ecosystems;  Restoring riparian buffers and vegetation to protect river water quality and enhance biodiversity;  Applying ecological methods to embankment and revetment design to reduce overall flood risk and mimic natural riverine environments;  Minimizing modification of river hydro-morphology, such as channelization and dredging.

27. This design philosophy is in line with international best practices, recommendations by ADB21, and also the concept of ecological civilization that is being promoted by the PRC

19 Also Section 6 of the Main Report. 20 ADB Project Team Leader Stefan Rau conducted a training session to the government in August 2013 on principles of ecological river rehabilitation and flood risk management, showing benefits of the integrated and ecological approach using international state of the art project cases. He arranged training sessions by the PPTA phase 1 consultants over a two week period in February 2014, which were held in Luxi County with participation of the PMO as well as concerned officials from the Pingxiang municipal, county, and district governments.

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central government. Improvement of the ecological environment is particularly important in Lianhua and Luxi, which have been designated as provincial level ecological function zones. This designation in effect means that their economies should focus on providing ecological services as a priority, and restrict large scale and high intensity urbanization and industrialization activities.

3.2.2 Design Criteria

28. There are multiple objectives of the integrated flood risk management and river rehabilitation component, including:

 Improvement of flood discharge capacities and flood protection standards (see Table 6-3);  Restoration of riparian buffers and vegetation;  Protection against riverbed/bank scouring and erosion;  Improvement of the overall water environment (including public accessibility) and ecological values.

Table SD-1 Flood Control Design Standards for Project Rivers

County/ District River Flood Control Standard Lianhua Lian, Baima, and Qin Rivers 1/20 year for urban areas; 1/10 year for rural areas 1/5 year for farmland Luxi Yuan, Tankou, and Xinhua 1/20 year Rivers Floodplain for some farmland area Shangli Lishui and Jinshan Rivers 1/10 year 1/5 year for farmland Xiangdong Pingshui River 1/20 year

29. The target flood control standard for the project rivers is one in twenty years (1/20) for urban areas; one in ten years (1/10) in rural areas; and one in five years (1/5) for farmland22. The flood control design standards are in line with the local governments’ urban master plans and flood control plans (see Table ).. Government standards for rural areas, however, are provided as guidelines only and can be adjusted based on local needs and conditions. For the Jinshan, Lishui, and upstream sections of the Tankou River, which mostly run through rural farmland, a lower flood control standard was used to reduce the cost of flood control infrastructure. Based on PPTA discussions with local officials in Shangli and Lianhua, a 1/5 year flood control standard was deemed adequate for rural areas in those counties. For the upper Tankou River in Luxi County (upstream from the new 320 bridge), it was agreed that the surrounding farmland will act as natural flood plain and that flood control standards would not be raised in this river section23.

21 Kobayashi, Yoshiaki and John W. Porter. Flood risk management in the People’s Republic of China: Learning to Live with Flood Risk. Asian Development Bank, 2012. 22 A 1/20 year flood has a 5% probability of occurring; a 1/10 year flood has 10% probability of occurring; and a 1/5 year flood has a 20% probability of occurring. 23 For farm land preserved as natural flood plains (or with low flood protection standards), flood resilient farming will be promoted through the Project as part of the capacity development component (see Section Error! Reference source not found. and details in the Project Administration Manual).

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30. The extent of riparian area to be included in the proposed river rehabilitation projects was determined based on green space or road boundaries delineated in urban master plans.

Table SD-2 Government Plans Relevant to River Rehabilitation

County/ Rivers Relevant Government Plans Target Flood District Control Standard Lianhua Lian, Baima, Lianhua County-Town Flood Control and 1/20 year for urban and Qin Rivers Stormwater Management Plan (2012) areas and 1/10 year Lianhua Master Plan (2011-2030) for rural areas Luxi Yuan, Xinhua, Luxi Urban Master Plan (2007-2020) 1/20 year and Tankou Luxi Yuan River Upstream Scenic Belt Rivers Urban Design and Landscape Plan (2013) Luxi Urban Flood Control Plan (2012) Shangli Lishui and ------Jinshan Rivers1 Xiangdong Pingshui River Pingxiang Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) 1/20 year Pingxiang Urban Flood Control Plan (2011) 1. Jinshan and Lishui Rivers flow primarily through rural areas of Shangli, so have not been included in the county’s existing urban master plans or flood control plans. However, rehabilitation of small and medium rivers is now a high priority in the county due to the disastrous May 25, 2014 flood event and the county government has requested support from the provincial government for flood control infrastructure.

3.3 River Component Design

3.3.1 Overview

31. The proposed scope of work to achieve the objectives described above include:

 River widening and dredging;  Repair/construction of embankment, revetment, and toe protection;  Planting of aquatic plants and riparian vegetation;  Removal and reconstruction of hydraulic weirs  Replacement or separation of in-stream sewer interceptors;  Other ancillary work such as embankment roads, riverside walkways, and bridge construction.

32. An overview of the proposed works for the eight project rivers is provided in Table SD-3. Figure SD-1 shows two typical river cross-section designs under the project. The upper figure shows a typical design where embankments are built further inland to preserve existing floodplains and shoreline vegetation (occurring in more rural areas with lower flood protection requirements). The lower figure shows a typical design where engineered embankments are built along existing shorelines (occurring mostly in urban areas with relatively high flood protection requirements).

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Figure SD-1 Typical River Cross-Section

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Table SD-3 Pingxiang River Component

Luxi County1 Xiangdong Sub-Project Lianhua County Shangli County District Lian Pingshui Baima Yuan Tankou Xinhua Lishui Jinshan Sub-Component River & 1 Total River River River River River River River Qin River Length of Riverworks (km) 16.79 7.72 7.6 3.27 3.15 10.1 16.69 5.75 71.07 Estimated Earthworks for River Widening (million m3) 1.39 0.51 0.16 0.11 0.24 0.45 0.22 0.21 3.29 Estimated Dredging Volumes 503,700 365,287 58,602 222,200 183,433 750,846 2,084,068 (m3) New Embankment / Revetment (km)2 28.4 6.44 15.2 6.5 6.2 20.2 33.4 11.5 127.84

Toe Zone Protection (km) 33.8 7.7 15.2 6.5 6.2 16.3 26 11.5 123.2 Number of Hydraulic Weirs 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Removed (and not replaced) Number of Hydraulic Weirs 2 0 4 5 3 2 19 0 35 Reconstructed or Constructed Number of New Bridges 1 0 1 - 1 - - - 3 Sewage Piping - - 0.8 1.2 2.5 - - 5.5 10 Relocation/Separation (km) Riparian Wetlands and 3.4 plus Embankment Re-vegetation 66.2 43 4.2 2.7 1.7 1.2 135 12.5 (ha) Source: River FSRs km = kilometer; m = meter; m3 = cubic meter

To minimize impact on aquatic life, there will be no construction on rivers in Luxi County from March to June and no construction on the Pingshui River from April to June. For some rivers the length of embankment/revetment is more than the length of riverworks because in some locations both sides (river and land) of the embankment are prepared.

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3.3.2 Design of River Cross Sections, Embankments, and Revetments

33. To meet flood control standards, the cross-sectional area for most sections of the rivers will be increased by (a) embankment construction next to existing riverbanks; and/or (b) widening and dredging of the existing river channels.

34. The first approach preserves the natural form of the river and existing vegetation by building embankments away from the existing riverbank, but creates an artificial barrier between the river and its flood plain during large flood events. Without resettlement, this approach is not feasible in areas where there is development on or near the riverbank. Additionally, the new embankment may take up valuable land that may be needed for other uses such as agriculture. The height of such embankments may also be constrained by stormwater drainage considerations and aesthetics.

35. The second approach in effect artificially channelizes the river through widening and/or dredging. This takes up less land, but may lead to increased flow velocities and erosive forces both within the channelized section and further downstream. Existing vegetation and other aquatic ecosystems are also destroyed in the process.

36. In this Project, the first approach is preferred in areas where there are ecological assets worthy of protection (such as riverbank vegetation) and where there is adequate room to extend river boundaries. In areas where riverbanks are already eroded or degraded, widening may be an acceptable option.

37. Embankment designs for the Project Rivers can generally be categorized into hard retaining walls, sloped embankments, and various combinations of the two. Concrete, stone masonry, interlocking blocks, or dry stone were selected for hard revetment. Interlocking blocks, permeable interlocking concrete pavers, gabion, riprap or grass were selected for soft, or ecological revetment. Approximately 22% of new embankment will utilize hard revetment; 58% will utilize soft revetment; and 19% will use a combination of both. Toe protection using riprap, gabion, or gravel will also be added along all river sections to protect against riverbed scouring and degradation.

38. An important consideration for the river component is that land is needed to widen rivers and construct embankments to meet flood control requirements. Although the design will minimize involuntary resettlement as much as possible, flood control requirements cannot be met without demolishing existing houses built on urban riverbanks, particularly for the Xinhua and Tankou Rivers. In addition, resettlement in some areas may be necessary to create the riparian green space outlined in existing urban master plans. In rural areas, the new embankments will need to occupy some existing farmland adjacent to the rivers.

3.3.3 Dredging

39. Dredging is proposed for almost all sections of the rivers to:

a) Remove sediment that has accumulated over time, particularly behind existing dams; b) Deepen the river for flood control purposes; and c) Engineer a linear stream gradient.

40. A dry method of dredging will be used for Project Rivers in Luxi and Shangli Counties due to small size and close proximity to urban areas. A coffer dam will be built around the areas and a mechanical excavator will be used. For Project Rivers in Lianhua County and Xiangdong District a mechanical dredger is placed in the river. Based on an evaluation of four different types, the DI selected cutter suction mechanical dredger.

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41. Based on cost considerations, dredged sediments will be dried naturally (i.e. sun, wind, gravity). Samples will be analyzed for hazardous and toxic chemicals. If none are found, then the dredged material will be used to fill low spots and build up berms. If harmful substances are present, then the material will be disposed at a sanitary landfill.

3.3.4 Dam Removal/Reconstruction

42. Existing concrete dams are used to hold water for irrigation, industrial, and drinking water uses. Since these concrete dams have no mechanism for releasing water downstream, they create a flow impediment to flood waters, accumulate sediments, and increase riverbed elevation. These dams will be removed or replaced by adjustable weirs. Four types of weirs were considered by the DI who selected hydraulic elevator weirs due to low cost and high reliability. Under this project, 4 existing dams will be removed without replacement and 36 will be replaced by adjustable weirs (33 hydraulic elevator weirs and 3 overflow weirs). The majority of weirs (19) are on the Jinshan River (Shangli County) for irrigation use.

3.3.5 Sewer Pipe Replacement/Separation

43. In several urban locations sewer interceptors have been installed within the river due to lack of space along river banks and to minimize construction costs. These sewers intercept combined wastewater and stormwater from urban drainage pipes and transmit them to the wastewater treatment plants. The presence of sewer piping and manholes in the river not only impacts flood discharge, but also poses risks of exfiltration and infiltration. The former would affect river water quality while the latter would potentially send clean water to the WWTP, lowering the effectiveness of wastewater treatment. As part of this component, 10 km of existing sewer interceptors and manholes in the river sections will be relocated/replaced and concrete-encased to reduce their flood control and water quality impacts.

3.3.6 Wetlands and Riparian Re-vegetation

44. Native wetland plant species will be planted from the toe zone to the top of the embankments in all project rivers, including grasses, shrubs, and trees, as well as submerged, floating, and emergent aquatic plants. These plants will enhance ecological and biodiversity values, and also act as a buffer for agricultural non-point source pollution in rural areas.

45. Besides re-vegetation of embankments, Lianhua and Luxi counties are also planning to re-vegetate a wider riparian zone along the rivers for ecological and recreational purposes, as described below.

Lianhua County Re-Vegetation

46. Riparian re-vegetation along a 12.8-km stretch of the Baima and Lian Rivers is included in the Project scope, as shown in Figure 6-2.

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Figure SD-2 Proposed Riparian Re-vegetation Along Baima and Lian Rivers

Tangdu Ecological Wetlands

Lian River Ecological Wetlands

47. Riparian re-vegetation will increase ecological values and help create a buffer between the river and potential pollution sources. At the same time, it will also be a valuable resource for citizens to experience nature and gain awareness of the importance of ecological protection. Under this sub-component, a 17.2 ha wetland area at the confluence of the Qin and Lian Rivers will be restored, protected, and designated as the “Tangdu Natural Wetland Park”. This wetland area will serve as an ecological park for public recreation and education as well as a natural flood plain during floods (see Table 6-4). Works proposed under this project include vegetation, access roads, footpaths, and other infrastructure for the park.

48. In addition, a 19-ha wetland area near Tangxia Village downstream of confluence of Qin River and Lian River will also be restored and protected as a natural floodplain (see Table 6-4).

49. The ADB-financed river project also contributes to the establishment of the Lian River Ecological Landscape Park at the confluence of the Baima and Lian Rivers, which will be even further enhanced by the county government in the future. This park is included in the Lianhua County Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) and the Jiangxi Lianhua Provincial Wetland Park Master Plan (draft for approval completed in 2010).

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Table SD-4 Preservation of Wetland Areas as Natural Floodplains (Lianhua)

Wetland Area 1/5 year 1/10 year 1/20 year Area of Re- Area Flooded Flooded Flooded vegetation (ha) Area (ha) Area (ha) Area (ha) (m2) Ecological Wetland at confluence of Qin River 17.2 5.4 9.7 17.2 91,000 and Lian River Ecological Wetland at confluence of Baima 30 15.8 21.7 30 49,800 River and Lian River Waterfront Recreation Park, near Tangxia Village, downstream of 19 5.2 11.8 19 105,941 confluence of Qin River and Lian River Total 66.2 246,741 Source: FSR ha = hectare; m2 = square meter Note: Earth embankments will be constructed on the other side of the parks to protect nearby settlements.

Luxi County

50. Riparian re-vegetation along the Yuan, Xinhua, and Tankou River is proposed for the entire length of river rehabilitation, as summarized in Table 6-5. In addition, creation of an artificial island is proposed at the confluence of the three rivers.

Table SD-5 Summary of Proposed Riparian Re-vegetation in Luxi County

River Length of Riparian Width of Riparian Area of Re- Vegetation (km) Vegetation (m) vegetation (m2) Yuan River 7.6 5 - 650 891,277 Xinhua River 3.15 3 - 5 42,840 Tankou River 3.27 2 - 5 34,556 Artificial Island at River - - 12,520 Confluence Total 14.02 981,193

51. Luxi County plans to designate 43 ha of the Yuan River riparian area as a wetland park in order to guarantee continued ecological protection and restoration of the wetlands, as well as to provide a scenic area for citizens to appreciate nature. This park is included in the Luxi Urban Master Plan (2007 - 2020) and the Luxi Yuan River Upstream Scenic Belt Urban Design and Landscape Plan (2013). A separate design institute has already developed a design for the park (see Table and Figure SD-3), parts of which will be financed under this Project. During the ADB Safeguards Mission it was agreed that the scope of development of cultural tourism resources unrelated to wetlands rehabilitation and restoration would not be included in the Project24.

24 MOU of the PPTA Interim Safeguards Review Mission for TA8451-PRC: Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural–Urban Infrastructure Development Project, 2–6 February 2015. AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1-14 Asian Development Bank

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Figure SD-3 Proposed Riparian Re-vegetation Along the Yuan River

Table SD-6 Yuan River Wetland Park

Zone Area Key Functions Planned Works1 (ha) Forest Water 5 Restore and protect the Forest restoration along the river Gap Park Zone forests and build up Landscaping Parks along Yuan River natural landscaping. Water front platform and walkways Ecological Park 20 Preserve the wild Restore river riparian Zone riparian condition and Plant Chinese traditional flowers restore selected Various view points as leisure area vegetation for a high quality of aesthetics. Urban Riparian 14 Combine with urban Recreation areas for local residents Ecological Zone flood control and urban Landscaping and vegetation along the greenscape to provide residential area an area for leisure and recreation Yuan River 4 Restore riparian areas Restore riparian system Riparian while conducting Release fish Restoration and scientific research and Small islands restoration at the Rehabilitation monitoring, and convert confluent of the Yuan, Xinhua and Zone area to a protection and Tankou River. conservation zone Plant wetland plants 1. Includes overall plans for the park. The portion to be supported by the ADB loan can be various.

Source: FSR ha = hectare

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3.3.7 Public Amenities

52. Embankment and riparian buffer design under this Project includes riverside paths to enhance public accessibility to river greenways (with the exception of wetlands conservation areas). During the ADB Safeguards Mission it was agreed that an adequate number of waste bins will be included in the designs and budgets for all river projects and that the bins would be placed at distances appropriate for pedestrian use. Project Component #4 includes capacity building and awareness raising campaigns for solid waste management and behavioral change to enhance environmental consciousness. 3.4 Benefits of the River Component

53. Alleviating flood risk for the project area. By increasing the flood discharge capacities of the project rivers, this component will provide flood protection (1/20 year for urban; 1/10 year for rural areas; 1/5 year for farmland) for residents, property, farmland, and infrastructure within the flood plains of the project rivers. This will reduce risks of injury and death, losses of property and crop damage, and losses of income from the time spent to respond and recover from flood events.

54. Improving river water quality and environment. This component will have immediate impacts on water quality by removal of solid waste and sludge along the rivers and riverbanks. New revetments and toe protection will reduce riverbank erosion and sedimentation in the Project Rivers, contributing to both improved water quality and flood discharge capacities. Replacement and separation of existing sewer interceptors in the river will help to reduce leakage of wastewater into the river. In addition, vegetated embankments and riparian re-vegetation will reduce non-point source pollution to some extent (e.g. from agricultural and urban runoff). These improvements to the river environment will also likely cause behavioral changes towards the river, increasing people’s tendency to protect rather than to pollute it.

55. Improving riverine and riparian ecology and biodiversity. Re-vegetation of riparian buffers and the use of ecological revetments along the project rivers will improve the habitat conditions for flora and fauna and contribute to higher levels of biodiversity in the project area.

56. Increasing real estate values and recreational opportunities for the project areas. Following the three benefits described above, the results of the river component may lead to increased real estate and property values in areas that were previously vulnerable to flooding, and near rivers that had poor environmental conditions. Improvements in the riverine environment will enhance the overall image of urban areas, and will offer residents and tourists more opportunities to experience nature and appreciate the importance of ecological protection. Improved public accessibility to river greenways will contribute to pedestrian and bicycle networks in urban and rural areas, creating a healthy environment for exercise and recreation. 3.5 Beneficiaries of the River Component

57. Direct beneficiaries of improvements to the riverine and riparian environment live near the river, and are assumed to also live within the flood protection area.

58. The number of direct beneficiaries of this component can be estimated by determining the number of people residing within the existing inundation area of the project rivers at a 1/10 (rural) or 1/20 (urban) year flood. Results are summarized in Table 6-7.

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59. Indirect beneficiaries of the river component could include the entire population of the project counties/district, who can enjoy the ecological services and recreational opportunities provided by the rivers.

Table SD-7 Estimates of Direct Beneficiaries of the River Component

Flood Population Within Sub- Design Flood River Inundation Flood Inundation Project (years) Area (km2) Area (10,000 people) Lianhua Lian and 1/20 for urban areas; Qin 1/10 for rural 13.8 11.58 Baima areas1/5 for farmland area Luxi Yuan and 1/20 for urban areas; 2.5 Tankou 1/10 for rural areas 4.8 Xinhua 1/20 for urban areas; 2.6 Shangli Lishui 1/10 for rural areas; 2.4 1.8 1/5 for farmland area Jinshan 5.4 5.6 Xiangdong Pingshui 1/20 for all areas 2.6 7.1 29.3 30.88 Source: FSR ha = hectare; km2 = square kilometer; mu = Chinese unit for land area

Note: At 4.6 persons per household, number of HH protected is about 67,000.

3.6 Implementation and Operations and Maintenance Considerations

60. Table 6-8 lists the Project Implementation Units (PIU) and the agencies that will do operations and maintenance (O&M) after construction. Daily inspection of river embankments is decentralized to the local level (town/township or village level).

Table SD-8 Implementation and O&M Agencies for River Component

Sub-Project PIU Work Unit of the Water Affairs Bureau Responsible for O&M Lianhua Water Affairs Bureau Embankment Management Station Luxi Water Affairs Bureau River Course and Embankment Management Station Shangli Water Affairs Bureau River Course Management Station Xiangdong District Government River Course Management Station (to be confirmed)

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SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENT 1A: ECOLOGICAL SURVEY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RIVER PROJECT DESIGN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 2 2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT RIVERS ...... 3

2.1 LIANHUA COUNTY: LIAN, BAIMA, AND QIN RIVERS ...... 4 2.2 LUXI COUNTY – XINHUA, TANKOU, AND YUAN RIVERS ...... 5 2.3 SHANGLI COUNTY – JINSHAN AND LISHUI RIVERS ...... 5 2.4 XIANGDONG DISTRICT – PINGSHUI RIVER...... 6 3 BIODIVIERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEYS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 8

3.1 RATIONALE FOR BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEYS ...... 8 3.2 BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEY METHODOLOGY ...... 8 3.3 BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEY RESULTS ...... 9 3.4 EVALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT ...... 20 3.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT OPTIMIZATION...... 24 4 RIVER POLLUTION SOURCE INVESTIGATION AND RECOMMENDED MEASURES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL ...... 26

4.1 RIVER WATER QUALITY ...... 26 4.2 RIVER POLLUTION SURVEY ...... 26 4.3 MINES ...... 33 4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING POLLUTION CONTROL ...... 36 5 EXISTING AND RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT DESIGNS ...... 38

5.1 SURVEY OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES ...... 38 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING EXISTING EMBANKMENTS ...... 42 5.3 RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT TYPES ...... 5.4 TYPICAL BIO-TECHNIQUES AND ECOLOGICAL REVETMENTS ...... 43 5.5 RECOMMENDED PLANT SPECIES FOR SHORELINE AND RIPARIAN RE-VEGETATION...... 51 6 PROPOSED EMBANKMENT DESIGN STRATEGIES AND KEY DESIGN NODES ...... 54

6.1 OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY ...... 54 6.2 LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 54 6.3 LUXI COUNTY ...... 62 6.4 SHANGLI COUNTY...... 72 6.5 XIANGDONG DISTRICT ...... 82 7 SUMMARY OF FSR RIVER PROJECT DESIGN ...... 85

7.1 OVERVIEW OF FSR DESIGN ...... 85 7.2 LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 85 7.3 LUXI COUNTY ...... 86 7.4 SHANGLI COUNTY...... 87 7.5 XIANGDONG DISTRICT ...... 87

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ANNEX 1: PLANT SPECIES LIST IN PINGXIANG SURVEY AREA ...... 88 ANNEX 2: ANIMAL SPECIES LIST FOR PINGXIANG SURVEY AREA ...... 100

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2—1: OVERVIEW MAP OF RIVERS ...... 3 FIGURE 2—2: LIANHUA COUNTY PROJECT RIVERS AND SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 4 FIGURE 2—3 – LUXI COUNTY PROJECT RIVERS AND SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 5 FIGURE 2—4 – SHANGLI COUNTY PROJECT RIVERS AND SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 6 FIGURE 2—5 – XIANGDONG COUNTY PROJECT RIVERS AND SURVEY LOCATIONS ...... 7 FIGURE 3—1: SITE SURVEY RECORD FORM AND FLORA AND FAUNA SURVEY LIST ...... 8 FIGURE 3—2: COMMON PLANT SPECIES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 11 FIGURE 3—3: COMMON ANIMALS SEEN ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 13 FIGURE 3—4: TYPICAL HABITAT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 15 FIGURE 3—5: DISTRIBUTION OF HABITAT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 19 FIGURE 3—6: COMBINED MAP OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT TYPE FOR THE LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 20 FIGURE 3—7: COMBINED MAP OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT TYPE FOR THE LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 21 FIGURE 3—8: COMBINED MAP OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT TYPE FOR THE SHANGLI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 22 FIGURE 3—9: COMBINED MAP OF BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT TYPE FOR THE XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 23 FIGURE 4—1: POLLUTION SOURCE MAP – LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 28 FIGURE 4—2: POLLUTION SOURCE MAP – LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 29 FIGURE 4—3: POLLUTION SOURCE MAP – SHANGLI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 30 FIGURE 4—4: POLLUTION SOURCE MAP – XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 31 FIGURE 4—5: PHOTOS FROM PPTA SITE VISIT TO THE GAOKENG COAL MINE ...... 34 FIGURE 4—6: IN-STREAM SETTLING TANKS IN ANYUAN SECTION OF THE XINHUA RIVER ...... 35 FIGURE 4—7: COAL MINE DISCHARGE INTO LISHUI RIVER ...... 36 FIGURE 5—1: TYPICAL EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES ALONG PROJECT RIVERS ...... 38 FIGURE 5—2: MAP OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES – LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 39 FIGURE 5—3: MAP OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES – LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 40 FIGURE 5—4: MAP OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES – SHANGLI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 41 FIGURE 5—5: MAP OF EXISTING EMBANKMENT TYPES – XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 42 FIGURE 5—6: RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT TYPES ...... 44 FIGURE 5—7: RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT TYPES IN LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 46 FIGURE 5—8: RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT TYPES IN LUXI COUNTY ...... 47 FIGURE 5—9: RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT TYPES IN SHANGLI COUNTY ...... 48 FIGURE 5—10: RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT TYPES IN XIANGDONG DISTRICT ...... 49 FIGURE 5—11: TYPICAL COMBINATIONS OF BIO-TECHNIQUES AND ECOLOGICAL REVETMENTS ...... 51 FIGURE 6—1: LIANHUA COUNTY URBAN MASTER PLAN (2008-2020) ...... 55 FIGURE 6—2: EVALUATION OF EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 55 FIGURE 6—3: RIVER EMBANKMENT FUNCTION ZONING FOR LIANHUA COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 56 FIGURE 6—4: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LIAN RIVER LJ2+100 ...... 57 FIGURE 6—5: PLAN DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ2+100 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 57 FIGURE 6—6: SECTION A-A’ DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ2+100 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE...... 58 FIGURE 6—7: SECTION DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ2+100 BY THE LDI ...... 58 FIGURE 6—8: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LIAN RIVER LJ6+300 ...... 59 FIGURE 6—9: PLAN DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ6+300 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 59 FIGURE 6—10: SECTION B-B’ DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ6+300 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 60 FIGURE 6—11: SECTION DRAWING FOR LIAN RIVER LJ6+300 BY THE LDI ...... 60

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FIGURE 6—12: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN BAIMA RIVER B1+600 ...... 61 FIGURE 6—13: PLAN DRAWING FOR BAIMA RIVER B1+600 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 61 FIGURE 6—14: SECTION C-C’ DRAWING FOR BAIMA RIVER B1+600 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 62 FIGURE 6—15: SECTION DRAWING FOR BAIMA RIVER B1+600 BY THE LDI ...... 62 FIGURE 6—16: LUXI COUNTY URBAN MASTER PLAN (2007-2020) ...... 63 FIGURE 6—17: EVALUATION OF EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 63 FIGURE 6—18: RIVER EMBANKMENT FUNCTION ZONING FOR LUXI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 64 FIGURE 6—19: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN TANKOU RIVER TK0+600 ...... 65 FIGURE 6—20: PLAN DRAWING FOR TANKOU RIVER TK0+600 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 65 FIGURE 6—21: SECTION A-A’ DRAWING FOR TANKOU RIVER TK0+600 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 66 FIGURE 6—22: SECTION DRAWING FOR TANKOU RIVER TK0+400 BY THE LDI ...... 66 FIGURE 6—23: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN YUAN RIVER YH 1+100 ...... 67 FIGURE 6—24: PLAN DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 1+100 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 67 FIGURE 6—25: SECTION B-B’ DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 1+100...... 68 FIGURE 6—26: SECTION DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 1+100 BY THE LDI ...... 68 FIGURE 6—27: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN YUAN RIVER YH 5+200 ...... 69 FIGURE 6—28: PLAN DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 5+200 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 69 FIGURE 6—29: SECTION C-C’ DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 5+200 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 70 FIGURE 6—30: SECTION DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 5+200 BY THE LDI ...... 70 FIGURE 6—31: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN YUAN RIVER YH 7+200 ...... 71 FIGURE 6—32: PLAN DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 7+200 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 71 FIGURE 6—33: SECTION D-D’ DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 7+200 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 72 FIGURE 6—34: SECTION DRAWING FOR YUAN RIVER YH 7+200 BY THE LDI ...... 72 FIGURE 6—35: SHANGLI COUNTY URBAN MASTER PLAN (2008-2020) ...... 73 FIGURE 6—36: EVALUATION OF EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE SHANGLI COUNTY SURVEY AREA ...... 74 FIGURE 6—37: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LISHUI RIVER K0+500 ...... 74 FIGURE 6—38: PLAN DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K0+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 75 FIGURE 6—39: SECTION A-A’ DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K0+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 75 FIGURE 6—40: SECTION DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K0+500 BY LDI ...... 76 FIGURE 6—41: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LISHUI RIVER K7+500 ...... 76 FIGURE 6—42: PLAN DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K7+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 77 FIGURE 6—43: SECTION B-B’ DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K7+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 77 FIGURE 6—44: SECTION DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K7+500 BY THE LDI ...... 78 FIGURE 6—45: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN LISHUI RIVER K8+400 ...... 78 FIGURE 6—46: PLAN DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K8+400 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 79 FIGURE 6—47: SECTION C-C’ DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K8+400 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 79 FIGURE 6—48: SECTION DRAWING FOR LISHUI RIVER K8+500 BY THE LDI ...... 80 FIGURE 6—49: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN JINSHAN RIVER K9+500 ...... 80 FIGURE 6—50: PLAN DRAWING FOR JINSHAN RIVER K9+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 81 FIGURE 6—51: SECTION D-D’ DRAWING FOR JINSHAN RIVER K9+500 ECOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE NODE ...... 81 FIGURE 6—52: SECTION DRAWING FOR JINSHAN RIVER K9+500 BY THE LDI ...... 82 FIGURE 6—53: XIANGDONG DISTRICT ZONING PLAN ...... 82 FIGURE 6—54: EVALUATION OF EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 83 FIGURE 6—55: RIVER EMBANKMENT FUNCTION ZONING FOR XIANGDONG DISTRICT SURVEY AREA ...... 83 FIGURE 6—56: LOCATION AND PHOTO OF EXISTING SITUATION IN PINGSHUI RIVER XD4+700 ...... 84

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 3-1: HABITAT TYPE CLASSIFICATION ...... 14

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TABLE 3-2: GOALS AND STRATEGIES FOR HABITAT OPTIMIZATION ...... 24 TABLE 4-1: EXISTING AND TARGETED WATER QUALITY IN PROJECT RIVERS ...... 26 TABLE 4-2: DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE IMPACTS OF POLLUTION SOURCES ON PROJECT RIVERS ...... 32 TABLE 4-3: RECOMMENDED POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ...... 36 TABLE 5-1: BIO-TECHNIQUES FOR EROSION CONTROL ...... 50 TABLE 5-2: RECOMMENDED PLANT SPECIES FOR PROJECT RIVERS ...... 51

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1 INTRODUCTION

1. SD-1A presents PPTA analysis of the project rivers’ existing conditions and their recommendations for river rehabilitation. The analysis includes:

 Results of site visits1 to evaluate and analyze the existing riverbank conditions, flora and fauna, landscaping and pollution sources;  Proposed strategies for riverbank morphology design, revetment/embankment technologies, shoreline vegetation based on existing conditions and the local design institute’s (LDI) hydrologic calculations;  Preliminary designs for typical nodes2, including layout plan and section drawings; and  Recommendations for improving the component design based on review of the LDI’s draft FSRs.

1 Conducted over the course of eight days in August and October, 2014. 2 A node refers to a river section that is representative of a land use or habitat type, such as an urban node or a rural node.

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2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT RIVERS

2. Pingxiang is located in a subtropical monsoon climate zone with four distinct seasons and coinciding rainy and hot seasons. It is dominated by hills, with higher altitudes in the central region and lower altitudes in the south and north, sloping towards the east and west at the same time. The saddle-shaped topography forms the boundary between the Gan River’s Yuan Rivershed and the Xiang River’s Pingshui Rivershed.

3. Pingxiang’s rivers all originate within the municipality and belong to two river systems (Figure 2—1). Rivers within Lianhua and Luxi counties are mostly part of the Gan River Basin, a sub-basin of the Poyang Lake Basin. Rivers within Xiangdong, Shangli, and part of Luxi county belong to the Xiang River Basin, a sub-basin of the Dongting Lake Basin. Both lake basins are part of the wider Yangtze River basin. The major rivers in Pingxiang are the Pingshui, Lishui, Caoshui Rivers, which flow into the Xiang River (Dongting Lake Basin); and the Yuan and Lian Rivers, which flow into the Gan River (Poyang Lake Basin).

4. This project includes the Pingshui, Lishui, Yuan, and Lian Rivers, as well as the smaller tributaries of Baima, Qin, Xinhua, Tankou, and Jinshan Rivers. An overview of the project rivers is provided in the following sections. Figure 2—2 through Figure 2—5 also show the key locations along each of the rivers where site visits were made by the PPTA river team.

Boundary between Xiang River Basin (west) and Gan River Basin (east) SHANGLI

LUXI

XIANGDONG

LIANHUA

Figure 2—1: Overview Map of Rivers With Project Rivers Highlighted

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2.1 Lianhua County: Lian, Baima, and Qin Rivers

5. Lian River, a mountainous river, is the largest river within Lianhua County. Overall vegetative conditions in the watershed are good, and most of the forests are distributed on mountains at low to medium altitudes or on hills. Baima River is the biggest primary tributary of the Lian River, converging with Lian River near Huatang Village. Soil in the watershed is fertile and the vegetation condition is good, with the middle to upper stretches dominated by trees and the lower stretches dominated by shrubs. Qin River, another primary tributary of Lian River, flows from north to south and converging with the Lian River near Xietian Village. Its watershed is also predominantly mountainous, sloping from east to west, and has good vegetative conditions. See Figure 2—2.

Figure 2—2: Lianhua County Project Rivers and Survey Locations

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2.2 Luxi County – Xinhua, Tankou, and Yuan Rivers

6. Yuan River is a perennial river originating deep within the mountains. Its watershed lies within the Ganxi Hilly Region and is the largest river shed within Luxi County. The elevation is high in the west and low in the east. The river runs through high and steep mountains in the upper stretches, rolling low mountains in the middle stretches, and between hills and plains in the lower stretches. The width and depth of the river were naturally formed by water erosion.

7. Xinhua and Tankou Rivers are both primary tributaries of the Yuan, converging with the Yuan near the old town in Luxi. The Xinhua Rivershed is mountainous and hilly, sloping from the southwest down to the northeast. It has high rates of vegetation coverage and is relatively more industrialized. The Tankou Rivershed is dominated by hills. All three rivers flow from south to north. See Figure Figure 2—3.

Figure 2—3 – Luxi County Project Rivers and Survey Locations

2.3 Shangli County – Jinshan and Lishui Rivers

8. Lishui River is a secondary tributary of the Pingshui River. Its watershed is dominated by hills, with a high rate of vegetation coverage. The watershed is endowed with abundant mineral resources and is a major base for production of fireworks and firecrackers. Jinshan River is a windy primary tributary of Lishui River, converging with the Lishui at Jinshan Township Shuangbanqiao Village. The rivershed is hilly, still reasonably vegetated with mostly shrubs and weeds, and is supported economically by agriculture. Both rivers flow from north to south. See Figure 2—4.

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Figure 2—4 – Shangli County Project Rivers and Survey Locations 2.4 Xiangdong District – Pingshui River

9. Pingshui River is a primary tributary of the Xiang River, and is the biggest river in Pingxiang Municipality. It flows from south to north through Xiangdong district into Hunan Province. Compared to the other project rivers, the Pingshui Rivershed has a relatively high ratio of built-up area. See Figure 2—5.

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Figure 2—5 – Xiangdong County Project Rivers and Survey Locations

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3 BIODIVIERSITY AND HABITAT SURVEYS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Rationale for Biodiversity and Habitat Surveys

10. Biodiversity refers to all living species and their genetic variation and ecosystem complexity within certain time and space. Biodiversity is the foundation of human existence and development of society, but due to over-exploitation, pollution and habitat fragmentation and many other reasons, the rate of biodiversity loss has been rising for many years and enhancing biodiversity protection is an urgent task. Performing biodiversity and habitat surveys in any project area is an important first step towards biodiversity conservation.

11. Information of biodiversity is the basis for developing strategies to protect biodiversity. Understanding local biodiversity, habitats and ecological resources not only helps to provide a knowledge base for protecting these resources in the future, but the species identified can also be incorporated into the design of ecological rehabilitation and restoration measures.

12. At the same time, information on biodiversity also provides a basis for monitoring the effectiveness of conservation efforts. By comparing differences in biodiversity before and after a project, any improvements or decline in biodiversity can be measured quantitatively.

13. Habitat refers to the living space of organisms and all the ecological factors related to it. The relationship between living beings and their habitats is a result of long term evolution. Organisms adapt to their habitat while also modifying it. Biodiversity is founded upon habitat diversity. Understanding habitat type and distribution can provide background information to support environmental management, and can also guide habitat optimization efforts.

3.2 Biodiversity and Habitat Survey Methodology

14. A literature review was first conducted to understand the natural conditions in Pingxiang and the possible flora and fauna in the project area. On this basis, a survey form was then developed targeting the characteristics of the survey targets (Figure 3—1).

Figure 3—1: Site Survey Record Form and Flora and Fauna Survey List

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15. The survey scope and line was determined based on the available literature, satellite imagery, and information provided by the EA. Key sampling points for the biodiversity and habitat survey were decided according to actual conditions on site. The sample line method was used primarily for the site survey, using hand-held GPS monitor (GARMIN 629sc) to record the sampling route and the coordinates of sampling points. Digital cameras were used to photograph species and habitats. Communications with local residents were also recorded. At the same time, habitat conditions and species identified were recorded during the site survey.

16. The site survey was conducted between 9-12 AM and 1-5PM on August 25 through August 29, 2014. Survey results were then organized, analyzed, and presented in the form of tables and figures (see sections below).

3.3 Biodiversity and Habitat Survey Results

3.3.1 Biodiversity Survey Results

17. Using available literature, information provided by the Pingxiang Forestry Bureau, and site surveys, a preliminary evaluation of biodiversity in the survey area and key sampling points was conducted. A list of 228 plant species and a list of 196 animal species that can be found along and within the project rivers were developed.

18. The 228 plant species were categorized into five major categories as shown below, with herbs, shrubs, and trees divided further into sub-categories based on their size and ecological niche in the habitat:

 Aquatic plant  Herb o Herbs o Giant Herbs  Shrub o Shrub o Small Tree or Shrub o Large Shrub  Tree o Tree o Small Tree  Vine

19. Protected plant species within the species list include:

 Urn Orchid (Bletilla striata)  Austral Ladies' Tresses (Spiranthes sinensis)  Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon)  Chinese Lawn Grass (Zoysia sinica)  Asian Yew (Taxus chinensis)  Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides)  Happy Tree (Camptotheca acuminata)  Kusamaki (Podocarpus macrophyllus)  Hardy Rubber Tree (Eucommia ulmoides)  Japanese Blueberry Tree (Elaeocarpus decipiens)  Sweet Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans)  Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and  Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica).

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20. Invasive plant species include:

 Alligator Grass (Alternanthera philoxeroides)  Little Bell (Ipomoea triloba)  Beggar's Tick (Bidens pilosa)  Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)  Canadian Fleabane (Conyza canadensis)  Common Fleabane (Erigeron annuus)  Common Water-Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).

21. In addition, the Yellow Dodder (Cuscuta chinensis) is a parasitic plant, and the Japanese Hop (Humulus scandens) and Kudzu Vine (Pueraria lobata) are harmful plants. See Annex 1 for the full list of plant species in the Pingxiang survey area.

22. Several plant species commonly seen during the site surveys are effective in soil and water erosion protection, can provide habitat or food for animals, and are aesthetically pleasing. These plants are recommended for use in ecological rehabilitation projects in the area. These include, but are not limited to:

 Happy Tree (Camptotheca acuminata)  Chinese Wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera)  Buttonbush (Cephalanthus tetrandrus)  Sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)  Hardy Rubber Tree (Eucommia ulmoides)  Chinese Tallow Tree (Sapium sebiferum),  Raisin Tree (Hovenia acerba)  Chinese Buttonbush (Adina rubella)  Chinese Alangium (Alangium chinense),  Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)  Confederate Rose (Hibiscus mutabilis)  Knotweed (Polygonum orientale)  Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis)  Common Reed (Phragmites australis)  Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), etc.

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Figure 3—2: Common Plant Species Along Project Rivers

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3.3.2 Animal Biodiversity Survey Results

23. Similarly, the analysis of animal species was done using available literature, information provided by the Pingxiang Forestry Bureau, and site surveys. A list of 196 animal species that can be found along and within the project rivers were developed and categorized into six categories based on animal morphology, structure and growth environment:

 Aquatic animals  Land arthropods  Amphibians  Reptiles, birds and  Mammals

24. Of these, the following species are categorized as Class I or II Nationally Protected Species:

 Asian bullfrog (Rana tigrina)  Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata)  Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor  Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)  Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra)

25. There are also provincially protected species, as well as animals that appear in the “List of Terrestrial Wildlife Under State Protection, Which Are Beneficial or of Important Economic or Scientific Value”. There is only one invasive species, the apple snail. See Annex 2 for a detailed list of animal species in the survey area.

26. Among the animals in the species list, we selected 15 representative species that are found commonly around the project areas (see Figure 3-3). These include the:

 Mudsnail (Cipangopaludina cathayensis)  Triangle Shell Mussel(Hyriopsis cumingii)  Pingxiang Red-Transparent Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis)  David's Yellowfin (Xenocypris davidi)  Common Pond Frog (Rana limnocharis)  Ant Frog (Microhyla ornate)  Asian Swallowtail (Papilio xuthus)  Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)  Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)  White Wagtail (Motacilla alba)  Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)  Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus)  Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus)  Chinese Hare (Lepus sinensis)  Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)

27. These species are somewhat indicative of the habitat health. Habitats suitable for them are also suitable for a variety of other organisms. The habitat requirements of these animals can be used to inform habitat optimization and development in river rehabilitation projects. This will improve protection of the species, and also provide an improved habitat environment for more organisms, increasing the ecological value of the project. A brief introduction to the species is provided in 3.

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Figure 3—3: Common Animals Seen Along Project Rivers

3.3.3 Habitat Survey Results

28. The habitat survey methodology involved combining analysis of satellite imagery with site observations and surveys. Ten habitat types were identified in the survey area, as shown

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in Table 3-1 and Figure 3.4. The distribution of habitat types throughout the project area is shown in Figure 3-5.

Table 3-1: Habitat Type Classification

No. Habitat type Description

1 River Main river channel with all-year-round continuous flow

2 Riparian Forest Seasonal flooded area with tree, shrub and grass

Shallow water area dominated by aquatic plants or water- 3 Wetland/Wet Meadow tolerant grass

Land under cultivation along the rivers, mainly for rice 4 Farmland and vegetables

5 Upland Forest Natural or semi-natural terrestrial forest

6 Orchard Orchards for fruit trees( mainly pears and grapes)

7 Urban Greenery Urban artificial landscape and recreational greenery area

8 Fish Pond Ponds for fishery\lotus\duck farm along the rivers

Urban and rural constructed area (mainly with 9 Constructed Area impermeable surface)

10 Hard Embankment Constructed concrete embankment

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Figure 3—4: Typical Habitat Types Along Project Rivers

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Figure 3—5: Distribution of Habitat Types Along Project Rivers

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3.4 Evaluation of Biodiversity and Habitat

29. A lot of studies show that the level of biodiversity is intimately related to habitat type. We therefore performed a comprehensive analysis of the biodiversity survey results and the habitat survey and analysis results in order to provide a basis and guidance for ecological rehabilitation along the project rivers.

3.4.1 Lianhua County

30. As shown in Figure 3-6, the main habitat types in the Lianhua County survey area are farmland followed by constructed area. There is lush riparian vegetation along Shangfang River with farmland beyond the riparian belt. Both the rate of vegetation coverage and biodiversity levels are high. The Baima River, a tributary of the Lian River, runs through rural areas in the upper and middle stretches, passing through mostly farmland and villages. Biodiversity levels are high along some river sections where there is excellent riparian forest and upland forest, but in downstream built-up areas, the biodiversity levels are mediocre.

31. Upstream along the Lian River, biodiversity is average near the rural villages, but is higher at sampling points in the riparian belt and upland forest nearby. Biodiversity levels are low in urban constructed areas in the middle reaches, but improve downstream as the river passes through mostly farmland habitat. In these downstream stretches, wetlands and wet meadows are found within the shorelines and overall biodiversity levels are high.

Figure 3—6: Combined Map of Biodiversity and Habitat Type for the Lianhua County Survey Area

3.4.2 Luxi County

32. As shown in Figure 3—7, the survey areas in Luxi County have diverse habitat types. Generally, the upstream, midstream, and downstream habitat types are dominated by upland forest, farmland, and constructed area, respectively, with orchards, fish ponds, and wetlands distributed throughout the area. Biodiversity levels are low in sampling points in constructed

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areas and high in highland and riparian forest areas. Biodiversity in farmland sampling points varies from average (e.g. middle stretches of the Yuan River) to high (e.g. middle stretches of the Tankou River) depending on the degree of human disturbance.

Figure 3—7: Combined Map of Biodiversity and Habitat Type for the Luxi County Survey Area

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3.4.3 Shangli County

33. As shown in Figure 3—8, the habitat types in the Shangli County survey area are more homogenous and are dominated by farmland. Overall biodiversity levels in the survey area are average. In Jinshan River, biodiversity levels are low in upstream reaches lined with hard embankments, but are higher in the lower and middle reaches where there is riparian or upland forest. Similarly, biodiversity levels in Lishui River are higher in forested areas and low in constructed areas.

Figure 3—8: Combined Map of Biodiversity and Habitat Type for the Shangli County Survey Area

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3.4.4 Xiangdong District

34. The habitat types in the Xiangdong District survey area are predominantly constructed area and farmland, as shown in Figure 3—9. There are a few urban greenery belts in the constructed areas and a few areas of wet meadow downstream of the Pingxiang Power Station weir. Overall biodiversity levels are average, and are only high in upstream farmland and riparian belts. Biodiversity in constructed areas in the downstream and midstream stretches are low.

Figure 3—9: Combined Map of Biodiversity and Habitat Type for the Xiangdong District Survey Area

3.4.5 Summary of Evaluation

35. Overall, biodiversity in the project area is higher in Lianhua and Luxi, and lower in Shangli and Xiangdong, where habitat types are more homogenous. Biodiversity is high in areas with minimal human disturbance and habitat fragmentation, for example in riparian forests, wetlands and wet meadows, upland forests, etc. Biodiversity is average in farmland with some human disturbance, and low in constructed areas with low vegetation coverage and hard embankments.

36. These results indicate that the restoration or creation of riparian forests, wetlands and wet meadows would be an effective approach to improving biodiversity on river rehabilitation projects. Rivers and nearby upland forests should be key areas for ecological rehabilitation/restoration in the future. In addition, habitat connectivity along the rivers should be improved, and human disturbance should be reduced.

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3.5 Recommendations for Biodiversity and Habitat Optimization

37. Recommendations for habitat optimization for each of the habitat types were developed based on survey results and presented in Table 3-2.

Table 3-2: Goals and Strategies for Habitat Optimization

No. Habitat Type Optimization Goal Optimization Strategy

1 River  Restore natural  Recreate series of deep pools and riverbed terrain shallow shoals in appropriate locations  Create  Plant aquatic vegetation where heterogeneous appropriate habitat environments

2 Riparian Forest  Reduce soil and  Extend the length or width of riparian water erosion forest  Create variable  Optimize existing forest structure habitats  Increase water-tolerant vegetation  Attract wildlife coverage and achieve 100% vegetation  Intercept pollutants coverage from surface runoff  Introduce plant species capable of capturing pollutants

3 Wetland/Wet  Reduce soil and  Create wetland areas along the river Meadow water erosion  Create wetland patches with complete  Purify river water series of submerged, floating, and  Create variable emerging plants in suitable areas habitats  Attract wildlife

4 Farmland  Reduce agriculture  Reduce application of chemical non-point source fertilizers and pesticides (NPS) pollution  Create wetlands, ecological irrigation  Purify water flowing channels, and implement other pollution into the river control measures in farmland;  Integrate runoff pollution buffer zones with riparian forest belts along farmland adjacent to rivers

5 Upland Forest  Reduce soil and  Optimize the existing structure of the water erosion forest form  Create variable habitats  Attract wildlife 

6 Orchard  Reduce agriculture  Reduce application of chemical NPS pollution fertilizers and pesticides  Introduce ecological  Introduce multi-level, three dimensional cultivation methods planting structures

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No. Habitat Type Optimization Goal Optimization Strategy

 Utilize integrated crop-livestock ecological farming systems

7 Urban Greenery  Reduce NPS  Increase food sources for birds pollution  Attract wildlife using artificial measures  Introduce ecological  Introduce species that are effective in cultivation methods capturing pollutants and isolating noise  Increase the ratio of trees, avoiding large areas of lawn landscaping

8 Fish Pond  Reduce agriculture  Introduce ecological farming methods NPS pollution such as mulberry-fish ponds, improving  Introduce ecological the use of nutrients from fish ponds. cultivation methods

9 Constructed  Create variable  Increase the green coverage in Area habitats constructed areas  Attract wildlife  Create urban greenbelts using both  Reduce surface trees and shrubs water runoff  Utilize permeable pavement  Attract wildlife

10 Hard  Purify water flowing  Create greenbelts or wetlands along the Embankment into the river river to intercept pollutants in surface runoff

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4 RIVER POLLUTION SOURCE INVESTIGATION AND RECOMMENDED MEASURES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL

4.1 River Water Quality

38. Existing and targeted water quality for the eight project rivers were reviewed according to the Pingxiang Municipality Water Function Zone Plan and available water quality information, as shown in Table 4-1. This provides the basis for water quality improvements in the river rehabilitation projects.

Table 4-1: Existing and Targeted Water Quality in Project Rivers

Water Quality Class River County/ Water Function Zone Water Quality Target Name District Existing Water Quality Zone I Zone II

Baima II-III -- II-III Lianhua Lian River III -- IV

Pingshui Xiangdong II-III -- II-IV

Xinhua IV- Worse than V

Tankou Luxi IV-V III IV

Yuan River I-III

Jinshan II-IV Shangli III II-IV Lishui II-III

Note: In the PRC, water quality is classified into 5 classes, in which Class I stands for the highest water quality requirements while Class V means the lowest. Drinking water sources require at least Class III water quality, while other water uses such as irrigation, ecology and landscaping, require only Class III-IV water quality.

39. As shown in Table 4-1, water quality meets Class III standards for all rivers except for the Xinhua, Tankou, and Jinshan Rivers.

4.2 River Pollution Survey

4.2.1 Analysis of Major Pollution Sources and Impacts

40. Based on the draft FSRs submitted by the LDI, results of site surveys and interviews, and review of government plans, the river team has classified major existing water pollution sources of the project river catchments into seven categories:

 rural domestic sewage/solid waste  industrial sewage/wastewater  fish pond and livestock pollution  agriculture NPS pollution  urban stormwater and sewage discharge  surface water runoff pollution and  soil erosion.

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41. The distribution of water pollution sources in each county are mapped in Figure 4—1 through Figure 4—4, and an evaluation of their impacts on the project rivers is presented in Table 4-2.

42. These pollution sources not only influence the river ecosystem and environment, but also have certain impacts on riverfront development. Major threats to the rivers and the water environment include:

 Effluent discharges from industry, domestic sewage/solid waste, agriculture irrigation and livestock-raising sectors located alongside the river, observed during site-visits through piles of garbage alongside the river, overgrown weeds, water hyacinth, and other aquatic plants, sand-mining near riverbanks, and discharge of black wastewater by coal washing plants, etc.  Sedimentation in front of weirs or weirs, and also in parts of the river with gentle hydraulic gradients; estimates of sediment thickness in some river sections is even up to 3m.  Soil and water erosion from floods and construction activities has led to high turbidity and siltation in some river sections.  Combined sewer systems for stormwater and wastewater are used in most urban areas and interceptor mains, sewer manholes and other flow barriers are often constructed within the river channels, adversely impacting both flood safety, water quality, and the urban waterscape.

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Figure 4—1: Pollution Source Map – Lianhua County Survey Area

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Figure 4—2: Pollution Source Map – Luxi County Survey Area

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Figure 4—3: Pollution Source Map – Shangli County Survey Area

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Figure 4—4: Pollution Source Map – Xiangdong District Survey Area

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Table 4-2: Distribution and Relative Impacts of Pollution Sources on Project Rivers

Degree of Impact of Water Pollution Sources Rural County/ Domestic Industrial River Name Fish Pond & Agriculture Urban Storm Surface Soil District Sewage/ Sewage/ Livestock NPS & Sewage Water Runoff Erosion Solid Wastewater Pollution Pollution Discharge Pollution Waste Baima + + + -- + + + + + + + + + Lianhua Lian River + + + + ++ + + + ++ + ++ Xinhua ++ + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ + Tankou Luxi + + + + + ++ ++ ++ + Yuan River + + + + ++ + + + ++ + + + ++ Jinshan + + + + + + + + + + -- + + Shangli Lishui + + + ++ ++ + + + -- + ++ Pingshui Xiangdong ++ ++ + ++ + + + + + + + Legend: -- No known pollution sources + Minimal impact on water environment ++ Some impact on water environment +++ Significant impact on water environment

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4.3 Mines

43. Mining is an important industry for Pingxiang and Jiangxi Province as a whole. Based on site observations, there are at least two mines affecting water quality of the project rivers – the Gaokeng Coal Mine in the Xinhua Rivershed, and a coal mine in the Lishui Rivershed.

4.3.1 Gaokeng Coal Mine

History3

44. Development of the Gaokeng Coal Mine commenced in 1936 and continued again in 1954, designed for an annual production capacity of 500,000 tons per year. Since production started in 1957, its actual production never fell below 1 million tons per year and it was known as the biggest coal mine south of the Yangtze River for close to half a century. In the last decade of the 20th century, however, production of the mine fell from 700,000 t/a down to merely 200,000 t/a, and financial losses per year exceeded 20 million CNY. In 2000, it declared bankruptcy and restructured. The number of employees (including family members) dropped from 30,000 at the height of its operations, to approximately 8000.

45. The mine is now owned by the Pingxiang Mining Group, which is under the bigger Jiangxi Coal Group Corporation. Despite attempts to extend the life of the mine, its coal reserves are depleted and it is only a matter of time before the mine will have to shut down.

46. Throughout its operations, Gaokeng Coal Mine and its coal washing facilities have been discharging black wastewater to the Xinhua River, polluting the river environment. The black sediment in the river is visible to the eye and is present along the entire stretch of river in Anyuan District and downstream Luxi District. According to interviews during the PPTA social survey (see Poverty and Social Analysis), local residents used to mine waste coal from the rivers to use as fuel.

Site Visit

47. On August 29, 2014, PPTA specialists conducted a site visit to the Gaokeng Coal Mine to investigate the source of the coal mine wastewater in Xinhua River, accompanied by PMO staff, a representative from the Gaokeng Town Government, and a staff member of the Gaokeng Environmental Protection Bureau. Photos from the site visit are shown in Figure 4— 5.

48. According to officials from Gaokeng Town, the coal mine treats and reuses coal mine wastewater for domestic water supply, and treats the coal washing wastewater before discharge into the Xinhua River. Any such facility for treating coal mine wastewater, however, was not found during the site visit.

49. PPTA specialists also learned that the Anyuan EPB secured some funding (more than ten years ago) to build a set of settling tanks in the Xinhua River to help treat the wastewater (Figure 4—6). The tanks are only cleaned out once or twice a year due to limited funding for O&M. More importantly, the tanks are likely too small for the amount of wastewater flow that is discharged into the river, so the effectiveness of the treatment scheme is very limited.

3 China Coal News. Feb 20, 2011. http://www.cwestc.com/newshtml/2011-2-20/189375.shtml

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Figure 4—5: Photos from PPTA Site Visit to the Gaokeng Coal Mine

Wastewater discharge point from the coal mine Makeshift sedimentation tank built by local residents across the road from the wastewater discharge point to recover waste coal

Inside the coal mining facility Billboard at the coal washing plant, stating a 48% recycling rate of fine coal; Only one staff member was seen in the offices, and was unwilling to speak to us about the plant’s operations.

A relatively clean channel converging with the black Black sediment in the Xinhua River downstream of Xinhua River downstream of the mine the mine Source: PPTA site visit, August 2014

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Figure 4—6: In-Stream Settling Tanks in Anyuan Section of the Xinhua River

View of settling tanks from the road Serpentine settling tanks

Influent gates to the settling tank Local farmer who uses Xinhua River water for irrigation, remarking on the ineffectiveness of the settling tanks Source: PPTA site visit, August 2014

4.3.2 Lishui River Coal Mine

50. During kickoff week, the PPTA team made a site visit to a small coal mine upstream of the Lishui River section under the ADB project to investigate its impact on the river (Figure 4—7). According to the Shangli Water Resource Bureau representative present, the coal mine has been ordered by the local government to suspend mining activity (reasons are unclear). However, to keep the mine active for future operations, the mining company (name unknown) has continued to pump water from the mine and discharging it untreated into the Lishui River. It appears that the local EPBs have little control over, or little incentive to manage, this wastewater discharge.

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Figure 4—7: Coal Mine Discharge into Lishui River

Yellow colored Lishui River Settling tanks at the coal mine upstream – not in operations

Direct discharge of mine wastewater into Lishui Impact of discharge on water quality River Source: PPTA site visit, April 2014

4.4 Recommendations for Improving Pollution Control

51. Pollution control is a crucial part of integrated river rehabilitation. For the project rivers in Pingxiang, several measures listed in Table 4-3 are recommended to improve water quality in the project rivers. Many of these will be incorporated into the ADB project in some form or another, while others will need additional efforts by the local governments.

Table 4-3: Recommended Pollution Control Measures

No. Pollution Control Measure Linkage to ADB Project 1 Expand wastewater collection system Wastewater component for Lianhua and coverage in urban areas to maximize Xiangdong county-towns will improve water collection of domestic wastewater quality in the Lian, Baima, and Pingshui Rivers 2 In smaller settlements, promote the use of - on-site septic systems or constructed wetlands for treatment of domestic wastewater

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No. Pollution Control Measure Linkage to ADB Project 3 Avoid installing wastewater interceptors in Sewer separation/replacement is part of the river channels and ensure that any proposed works for the Xinhua, Tankou, Yuan, existing interceptors are separated from and Pingshui Rivers river water to the extent possible 4 Restore riparian buffers along the rivers to Riparian re-vegetation is within the scope of improve non-point source pollution control work for Lianhua and Luxi project rivers. from agricultural runoff, and to discourage Ecological embankments in all project rivers will dumping of garbage near the rivers also help with creating a vegetated buffer for the river. 5 Implement solid waste collection systems Community Environment Supervision Team at the town and village level, integrating proposed in pilot areas in the project area to these systems with the larger solid waste promote awareness and action on management system of the county environmental issues 6 Improve enforcement of environmental Include as loan assurances for Xinhua and regulations to control point source such Lishui Rivers? as mines 7 Regular maintenance of the rivers Maintenance programs should be developed as (localized removal of sediment, weeds, part of institutional capacity building for the river garbage etc.) component 8 Stabilizing riverbanks to control soil Revetment construction for all project rivers will erosion control help reduce bank erosion.

9 Building up an isolated or wetland strip Correlated to the ecological embankment work within certain distance near the rivershore for all project rivers. that surrounded by the livestock and poultry farms, with benefits of prevention of pollutants flowing straight to the river, purifying water body and beautifying the environment.

10 Reasonably arrangement of the Provide initial stormwater management ecological stormwater management concepts to the city planners, governors and facility incorporation with landscape decision makers. design. Moverover, the absorbing and degrading capability of vegetation and soil pays a major contribution to the surface rainwater purification, non-point runoff pollution reduction and river water quality protection.

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5 EXISTING AND RECOMMENDED EMBANKMENT DESIGNS

5.1 Survey of Existing Embankment Types

52. Existing embankments along the project rivers were grouped into four categories based on detailed site visits and analysis of satellite imagery:

1. Newly Constructed Hard Embankment 2. Broken Or Low-Standard Hard Embankment 3. Natural Embankment (Tree，Shrub, Grass) 4. Natural Embankment (Shrub, Grass)

53. Maps of existing embankment types for the project areas are shown in Figure 5—2 through Figure 5—5.

Figure 5—1: Typical Existing Embankment Types Along Project Rivers

1. Newly Constructed Hard Embankment; 2. Broken Or Low-Standard Embankment; 3. Natural Embankment (Tree, Shrub, Grass); 4. Natural Embankment (Shrub, Grass)

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Figure 5—2: Map of Existing Embankment Types – Lianhua County Survey Area

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Figure 5—3: Map of Existing Embankment Types – Luxi County Survey Area

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Figure 5—4: Map of Existing Embankment Types – Shangli County Survey Area

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Figure 5—5: Map of Existing Embankment Types – Xiangdong District Survey Area 5.2 Recommendations for Improving Existing Embankments

 Newly Constructed Hard Embankments

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o Avoid large scale modifications to existing engineered embankments as much as possible o For embankments already meeting flood protection standards, construct riverside path or platforms closer to the normal water level and plant wetland plants in the river channel to improve aesthetics and ecological environment. o For embankments not meeting flood protection standards, new flood walls could be constructed in the existing landscape belts.  Broken or Sub-Standard Hard Embankment o Raise existing embankments where there is no additional room along the river. o Where there is room, consider constructing tiered viewing platforms, fountain plazas, and footpaths near the water, or create a gently sloping ecological embankment.  Natural Embankment (Tree, Shrub, Grass) o Strive to protect existing trees o Rivers can be widened as appropriate in some areas by constructing natural earth embankments on the other side of the trees at a height that meets flood protection requirements o If floodwater velocities are high, consider engineered revetments o Consider lowering flood control standards for some areas, maintain existing land forms and preserve surrounding farm land as natural flood plains.  Natural Embankment (Shrub, Grass) o Existing land forms can be maintained for some areas, but vegetation restoration and toe protection measures should be implemented for exposed areas to reduce erosion o In some areas, existing embankments can be raised or an earth embankment can be constructed further back from the shoreline o If floodwater velocities are high, live stakes, brush layering, and other ecological revetments should be used.

5.3 Recommended Embankment Types

Taking existing riverine conditions, ecological/environmental protection goals, and local master plans into consideration, recommended embankment designs for different stretches of the project rivers can be categorized into four types: 1) Waterfront leisure hard embankment; 2) Bio-engineered erosion control embankment; 3) Forest protection with gentle slope ecological embankment; and 4) Forest embankment with hard retaining wall embankment, as shown in Figure 5—6. Recommended embankment types for each project river are shown in Figure 5—6: Recommended Embankment Types

through Figure 5—9: Recommended Embankment Types for Shangli County

54. 4.

55. Specific recommendations for optimizing embankment design are provided in Section 6 of this report.

4 High resolution maps are provided in electronic form along with this final report.

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1. Waterfront Leisure Hard Embankment

2. Bio-Engineered Erosion Control Embankment

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3. Forest Protection With Gentle Slope Ecological Embankment

4. Forest Embankment With Hard Retaining Wall Embankment

Figure 5—6: Recommended Embankment Types

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Lianhua Embankment

Figure 5—7: Recommended Embankment Types for Lianhua County

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Figure 5—8: Recommended Embankment Types for Luxi County

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Shangli Embankment

Figure 5—9: Recommended Embankment Types for Shangli County

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Xiangdong Embankment

Figure 5—10: Recommended Embankment Types for Xiangdong District

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5.4 Typical Bio-techniques and Ecological Revetments

56. Most of the project river sections are situated in rural areas where existing and planned land use is for agriculture. Therefore, we recommend increasing the use of bio-techniques (Table 5-1) to create ecological embankments that not only have erosion control benefits, but also improve the aesthetics and ecological environment of the rivers.

Table 5-1: Bio-techniques for Erosion Control

Suitable Bio-techniques for erosion No. Flow Notes control Velocity

1 Streambank seeding Low Suitable for areas with minimal erosion Live stakes (willows, shrub Medium- Requires lining earthen embankment with 2 branches etc) high erosion control fiber mattress

Joint planting with rocks and live Determine rock size based on velocity 3 stakes High Suitable for protection of toe zone up to shoreline Riprap 4 High Requires lining earthen embankment with 5 Brush layering High erosion control fiber mattress

Usually combined with live stakes and riprap toe protection Live fascines Medium- 6 Requires lining earthen embankment with high erosion control fiber mattress

Combined with riprap, live stakes, and live Brush mattress fascines 7 High Can provide instant protection against soil erosion

Vertical protection, instant protection Live Cribwall 8 Very high Excellent anti-erosion effect Suitable for

toe protection

Branchpacking Usually combined with riprap toe 9 High protection Coconut Fiber Rolls 中 10 Suitable for toe protection Medium Dormant Post Plantings Use dormant post plantings with root 11 Medium systems

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57. Typical combinations of bio-techniques are shown in Figure 5—11.

Figure 5—11: Typical Combinations of Bio-techniques and Ecological Revetments

1. Coconut fiber roll with grass revetment; 2. Riprap toe protection with shrub revetment; 3. Gabion toe protection with shrub revetment; 4. Gabion toe protection and revetment; 5. Natural shrub and grass revetment; 6. Log toe protection with live stake revetment; 7. Riprap toe protection with live stake revement; 8. Brush layering revetment; 9. Riprap toe protection with live fascine revetment.

5.6 Recommended Plant Species for Shoreline and Riparian Re- vegetation

58. Recommendations for aquatic, riparian, and terrestrial plant species that can be used to re-vegetate the shorelines and riparian areas of the project rivers are provided in Table 5-2.

Table 5-2: Recommended Plant Species for Project Rivers

Category Sub-Category Common Name Latin Name Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Coix Coix lacryma-jobi Indian Water Chestnut Trapa bispinosa Productive Aquatic Vegetation Chinese Water Chestnut Eleocharis dulcis Manchurian Wild Rice Zizania latifolia Foxnut Euryale ferox Taro Colocasia esculenta Aquatic Vegetation Submerged Plant Water Thyme Hydrilla verticillata

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Category Sub-Category Common Name Latin Name Eel Grass Vallisneria natans Bamboo-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton malaianus Curly-leaved Pondweed Potamogeton crispus Whorlleaf Watermilfoil Myriophyllum verticillatum Coons Tail Ceratophyllum demersum Floating Fern Salvinia natans Floating Plants Water Snowflake Nymphoides indica Mosquito Fern Azolla imbricata Common Reed Phragmites australis Heartleaf False Pickerelweed Monochoria korsakowii Beewort Acorus calamus Emerged Plant Sedge Cyperaceae spp. Carex tristachya Carex tristachya Broadleaf Cumbungi Typha orientalis Chinese Wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Buttonbush Cephalanthus tetrandrus Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Happy Tree Camptotheca acuminata Tree Sweetgum Liquidambar formosana Chinese Tallow Tree Sapium sebiferum Dawn Redwood Metasequoia glyptostroboides Chinaberry Tree Melia azedarach Chinese Buttonbush Adina rubella Riparian Vegetation Confederate Rose Hibiscus mutabilis Shrub Chinese Alangium Alangium chinense Elder Sambucus williamsii Lindley's Butterflybush Buddleja lindleyana Knotweed Polygonum orientale Cogongrass Imperata cylindric Asiatic Dayflower Commelina communis Grass Japanese Lawngrass Zoysia japonica Rain Lily Zephyranthes candida Branched Horsetail Equisetum ramosissimum Cinnamon Cinnamomum bodinieri Oriental Holly Ilex chinensis Japanese Blueberry Elaeocarpus decipiens Scholar Tree Sophora japonica Terrestrial Vegetation Tree Chinese Flame Tree Koelreuteria bipinnata Chinese Parasol Tree Firmiana platanifolia Chinese Cork Oak Quercus variabilis Japanese Hackberry Celtis sinensis Princess Tree Paulownia spp.

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Category Sub-Category Common Name Latin Name Sweet Osmanthus Osmanthus fragrans Chinese Wax-leaved Privet Ligustrum lucidum Shrub Crape Myrtle Lagerstroemia indica Chinese Fringe Loropetalum chinense Mugwort Leaf Artemisia lavandulaefolia Blood Grass Imperata koenigii Grass Red Spider Lily Lycoris radiata Chinese Plantain Plantago asiatica Common Wireweed Sida acuta Skunk Vine Paederia scandens Nepal Ivy Hedera nepalensis Vine Star Jasmine Trachelospermum jasminoides Creeping Fig Ficus pumila Chinese Trumpet Creeper Campsis grandiflora 59. Recommendations for Flooding Tolerant Crops are provided in Table 5-23.

Table 5-3: Flooding Tolerant Crops Recommendations Category Sub-Category Common Name Latin Name

Oryza sativa Rice Grain crops Coix Coix lacryma-jobi

Lotus Nelumbo nucifera

Chinese Water Chestnut Eleocharis dulcis

Indian Water Chestnut Trapa bispinosa Flooding Tolerant Crops vegetable Manchurian Wild Rice Zizania latifolia

Foxnut Zizania latifolia

Water Spinach Ipomoea aquatica Colocasia esculenta Taro Astragalus sinicus Forage crops Chinese Milk Vetch

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6 PROPOSED EMBANKMENT DESIGN STRATEGIES AND KEY DESIGN NODES

6.1 Overview of Methodology

60. Embankment design strategies for the project rivers were developed by interpreting government plans and analyzing existing biodiversity, habitat types, and land uses. The strategies are based on providing flood protection as a top priority while protecting existing land forms and ecosystems in order to achieve sustainable flood risk management and improve the ecological environment and aesthetics of the rivers, as well as enhance the overall image of the project towns.

61. Government Plans. The development direction of each of the counties/districts was first determined based on government plans, typically the urban master plan for each county/district. Planned land use characteristics were taken into full consideration in developing our design strategies. Particular focus was given to the planned green space system, which will benefit the urban ecosystem.

62. Evaluation of Existing Natural Resources. Existing natural resources along the project rivers were then evaluated, with particular focus on water, vegetation, and landscape resources. Ratings for water bodies were determined based on water quantity and quality; ratings for vegetation were based on abundance of vegetation and existing growth conditions; and ratings for landscape character were based on perspective and spatial characteristics.

63. River Function Zoning. Function zoning for river embankments was then conducted based on government plans and existing resources in order to inform river rehabilitation design strategies. The five zones and their corresponding design objectives are as follows:

 Ecological Landscape Sections - optimize existing natural wetlands and riparian forest, introduce hardscape features, provide a transition between urban and non- urban areas;  Historic and Cultural Sections – Create space for themed activities along the urban waterfront; provide linear urban green space ( only in Lianhua);  Urban Ecological Section –Create urban wetland park based on existing wetlands and riparian forest. Provide landscape and nature-based activities for citizens (in Luxi only);  Water-based Leisure Section – Soften and enhance the connection between water body and land, provide open space for residential areas.  Natural Rural Sections – preserve existing wetlands and shoreline vegetation; space for nature-based leisure activities.

64. Design of Key Nodes. Conceptual designs of key nodes along the project rivers were also developed as guidance for the LDI and local government for future river landscape design.

65. The results of the above analysis and design are presented for each county/district in the following sections.

6.2 Lianhua County

6.2.1 Interpretation of Lianhua Government Plans

66. Our design strategies are based on the Lianhua Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) (Figure 6—1). According to this plan, Lianhua County is positioned as a trade and industrial new town at the border of Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, as well as an ecological city highlighted by revolutionary (“red”) cultural attractions and beautiful mountains and rivers.

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Figure 6—1: Lianhua County Urban Master Plan (2008-2020)

6.2.2 Evaluation of Existing Resources in Lianhua

Figure 6—2: Evaluation of Existing Resources in the Lianhua County Survey Area

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6.2.3 Recommended Ecological and Landscape Zoning for Embankments

Figure 6—3: River Embankment Function Zoning for Lianhua County Survey Area

6.2.4 Design of Key Node

6.2.5 The design strategy for the Lian River LJ2+100 design node is as follows:

 Preserve the new retaining wall on the southwest side, and raise the existing road to meet flood protection standards;  Preserve large trees along the road next to the Jinjia Ancestral Temple on the southwest side, and plant more trees along the shoreline to improve connectivity of the riparian tree belt;  Plant shoreline aquatic plants along the existing pebble beach on the southwest side to form riparian wetlands;  Preseve the existing forested areas on the northwest and north east sections, build up natural slopes to meet flood protection requirements;  Preserve the high quality wetland habitat at the confluence of the two rivers, and use wetland islands to improve landscaping and provide opportunities for leisure activities.

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Figure 6—4:: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lian River LJ2+100

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Figure 6—5: Plan Drawing for Lian River LJ2+100 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Design Flood Level

Figure 6—6: Section A-A’ Drawing for Lian River LJ2+100 Ecological and Landscape Node

Figure 6—7: Section Drawing for Lian River LJ2+100 by the LDI

The design strategy for the Lian River LJ6+300 design node is as follows:

 Preseve the existing forested areas on the northeast sections, build up natural slopes to meet flood protection requirements;  Build up the existing road close to the house to meet flodd protection requirements, plant shoreline aquatic plants to form riparian wetlands;  Sections of the southeast two-step style embankment where concrete embankments have already been constructed,just plant shoreline aquatic plants to strengthen water purification;  Keep and protect the exsiting vegetation, enhance and restore the riparian forest;  Preserve the new sections of the northwest riverbank where concrete embankments which have already met flood protection requirements, add pebble and plant shoreline aquatic plants to improve landscaping and provide opportunities for leisure activities.

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Figure 6—8: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lian River LJ6+300

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Figure 6—9: Plan Drawing for Lian River LJ6+300 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Design Flood Level

Figure 6—10: Section B-B’ Drawing for Lian River LJ6+300 Ecological and Landscape Node

Figure 6—11: Section Drawing for Lian River LJ6+300 by the LDI

67. The design strategy for the Baima River B1+600 design node is as follows:

 There are some high-quality wetland and forest on the west side of the river, we suggest to keep them and to create a series of wetland islands to enhance the ecological& recreational value.  Use natural topography of the hill to provide flood protection to reduce the contruction cost and also helps to create gentle slope eclological embankment.  Restore riparian forest on the basis of existing vegetation.  Elevate the existing road on the north side of the river to meet the flood protection requirement.  Protect the existing big trees along the northbank road, add wetland stripes along the river to enhance the water purification function.

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Figure 6—12: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Baima River B1+600

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Figure 6—13: Plan Drawing for Baima River B1+600 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Design Flood Level

Figure 6—14: Section C-C’ Drawing for Baima River B1+600 Ecological and Landscape Node

Figure 6—15: Section Drawing for Baima River B1+600 by the LDI 6.3 Luxi County

6.3.1 Interpretation of Luxi County Government Plans

68. According to the Luxi County Urban Master Plan (2007-2020) (Figure 6-16), Luxi County is positioned to be a garden city with both mountains and rivers, a blend of historical and cultural attractions, and a colorful city with multiple functions.

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Figure 6—16: Luxi County Urban Master Plan (2007-2020)

6.3.2 Evaluation of Existing Resources in Luxi County

Figure 6—17: Evaluation of Existing Resources in the Luxi County Survey Area

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6.3.3 Recommended Ecological and Landscape Zoning for Embankments

Figure 6—18: River Embankment Function Zoning for Luxi County Survey Area

6.3.4 Design of Key Node

69. The design strategy for the Tankou River TK0+600 design node is as follows:

 The ecological conditions at the upstream of Tankou River (Stake TK0+600) are good, and the surrounding area is mostly farmland.  The current water level is shallow and the riverbed is covered with a lot of rocks and pebbles. Recommend clearing out some of these rocks and pebbles and implementing toe protection measures.  There is lush riparian forest along the two riverbanks, including trees, shrubs, and grasses, and riparian wetland vegetation. Recommend protecting existing vegetation as much as possible while meeting flood protection requirements.  Replant and restore the riparian forest belt using existing vegetation as a basis, in order to create a stable riparian ecosystem.  Create a pleasant shoreline landscape environment and preserve space for future footpaths and viewing platforms.

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Figure 6—19: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Tankou River TK0+600

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Figure 6—20: Plan Drawing for Tankou River TK0+600 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Design Flood Level

Figure 6—21: Section A-A’ Drawing for Tankou River TK0+600 Ecological and Landscape Node

Figure 6—22: Section Drawing for Tankou River TK0+400 by the LDI 70. The design strategy for the Yuan River YH1+100 design node is as follows:

 The Yuan River YH1+100 design node is at the downstream and close to the Shankouyan reservoir, the ecological conditions are good, and the surrounding area are farmland, fishponds, nursery and mountain.  The river is quite shallow and fast-flowing, with rocks and bolders on the river bed, we suggest keeping the rocks, applying toe zone protection to the embankment.  Protect the old bridge and use it as landscape and cultural resource  Keep and protect the exsiting vegetation, enhance and restore the riparian forest

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 Convert the exsiting fishponds as wetlands, eastablish the wetland vegetation community for the function of water quality purification and wildlife habitat creation.  Provide walkpath and viewing platform along the fishpond wetland to enhance recreational function.

71.

Figure 6—23: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Yuan River YH 1+100

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Figure 6—24: Plan Drawing for Yuan River YH 1+100 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Design Flood Level

Figure 6—25: Section B-B’ Drawing for Yuan River YH 1+100

Ecological and Landscape Node

Figure 6—26: Section Drawing for Yuan River YH 1+100 by the LDI

72. The design strategy for the Yuan River YH5+200 design node is as follows:

 The Yuan River YH5+200 design node is at the downtown area of Luxi county and is adjacent to the busy mainroad.  Revegetate the exsitng small rock island inside the river with water tolerant trees and shrubs  There are some exisiting wetland vegetation on the right side of the river, we suggest to keep them and enlarge the wetland area.  The river is quite shallow and fast-flowing, with rocks and bolders on the river bed, we suggest keeping the rocks, applying toe zone protection to the embankment.  Change the pavement of the exsiting left-side walkpath, add some planting boxes to enhance the landscape, create walkpath along the river embankment with a width of 3-4 meters.

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Figure 6—27: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Yuan River YH 5+200

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Figure 6—28: Plan Drawing for Yuan River YH 5+200 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Design Flood Level

Figure 6—29: Section C-C’ Drawing for Yuan River YH 5+200 Ecological and Landscape Node

Figure 6—30: Section Drawing for Yuan River YH 5+200 by the LDI 73. The design strategy for the Yuan River YH7+200 design node is as follows:

 The Yuan River YH5+200 design node is at the convergence point of Yuan river , Xinhua river and Tankou river ,with the exisiting residential buildings close to the river embankment.  Create a ecological island at the convergence point to improve water flow condition and enhance ecological & landscape value.  Use vertical concrete wall for the flood protection to avoid the resettlement, backfill some soil along the concrete wall inside the river to create some wetland vegetation stripes where possible.  Keep the existing deserted railway bridge and add some recreational function to it.  Provide walkpath along the concrete wall with a width of 2-3 meters to enchance the recreational function.

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Figure 6—31: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Yuan River YH 7+200

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Figure 6—32: Plan Drawing for Yuan River YH 7+200 Ecological and Landscape Node

Design Flood Level

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Figure 6—33: Section D-D’ Drawing for Yuan River YH 7+200 Ecological and Landscape Node

Figure 6—34: Section Drawing for Yuan River YH 7+200 by the LDI

6.4 Shangli County

6.4.1 Interpretation of Shangli County Government Plans

74. Shangli County is located in northern Pingxiang and is at the frontier of inter-provincial activities. The county town is positioned as a northern city driven by light industry, with fireworks and Nuo customs5, as well as a beautiful environment. According to the Shangli County Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) (Figure 6—35), Jinshan and Lishui Rivers (not shown on the master plan) are both located in non-urban areas, and are surrounded for the most part by farmland.

5 http://english.jiangxi.gov.cn/AboutJiangxi/CultureAndArts/NuoCulture/201003/t20100323_206305.htm

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Figure 6—35: Shangli County Urban Master Plan (2008-2020)

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6.4.3 Evaluation of Existing Resources in Shangli County

Figure 6—36: Evaluation of Existing Resources in the Shangli County Survey Area

6.4.4 Recommended Ecological and Landscape Zoning for Embankments

75. The sections of Lishui and Jinshan Rivers under the Project are all categorized as Natural Rural zones.

6.4.5 Design of Key Nodes

Design Node – Lishui River K0+500

76. The design strategy for Lishui River K0+500 design node is as follows:

 Recommend preserving the existing trees along the eastern shoreline, and increase the riparian forest belt along the river.  The two riverbanks currently meet flood protection requirements, so landscaping and forestation should be carried out by preserving existing land forms.  Recommend preserving the existing river shoals at the river bend and adding a landscape/viewing platform.  Turn the existing levee road into riverside footpaths.

Figure 6—37: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lishui River K0+500

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Figure 6—38: Plan Drawing for Lishui River K0+500 Ecological and Landscape Node

Design Flood Level

Figure 6—39: Section A-A’ Drawing for Lishui River K0+500 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Figure 6—40: Section Drawing for Lishui River K0+500 by LDI

Design Node – Lishui River K7+500

77. The design strategy for the Lishui River K7+500 node is as follows:

 Recommend preserving the natural mountain on the southern side, which has high vegetation coverage;  For sections of the right riverbank where concrete embankments have already been constructed but still do not meet flood protection requirements, the existing embankment can be raised to form two-step style embankment.  Recommend elevating the existing terrain on the left bank to meet flood protection requirements, and to add shrubs and grass revetment on the levee road.  Recommend preserving the existing maple and poplar trees at the river bend and expand the riparian forest belt.  To increase the connectivity of the landscape footpaths, consider adding a new footbridge near K7+500.

Figure 6—41: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lishui River K7+500

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Figure 6—42: Plan Drawing for Lishui River K7+500 Ecological and Landscape Node

Design Flood Level

Figure 6—43: Section B-B’ Drawing for Lishui River K7+500 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Figure 6—44: Section Drawing for Lishui River K7+500 by the LDI

Design Node – Jinshan River K8+400

78. The design strategy for the Jinshan River K8+400 node is as follows:

 There is farmland on both sides of the river, and there are no trees worthy of protection nearby. Recommend widening the river and naturally raising the elevation to meet flood protection requirements.  Improve the sense of river landscaping by adding a nature footpath.  Expand the riparian forest belt and riparian wetland zone to reduce agricultural NPS pollution.

Figure 6—45: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Lishui River K8+400

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Figure 6—46: Plan Drawing for Lishui River K8+400 Ecological and Landscape Node

Figure 6—47: Section C-C’ Drawing for Lishui River K8+400 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Figure 6—48: Section Drawing for Lishui River K8+500 by the LDI

Design Node – Jinshan River K9+500

79. The design strategy for the Jinshan River K9+500 node is as follows:

 This section is very close to the village. Meet flood control requirements by widening the river and building a levee road.  Use shrub and grass revetment for the river-side of the embankment.  Due to limited space, plant one row of trees on the farmland-side of the embankment.  Add some viewing platforms at locations near buildings.

Figure 6—49: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Jinshan River K9+500

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Figure 6—50: Plan Drawing for Jinshan River K9+500 Ecological and Landscape Node

Design Flood Level

Figure 6—51: Section D-D’ Drawing for Jinshan River K9+500 Ecological and Landscape Node

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Figure 6—52: Section Drawing for Jinshan River K9+500 by the LDI 6.5 Xiangdong District

6.5.1 Interpretation of Xiangdong District Government Plans

80. Xiangdong District’s overall goal is to become the Chinese capital of industrial ceramics, a pilot area for special cooperation between Jiangxi and Hunan, and a modern ecological industrial new city. Overall layout of the urban green space is based on “three green cores and 1 green axis”. The three cores are Yuncheng Park, Chuanxingshan Park, and Lvchang Park”. Pingshui River and its riverside greenscape forms the green axis.

Since Pingshui River is positioned as both the urban green axis and the urban development axis, it has an important ecological and urban landscaping and recreational functions.

Figure 6—53: Xiangdong District Zoning Plan

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6.5.2 Evaluation of Existing Resources in Xiangdong District

Figure 6—54: Evaluation of Existing Resources in the Xiangdong District Survey Area

6.5.3 Recommended Ecological and Landscape Zoning for Embankments

Figure 6—55: River Embankment Function Zoning for Xiangdong District Survey Area

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6.5.4 Design of Key Nodes

Design Node – Pingshui River XD4+700

81. The design strategy for the Pingshui River XD4+700 node was as follows:

 This river section has poor ecological conditions and is mostly urban.  The existing width of the river at this node is about 100-120 meters and the water is deep. To meet flood protection requirements, should conduct sediment removal and dredging, implement toe protection measures, and increase the elevation of the existing embankment and add a concrete retaining wall.  The existing embankment has a hard masonry revetment and is not ecological. Recommend preserving the soft zone at the bottom of the shoreline, constructing a recreational footpath at the bottom of the existing masonry embankment, planting riparian wetland vegetation, and adding viewing/landscape platforms where appropriate;  Construct a 3-m wide landscape footpath between the existing embankment and the proposed retaining wall, and remodel the platform to improve the accessibility between the top and bottom of the embankment.

Figure 6—56: Location and Photo of Existing Situation in Pingshui River XD4+700

AECOM Asia Company Ltd SD1A-84 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

7 SUMMARY OF FSR RIVER PROJECT DESIGN

7.1 Overview of FSR Design

82. Most of the recommended ecological rehabilitation design strategies were incorprated into the FSR Design by DI. Those strategies could be described as follows:

 Forest Protection Strategies

In the FSR Design, for most of the river sections adjcent to hills, the hills would be used as natural levees, then the upland forest on hills wouldn’t be destructed and the existing habitat could be preserved. Meanwhile, to reduce the risk of soil erosion, gabion or riprap in the toe zone were proposed.

Most of the riparian forests were protected in the FSR Design, too. In order to protect the existing riparian forest, the design team widens the river and locates the proposed levee outside the forest belt.

 Habitat Optimization Strategies

Some of the weirs on the river were broken or substandard, and these weirs would be removed or transformed to hydraulic weirs, so that the flood safety, the irrigation and the fish migration would all be guaranteed.

Some of the existing nodes with rich biodiversity and high ecological value would be optimized to wetland parks to enhance their ecological behavior.

In the FSR Design, some of the river sections’ flood control standard was optimized from unnecessarily high to reasonable level.

83. Those strategies were selectively applied in all the four counties and would bring positive impact on local ecology. However, some of the designs were not environment friendly enough and would bring negative impacts on local ecology. Below is the summary of each county’s FSR Design as well as some optimization recommendations which should be considerd in the preliminary design and detail design stage to reduce the negative impacts.

7.2 Lianhua County

 Designs with positive impact on local ecology

The design include 2 weirs removed, 4 hydraulic gates newly constructed on Lianjiang River; and 2 weirs removed, 1 hydraulic gates constructed/reconstructed on Baima River. During flood season, the hydraulic gates would be open to discharge the flood. And in the fish migaration season, it could also be open or partly open to let fish through.

Re-vegetation by indigenous species along the river was proposed.

On upstream section of Qin River and Lianjiang River with existing riparian forest, DI widens the river and locates the proposed levee outside the forest belt to protect these forests.

Upland forest on upstream section of Baima River was proposed to be protected in an environment-friendly way, by using the hills besides river as natural levee and installing gabion in toe zone to reduce the erosion risk.

AECOM Asia Company Ltd SD1A-85 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

Wetland near Tangxia Village was proposed to be preserved and optimized to a wetland park to protect the biodiversity there.

 Designs with negative impact on local ecology

The wet meadows in the downstream of Lianjiang River, which were considered as high ecological value vegetation type, were included in the dredging area and would be destroyed according to the design. We would like to suggest optimizing this design and make it more environment-friendly.

According to the current FSR Design, in the river sections next to construction areas(towns and villages), due to the land limit, new embankments were proposed along the exsiting river edge, so the existing big trees would be damaged during construction. It’s strongly recommended to optimize the design of these areas in the next stage to protect them. All existing trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) larger than 20cm should be tagged and protected during construction.

According to the FSR Design of Lianhua County, the amount of wetland parks was decreased from 3 to 1. The 2 removed wetland park sites were designed to remain as farmland and nursery. We suggest re-including and optimizing the 2 wetland park sites to help enrich the biodiversity, meanwhile, they can act as flood detention area to reduce flood risk for the whole county.

7.3 Luxi County

 Designs with positive impact on local ecology

There would be 4 gates constructed /reconstructed on Yuan River; 5 hydraulic gates constructed/reconstructed on Tankou River; and 2 hydraulic gates constructed/reconstructed on Xinhua River. During flood season, the hydraulic weir would be open to discharge the flood. And in the fish migaration season, it could also be open or partly open to let fish through.

The upland forests and wetland on upstream section of Yuan River were proposed to be preserved, which means the biodiversity in that area will be well protected.

Some wet meadows or shallow wetlands were proposed adjacent to the newly constructed and exsiting embankments along Yuan River, which could act as wildlife habitats as well as pollution mmitigation buffer.

In the confluence of the three rivers, a wetland park was proposed.

DI lowers down the flood control standard in sections next to farmland and sets waterlogging farmlands nearby. The preset waterlogging farmland could be flooded seasonaly to reduce the flood risk of the downstream area, and it also could help maintain existing habitat.

Large area of re-vegetation along the Yuan River was proposed, which could benefit local ecosystem and can be also designed as ecological stormwater cleansing infrastructure in the next stage.

 Designs with negative impact on local ecology

AECOM Asia Company Ltd SD1A-86 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

For all the 3 rivers in Luxi, newly constructed vertical concrete walls were proposed in the sections next to construction area (towns and villages) due to the land limit, which act as a barrier between the territorial and aquatic ecosystem.

7.4 Shangli County

 Designs with positive impact on local ecology

The design proposed 2 hydraulic gates constructed/reconstructed on Lishui River and 19 hydraulic gates constructed/reconstructed on Jinshan River. During flood season, the hydraulic weir would be open to discharge the flood. And in the fish migaration season, it could also be open or partly open to let fish through.

For most of the river sections next to hills, the hills were proposed to act as natural levees to preserve the existing habitat, with gabion or riprap in toe zone to reduce erosion risk.

An environment friendly embankment type of grass slope with gabion toe zone protection was proposed for most part of the rivers.

DI lowers down the flood control standard in sections next to farmland and sets waterlogging farmlands nearby. The preset waterlogging farmland could be flooded seasonaly to reduce the flood risk of the downstream area, and it also helps maintain existing habitat.

 Designs with negative impact on local ecology

In the sections next to villages, newly constructed vertical concrete walls were proposed due to the land limit and higher flood control standard, which act as a barrier between the territorial and aquatic ecosystem.

7.5 Xiangdong District

 Designs with positive impact on local ecology

The concrete dam near the Pingxiang steel company was proposed to reconstruct as hydraulic gate. During flood season, the hydraulic gate would be open to discharge the flood. And in the fish migaration season, it could also be open or partly open to let fish through.

Some wet meadows or shallow wetlands were proposd next to the newly constructed and exsiting embankments along Yuan River, which could act as wildlife habitats as well as pollution reduction buffer.

Re-vegetation by indigenous species along the river was proposed.

In areas with good biodiversity, new levee was proposed to be constructed outside the vegetation area, so that the habitat there could be well preserved.

 Designs with negative impact on local ecology

The concrete weir near the Pingxiang power plant was proposed to remain its current situation and the fish migration would be interrupted by this weir.

AECOM Asia Company Ltd SD1A-87 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

ANNEX 1: PLANT SPECIES LIST IN PINGXIANG SURVEY AREA

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 空心莲 1 / Alternanthera philoxeroides 是 Y 草本（Herb） 入侵植物（Invasive Plant） 子草 2 / 葎草 Humulus scandens 是 Y 草本（Herb） 恶性植物（Harmful Plant） 三裂叶 3 / Ipomoea triloba 是 Y 草本（Herb） 入侵植物（Invasive Plant） 薯 三叶鬼 4 / Bidens pilosa 是 Y 草本（Herb） 入侵植物（Invasive Plant） 针草 5 / 菟丝子 Cuscuta chinensis 是 Y 草本（Herb） 寄生植物（Parasitic Plant） 6 / 豚草 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 是 Y 草本（Herb） 入侵植物（Invasive Plant） 7 / 小飞蓬 Conyza canadensis 是 Y 草本（Herb） 入侵植物（Invasive Plant） 8 / 一年蓬 Erigeron annuus 是 Y 草本（Herb） 入侵植物（Invasive Plant） 国家二级 9 白及 Bletilla striata 否 N 草本（Herb） (National.2) 国家二级 10 绶草 Spiranthes sinensis 否 N 草本（Herb） (National.2) 国家二级 11 野生稻 Oryza rufipogon 否 N 草本（Herb） (National.2) 国家二级 中华结 12 Zoysia sinica 否 N 草本（Herb） (National.2) 缕草 13 / 艾蒿 Artemisia lavandulaefolia 是 Y 草本（Herb） 14 / 白茅 Imperata cylindric 是 Y 草本（Herb） 15 / 稗 Imperata cylindric 是 Y 草本（Herb） 16 / 荸荠 Eleocharis dulcis 否 N 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-88 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 17 / 半边莲 Lobelia chinensis 是 Y 草本（Herb） 18 / 宝盖草 Lamium amplexicaule 是 Y 草本（Herb） 19 / 苍耳 Xanthium sibiricum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 20 / 车前草 Plantago asiatica 是 Y 草本（Herb） 21 / 葱莲 Zephyranthes candida 是 Y 草本（Herb） 22 / 大豆 Glycine max 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 23 / 淡竹叶 Lophatherum gracile 是 Y 草本（Herb） 24 / 地肤 Kochia scoparia 是 Y 草本（Herb） 25 / 地锦 Euphorbia humifusa 是 Y 草本（Herb） 26 / 丁香蓼 Ludwigia prostrata 是 Y 草本（Herb） 27 / 狗尾草 Setaria viridis 是 Y 草本（Herb） 28 / 海金沙 Lygodium japonicum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 29 / 红凤菜 Gynura bicolor 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 30 / 红蓼 Polygonum orientale 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 31 / 红薯 Ipomoea batatas 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 32 / 黄花稔 Sida acuta 是 Y 草本（Herb） 33 / 鸡眼草 Kummerowia striata 是 Y 草本（Herb） 34 / 假稻 Leersia japonica 是 Y 草本（Herb） 35 / 节节草 Equisetum ramosissimum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 36 / 结缕草 Zoysia japonica 是 Y 草本（Herb） 37 / 菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 38 / 决明 Cassia tora 是 Y 草本（Herb） 39 / 看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis 是 Y 草本（Herb）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-89 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 40 / 藜 Chenopodium album 是 Y 草本（Herb） 41 / 辣椒 Capsicum annuum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 42 / 龙葵 Solanum nigrum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 43 / 马齿苋 Portulaca oleracea 是 Y 草本（Herb） 44 / 芒萁蕨 Dicranopteris spp. 是 Y 草本（Herb） 45 / 毛茛 Ranunculus japonicus 是 Y 草本（Herb） Physalis angulata var. villosa 46 / 毛苦蘵 是 Y 草本（Herb） Bonati 47 / 美人蕉 Canna indica 是 Y 草本（Herb） 48 / 南瓜 Cucurbita moschata 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 49 / 牛筋草 Eleusine indica 是 Y 草本（Herb） 50 / 蒲儿根 Sinosenecio oldhamianus 是 Y 草本（Herb） 51 / 蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 52 / 牵牛花 Pharbitis nil 是 Y 草本（Herb） 53 / 秋葵 Abelmoschus esculentus 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 54 / 箬竹 Indocalamus tessellatus 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 三穗薹 55 / Carex tristachya 是 Y 草本（Herb） 草 56 / 莎草科 Cyperaceae spp. 是 Y 草本（Herb） 57 / 商陆 Phytolacca acinosa 是 Y 草本（Herb） 58 / 石蒜 Lycoris radiata 是 Y 草本（Herb） 59 / 水稻 Oryza sativa 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 60 / 丝茅 Imperata koenigii 是 Y 草本（Herb） 61 / 薹草属 Carex spp. 是 Y 草本（Herb）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-90 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 62 / 田菁 Sesbania cannabina 是 Y 草本（Herb） 63 / 铁苋菜 Acalypha australis 是 Y 草本（Herb） 64 / 通泉草 Mazus japonicus 是 Y 草本（Herb） 65 / 夏枯草 Prunella vulgaris 是 Y 草本（Herb） 66 / 苋 Amaranthus tricolor 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 67 / 香附子 Cyperus rotundus 是 Y 草本（Herb） 68 / 小藜 Chenopodium serotinum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 69 / 鸭跖草 Commelina communis 是 Y 草本（Herb） 野胡萝 70 / Daucus carota 是 Y 草本（Herb） 卜 野老鹤 71 / Geranium carolinianum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 草 72 / 野豌豆 Vicia sepium 是 Y 草本（Herb） 73 / 益母草 Leonurus artemisia 是 Y 草本（Herb） 74 / 薏苡 Coix lacryma-jobi 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 75 / 茵陈蒿 Artemisia capillaris 是 Y 草本（Herb） 76 / 鱼腥草 Houttuynia cordata 是 Y 草本（Herb） 77 / 玉米 Zea mays 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 78 / 芋 Colocasia esculenta 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 79 / 芝麻 Sesamum indicum 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 皱叶酸 80 / Rumex crispus 是 Y 草本（Herb） 模 81 / 紫茉莉 Mirabilis jalapa 是 Y 草本（Herb） 82 / 紫苏 Perilla frutescens 是 Y 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-91 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 83 / 酢浆草 Oxalis corniculata 是 Y 草本（Herb） 84 / 败酱 Patrinia scabiosaefolia 否 N 草本（Herb） 85 / 丛枝蓼 Polygonum posumbu 否 N 草本（Herb） 86 / 狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon 否 N 草本（Herb） 87 / 黑麦草 Lolium perenne 否 N 草本（Herb） 88 / 藿香蓟 Ageratum conyzoides 否 N 草本（Herb） 89 / 荩草 Arthraxon hispidu 否 N 草本（Herb） 90 / 苦荬菜 Ixeris polycephala 否 N 草本（Herb） 91 / 冷水花 Pilea notata 否 N 草本（Herb） 92 / 马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis 否 N 草本（Herb） 93 / 马蹄金 Dichondra repens 否 N 草本（Herb） 94 / 泥胡菜 Hemistepta lyrata 否 N 草本（Herb） 95 / 牛毛毡 Heleocharis yokoscensis 否 N 草本（Herb） 96 / 牛膝菊 Galinsoga parviflora 否 N 草本（Herb） 97 / 千里光 Senecio scandens 否 N 草本（Herb） 98 / 窃衣 Torilis scabra 否 N 草本（Herb） 99 / 求米草 Oplismenus undulatifolius 否 N 草本（Herb） 100 / 山姜 Alpinia japonica 否 N 草本（Herb） 101 / 蛇莓 Duchesnea indica 否 N 草本（Herb） 102 / 水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper 否 N 草本（Herb） 酸模叶 103 / Polygonum lapathifolium 否 N 草本（Herb） 蓼 台湾剪 104 / Agrostis canina 否 N 草本（Herb） 股颖

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-92 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 105 / 天名精 Carpesium abrotanoides 否 N 草本（Herb） 铜锤玉 106 / Pratia nummularia 否 N 草本（Herb） 带草 107 / 土人参 Talinum paniculatum 否 N 草本（Herb） 农作物（Crop） 108 / 委陵菜 Potentilla chinensis 否 N 草本（Herb） 109 / 野艾蒿 Artemisia lavandulaefolia 否 N 草本（Herb） 110 / 野菊 Dendranthema indicum 否 N 草本（Herb） 111 / 鸢尾 Iris tectorum 否 N 草本（Herb） 112 / 槲蕨 Drynaria roosii 是 Y 草本（Herb） 附生植物（Epiphytes） 113 / 芭蕉 Musa basjoo 是 Y 大型草本（Giant Herb） 114 / 翅果菊 Pterocypsela indica 是 Y 大型草本（Giant Herb） 115 / 荻 Triarrhena sacchariflora 是 Y 大型草本（Giant Herb） 116 / 菰 Zizania latifolia 是 Y 大型草本（Giant Herb） 117 / 芦苇 Phragmites australis 是 Y 大型草本（Giant Herb） 118 / 芒 Miscanthus sinensis 是 Y 大型草本（Giant Herb） 119 / 毛竹 Phyllostachys heterocycla 是 Y 大型草本（Giant Herb） 120 / 香蒲 Typha orientalis 是 Y 大型草本（Giant Herb） 121 / 白菖蒲 Acorus calamus 否 N 大型草本（Giant Herb） 122 / 狗脊 Woodwardia spp. 否 N 大型草本（Giant Herb） 123 / 火炭母 Polygonum chinense 否 N 大型草本（Giant Herb） 124 / 柳叶菜 Epilobium hirsutum 否 N 大型草本（Giant Herb） 125 / 水竹 Phyllostachys heteroclada 否 N 大型草本（Giant Herb） 126 / 水烛 Typha angustifolia 否 N 大型草本（Giant Herb） 127 / 夹竹桃 Nerium indicum 是 Y 大型灌木（Giant Shrub）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-93 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 128 / 菝葜 Smilax china 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 129 / 薜荔 Ficus pumila 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 粗叶悬 130 / Rubus alceaefolius 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 钩子 131 / 枸杞 Lycium chinense 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 132 / 金铃花 Abutilon striatum 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 133 / 琴叶榕 Ficus pandurata 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 134 / 算盘子 Glochidion puberum 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 细叶水 135 / Adina rubella 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 团花 香花崖 136 / Millettia dielsiana 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 豆藤 137 / 野蔷薇 Rosa multiflora 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 138 / 朱砂根 Ardisia crenata 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 139 / 苎麻 Boehmeria nivea 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 140 / 醉鱼草 Buddleja lindleyana 是 Y 灌木（Shrub） 141 / 常春藤 Hedera nepalensis 否 N 灌木（Shrub） 142 / 杜茎山 Maesa japonica 否 N 灌木（Shrub） 143 / 檵木 Loropetalum chinense 否 N 灌木（Shrub） 144 / 锦鸡儿 Caragana sinica 否 N 灌木（Shrub） 145 / 望江南 Cassia occidentalis 否 N 灌木（Shrub） 细梗胡 146 / Lespedeza virgata 否 N 灌木（Shrub） 枝子 147 / 紫珠 Callicarpa bodinieri 否 N 灌木（Shrub）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-94 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 国家一级 148 红豆杉 Taxus chinensis 是 Y 乔木（Tree） (National.1) 国家一级 149 水杉 Metasequoia glyptostroboides 是 Y 乔木（Tree） (National.1) 国家二级 150 喜树 Camptotheca acuminata 是 Y 乔木（Tree） (National.2) 江西省二级 151 罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus 是 Y 乔木（Tree） (Provincial.2) 江西省二级 152 杜仲 Eucommia ulmoides 是 Y 乔木（Tree） (Provincial.2) 江西省二级 153 杜英 Elaeocarpus decipiens 否 N 乔木（Tree） (Provincial.2) 154 / 柏木 Cupressus funebris 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 155 / 池杉 Taxodium ascendens 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 156 / 垂柳 Salix babylonica 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 157 / 刺槐 Robinia pseudoacacia 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 158 / 冬青 Ilex chinensis 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 159 / 枫香 Liquidambar formosana 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 160 / 枫杨 Pterocarya stenoptera 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 161 / 构树 Broussonetia papyrifera 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 162 / 国槐 Sophora japonica 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 163 / 旱柳 Salix matsudana 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 黄山栾 164 / Koelreuteria bipinnata 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 树 165 / 苦楝 Melia azedarach 是 Y 乔木（Tree）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-95 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 166 / 龙柏 Sabina chinensis 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 167 / 泡桐属 Paulownia spp. 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 168 / 朴树 Celtis sinensis 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 169 / 杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 170 / 柿 Diospyros kaki 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 171 / 乌桕 Sapium sebiferum 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 172 / 梧桐 Firmiana platanifolia 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 173 / 香椿 Toona sinensis 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 174 / 香樟 Cinnamomum bodinieri 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 175 / 悬铃木 Platanus orientalis 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 176 / 杨属 Populus spp. 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 177 / 枳椇 Hovenia acerba 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 178 / 棕榈 Trachycarpus fortunei 是 Y 乔木（Tree） 179 / 栲 Castanopsis fargesii 否 N 乔木（Tree） 180 / 苦槠 Castanopsis sclerophylla 否 N 乔木（Tree） 181 / 山矾 Symplocos sumuntia 否 N 乔木（Tree） 182 / 栓皮栎 Quercus variabilis 否 N 乔木（Tree） 江西省二级 183 桂花 Osmanthus fragrans 是 Y 乔木或灌木（Tree or Shrub） (Provincial.2) 184 / 女贞 Ligustrum lucidum 是 Y 乔木或灌木（Tree or Shrub） 185 / 桑树 Morus alba 是 Y 乔木或灌木（Tree or Shrub） 186 / 水葫芦 Eichhornia crassipes 是 Y 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 入侵植物（Invasive Plant） 国家二级 187 莲 Nelumbo nucifera 是 Y 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 农作物（Crop） (National.2)

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-96 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 188 / 黑藻 Hydrilla verticillata 是 Y 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 189 / 苦草 Vallisneria natans 是 Y 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 马来眼 190 / Potamogeton malaianus 是 Y 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 子菜 191 / 田字萍 Marsilea quadrifolia 是 Y 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 192 / 菹草 Potamogeton crispus 是 Y 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 193 / 狐尾藻 Myriophyllum verticillatum 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 194 / 槐叶苹 Salvinia natans 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 金银莲 195 / Nymphoides indica 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 花 196 / 金鱼藻 Ceratophyllum demersum 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 197 / 菱 Trapa bispinosa 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 农作物（Crop） 198 / 满江红 Azolla imbricata 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 199 / 芡实 Euryale ferox 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 200 / 小茨藻 Najas minor 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 201 / 雨久花 Monochoria korsakowii 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 202 / 紫萍 Spirodela polyrrhiza 否 N 水生植物（Aquatic Plant） 203 / 葛 Pueraria lobata 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 恶性植物（Noxious Plant） 204 / 扁豆 Lablab purpureus 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 农作物（Crop） 205 / 鸡矢藤 Paederia scandens 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 206 / 豇豆 Vigna unguiculata 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 农作物（Crop） 207 / 凌霄 Campsis grandiflora 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 208 / 络石 Trachelospermum jasminoides 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 209 / 葡萄 Vitis vinifera 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 农作物（Crop）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-97 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 桑叶葡 210 / Vitis heyneana 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 萄 211 / 薯蓣 Dioscorea opposita 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 农作物（Crop） 212 / 丝瓜 Luffa cylindrica 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 农作物（Crop） 213 / 乌蔹莓 Cayratia japonica 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 214 / 西瓜 Citrullus lanatus 是 Y 藤本（Vines） 农作物（Crop） 215 / 枇杷 Eriobotrya japonica 是 Y 小乔木（Small Tree） 农作物（Crop） 216 / 柑橘 Citrus reticulata 否 N 小乔木（Small Tree） 农作物（Crop） 竹叶花 217 / Zanthoxylum armatum 否 N 小乔木（Small Tree） 农作物（Crop） 椒 江西省二级 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 218 紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica 是 Y (Provincial.2) Shrub） 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 219 / 八角枫 Alangium chinense 是 Y Shrub） 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 220 / 风箱树 Cephalanthus tetrandrus 是 Y Shrub） 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 221 / 接骨木 Sambucus williamsii 是 Y Shrub） 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 222 / 牡荆 Vitex negundo 是 Y Shrub） 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 223 / 木芙蓉 Hibiscus mutabilis 是 Y Shrub） 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 224 / 珊瑚树 Viburnum odoratissimum 是 Y Shrub）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-98 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

观察 保护等级 中文名 记录 编号 拉丁名 类型 备注 Protetion Chinese Obse No. Latin Name Type Remarks Level Name rvati on 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 225 / 香橼 Citrus medica 是 Y Shrub） 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 226 / 盐肤木 Rhus chinensis 是 Y Shrub） 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 227 / 枣树 Ziziphus jujuba 是 Y 农作物（Crop） Shrub） 毛柄连 小乔木或灌木（Small Tree or 228 / Camellia fraterna 否 N 蕊茶 Shrub）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-99 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

ANNEX 2: ANIMAL SPECIES LIST FOR PINGXIANG SURVEY AREA

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 江西省级 1 栉鰕虎鱼 Ctenogobius giurinus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） （Provincial） 江西省级 2 鲥鱼 Macrura reevesii 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） （Provincial） 江西省级 3 长吻鮠 Leiocassis longirostris 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） （Provincial） 江西省级 4 暗色东方鲀 Fugu obscurus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） （Provincial） 江西省级 5 月鳢 Channa asiatica 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） （Provincial） 江西省级 6 斑鳢 Channa maculata 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） （Provincial） 江西省级 7 中华绒螯蟹 Eriocheir sinensis 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） （Provincial） 入侵动物（Invasive 8 / 福寿螺 Pomacea canaliculata 是 Y 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Animall） 9 / 鲤鱼 Cyprinus carpio 是 Y 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Erythroculter 10 / 翘嘴红鲌 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） ilishaeformis 11 / 黄尾密鲴 Xenocypris davidi 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 12 / 细鳞斜颌鲴 Xenocypris microlepis 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 13 / 银鲴 Xenocypris argentea 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Megalobrama 14 / 团头鲂 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） amblycephala 15 / 三角鲂 Magalobrame Tarminalis 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-100 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 16 / 鳜 Siniperca chuatsi 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 17 / 圆吻鲴 Distoechodon tumirostris 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Spualiobarbus 18 / 赤眼鳟 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Curriculus 19 / 鲦鱼 Hemiculter Leuciclus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 20 / 南方拟餐 Pseudohemiculter dispar 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 21 / 油餐条 Hemiculter bleekeri 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 22 / 银飘 Pseudolaubuca sinensis 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 23 / 麦穗鱼 Pseudorasbora parva 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Carassius auratus 24 / 肉红鲫 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） var.pingxiangnensis Hypophthalmichthys 25 / 鳙鱼 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） nobilis Ctenopharyngodon 26 / 草鱼 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） idellus Hypophthalmichthys 27 / 鲢鱼 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） molitrix 28 / 鲫鱼 Carassius auratus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Misgurnus 29 / 泥鳅 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） anguillicaudatus 30 / 鳊鱼 Parabramis pekinensis 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 31 / 鲶鱼 Silurus asotus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 32 / 长颌鲚 Coilia macrognathos 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 33 / 平颌鱲 Zacco platypus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Opsariichthys 34 / 马口鱼 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） opsariichthys 35 / 花䱻 Hemibarbus maculatus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 36 / 侧条光唇鱼 Acrossocheilus parallens 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-101 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name Onychostoma 37 / 台湾白甲鱼 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） barbatulum 38 / 中华花鳅 Cobitis sinensis 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 39 / 黄颡鱼 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 平舟原缨口 Vanmanenia 40 / 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 鳅 pingchowensis 41 / 黑尾䱀 Liobagrus nigricauda 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 42 / 溪吻虾虎鱼 Rhinogobius duospilus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Cipangopaludina 43 / 中国圆田螺 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） cathayensis 44 / 纹沼螺 Parafossarulus striatulus 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 45 / 三角帆蚌 Hyriopsis cumingii 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 46 / 河蚬 Corbicula fluminea 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） 47 / 皱纹冠蚌 Cristaria plicata 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Cipangopaludina 48 / 中国圆田螺 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） chinensis 49 / 椎实螺科 Lymnaeidae spp. 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） Macrobrachium 50 / 日本沼虾 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） nipponense Caridina nilotica 51 / 细足米虾 否 N 水生动物（Aquatic Animal） gracilipes 国家三有 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 52 （State 乌桕大蚕蛾 Attacus atlas 否 N Arthropod） Protection） Timelaea albescens 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 53 / 豹纹蛱蝶 是 Y formosana Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 54 / 玉带凤蝶 Papilio polytes 是 Y Arthropod）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-102 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 55 / 赤蜻属 Sympetrum spp. 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 56 / 柑橘凤蝶 Papilio xuthus 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 57 / 青带凤蝶 Graphium sarpedon 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 58 / 熊蝉属 Cryptotympana spp. 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 59 / 黄粉蝶属 Eurema spp. 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 60 / 蜻蜓科 Libellulidae 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 61 / 碧凤蝶 Papilio bianor 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 62 / 麝凤蝶属 Byasa spp. 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 63 / 细蟌科 Coenagrionidae spp. 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 64 / 蚁科 Formicidae spp. 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 65 / 蝗科 Acrididae spp. 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 66 / 瓢虫科 Coccinellidae spp. 是 Y Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 67 / 白粉蝶属 Pieris spp. 是 Y Arthropod）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-103 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 68 / 大红蛱蝶 Vanessa indica 否 N Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 69 / 新月带蛱蝶 Athyma selenophora 否 N Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 70 / 琉球三线蝶 Neptis hylas lulculenta 否 N Arthropod） 陆上节肢动物（Terrestrial 71 / 白带螯蛱蝶 Charaxes bernardus 否 N Arthropod） 国家二级 72 虎纹蛙 Rana tigrina 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） （National.2） 江西省级 73 棘胸蛙 Paa spinosa 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） （Provincial） 国家三有 74 （State 泽蛙 Rana limnocharis 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection） 国家三有 75 （State 中华蟾蜍 Bufo gargarizans 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection） 国家三有 76 （State 黑斑蛙 Rana nigromaculata 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection） 国家三有 Duttaphrynus 77 （State 黑眶蟾蜍 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） melanostictus Protection） 国家三有 78 （State 饰纹姬蛙 Microhyla ornate 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-104 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家三有 79 （State 中国雨蛙 Hyla chinensis 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection） 国家三有 80 （State 金线侧褶蛙 Rana plancyi 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection） 国家三有 81 （State 弹琴水蛙 Rana adenopleura 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection） 国家三有 82 （State 沼水蛙 Rana guentheri 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection） 国家三有 83 （State 阔褶蛙 Rana latouchii 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） Protection） 84 / 泽陆蛙 Fejervarya multistriata 否 N 两栖动物（Amphibian） 江西省级 85 乌梢蛇 Zoacys dhumnades 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） （Provincial） 江西省级 86 王锦蛇 Elaphe carinata 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） （Provincial） 国家三有 87 （State 中国石龙子 Eumeces chinensis 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） Protection） 国家三有 88 （State 中国水蛇 Enhydris chinensis 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） Protection）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-105 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家三有 89 （State 多疣壁虎 Gekko japonicus 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） Protection） 国家三有 90 （State 华游蛇 Sinonatrix percarinata 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） Protection） 国家三有 91 （State 蓝尾石龙子 Eumeces elegans 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） Protection） 国家三有 92 （State 铜蜓蜥 Sphenomorphus indicus 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） Protection） 国家三有 93 （State 翠青蛇 Cyclophiops major 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） Protection） 国家三有 94 （State 赤链蛇 Dinodon rufozonatum 否 N 爬行动物（Reptile） Protection） 国家二级 95 鸳鸯 Aix galericulata 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （National.2） 江西省级 96 喜鹊 Pica pica 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 97 池鹭 Ardeola bacchus 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 98 翠鸟 Alcedo atthis 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-106 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 江西省级 99 戴胜 Upupa epops 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 100 普通鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 101 苍鹭 Ardea cinerea 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 102 绿翅鸭 Anas crecca 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 103 绿头鸭 Anas platyrhynchos 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 104 大白鹭 Egretta alba 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 105 牛背鹭 Podiceps cristatus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 106 绿鹭 Butorides striatus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 107 白胸翡翠 Halcyon smyrnensis 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 108 蓝翡翠 Halcyon pileata 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 109 冠鱼狗 Ceryle lugubris 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 江西省级 110 红嘴蓝鹊 Urocissa erythrorhyncha 否 N 鸟类（Bird） （Provincial） 国家三有 111 （State 白头鹎 Pycnonotus sinensis 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） Protection）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-107 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家三有 112 （State 八哥 Acridotheres cristatellus 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 113 （State 家燕 Hirundo rustica 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 114 （State 白鹡鸰 Motacilla alba 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 115 （State 棕背伯劳 Lanius schach 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 116 （State 小 Tachybapus ruficollis 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 117 （State 凤头 Podiceps cristatus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 118 （State 斑嘴鸭 Anas poecilorhyncha 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 119 （State 中白鹭 Egretta intermedia 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 120 （State 小白鹭 Egretta garzetta 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection）

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编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家三有 121 （State 夜鹭 Nycticorax nycticorax 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 122 （State 黑苇鳽 Ixobrychus flavicollis 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 123 （State 黄(斑)苇鳽 Ixobrychus sinensis 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 124 （State 鹌鹑 Coturnix japonica 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 125 （State 董鸡 Gallicrex cinerea 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 黑水鸡（红 126 （State Gallinula chloropus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） 骨顶） Protection） 国家三有 127 （State 红脚苦恶鸟 Amaurornis akool 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 128 （State 白胸苦恶鸟 Amaurornis phoenicurus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 129 （State 秧鸡 Rallus aquaticus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection）

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编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家三有 130 （State 灰头麦鸡 Vanellus cinereus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 131 （State 金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 132 （State 扇尾沙锥 Gallinago gallinago 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 133 （State 矶鹬 Tringa hypoleucos 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 134 （State 白腰草鹬 Tringa ochropus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 135 （State 珠颈斑鸠 Streptopelia chinensis 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 136 （State 小云雀 Alauda gulgula 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 137 （State 金腰燕 Hirundo daurica 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 138 （State 灰鹡鸰 Motacilla cinerea 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection）

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编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家三有 139 （State 红尾伯劳 Lanius cristatus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 140 （State 北红尾鸲 Phoenicurus auroreus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 141 （State 鹊鸲 Copsychus saularis 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 142 （State 虎斑地鸫 Zoothera dauma 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 143 （State 斑鸫 Turdus naumanni 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 144 （State 黑喉石䳭 Saxicola torquata 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 145 （State 寿带 Terpsiphone paradise 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 Acrocephalus 146 （State 黑眉苇莺 否 N 鸟类（Bird） bistrigiceps Protection） 国家三有 147 （State 黄眉柳莺 Phylloscopus inornatus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection）

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编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家三有 148 （State 黄腰柳莺 Phylloscopus proregulus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 149 （State 黑脸噪鹛 Garrulax perspicillatus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 150 （State 棕头鸦雀 Paradoxornis webbianus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 151 （State 暗绿绣眼鸟 Zosterops japonicus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 152 （State 黑卷尾 Dicrurus macrocercus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 153 （State 灰卷尾 Dicrurus leucophaeus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 154 （State 丝光椋鸟 Sturnus sericeus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 155 （State 灰椋鸟 Sturnus cineraceus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 156 （State 树麻雀 Passer montanus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection）

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编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家三有 157 （State 黑尾蜡嘴雀 Eophona migratoria 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 158 （State 灰头鹀 Emberiza spodocephala 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 159 （State 白眉鹀 Emberiza tristrami 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 国家三有 160 （State 黄眉鹀 Emberiza chrysophrys 否 N 鸟类（Bird） Protection） 161 / 游隼 Falco peregrinus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） 162 / 斑鱼狗 Ceryle rudis 否 N 鸟类（Bird） 163 / 红尾水鸲 Rhyacornis fuliginosus 否 N 鸟类（Bird） 164 / 强脚树莺 Cettia fortipes 否 N 鸟类（Bird） 165 / 普通 Sitta europaea 否 N 鸟类（Bird） 166 / 白腰文鸟 Lonchura striata 否 N 鸟类（Bird） 167 / 家鸡 Gallus gallus domesticus 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） 168 / 家鸭 Anas platyrhynchos 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） domestica 169 / 家鹅 Anser cygnoides 是 Y 鸟类（Bird） orientalis 170 国际二级 水鹿 Cervus unicolor 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 国家二级 171 河麂 Hydropotes inermis 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） （National.2）

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编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 国家二级 172 欧亚水獭 Lutra lutra 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） （National.2） 江西省级 173 黄鼬 Mustela sibirica 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） （Provincial） 江西省级 174 鼬獾 Melogale moschata 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） （Provincial） 江西省级 175 小麂 Muntiacus reevesi 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） （Provincial） 国家三有 176 （State 华南兔 Lepus sinensis 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） Protection） 国家三有 177 （State 刺猬 Erinaceus europaeus 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） Protection） 国家三有 178 （State 狗獾 Meles meles 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） Protection） 国家三有 179 （State 猪獾 Arctonyx collaris 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） Protection） 国家三有 180 （State 中华竹鼠 Rhizomys sinensis 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） Protection） 181 / 臭鼩 Suncus murinus 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 182 / 鲁氏菊头蝠 Rhinolophidae Rouxi 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 183 / 东亚蝙蝠 Vespertilio superans 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 184 / 针毛鼠 Niviventer fulvescens 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal）

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1A-114 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project

编 保护等级 中文名 拉丁名 观察记录 类型 备注 号 Protetion Chinese Latin Name Observation Type Remarks No. Level Name 185 / 黑线姬鼠 Apodemus agrarius 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 186 / 褐家鼠 Rattus norvegicus 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 187 / 小家鼠 Mus musculus 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 188 / 普通伏翼蝠 Pipistrellus abramus 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 189 / 黄胸鼠 Rattus flavipectus 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） 养殖动物（Farmed 190 / 家猪 Sus domesticus 是 Y 哺乳动物（Mammal） Animal） 养殖动物（Farmed 191 / 中华田园犬 Canis lupus familiaris 是 Y 哺乳动物（Mammal） Animal） 养殖动物（Farmed 192 / 家猫 Felis catus 是 Y 哺乳动物（Mammal） Animal） 养殖动物（Farmed 193 / 山羊 Capra aegagrus hircus 是 Y 哺乳动物（Mammal） Animal） 养殖动物（Farmed 194 / 水牛 Bubalus bubalis 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） Animal） 养殖动物（Farmed 195 / 黄牛 Bos taurus domesticus 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） Animal） 养殖动物（Farmed 196 / 马 Equus ferus caballus 否 N 哺乳动物（Mammal） Animal）

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SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENT 1B:

HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PROJECT RIVERS

This supplementary document was provided by the Phase 1 PPTA hydrologist, who is responsible for review of the hydrological aspects of the river component design.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 OVERVIEW ...... 2

2 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS OF FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT ...... 2

3 PRESENT SITUATION EVALUATION ON FLOOD CONTROL ...... 3

4 PREPARATION OF FLOOD RISK MAPS ...... 3

5 MAIN METHODS USED IN FLOOD RISK ANALYSIS ...... 3

5.1 FLOOD AND FLOOD RISK ANALYSIS METHODS ...... 4

6 STEPS OF FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT ...... 8

7 FLOOD AREAS IN PINGXIANG MUNICIPALITY ...... 9

8 COMPARISON OF RESULTS ...... 12

9 REVIEW COMMENTS ...... 12

9.1 REVIEW COMMENTS - LUXI COUNTY ...... 12 9.2 REVIEW COMMENTS - LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 13 9.3 REVIEW COMMENTS - SHANGLI COUNTY ...... 14 9.4 REVIEW COMMENTS - XIANGDONG DISTRICT ...... 14

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River Flood Risk Management of Pingxiang City

1 Overview

Flood management is a principle for sustainable development human being and for a series of activities conductive to improving water environment, e.g. rationally regularizing flood control behaviors, enhancing adaptive capacity of human beings, and appropriately taking certain risks to utilize flood resources in a reasonable way, which are carried out by human beings in the principle of sustainable development and with a view to harmonize the relation between human beings and flood. Flood risk management is the core and essence of flood management. Flood risk management refers to an in-depth analysis and study on the characteristics of flood risks in river basins or areas and comprehensive flood control and disaster reduction measures according to local conditions on the basis of grasping the characteristics and evolution rule of flood risks, so as to reduce flood risks to tolerable risks and to harmonize the relation among areas as well as the relation between human beings and nature based on flood, accordingly guaranteeing and supporting sustainable development. The target of flood risk management is to reduce the probability of occurrence and harm of floods.

2 Requirement Analysis of Flood Risk Management

Setting flood retarding basins in a scientific and reasonable way so as to give floods a way out and to put floods under control is a feasible and cost-effective measure to reduce the harm of floods. Flood risk management, as an important non-structural disaster reduction measure, can be widely applied to management of flooded areas, flood control planning and emergency decision, disaster evaluation, resident evacuation, land development and utilization, casualty insurance, public disaster reduction countermeasures, and disaster education and propagation.

In terms of flood control, Pingxiang City adopts the method which combines prevention-dredging with structural and non-structural measures to guarantee the safety of the city and its main industrial and mining enterprises, and meanwhile gives consideration to the effective utilization of flood resources. It establishes different flood analysis and calculation models for different rivers, conducts pointed analysis of flood risks, and prepares different types of flood risk maps at different flood discharge magnitudes. For Pingxiang City, flood risk management is of great significance to improving the social management level of flood risks, establishing a flood risk management system, improving the flood prevention consciousness of all citizens, and guaranteeing the sustainable economic and social development.

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3 Present Situation Evaluation on Flood Control

The present situation evaluation on flood control of Pingxiang City and its subordinate counties is to analyze and evaluate these areas mainly from the aspects of flood control tasks, capacity of flood control works, flood control standard, flood control system, and flood control safety.

4 Preparation of Flood Risk Maps

The key to flood risk management is to prepare flood risk maps. See Appendix 1 for the guidelines for preparation of Pingxiang City’s flood risk maps. The general work flow is as shown in Figure 1.

Hydrological analysis and Construct flood Parameter computation routing model calibration

Data organization and Data organization and Model calculation analyzation analyzation

Data collection Flood impact analysis

Determine the scope of Plot risk graph the calculation

Fig.1 Risk map compilation step

5 Main Methods Used In Flood Risk Analysis Hydrological method mainly includes rainfall runoff calculation method, river flood routing method, and water balance method that calculates inundated area and depth of closed regions.

Rainfall runoff method may be used for analysis and calculation for flood caused by rainstorm and waterlogging. Alternatively, in the absence of design flood deliverables, rainfall runoff method can be used to calculate the flood process at inflow point of river upstream to be used as the upper boundary condition for calculation of river flood with hydraulic or hydrological method.

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As for river flood routing method, Muskingum method is recommended for estimating flow, water surface line is obtained depending on relationship between water level and flow, and on that basis inundated area along such line in the direction perpendicular to river flow direction horizontally extending to the land or water retaining structure (e.g. dike) is determined. This method is suitable for determining inundated area between two dikes of rivers in hilly and plain regions.

When volume inflowing into closed region or flow process is calculated (generally obtained through river flood hydraulic calculation), inundated area and distribution of depth within the closed region can be determined based on water balance principle in conjunction with regional topographic analysis. This method is suitable for small closed regions.

5.1 Flood and Flood Risk Analysis Methods 1) Due to the design of watershed flow measured data is less, rainstorm data are used to design flood in deduction. According to statistics, most of the heavy rain occurred in Plum Rains period. Storm sampling is the annual maximum method. The P-III curve fitting theory is used through the storm frequency analysis and calculation to obtain design storm. The unit line method and theoretical formula were used for calculation of design flood in Jiangxi province.

2) Method of flood routing was recommend in the use of Muskingum method of calculating flow, and the channel surface line was obtained through the stage discharge relation, and then along river flow direction perpendicular to horizontal extension to the land or water retaining structures (e.g. dikes) to get flooded area. Hydrodynamic simulation of non steady flow of river was based on Saint Venant equation.

Equation of continuity: A Q   q t x Momentum equation: Q   Q 2   y         gA  f qugAS 0  xt A  x    Among them, A: the river area; Q: flow; u: lateral flow in river flow velocity; t: time; x：the horizontal coordinate along the flow direction; q: flow of lateral channel; α: momentum correction coefficient; g: acceleration of gravity; y: water level; Sf; friction slope, which is calculated as follows: QQ 2 uun  S f 2 4 K 3 R At interchange of the river, connection of each reach through water balance

Lm() nn11 Qm  Qm, j   V, m  1,2,.... M j1

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Among them, L (m)-connected to nodes of the m section number

M: the total number of nodes Q n1 m : additional flow into n+1 time for node m

Q n1 ,lm : n+1 time into l flow node m V: water storage of river confluence

Simulation of constant flow of the river using Manning formula: 1  AQ 32 iR n Among them, A: section water area; Q: flow; n: roughness; R: hydraulic radius; i: bottom slope.

According to the engineering tasks of river improvement and design standards to achieve a once in 20 year flood control standard of embankment engineering should be. Once in 20 years according to the section of the form of embankment embankments, calculate and determine the crest elevation of the water level results in combination with related. According to the design flood crest elevation with ultra high determine crest. By the following formula Y=R+e+A

Among them, Y——The crest superelevation(m)

R——The design of wave run-up

e——Design of wind backwater height A——Safety heightening 3) According to the water balance principle combined with the regional terrain analysis, to get flooded river region and distribution.

4) Mapping and analysis of flood risk map According to the collected and calculated traffic data, the terrain data and the design flood control standard to calculate and analyze flood and flood risk map in the County scope in order to determine the impact of flood area of river.

5) Flood area mapping with GIS and DEM Flood areas analysis based on digital elevation model and GIS, the analysis process and the sample as shown in flowing Figures.

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6 Steps of Flood Risk Management First, it is required to monitor and collect all information of rain condition, water regime and flood disaster of Pingxiang City’s counties and rivers in connection with flood risk management in a timely and accurate manner, collate and analyze such information, and build a flood forecasting and analysis model according to collected meteorological information to forecast flood discharge magnitude and flood submerging range and analyze the situation of flood disaster. Once the model predicts that a disastrous flood may occur, it is required to issue a flood warning in a timely manner, specify a scheduling plan, make flood control decisions, and give orders to schedule flood control and command flood-fighting and emergency rescues according to the condition of existing flood control works and the scheduling rules, supervise the implementation of such orders, and make decisions on what to do next according to the condition of rains, water regime and flood disaster. The main steps includes 4 stages, i.e. data collection stage of flood risk management, flood risk prediction and evaluation stage, flood risk management program design stage, and flood risk management decision-making stage. The basic steps of flood risk management of Pingxiang City are as shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2: Flood Risk Management Basic Steps Information

Reservoir flood Engineering collection Social and Meteorological detention zone Rain information Disaster Remote sensing economic information application information and Danger information information information situation（Water information discharge） Risk prediction andevaluation

Rainstorm Flood Flood forecast forecast monitoring

Predict Flood order of engineering magnitude danger area estimate Flood risk analysis Flood disaster risk （Flood control assessment situation analysis）

Whether using the flood ？ NO control Project or not

YES

Flood control Dynamic simulation scheme formulation of flood risk Dispatching scheme Emergency

rescue scheme design Risk program management

Flood control Adjustment scheduling decisions scheme Schemes analyzation and evaluation Satisfied or not？ NO

YES

Information Flood control scheme Flood risk feedback implementation management scheme

The scheme of The scheme of flood Causing disaster or not？ flood control control project rush project scheduling engineering

YES Risk management decision

Convey Organize manpower and Withdraw the people All kinds of Issue flood Estimate the engineering material resources to do and material resources emergency warnings casualty loss operating solutions the emergency repairs of flood plain measures

Fig.2 The flood risk management basic steps

7 Flood Areas in Pingxiang Municipality Flood areas of Luxi County, Lianhua County, Shangli County and Xiangdong County are as shown in Figures as flowing.

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Flood areas of Luxi County

Flood areas of Lianhua County

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Flood areas of Shangli County

Flood areas of Xiangdong County

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unit：km2 Return Period 5 years 10 years 20 years 50 years Lianhua County 1.82 2.68 4.04 19.62 Shangli County 1.91 3.27 4.61 21.28 Luxi County 0.81 1.25 1.62 8.92 Xiangdong County(including Mashan town) 1.84 2.56 3.47 11.21

8 Comparison of Results  Harnessing section design flood water surface profile and design crest elevation, some high. The average of 2-4 meters.  The need to consider the strengthening design of dam reconstruction Po, strengthen dispatching management, need to calculate the depth, with the depth of water instead of water level.

9 Review Comments The feasibility study reports are basically completed by DI, and they are in line with the basic requirements of the feasibility study report. They are also need to strengthen the improvement work of the following aspects.

9.1 Review Comments - Luxi County The analysis of the project background, the necessity of construction, the basis for the preparation of the feasibility study report and other factors shows that all aspects are sufficient.

By fully applying the concept of the management of flood control risks, the feasibility study report analyzes the range of flood inundation under the conditions of different frequencies of flood and the possible flooded areas.

The measures for ecological restoration and governance are considered for the riverway treatment, but the measures for specific project segments shall be further defined.

A simple method of deduction from stored full runoff is adopted for the runoff calculation in the design report. The method has huge impact on the result of design flood. The basis shall be explained. Moreover, the maximum soil moisture can be preliminarily determined through the analysis of the data of Luxi Hydrological Station.

In the report, the river gradient of Tankou River is recorded as 25.6‰, which is wrong and shall be checked.

The report needs to specify that the treatment of sewage of the coal-washing plant in Anyuan District at the upstream of Xinhua River shall be conducted. If there is no basis for the

SD1B-12 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project treatment of Xinhua River, the evaluation of the impact of the project on environmental protection will not be approved.

There is lack of basis for the determination of the scale of Yuanhe Wetland and the layout and formation of the wetland is not clear. The functions of the wetland should be specified.

The water consumption of ecological environment of the wetland is not clear, and there is no content about how to ensure the water amount. It is a critical issue about the amount of water that the Shankouyan Reservoir can distribute for the wetland construction at the downstream. For the calculation of needed amount of water for ecological environment, it is recommended to use methods such as wetted perimeter method, 7Q10 method, ecological hydraulic radius method, Tennant method, TEXAS method, NGPRP method and BF method. In addition, the plan for the wetland to ensure the amount of water in different level years should be specified. Requirements for flood control have to be considered while constructing new dams on Yuanhe River. And it should not increase the pressure of flood diversion of flood control riverways.

The projects for Yuanhe River, Xinhua River and Tankou River should be uniformly coordinated because they are related to the renovation of dams on riverways. It is recommended that the analysis of the impact of dam renovation on flood control should be supplemented.

It is recommended that the report should point out the removal of sewage pipes in the riverways of Yuanhe River, Xinhua River and Tankou River.

9.2 Review Comments - Lianhua County The analysis of the project background, the necessity of construction, the basis for the preparation and other factors in the feasibility study report shows that all aspects are sufficient.

The analysis of flood risks and flood level calculation applied in the feasibility study report comply with design standards.

By applying the concept of the management of flood control risks, the feasibility study report analyzes the range of flood inundation under the conditions of different frequencies of flood and the possible flooded areas.

The flood analysis has not calculated the frequency of storms and is lack of the analysis result for storms lasting for a maximum duration of one day, three days or seven days.

The flood analysis is lack of calculation results of runoff and convergence of the drainage areas.

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The water consumption for ecological environment of the newly-built Tangdu natural wetland shall be checked. And the plan for ensuring its amount of water shall be clearly defined.

9.3 Review Comments - Shangli County The analysis of the project background, the necessity of construction, the basis for the preparation of the feasibility study report and other factors shows that all aspects are sufficient.

By fully applying the concept of the management of flood control risks, the feasibility study report analyzes the range of flood inundation under the conditions of different frequencies of flood and the possible flooded areas.

In the report, the durations designed for statistics only include one hour, six hours and 24 hours. It is recommended that one day, three days and seven days should also be included in the durations for statistics according to the relevant regulations and technical requirements.

The basis for selecting Tongtang Station as the reference for the hydrological station shall be explained. And the comparison of the controlled drainage area of Tongtang Station and the drainage area where the project is located shall be further explained.

There are no specific implementation measures for each project segment under river treatment. They shall be further defined.

There are lack of targeted measures for ecological restoration and governance.

9.4 Review Comments - Xiangdong District The analysis of the background and necessity of project construction, the basis for the preparation of the report and other factors shows that all aspects are sufficient.

The technical standards adopted by the report comply with national requirements.

By applying the concept of the management of flood control risks, the feasibility study report analyzes the range of flood inundation under the conditions of different frequencies of flood and the possible flooded areas.

There is lack of a table showing project investment estimates.

There is lack of project risk analysis.

The design applies storm method and method of hydrologic analogy for flood calculation. With the method of hydrologic analogy, Weifang Hydrological Station and Tongtang Station are used as the reference, so the basic information of the controlled drainage areas of the

SD1B-14 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project stations shall be supplemented. The information includes the topographic, geomorphologic and morphological characteristics of the drainage areas, characteristic value of rivers, vegetation, the conformity of storm characteristics and designed riverway conditions, the necessity of correction of rainfall, etc. If there is a large difference between the drainage areas as reference and the designed drainage area, the reference cannot be used.

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SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENT 1C: TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT AND RIVER REHABILITATION COMPONENT

1. Supplementary Document 1C describes and reviews the design institute’s (DI) proposed design for the integrated flood risk management and river rehabilitation component under the ADB project. The component includes flood control works (dredging, embankment construction, dam reconstruction) as well as the re-vegetation of riparian areas for several rivers.

2. This technical analysis is intended to be reviewed in conjunction with Supplementary Document 1A (SD-1A), which describes PPTA investigations on existing ecological and environmental conditions of the Project Rivers, as well as recommendations on river rehabilitation strategies such as embankment design and habitat optimization. Some of the design strategies described in SD-1A have been incorporated into the DI’s designs.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT RIVERS ...... 4

1.1 LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 4 1.2 LUXI COUNTY ...... 5 1.3 SHANGLI COUNTY...... 7 1.4 XIANGDONG DISTRICT ...... 9 2 COMPONENT RATIONALE ...... 11

2.1 CURRENT CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS ...... 11 2.2 LINKAGE TO GOVERNMENT PLANS ...... 16 3 DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS ...... 17

3.1 DESIGN CRITERIA ...... 17 3.2 SAFEGUARDS CONSIDERATIONS...... 17 3.3 APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND CODES ...... 18 4 PROPOSED DESIGN ...... 19

4.1 OVERVIEW ...... 19 4.2 FLOOD CONTROL STRATEGIES ...... 21 4.3 DREDGING ...... 27 4.4 DAM REMOVAL AND RECONSTRUCTION ...... 32 4.5 SEWER PIPE REPLACEMENT/SEPARATION ...... 33 4.6 RIPARIAN AND WETLAND RE-VEGETATION ...... 34 4.7 IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS...... 38 5 COSTS AND BENEFITS ...... 39

5.1 COST ESTIMATE ...... 39 5.2 COMPONENT BENEFITS ...... 40 6 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATION OF NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES ...... 42

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6.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT ...... 42 6.2 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT ...... 42 6.3 POLLUTION CONTROL FOR THE XINHUA RIVER ...... 42 ANNEX 1: TYPICAL CROSS-SECTIONS ...... 43

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1-1: MAP OF PROJECT RIVERS IN LIANHUA COUNTY ...... 4 FIGURE 1-2: REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOS OF PROJECT RIVERS IN LIANHUA ...... 5 FIGURE 1-3: MAP OF PROJECT RIVERS IN LUXI COUNTY ...... 6 FIGURE 1-4: REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOS OF PROJECT RIVERS IN LUXI ...... 7 FIGURE 1-5: MAP OF PROJECT RIVERS IN SHANGLI COUNTY ...... 8 FIGURE 1-6: REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOS OF PROJECT RIVERS IN SHANGLI ...... 9 FIGURE 1-7: REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOS OF PINGSHUI RIVER IN XIANGDONG...... 9 FIGURE 1-8: MAP OF PINGSHUI RIVER IN XIANGDONG ...... 10 FIGURE 2-1: FLOOD RISK MAP FOR LIANHUA COUNTY PROJECT AREA ...... 11 FIGURE 2-2: FLOOD RISK MAP FOR LUXI COUNTY PROJECT AREA ...... 13 FIGURE 2-3: FLOOD RISK MAP FOR SHANGLI COUNTY PROJECT AREA ...... 14 FIGURE 2-4: FLOOD RISK MAP FOR XIANGDONG DISTRICT PROJECT AREA ...... 15 FIGURE 4-1: TYPES OF RIVER CROSS SECTIONS ...... 22 FIGURE 4-2: REVETMENT TYPES ...... 23 FIGURE 4-3: COMPARISON OF DESIGN AND EXISTING RIVERBED ELEVATIONS ...... 28 FIGURE 4-4: PHOTOGRAPHS OF CUTTER SUCTION DREDGER AND FLOATING PIPELINE ...... 29 FIGURE 4-5: PROCESS FLOW OF SEDIMENT DREDGING AND TREATMENT ...... 30 FIGURE 4-6: DREDGED SEDIMENT TREATMENT METHODS...... 31 FIGURE 4-7: EXAMPLE OF HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR DAMS (LEFT) AND LANDSCAPE OVERFLOW WEIR (RIGHT) ...... 33 FIGURE 4-8: SCHEMATIC OF SEWER SEPARATION IN THE PINGSHUI RIVER ...... 34 FIGURE 4-9: PROPOSED RIPARIAN RE-VEGETATION ALONG BAIMA AND LIAN RIVERS ...... 35 FIGURE 4-10: PROPOSED RIPARIAN RE-VEGETATION ALONG THE YUAN RIVER ...... 37

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2-1: LIANHUA COUNTY HISTORICAL FLOOD RECORDS ...... 12 TABLE 2-2: SHANGLI COUNTY HISTORICAL FLOOD RECORDS ...... 14 TABLE 2-3: GOVERNMENT PLANS RELEVANT TO RIVER REHABILITATION ...... 16 TABLE 3-1: DESIGN STANDARDS FOR FLOOD CONTROL ...... 17 TABLE 4-1: SUMMARY OF INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS FOR THE RIVER COMPONENT ...... 20 TABLE 4-2: COMPARISON OF RETAINING WALL MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION ...... 23 TABLE 4-3: COMPARISON OF SLOPE REVETMENTS ...... 24 TABLE 4-4: SUMMARY OF REVETMENT TYPES ...... 24 TABLE 4-5: SUMMARY OF EMBANKMENT, REVETMENT, AND TOE PROTECTION DESIGNS ...... 25 TABLE 4-6: SUMMARY OF PROPOSED DREDGING VOLUMES ...... 27 TABLE 4-7: SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE DREDGING LOCATIONS ...... 27 TABLE 4-8: COMPARISON OF DREDGING EQUIPMENT ...... 29 TABLE 4-9: COMPARISON OF DREDGED SEDIMENT TREATMENT METHODS...... 31 TABLE 4-10: SUMMARY OF DAMS IN PROJECT RIVERS ...... 32 TABLE 4-11: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS DAM TYPES...... 33

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TABLE 4-12: SUMMARY OF SEWER REPLACEMENT/RELOCATION WORKS ...... 34 TABLE 4-13: PRESERVATION OF WETLAND AREAS AS NATURAL FLOODPLAINS (LIANHUA) ...... 36 TABLE 4-14: SUMMARY OF PROPOSED RIPARIAN RE-VEGETATION IN LUXI COUNTY ...... 36 TABLE 4-15: YUAN RIVER RIPARIAN ECOLOGY ...... 37 TABLE 4-16: IMPLEMENTATION AND O&M AGENCIES FOR RIVER COMPONENT ...... 38 TABLE 4-17: O&M LABOR REQUIREMENTS ...... 38 TABLE 5-1: PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES ...... 39 TABLE 5-2: RE-VEGETATION COST AS A PERCENT OF CIVIL WORKS COSTS (104 CNY) ...... 39 TABLE 5-3: PROTECTED AREA AND POPULATION ...... 41

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1 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT RIVERS

1.1 Lianhua County

3. The Lianhua sub-project includes rehabilitation of Lian River and its two tributaries, the Baima and Qin Rivers (Figure 1-1). The Lianhua County-town is located just north of the confluence of the Baima and Lian Rivers. A few sections of embankments have already been built along the more developed sections of the Lian River, while other sections are still well- vegetated. The upper stretches of the Baima and Qin are surrounded by farmland and rural villages. Representative photos of the Project Rivers are shown in Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-1: Map of Project Rivers in Lianhua County

Qin River

Baima River

County Town

Lian River

Rehabilitation Section Lian (and Qin) Rivers Baima River Length (km) 16.79 7.72 Width (m) 33 - 160 15 - 80 Flows Into Gan River Lian River Number of Bridges 9 6 Number of Dams 4 2

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Figure 1-2: Representative Photos of Project Rivers in Lianhua

Qin River Lian River

Baima River Baima River Source: PPTA site visits, August 2014

1.2 Luxi County

The Luxi sub-project includes rehabilitation of Yuan River and its two tributaries – the Tankou and Xinhua Rivers (Figure 1-3). The Luxi County-Town is located at the confluence of the three rivers. Near the county-town section, high embankments have already been constructed along the Yuan River. Completion of the Shankouyan Dam also now protects the Yuan River from 1/20 year floods. For the smaller Xinhua and Tankou rivers, buildings are built directly adjacent to the river in urban sections and water quality is poor. The upstream sections of the rivers are surrounded by farmland and scattered rural villages. In addition, Xinhua River has been polluted for decades by the discharge of untreated wastewater from the upstream Gaokeng Coal Mine in Anyuan District. Representative photos of the rivers are shown in Figure 1-4.

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Figure 1-3: Map of Project Rivers in Luxi County

County-Town Xinhua River

Tankou River

Yuan River

Shankouyan Dam

Rehabilitation Section Yuan River Xinhua River Tankou River Length (km) 7.6 7.8 3.27 Width (m) 45 - 100 5 - 32 5 -2 0 Flows Into Gan River Yuan River Yuan River Number of Bridges 9 26 10 Number of Dams 7 8 5 Source: FSR

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Figure 1-4: Representative Photos of Project Rivers in Luxi

Yuan River (downstream urban area) Yuan River (upstream rural area)

Tankou River (downstream) Tankou River (upstream)

Xinhua River (downstream) Xinhua River (upstream) Source: PPTA site visits, August 2014

1.3 Shangli County

The Shangli sub-project includes rehabilitation of rural sections of the Lishui and Jinshan Rivers (Figure 1-5). The rivers are surrounded by farmland and rural villages. Representative phots of the Project Rivers are shown in Figure 1-6.

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Figure 1-5: Map of Project Rivers in Shangli County

Jinshan River

Lishui River

Rehabilitation Section Jinshan River Lishui River Length (km) 19.69 10.1 Width (m) 1 - 20 12 - 30 Flows Into Pingshui River Pingshui River Number of Bridges 20 8 Number of Dams 19 2

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Figure 1-6: Representative Photos of Project Rivers in Shangli

Jinshan River (near settlements) Jinshan River (near farmland)

Lishui River (near settlements) Lishui River (near farmland) Source: PPTA site visits, August 2014

1.4 Xiangdong District

4. The Xiangdong District sub-project includes rehabilitation of the Pingshui River, the mother river of Pingxiang (Figure 1-8). Sections of the river near the urban area already have hard embankments, while the upstream stretches that are more rural and surrounded by farmland have natural embankments (Figure 1-7).

Figure 1-7: Representative Photos of Pingshui River in Xiangdong

Pingshui River (downstream urban area) Pingshui River (upstream) Source: PPTA site visits, August 2014

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Figure 1-8: Map of Pingshui River in Xiangdong

Xiangdong District

Pingshui River

Rehabilitation Section Pingshui River Length (km) 5.75 Width (m) 70 - 150 Flows Into Xiang River Number of Bridges 6 Number of Dams 1

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2 COMPONENT RATIONALE

2.1 Current Conditions and Problems

2.1.1 Common Problems

5. The Project Rivers in the four project counties/districts in Pingxiang share similar problems. Most of the rivers do not have engineered embankments and existing riverbanks in most river sections only protect against 1/2 - 1/5 year floods. Accumulation of sediment in the rivers over time has raised riverbed elevations, further reducing flood discharge capacities. Sedimentation is especially severe behind the many concrete dams constructed along the rivers for water abstraction. These dams, as well as abandoned bridges, uncontrolled vegetative growth, and sewer manholes in the rivers also impede flows during flood events.

6. The overall river environment and ecology has deteriorated in urban areas and near rural settlements as development encroaches upon wetland areas and floodplains. Riverbank erosion and degradation is serious in some river sections. Garbage dumps are commonly observed in the riverine areas, particularly in rural areas without municipal solid waste collection systems. Wastewater collection rates are still low in Pingxiang, which means that wastewater is often discharged untreated into the rivers. Where sewer systems do exist, interceptor mains are buried directly in the river, posing further risks to water quality.

7. Issues with the water environment (Section 4), ecology (Section 3), and existing embankments (Section 5) were discussed in SD-1A. Issues related to flood control are discussed further in the following sub-sections.

2.1.2 Lianhua County

8. The inundation map at 5, 10, 20, and 50-year recurrence periods for the Lianhua County project area is shown in Figure 2-1. As seen in the figure, flood control standards along the Lian River and the downstream stretch of the Baima River are lower than 1/5 year. Flooding affects farmland as well as human settlements in both urban and rural areas.

Figure 2-1: Flood Risk Map for Lianhua County Project Area

Lian River

Qin River

Baima River

Source: FSR

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9. Embankments have been built along a few sections of the rivers, but some of these embankments are old, have low flood control standards, and are not water tight. The elevation of natural riverbanks are relatively low, and in some areas where natural vegetation has been destroyed, riverbanks and toe zones have eroded or collapsed, further increasing flood risks.

10. Only urban river sections have undergone cleanups or sediment removal, and there is rampant growth of aquatic plants and accumulation of rocks within many sections. This has led to the gradual rise of riverbed elevations, reduction in cross-sectional area, and decline in flood discharge capacity. Furthermore, there are many concrete or masonry gravity dams along the rivers with a typical height of 1-3 m. These dams and weirs not only impede and block flood discharge, but also accumulate sediment, further reducing river cross-sectional areas.

11. Records of large historical floods in Lianhua County are summarized in Table 2-1, the largest of which was in 1995.

Table 2-1: Lianhua County Historical Flood Records

Year Affected Affected Collapsed Damaged Damaged Direct Population Area (104 Buildings Water Bridges Financial mu) Infrastructure Losses (million CNY) 1961 - 2.28 203 32 78 - 1962 5.3 286 58 109 - 1972 5000 500 180 30 5 10 1982 6 fatalities, 8 9.7 577 464 15 injuries 1995 2 fatalities 15 - - - 200 2010 - - 605 176 - 52.1 Source: FSR

2.1.3 Luxi County

12. The inundation map at 5, 10, 20, and 50-year recurrence periods for the Luxi County project area are shown in Figure 2-2. Due to construction of the Shankouyan Reservoir (completed in 2014) upstream of the Yuan River and existing built embankments, the Luxi section of the Yuan River now meets 1/20 year flood protection standards. However, the two tributaries of the Yuan, Xinhua River and Tankou River, do not have built flood control infrastructure and can only meet 1/2 – 1/5 year flood control standards. Flood risks are exacerbated along these rivers due to the dense development of housing along the riverbanks in the county-town old urban area. These buildings have gradually narrowed the cross section of the rivers and some even illegally occupy the river itself, impeding river flows in some sections.

13. Other structures within the rivers that obstruct the discharge of floodwaters and contribute to sediment build-up include weirs and dams (primarily used for irrigation), abandoned bridges, and sewer interceptors/manholes.

14. Historical records of flooding in Luxi are limited to the Yuan River, which experienced flooding every 5 years on average before construction of the Shankouyan Reservoir. Flooding of the Xinhua and Tankou rivers affects urban areas in the county-town as well as farmland in the upstream areas.

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Figure 2-2: Flood Risk Map for Luxi County Project Area

Xinhua River Tankou River

Yuan River

Source: FSR Note: The upstream rural section of Tankou River has not been modeled by the DI, but based on information from local residents the surrounding farmland is prone to flooding.

2.1.4 Shangli County

15. The inundation maps for the Jinshan and Lishui Rivers are shown in Figure 2-3. Flooding affects mostly surrounding farmland as well as rural villages along the rivers. Some existing embankments have been constructed along the Lishui River, but they only meet 1-3 year flood control standards and are not water tight. The existing riverbank elevations on both sides of the river are relatively low and there tends to be severe erosion and sometimes collapsing of riverbanks in less vegetated sections.

16. Like other Project Rivers, the Lishui and Jinshan Rivers have severe siltation issues that affect their flood discharge capacities. This is due to damage of natural vegetation and erosion of river banks, as well as in-stream obstructions such as dams and weirs. Rampant growth of aquatic vegetation, such as water hyacinth, within the riversFlooding also of villagesimpedes along floodwaters. the Lishui River on May 25, 2014 (Source: 525 Flood Report) 17. Records of large historical floods in Shangli County are summarized in Table 2-2, the largest of which was in 2014.

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Table 2-2: Shangli County Historical Flood Records

Year Affected Affected Damaged Damaged Water Direct Population Area (104 Roads (km) Infrastructure Financial mu) Losses (million CNY) 1989 41 0.5 - - 5.61 households 1998 0.35 2 - 10.24 2004 3000 1.2 - 14.25 2008 - - - 6 dams, 6.5 km of channels 4 and embankments 2010 3600 0.1 - 4 km of channels 32.58 2014 263,000 - - 311km of channels, 505 ponds, 175 35 sluice gates, 44 pump stations, 73.5 km embankment Source: FSR

Figure 2-3: Flood Risk Map for Shangli County Project Area

Jinshan River

Lishui River

Source: FSR

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2.1.5 Xiangdong District

18. The inundation map for Pingshui River in the Project area is shown in Figure 2-4. The existing flood area is 185 ha, including 142 ha of urban area and 43h ha of farmland. Flooding impacts urban areas (residents and industries) as well as farmland in the catchment.

19. There are existing embankments in some sections, which only provide 1/5 year flood protection, with very few sections meeting 1/10 year standards. In sections with natural riverbanks, increased human activity and urban development has encroached upon the river and destroyed the vegetation, leading to increased soil erosion and even collapse of earthen banks.

20. There are two gravity dams within the project area that are used for water abstraction by Pingxiang Steel Plant and the Pingxiang Power Plant. These dams artificially raise the water level near the Xiangdong urban area and have a significant impact on flood discharge.

21. According to the FSR, there have been 18 major flood events in Xiangdong district since 1949, resulting in annual average financial losses of more than 10 million RMB. The largest storm event occurred during 12 hours of intense precipitation over June 23rd and 24th, 2010. Most of Xiangdong was flooded during this event, with water depths reaching 0.5-1.5 m in some areas and transportation interrupted in many places.

Figure 2-4: Flood Risk Map for Xiangdong District Project Area

Source: FSR

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2.2 Linkage to Government Plans

22. Targets for improving flood control standards in urban areas of Pingxiang are set forth in urban master plans as well as flood control plans for each county/district, as shown in Table 2-3. The extent of riparian area to be included in the proposed river rehabilitation projects was determined based on green space or road boundaries delineated in the urban master plans. Further details of urban master plans were discussed in SD-1A, Section 6.

Table 2-3: Government Plans Relevant to River Rehabilitation

County/ Rivers Relevant Government Plans Target Flood District Control Standard Lianhua Lian, Baima, Lianhua County-Town Flood Control and 1/20 year for urban and Qin Rivers Stormwater Management Plan (2012) areas and 1/10 year Lianhua Master Plan (2011-2030) for rural areas Luxi Yuan, Xinhua, Luxi Urban Master Plan (2007-2020) 1/20 year and Tankou Luxi Yuan River Upstream Scenic Belt Rivers Urban Design and Landscape Plan (2013) Luxi Urban Flood Control Plan (2012) Shangli Lishui and - - Jinshan Rivers Xiangdong Pingshui River Pingxiang Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) 1/20 year Pingxiang Urban Flood Control Plan (2011)

23. Jinshan and Lishui Rivers flow primarily through rural areas of Shangli, so have not been included in the county’s existing urban master plans or flood control plans. However, rehabilitation of small and medium rivers is now a high priority in the county due to the disastrous May 25, 2014 flood event and the county government has requested support from the provincial government for flood control infrastructure.

24. Improvement of the ecological environment is particularly important in Lianhua and Luxi, which have been designated as provincial level ecological function zones. This designation in effect means that their economies should focus on providing ecological services as a priority, and restrict large scale and high intensity urbanization and industrialization activities (see Sector Analysis in main report).

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3 DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND CONSIDERATIONS

3.1 Design Criteria

25. There are multiple objectives of the integrated flood risk management and river rehabilitation component, including:

 Improvement of flood discharge capacities and flood protection standards (see Table 3-1);  Restoration of riparian buffers and vegetation;  Protection against riverbed/bank scouring and erosion;  Improvement of the overall water environment and ecological values.

Table 3-1: Design Standards for Flood Control

County/ District River Flood Control Standard Lianhua Lian, Baima, and Qin Rivers 1/20 year for urban areas; 1/10 year for rural areas 1/3~5 year for Farmland Luxi Yuan, Tankou, and Xinhua Rivers 1/20 year Floodplain for some farmland area Shangli Lishui and Jinshan Rivers 1/10 year 1/3~5 year for Farmland Xiangdong Pingshui River 1/20 year

26. The flood control standards are in line with government plans, as discussed in Section 2.2. Standards for rural areas, however, are provided as guidelines only and can be adjusted based on local needs and conditions. For the Jinshan, Lishui, and upstream sections of the Tankou River, which mostly run through rural farmland, a lower flood control standard could be considered to reduce the cost of flood control infrastructure. According to PPTA discussions with local officials in Shangli and Lianhua, a 1/5 year flood control standard may be adequate for rural area of the Lishui and Jinshan Rivers. For upstream from new 320 road bridge at Tankou River in Luxi, it was agreed that the farmland will act as flood plain.

3.2 Safeguards Considerations

3.2.1 Environment

27. Both positive and negative environmental impacts should be considered in the design of this component. On the positive side, design of embankments and riparian areas are based on promoting biodiversity through habitat optimization and reducing bank erosion, as discussed in SD-1A. Reconstruction of dams in the rivers should consider not only improving flood discharge, but also facilitating fish migration.

28. On the negative side, the environmental impacts of dredging should be carefully evaluated and mitigated. The IAs are currently conducting baseline monitoring of sediment quality along the rivers. The results will help with selection of dredging locations and processes, as well as treatment and disposal processes for the dredged materials. In addition, existing riparian vegetation should be preserved as much as possible.

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3.2.2 Land Acquisition and Resettlement

29. For most stretches of the Project Rivers, space is needed to widen rivers and construct embankments to meet flood control requirements. Although the design will minimize involuntary resettlement as much as possible, flood control requirements cannot be met without demolition of existing houses built on urban riverbanks, particularly for the Xinhua and Tankou Rivers in Luxi. In addition, resettlement in some areas may be necessary to create the riparian green space outlined in existing urban master plans. Once results from ongoing resettlement surveys are complete, the IAs may need to make trade-offs between minimizing resettlement, maximizing flood control, and developing ecological landscaping in the urban areas.

30. In rural areas, the new embankments will need to occupy some existing farmland adjacent to the rivers.

31. The selection of temporary and permanent disposal sites for dredged sediments, which will be done during Detailed Engineering Design, should also minimize land acquisition.

3.2.3 Social

32. Proposed work on the dams may affect water abstraction for agricultural and industrial use. These impacts should be considered in the design and operations of the dams. Clear operating rules should be established to guarantee equitable water rights.

3.3 Applicable Standards and Codes

33. Key national laws and standards that guide the design of this component are as follows:

 PRC Water Law (2002)  PRC Flood Control Law (1998)  PRC Environmental Protection Law (1989)  Environmental Protection Law for Development Projects (1998)  PRC River Management Ordinance (1988)  PRC Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law (1996)  PRC Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Law (1984)  Technical Policies for Urban Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment (2000)  Flood Control Standards (GB50201－94)  Embankment Design Standards (GB50286－2013)  Water Resources Infrastructure and Hydropower Project Feasibility Study Report Preparation Procedures (DL5020-93)  River Rehabilitation Design Standards (GB50707－2011)  Embankment Engineering Management Design Standards (SL171-96)  Sluice Gate Design Standards (SL265—2001)  Design Standards for Concrete Structures in Hydraulic Engineering (SL191-2008)  Design Standards for Building Loads in Hydraulic Engineering (DL5077—1997)  Design Standards for Retaining Walls in Hydraulic Engineering (SL379-2007)  Park Design Standards (CJJ48-1992)  Urban Drainage Works Planning Standards (GB50318-2000)  Outdoor Drainage Design Standards (GB50014-2006)  Urban Flood Control Works Design Standard (CJJ50-92)  National Wetland Park Construction Standards (LY/T1755—2008)  Guidelines for Master Planning of National Wetland Parks (National Forestry Bureau Wetlands Protection Management Center Document No. 7, 2010)  Jiangxi Province Stormwater Reference Handbook

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4 PROPOSED DESIGN

4.1 Overview

34. This component includes integrated river rehabilitation for eight Project Rivers in the four project counties/district, and covers:

 River widening and dredging;  Repair/construction of embankment, revetment, and toe protection;  Planting of aquatic plants and riparian vegetation (currently only in Lianhua and Luxi);  Removal and reconstruction of dams;  Replacement or separation of in-stream sewer interceptors;  Other ancillary work such as embankment roads, riverside walkways, and bridge construction.

35. An overview of the proposed works is provided in Table 4-1.

36. The overall design approach that has been encouraged by ADB and the PPTA Phase 1 and 2 consultants since the beginning of the project is one that promotes a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment by:

 Preserving natural flood plains where possible to reduce flood vulnerability and protect wetland ecosystems;  Restoring riparian buffers and vegetation to protect river water quality and enhance biodiversity;  Applying ecological methods to embankment and revetment design to reduce overall flood risk and mimic natural riverine environments;  Minimizing modification of river hydro-morphology, such as channelization and dredging.

37. This design philosophy is in line with international best practices and also the concept of ecological civilization that is being promoted by the PRC central government.

38. To support design of this component and gain a deeper understanding of the Project Rivers, the PPTA river specialists conducted surveys of existing river biodiversity and habitats, major pollution sources, and current riverbank conditions. Based on these surveys, recommended embankment design and habitat optimization strategies were developed and shared with the DI during workshops. This work was presented in SD-1A. The current version of the river FSRs (submitted Jan 8, 2015) incorporates several of the design approaches proposed by the PPTA team.

39. The following sub-sections provide an overview of the DI’s current design.

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Table 4-1: Summary of Infrastructure Works for the River Component

Sub-Project Lianhua County Luxi County Shangli County Xiangdong District Sub-Component Lian River Baima River Yuan River Xinhua Tankou Lishui River Jinshan Pingshui and Qin River River River River River Length of Riverworks 16.79 km 7.72 km 7.6 km 7.8 km 3.27 km 10.1 km 16.69 km 5.75 km Estimated Earthworks 1.44 0.45 0.16 0.24 0.11 0.45 0.22 0.21 for River Widening (million m3) Estimated Dredging 503,700 365,287 94115 58,602 222,200 183,433 750,846 Volumes (m3) New Embankment/ 28.4 km 6.44 km 15.2 km 6.2 km 6.5 km 20.2 km 33.4km 11.5 km Revetment Toe Zone Protection 28.4 km 7.72 km 15.2 km 6.2 km 6.5 km 20.2 km 33.4 km 11.5 km Number of Dams/weirs 2 - 4 3 5 2 15 for Reconstruction/ Removal Number of New Bridges 1 - 1 1 - - - - Sewage Piping - - 800 m 2.5 km 1.21 km - - 5.5 km Relocation/Separation km = kilometer; hm2 = hectare = 10,000 square meters; m = meter; m3 = cubic meters

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4.2 Flood Control Strategies

4.2.1 Design of River Cross-Sections

40. Cross-sectional design of rivers is based on estimates of flood discharges and water levels at the target recurrence period, i.e. for a 1/10 or 1/20 year flood (see Supplementary Document 2 for report by Phase 1 hydrologist). To protect surrounding land from overbank flooding, floodwaters may need to be contained within the river channel by increasing the cross-sectional area of the river through either:

1. extending the boundaries of the river by building embankments in the floodplain; or 2. excavating the riverbed and river banks to deepen and widen the main river channel. 41. The first approach preserves the natural form of the river and existing vegetation by building embankments away from the existing riverbank, but creates an artificial barrier between the river and its flood plain during large flood events. Without resettlement, this approach is not feasible in areas where there is development on or near the riverbank. Additionally, the new embankment may take up valuable land that may be needed for other uses such as agriculture. The height of such embankments may also be constrained by stormwater drainage considerations and aesthetics.

42. The second approach in effect artificially channelizes the river through widening and/or dredging. This takes up less land, but may lead to increased flow velocities and erosive forces both within the channelized section and further downstream. Existing vegetation and other aquatic ecosystems are also destroyed in the process.

43. In this Project, the first approach is preferred in areas where there are ecological assets worthy of protection (such as riverbank vegetation) and where there is adequate room to extend river boundaries. In areas where riverbanks are already eroded or degraded, widening may be an acceptable option.

4.2.2 Floodplain Preservation

44. Both of the approaches above involve constraining flood flows within a designed river channel. From a regional or watershed perspective, however, the most effective method of flood risk management is to:

1. maximize flood retention over the entire watershed by allowing rivers to flood naturally; and 2. keep human infrastructure and development away from natural floodplains. 45. Opportunities to apply this concept of flood risk management into the ADB Project have been explored starting with the Phase 1 PPTA, as described in the Phase 1 interim report. Several riverside tracts of land (mostly relatively small areas of farmland) were identified as potential areas to preserve as floodplains. This is equivalent to widening certain sections of river. However, hydrological calculations by the DI suggest that allowing these areas to flood would lead to only a negligible decrease in downstream flood levels. According to local officials, local farmers also do not agree to have embankments constructed on the other side of their farmland and risk flooding of their crops. The DI’s current design therefore has only two areas, both in Lianhua County, that have been preserved as flood plains – the 17.2ha Tangdu Natural Wetland Park and the future 30 ha Lianhua Ecological Landscape Park (see Section 4.6.2).

46. Based on actual conditions within the watershed, perhaps a more effective approach to flood plain preservation in Pingxiang’s Project Rivers is to lower the flood control standards in upstream stretches of the Project Rivers such as the Tankou, Jinshan, and Qin Rivers, which are currently flanked by mostly farmland. From our discussions with locals, floodwaters

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1C-21 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project typically recede within a few hours and do little damage to rice crops. Allowing these upstream stretches to flood naturally will reduce or delay flooding downstream to some degree. This needs to be further discussed with the local government, as discussed in Section 3.1.

4.2.3 Embankment, Revetment, and Toe Protection Design

An embankment is a man-made ridge, typically sloped, of earth or stone that confines a waterway. A revetment is a facing, e.g. masonry, used to protect and support an embankment against erosion by wave action or currents. The toe of an embankment is the junction of the base of the embankment with the natural ground surface. It needs protection to prevent scour by the flowing water.

4.2.4 Embankment Design

47. With the exception of the larger rivers (the Yuan, Pingshui, and short sections of the Lian River), which already have engineered embankments, new embankments are required for most of the Project Rivers to meet targeted flood control standards and protect against soil erosion. Embankment designs for the Project Rivers can generally be categorized into the following three types (Figure 4-1):

1. Retaining walls (rectangular cross-section)– used where there is 1) existing development very close to the riverbank and there is no space to widen the river - usually where the river runs through county-towns and villages; and 2) more risk of soil erosion or scouring – for example at river bends where flow velocities are high. These walls are hard and vertical or near vertical;

2. Sloped embankments (trapezoidal cross-section) – used where there is adequate room to widen the river and create a sloped river bank. These slopes are usually vegetated or covered with biological revetment;

3. Combinations of retaining walls and/or sloped embankments (compound river cross- sections) – typically allows riverside walkways to be built close to the ordinary water level.

48. Some river sections are already secure and well-vegetated and here new embankments will be constructed behind the existing vegetation to increase flood protection standards.

49. Typical horizontal cross sections for each river, as proposed in the DI’s design, are shown in Annex 1. The cross sections also demonstrate the extent of river widening and dredging that is being proposed.

Figure 4-1: Types of River Cross Sections

Hard Retaining Wall Sloped Embankment Compound Cross Section

Toe Protection

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4.2.5 Revetment Types

50. The revetment types evaluated by the DI for retaining walls and sloped embankments are shown in Figure 4-2, Table 4-2, and Table 4-3.

Figure 4-2: Revetment Types

Gabion and Grass

Permeable Interlocking Pavers

Interlocking Blocks Dry Riprap

Table 4-2: Comparison of Retaining Wall Materials of Construction

Evaluation Criteria Concrete Stone Masonry Interlocking Dry Stone Blocks Durability Good Good Good Low Ease of Construction Difficult Difficult Easy Easy Allows Vegetative No No Some Some Growth Requirements for High High Low Low Foundation Bearing Capacity Cost (104 CNY per m) 0.11 - 0.39 0.09 - 0.14 0.12 - Cost data assumes 2.5 meter high retaining wall. CNY = Chinese Yuan 104 = 10,000 Source: FSR

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Table 4-3: Comparison of Slope Revetments

Evaluation Criteria Interlocking Permeable Gabion Dry Grass2 Blocks Interlocking Boulder Concrete Riprap Protection Against Good Good Good Good Mediocre Erosion Allows Vegetative Some Yes Yes Yes Yes Growth Ease of Easy Easy Easy Easy Easy Construction Ease of Easy Easy Easy Easy Medium Maintenance Cost (CNY per m)1 - 1,100 – 1,500 1,200 - 1,700 - - 1. Assumes 2.5 meter high embankment. 2. The DI did not include grass in their revetment comparison, but used grass where no engineered revetment was deemed necessary. Source: FSR

51. Toe protection will also be added along all Project Rivers to protect against riverbed scouring and degradation. Materials proposed include dry boulder riprap, gabion, and gravel.

Table 4-4: Summary of Revetment Types

River Total Length of Hard Revetment Soft Revetment Hard and Soft Embankment Revetment (km) Length % of Total Length % of Total Length % of (km) (km) (km) Total Lian and 20.24 5.74 28.4% 9.3 45.9% 5.2 25.7% Qin Rivers Baima 7.72 1.7 22.0% 4.8 62.2% 1.22 15.8% River Yuan 15.2 5.6 36.8% 9.6 63.2% 0 0.0% River Xinhua 6.22 4.12 66.2% 1.18 19.0% 0.92 14.8% River Tankou 6.456 0.488 7.6% 3.728 57.7% 2.24 34.7% River Lishui 20.2 2.5 12.4% 17.7 87.6% 0 0.0% River Jinshan 33.42 0.45 1.3% 32.97 98.7% 0 0.0% River Pingshui 11.5 6.4 55.7% 5.1 44.3% 0 0.0% River

Total 120.9 26.998 22.3% 84.378 69.8% 9.58 7.9%

Note: Masonry gravity/block wall, concrete flood wall, interlocking block and stone stepped revetment are considered as hard embankments; Gabion, grass, dry boulder riprap and vegetation, earth embankment and permeable interlocking concrete pavers are considered as soft. Length is calculated for river-facing side.

52. Table 4-5 provides a summary of the embankment, revetment, and toe protection design for the Project Rivers. As seen in the table, different revetment materials are proposed for the different counties/districts based on local conditions and preferences.

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Table 4-5: Summary of Embankment, Revetment, and Toe Protection Designs

Toe Protection Hard Retaining Wall1 Sloped Embankment1 Compound Cross Section1 Length Revetment Length Revetment Length Length River Type Figure3 Figure3 Revetment Type Figure3 (km)2 Type (km) 2 Type (km) 2 (km) 2 Lian Gravel Masonry LH-1 Gabion and LH-4 1. Masonry Wall + Walkway + Vegetated Slope 3.7 LH-5 (and Gravity Wall Grass or 2. Gabion Slope + Walkway + Grass Slope LH-6 20.24 5.74 9.3 1.5 Qin) Shrub and LH-7 Rivers Grass Baima Gravel Masonry LH-1 Gabion or LH-2 Masonry Wall + Walkway + Vegetated Slope 1.22 LH-5 7.72 1.7 4.8 River Gravity Wall Grass LH-3 Yuan Dry - - Dry Boulder LX-1 1. Masonry Wall + Walkway + Existing 5.49 LX-3 River Boulder Riprap and Embankment - 9 Riprap 15.2 Vegetation 2. Dry Boulder Riprap + Walkway + Grass 0.6 LX-2

Revetment + Existing Earth Embankment 3. Concrete Wall + Walkway + Concrete Wall 0.11 LX-4 Xinhua Dry Masonry LX-5 Dry Boulder LX-6 1. Concrete Wall + Walkway + Grass 0.92 LX-3 River Boulder Wall Riprap and 2. Masonry Wall + Walkway 1.44 Riprap 7.72 1.7 Vegetation 4.8 3. Concrete Wall + Walkway + Existing 0.87 Embankment 0.4 LX-4 4. Concrete Wall + Walkway + Concrete Wall Tankou Dry - - Dry Boulder LX-6 1. Concrete Wall + Walkway + Grass 2.24 LX-3 River Boulder Riprap and 2. Concrete Wall + Walkway + Concrete Wall LX-4 6.456 - 3.728 Riprap Vegetation 3. Dry Stone Stepped Revetment 0.4 0.088 Lishui Gabion Interlocking SL-1 1. Grass4 SL-2 - - - River Block Wall or 13.8 15.2 - Masonry 2. Gabion 3.9 SL-3 Wall Jinshan Gabion Interlocking SL-1 1. Grass4 SL-2 - - - River Block Wall or 20.7 SL-3 26.04 0.45 2. Gabion Masonry 12.27 Wall

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Toe Protection Hard Retaining Wall1 Sloped Embankment1 Compound Cross Section1 Length Revetment Length Revetment Length Length River Type Figure3 Figure3 Revetment Type Figure3 (km)2 Type (km) 2 Type (km) 2 (km) 2 Ping- Gabion 11.5 1. Masonry XD-2 Permeable XD-1 - - shui Wall Interlocking 2.5 River 2. Existing XD-3 Concrete 4 5.1 Masonry Pavers 3.9 Wall + Concrete Flood Wall Notes: 1. Existing retaining walls and vegetated slopes are used where existing elevations meet flood control requirements. 2. Total length of river works on left and right riverbanks, and the length is counted for river-facing side. 3. Reference figures shown in Annex 1.

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4.3 Dredging

53. Dredging is proposed by the DI for almost all sections of the Project Rivers for two primary purposes: (1) Removal of sediment that has accumulated along the river, particularly behind existing dams; and (2) Engineering a linear stream gradient.

54. Estimated dredging volumes by the DI are summarized in Table 4-6.

Table 4-6: Summary of Proposed Dredging Volumes

River Proposed Dredging Volume (m3) Lian and Baima Rivers 503,700 Yuan River 365,287 Xinhua River 94115 Tankou River 58,602 Lishui River 222,200 Jinshan River 183,433 Pingshui River 750,846 Total 2,178,183

55. Current longitudinal cross-sections in the DI’s design drawings provide “design river-bed elevations” and “current river-bed elevations” along all sections of the Project Rivers. In some sections where the target riverbed elevation is significantly lower than existing elevations (e.g. top figure in Figure 4-3), it is clear why dredging is being proposed. However, in sections where differences between design and existing elevations are minimal (e.g. bottom drawing in Figure 4-3), the need for dredging is questionable. Natural riverbed features such as pools and riffle sequences provide habitat diversity for riverine ecosystems and should not be disturbed by dredging. This is particularly important for river sections where existing ecological conditions are good, such as in Lianhua and Luxi.

4.3.1 PPTA Evaluation of Dredging

56. Table 4-7 summarizes the locations where dredging may be required based on PPTA review of the DI’s longitudinal sections. Dredging for the sole purpose of creating a linear stream gradient should be avoided in all river sections. However the Design Institute insists dredging is needed to achieve a specific hydraulic gradient for adequate river flow.

Table 4-7: Summary of Possible Dredging Locations

River Dredging Location Estimated Depth of Dredging (m) Baima River Behind existing dams only 0.5 – 3 m Lian River 0+000 to 6+700 0.5 – 3 m Yuan River Behind existing dams only 0.3 – 1 m Xinhua River Behind existing dams only 0.3 – 2 m Tankou River Behind existing dams 0.3 – 3 m Jinshan River 0+000 to 17+500 0.5 – 4 m Lishui River Entire length except 2+500 to 3+500 0.5 – 2 m and 9+000 to 10+000 Pingshui River Entire length 0.5 – 3 m Based on review of DI’s longitudinal sections.

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Figure 4-3: Comparison of Design and Existing Riverbed Elevations

Top drawing: Red line shows existing riverbed elevation; Blue line shows design riverbed elevation (Tankou River). Sediment buildup behind dams (black rectangles) is evident.

Bottom drawing: Yellow line shows existing riverbed elevation; Green line shows design riverbed elevation (Lian River).

Source: DI longitudinal cross-sections.

4.3.2 Methods for Removal of River Sediment

57. Two methods were evaluated for the removal of sediment from the Project Rivers. The first method is to excavate the river sediment in the dry. This is accomplished by building a coffer dam around the area for sediment removal, thus diverting the river flow around the coffer dam. The water within the coffer dam would be pumped out. A mechanical excavator would then be deployed inside the coffer dam to excavate the sediment, similar to earth excavation on land.

58. The second method is to deploy a mechanical dredger to dredge the river sediment under water.

59. The first method is applicable to small rivers, or rivers with water depths too shallow for deploying a dredger. The dispersion of suspended solids is contained within the coffer dam in the first method, while the second method would stir up the river sediment during dredging, resulting in the dispersion of suspended solids to downstream areas if no mitigation is applied.

60. The dry method will be adopted for Project Rivers in Luxi County and Shangli County because the rivers are relatively small and the sections are close to urban developments with space constraint for dredger deployment. The dredging method will be adopted for Project Rivers in Lianhua County and Xiangdong District.

4.3.3 Dredging Equipment

61. Four types of dredging equipment were evaluated for their pros and cons: cutter suction dredger, trailing suction hopper dredger, open suction dredger, and grab dredger (Table 4-8). The cutter suction dredger was determined to be the most suitable among the four in view of the river sediment texture and less water pollution during dredging, and would be used for removing sediment from the Project Rivers in Lianhua County and Xiangdong District.

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Figure 4-4: Photographs of Cutter Suction Dredger and Floating Pipeline

Cutter suction dredger Floating pipeline Source: PPTA consultants

Table 4-8: Comparison of Dredging Equipment

Suitability for Dredging Equipment Pros and Cons this Project

 Good slurry adaptive characteristic  Can be transported by pumping through pipeline eliminating pollution during transport Cutter suction dredger  Flexible in production rate and transport distance Suitable  Mechanical cutting of sediment will stir up sediment causing pollution near the cutter head  The cutter suction opening could be blocked if there is substantive quantity of refuse on the lake bed.  The smallest dredging capacity in the PRC is 500 m3 with a draft of > 3m and difficult to deploy in shallow water  The trailing suction hopper and the boat are together and Trailing suction hopper therefore difficult to transport the equipment Not suitable dredger  During dredging, diluted slurry will be lost to the water causing pollution  Not suitable for dredging short distances and poor control on the accuracy of the dredging radius.  Most suitable for hard sediment with relatively high dredging rate  Less suitable for soft sediment where leakage back to the water would cause pollution Applicable but Grab dredger  Dredging efficiency would be reduced substantially for shallow less suitable dredging depths  Need other boats to support (e.g. transport of dredged sediment) which might interfere with dredging works  Suitable for dredging sediment with high moisture content Open suction dredger  Need to use high pressure spray to loosen clayey sediment Not suitable which would cause water pollution  This type of dredger is old, out dated and with poor efficiency Source: FSRs

4.3.4 Dredged Sediment Treatment

62. Three methods for treating the dredged sediment were evaluated. The first method is solidification on site. This applies to the dry sediment removal method where a solidifying

AECOM Asia Company Limited SD1C-29 Asian Development Bank Jiangxi Pingxiang Integrated Rural-Urban Infrastructure Development Project chemical is added to the sediment inside the coffer dam after the water has been pumped out. The sediment is stirred to mix the chemicals and to allow the moisture and pore water to evaporate. The solidified sediment is then transported off site for disposal or re-use as fill material.

63. The second method is to fill the dredged sediment into tube-shaped geotextile bags in a sediment storage area, with the addition of a flocculent such as poly acrylamide. The water pressure inside the geotextile bag would squeeze the water out of the geo-textile bag. The geotextile bags with dewatered sediment inside would then be transported to the disposal site.

64. The third method is flocculation and dewatering with the addition of a solidifying agent (see Figure 4-5: Process Flow of Sediment Dredging and Treatment). Figure 4-6 shows the solidification on site method and the geotextile bag dewatering method. Table 4-9 summarizes the comparison of the three methods.

Figure 4-5: Process Flow of Sediment Dredging and Treatment

Source: FSR

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Figure 4-6: Dredged Sediment Treatment Methods

Spray solidifying chemical Final product Mixing

Solidification On Site Bag filling Dewatering Final product

Geotextile Bag Dewatering Source: FSRs

Table 4-9: Comparison of Dredged Sediment Treatment Methods

Treatment Method Parameter Solidification On Site Geotextile Bag Flocculation and Dewatering Dewatering Environment Air quality Application of chemical powder Less odor from the slurry Less odor from the slurry al for solidification could create dust impact. The dried sediment could emit unpleasant odor. Water quality Small quantity of wastewater. Comparatively large quantity of Comparatively large quantity of Less impact to receiving water wastewater. Needs treatment wastewater. Needs treatment body prior to discharge to protect prior to discharge to protect water quality of receiving water water quality of receiving water body body Noise Less construction noise Less construction noise Higher construction noise Solid waste Final product moisture content Final product moisture content Final product moisture content 50-60% therefore limited re-use 40-50%. ≤ 40%. opportunity Engineering Treatment site No need to set up a treatment Needs to set up a treatment site Needs to set up a treatment site site with relatively large footprint. with relatively large footprint. Construction Takes long time to dry the Takes long time to dewater Takes shorter duration, thus duration sediment through the geotextile bags. less impact on the overall project program. External Operation affected by weather Operation less affected by Operation least affected by influence conditions weather conditions weather conditions Degree of Difficult to control the sediment Needs wastewater treatment to Needs wastewater treatment to difficulty treatment depth high discharge standards high discharge standards Effectiveness Unable to guarantee even Final product has less moisture Final product has the least mixing with chemical. The content moisture content and is more product has high moisture stable. content and unstable. Economics CNY 120.73/t CNY 124.00/t CNY 140.00/t

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Treatment Method Parameter Solidification On Site Geotextile Bag Flocculation and Dewatering Dewatering Source: FSRs

65. The least expensive is natural drying using gravity and sun to dewater the sediment and this is what is proposed to be used based on cost considerations.

4.4 Dam Removal and Reconstruction

66. A number of concrete dams have been constructed in the Project Rivers, as shown in Table 4-10. These dams are used to hold back water primarily for irrigation, and also for industrial, drinking water and other water uses. Since these concrete dams have no mechanism for releasing water downstream, they create a flow impediment to flood waters. In addition, they lead to sedimentation within the rivers and an increase in riverbed elevations (Figure 4-3).

67. Under this project, existing dams will be removed or replaced by sluice gates to allow control of water levels. Four types of dams were considered by the DI. As shown in Table 4-10, hydraulic elevator dams were selected for use, and landscape weirs will also be constructed near some urban areas. The need for installing fish ladders at these dams is still being evaluated as part of the EIA.

Table 4-10: Summary of Dams in Project Rivers

Sub- Existing Number of Dams to be Number of Dams to be Component Number of Removed Without Reconstructed/Constructed Dams/Weirs Replacement Lian River 4 2 2 hydraulic elevator dams 1 new hydraulic elevator dam for landscaping Baima River 2 1 0 Yuan River 7 0 3 hydraulic elevator dams 1 landscape overflow weir Xinhua River 8 0 3 landscape overflow weirs Tankou River 5 0 5 hydraulic elevator dams Lishui River 2 0 2 hydraulic elevator dams Jinshan River 19 0 15 hydraulic elevator dams Pingshui 2 0 0 River1

68. Total of 39 hydraulic elevator weirs (including one new) and 3 overflow weir.

69. The downstream dam on the Pingshui River is owned by the Pingxiang Steel Company and will be remodeled into a hydraulic sluice gate that can be opened in case of flooding and in seasons of fish migration. It will be financed by the government. The dam upstream is owned by the Pingxiang Power Company, a central government SOE, and approval cannot be obtained to make any changes.

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Figure 4-7: Example of Hydraulic Elevator Dams (Left) and Landscape Overflow Weir (Right)

70. Besides the dams along the Yuan River, the proposed hydraulic elevator dams will be operated manually. Clear operating rules for these dams should be developed by the local water affairs bureaus with input from all water users and other relevant stakeholders.

Table 4-11: Comparison of Various Dam Types

Dam Type Cost Lifespan Flood Reliability Degree of Discharge Automation Effectiveness Regular Most 30-50 years Good Very Reliable None Sluice Gate expensive Rubber Dam Very high 5-15 years Best Very Poor None Shutter Dam Lowest 5-20 years Worst Worst Yes, but unreliable Hydraulic Low 30-50 years Best Most Reliable Highest Elevator Dam Source: FSR

4.5 Sewer Pipe Replacement/Separation

71. Due to lack of space along river banks and to minimize construction costs, sewer interceptors have been installed within the riverbed in many urban river sections in Pingxiang. These sewers intercept combined wastewater and stormwater from urban drainage pipes and transmit them to the county-town wastewater treatment plants. In larger rivers such as the Yuan, there are interceptors on both riverbanks. In smaller rivers such as the Xinhua and Tankou Rivers, however, the interceptors are buried in the center of the river.

72. The presence of sewer piping and manholes in the river not only impacts flood discharge, but also poses risks of exfiltration and infiltration. The former would affect river water quality while the latter would potentially send clean water to the WWTP, lowering the effectiveness of wastewater treatment. In addition, the manholes are an eyesore and ruin the aesthetics of the river environment.

73. As part of this component, existing sewer interceptors and manholes in the project river sections will be relocated/replaced and concrete-encased to reduce their flood control and water quality impacts. A summary of the sewer work is provided in Table 4-12. In Luxi, the top of the concrete encased sewer interceptors will be used as riverside walkways, as shown in Figures LX-3 and LX-4 in Annex 1.

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Table 4-12: Summary of Sewer Replacement/Relocation Works

River Length Type of Work Sewer Pipe Material Number of Diameter of Sewer (mm) Manholes Yuan River 800 m Replace/Relocate DN 1000 Concrete-encased 20 HDPE Xinhua 2.5 km Replace/Relocate DN 600 Concrete-encased 50 River HDPE Tankou 1.21 km Replace/Relocate DN 600 Concrete-encased 35 River HDPE Pingshui 5.5 km Separation from 800 – 1200 Reinforced Concrete Unknown River River Pipe (RCP) 74. In the Pingshui River in Xiangdong, the DI proposes separating the existing reinforced concrete pipes from the river by building a concrete retaining wall and then backfilling the remaining area with cohesive soil. A schematic of this is shown in Figure 4-8. The Pingshui River is very wide, so the proposed approach for sewer separation will have little impact on flood control. However, the impact of this design on future maintenance (repair and replacement) of the sewer pipe should be considered and further evaluated. Figure 4-8: Schematic of Sewer Separation in the Pingshui River

Source: FSR (Diagram not to scale)

4.6 Riparian and Wetland Re-vegetation

4.6.1 Overall

75. Riparian re-vegetation is included in the project scope for the rivers in Lianhua and Luxi counties. For these rivers, wetland plants will be planted from the toe zone to the top of the embankments to enhance ecological and biodiversity values. These include grasses, shrubs, and trees, as well as submerged, floating, and emergent aquatic plants.

76. PPTA review of the plant species proposed in the FSR show that several non-native plant species have been included, such as the giant water lily (Victoria amazonica), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis). This increases the risk of introducing invasive species and may also lead to increased maintenance costs. Use of non-native species should therefore be avoided.

77. Recommendations on plant species suitable for re-vegetation of the riparian areas in Pingxiang were provided by the PPTA ecologists in SD-1A, Section 5. Proposed re-vegetation for Lianhua and Luxi are further discussed in the sub-sections below.

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78. For Xiangdong and Shangli, the projects include the planting on the top of the embankment and re-planting of vegetation damaged during construction. The planting of riparian vegetation is also reflected in the cost estimate.

4.6.2 Lianhua County

79. Riparian re-vegetation along a 12.8-km stretch of the Baima and Lian Rivers is included in the Project scope, as shown in Figure 4-9.

Figure 4-9: Proposed Riparian Re-vegetation along Baima and Lian Rivers

Ecological Wetland

LianRiver Ecological Wetlands

80. While riparian re-vegetation will increase ecological values and help create a buffer between the river and potential pollution sources, it will also be a valuable resource for citizens to experience nature and gain awareness of the importance of ecological protection. Under this sub-component, a 17.2 ha wetland area at the confluence of the Qin and Lian Rivers will be restored, protected, and designated as the “Tangdu Natural Wetland Park”. This wetland area will serve as an ecological park for public recreation and education as well as a natural flood plain during floods (see Table 4-13). Works proposed under this project include vegetation, access roads, footpaths, and other infrastructure for the park.

81. In addition, a 19-ha wetland area near Tangxia Village downstream of confluence of Qin River and Lian River will also be restored and protected as a natural floodplain (see Table 4-13). There will be 9.1 ha of embankments re-vegetation along Lianjiang and 5 ha along Baima River.

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82. Lianhua County plans to convert an area at the confluence of Baima River and Lian River into the Lian River Ecological Landscape Park in the future. Both parks have already been included in the Lianhua County Urban Master Plan (2008-2020) and the Jiangxi Lianhua Provincial Wetland Park Master Plan (draft for approval completed in 2010).

Table 4-13: Preservation of Wetland Areas as Natural Floodplains (Lianhua)

Wetland Area 1/5 year 1/10 year 1/20 year Area of Re- Area Flooded Flooded Flooded vegetation (ha) Area (ha) Area (ha) Area(ha) (m2) Ecological Wetland at confluence 17.2 5.4 9.7 17.2 91,000 of Qin River and Lian River Ecological Wetland at confluence 30 15.8 21.7 30 49,800 of Baima River and Lian River Waterfront Recreation Park, near Tangxia Village, downstream of 19 5.2 11.8 19 105,941 confluence of Qin River and Lian River Total 66.2 246,741 Source: FSR ha = hectare; m2 = square meter Note: Earth embankments will be constructed on the other side of the parks to protect nearby settlements.

4.6.3 Luxi County

83. Riparian re-vegetation along the Yuan, Xinhua, and Tankou River is proposed for the entire length of river rehabilitation, as summarized in Table 4-14. In addition, creation of an artificial island is proposed at the confluence of the three rivers.

Table 4-14: Summary of Proposed Riparian Re-vegetation in Luxi County

River Length of Riparian Width of Riparian Re-vegetation Vegetation (km) Vegetation (m) a=Area (ha) Yuan River 7.6 5 - 650 43 Xinhua River 3.15 3 - 5 4.2 Tankou River 3.27 2 - 5 3.4 Artificial Island at River Confluence - - 1.25 Total 14.02 51.85

84. Luxi County plans to designate 43 ha of the Yuan River riparian area as a wetland park in order to guarantee continued ecological protection and restoration of the wetlands, as well as to provide a scenic area for citizens to appreciate nature. This park is included in the Luxi Urban Master Plan (2007 - 2020) and the Luxi Yuan River Upstream Scenic Belt Urban Design and Landscape Plan (2013). A separate design institute has already developed a design for the park, which has been incorporated into the FSR under this project.

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Figure 4-10: Proposed Riparian Re-vegetation Along the Yuan River

85. In the design, the Yuan River riparian area is divided into four zones, as shown in Table 4-15. As seen in the table, recreational facilities that may not be suitable for ADB financing are also included in the project scope. In particular, the Autumn Harvest Uprising Martyr’s Memorial section of the wetlands park has little relevance to river restoration and rehabilitation. In addition, the rationale for constructing ecological floating wetlands in the “restoration and rehabilitation zone” is questionable, since water quality is already very good in this upstream stretch of the river.

Table 4-15: Yuan River Riparian Ecology

Zone Area Key Functions Planned Works1 (ha) Forest Water Gap 5 Restore and protect the  Forest restoration along the river Park Zone forests and build up natural  Landscaping Parks along Yuan River landscaping.  Water front platform and walkways Ecological Park 20 Preserve the wild riparian  Restore river riparian Zone condition and restore  Plant Chinese traditional flowers selected vegetation for a  Various view points as leisure area high quality of aesthetics. Urban Riparian 14 Combine with urban flood  Recreation areas for local residents Ecological Zone control and urban Landscaping and vegetation along the greenscape to provide an residential area area for leisure and recreation Yuan River 4 Restore riparian areas while  Restore riparian system Riparian conducting scientific  Release fish Restoration and research and monitoring,  Small islands restoration at the Rehabilitation and convert area to a confluent of the Yuan, Xinhua and Zone protection and conservation Tankou River. zone  Plant wetland plants 1. Includes overall plans for the park. The portion to be supported by the ADB loan can be various. Source: FSR ha = hectare

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4.7 Implementation and Operations and Maintenance Considerations

Table 4-16 lists the Project Implementation Units and the agencies that will do operations and maintenance (O&M) after construction. Daily inspection of river embankments is decentralized to the local level (town/township or village level).

Table 4-16: Implementation and O&M Agencies for River Component

Sub-Project PIU Work Unit of the Water Affairs Bureau Responsible for O&M Lianhua Water Affairs Bureau Embankment Management Station Luxi Water Affairs Bureau River Course and Embankment Management Station Shangli Water Affairs Bureau River Course Management Station Xiangdong District Government River Course Management Station (to be confirmed)

86. Overall O&M of the river works will be conducted by the water affairs bureaus in each county/district. Major O&M activities include:

 Routine inspection and maintenance of embankments and revetments  Maintenance of aquatic plants and riparian vegetation  Routine inspection and maintenance of hydraulic elevator dams  Operation of hydraulic elevator dams in anticipation of flood events (clear operating rules for the dams should be established and periodically reviewed, as discussed in Section 4.4)  Monitoring of hydrological conditions through existing monitoring stations, installing additional stations as needed  Routine inspection and maintenance of in-stream wastewater interceptors and manholes (with coordination with other departments as necessary).

87. The DI’s estimates of O&M labor requirements for the river works are shown in Table 4-17.

Table 4-17: O&M Labor Requirements

Technical Staff Non-Technical Staff Xiangdong 12 3 Luxi 16 3 Shangli 20 5 Lianhua 25 10

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5 COSTS AND BENEFITS

5.1 Cost Estimate

88. Preliminary cost estimates for the river component by the DI are shown in Table 5-1. This does not include land acquisition and resettlement costs which are in the Project Resettlement Plans.

Table 5-1: Preliminary Cost Estimates

(Costs are in units of 10,000 CNY)

Cost for Total Cost Sub-Component Cost for Equipment Other Costs1 (104 CNY) No. Description Civil Works Procurement and Installation Yuan River 21,573.68 305.68 8,062.98 29,103.06 1 Xinhua River 5,707.83 135.48 1,738.64 7,340.36 2 Tankou River 2,485.78 86.10 1,639.61 4,099.10 3 Lian and Baima 26,013.91 1,444.71 5,728.27 32,185.22 4 Rivers

Jinshan River 9,167.93 1,100.46 5,532.11 15,388.78 5 Lishui River 5,575.59 415.77 3,738.13 9,485.89 6 Pingshui River 11,886.55 6.10 5,736.45 17,126.41 7 Total 82,411.27 3,494.31 32,176.19 114,728.83

Other costs include temporary works and facilities, soil and water erosion control measures, engineering design, construction management, contingency, interests, commitments etc.

89. Table 5-2 shows cost for civil works for river rehabilitation and the proportions for re- vegetation in LIanhua and Luxi, where there are two proposed recreation parks. This proportion is much higher for the Yuan River and Tankou River due to large extent of riparian re-vegetation included in the project.

Table 5-2: Re-Vegetation Cost as a Percent of Civil Works Costs (104 CNY)

Proportional Cost of Re- Rivers No. Engineering Content Cost vegetation from Total Civil Works Civil Works 26013.91 Construction & Lian and Qin 1 22386.61 Installation 13.94% Rivers 2 Re-vegetation Works 3627.31 Civil Works 2485.78 Tankou River Construction & 34.75% 1 1411.73 Installation

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Proportional Cost of Re- Rivers No. Engineering Content Cost vegetation from Total Civil Works

2 Re-vegetation Works 863.90

3 Sewer Rerouting 210.15 Civil Works 5707.83 Construction & 1 4209.33 Installation Xinhua River 18.76% 3 Re-vegetation Works 1071.00

4 Sewer Rerouting 427.50 Civil Works 21573.68 River Flood Control 1 12555.44 Works Yuan River 41.16% 2 Re-vegetation Works 8880.24

3 Sewer Rerouting 138.00 Civil Works 9,167.93 Construction & 1 Jinshan River Installation 8,826.83 3.72% 2 Re-vegetation Works 341.10

Civil Works 5,575.59 Construction & 1 5,027.79 Lishui River Installation 6.12% Embankment Top 2 547.8 Re-vegetation Works Civil Works 11,886.55 Construction & 1 Pingshui Installation 11,781.83 0.88% Embankment Top 2 104.72 Re-vegetation Works

5.2 Component Benefits

90. Benefits of the river component are discussed in the main report and include:

 Flood protection to residents, their assets  Improve the overall environment for residents  Provides employment opportunities during project implementation and subsequent O&M of the infrastructure  Enhances the ecological values and spurs tourism in local areas  Improve biodiversity  Increase land values in the vicinity of the project area

91. These are further discussed in the main report. Table 5-3 shows preliminary estimates of the protected area and population by the DI.

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Table 5-3: Protected Area and Population

Flood Population Within Flood Sub- River Design Flood (years) Inundation Inundation Area (10,000 Project Area (km2) people) Lianhua Lian and 1/20 for urban areas; Qin 1/10 for rural areas1/5 13.8 11.58 Baima for farmland area Luxi Yuan and 1/20 for urban areas; 2.1 Tankou 1/10 for rural areas 4.8 Xinhua 1/20 for urban areas; 2.6 Shangli Lishui 1/10 for rural areas; 2.1 1.8 1/5 for farmland area Jinshan 5.4 5.6 Xiangdong Pingshui 1/20 for all areas 2.6 7.1 29.3 30.88

Source: FSR km2 = square kilometer; mu = Chinese unit for land area

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6 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATION OF NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES

6.1 Sustainable Development and Flood Risk Management

92. Work being proposed under this component, as described in the sections above, focuses mostly on structural methods for flood control. Non-structural approaches such as integrated planning, however, are also crucial for flood risk management.

93. As a long term strategy for sustainable development, master planning by local governments should be coordinated closely with flood risk management to control land uses within flood-prone areas. Flood risk maps should be used to identify areas where development should be prohibited or restricted. Areas vulnerable to flooding can be planned as parks or green space. This concept has also been promoted by ADB throughout the course of this Project, with varying degrees of acceptance by the local governments.

94. Further capacity building related to integrated flood risk management is recommended during project implementation. For example, technical assistance can be provided to develop flood risk management plans for entire watersheds, including both urban and rural areas. This is particularly important for guiding development in rural areas, which is currently unplanned and uncontrolled for the most part. The importance of this should not be overlooked since the population of rural townships and villages in the PRC can be comparable to that of urban areas in other countries.

95. While preliminary discussions with the local governments suggest that early warning and flood response procedures are already in place, the TA could also help to identify gaps and develop recommendations to strengthen existing systems.

96. Public education and awareness of flood risks and responses is also very important, and is further discussed in the Poverty and Social Analysis report.

6.2 Stormwater Management

97. The scope of work for this component only deals with overbank flooding and does not address stormwater management in the project area. The assumption is made that existing stormwater drainage systems have enough capacity to convey 1/10 or 1/20 year stormwater to the rivers. Since proper stormwater management and flood control of rivers are both crucial for preventing flooding, technical assistance and capacity building on sustainable stormwater systems is recommended during project implementation.

98. The TA could assist in developing stormwater drainage models for the county-town areas, and provide recommendations for incorporating water sensitive urban design concepts (otherwise known as green infrastructure) into the design of new stormwater systems. These include bio-swales, infiltration trenches, rain gardens, bio-retention basins, permeable pavement, green roofs, etc. This work could be done in conjunction with the flood risk mapping and urban master planning described in the section above.

6.3 Pollution Control for the Xinhua River

99. Towards the end of the interim phase of project preparation, Luxi County requested to cancel the flood control project for the Xinhua River. The reason cited is that there is no guarantee that the coal washing plant upstream in Anyuan District’s Gaokeng Coal Mine will be able to reduce or eliminate pollution discharge to the river in the foreseeable future (see SD-1A, Section 4). Difficulties in resolving this issue include:

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 Lack of political will by the Anyuan District Government (and perhaps the Pingxiang Municipal Government) to enforce discharge standards for the coal mine, since it employs thousands of employees and is currently operating at a loss;  Lack of interest by Anyuan District to participate in the ADB project;  Difficulty for the Pingxiang Municipal Government to coordinate and resolve this issue, since the coal mine is a provincial level enterprise.

Based on PPTA site visits to the coal mine, treatment of the coal washing wastewater could be achieved by physical and chemical processes and would be most effective at the source. These processes may also allow recovery and recycling of waste coal for other purposes such as brick manufacturing. The issue is financing of the capital and O&M costs for the treatment plant. Overall incentive for the coal mine and Anyuan District to build and maintain such a treatment plant is low, particularly since the coal reserves are depleted and the mine is predicted to close down within the next decade. On the other hand, incentives are high for Luxi County, which is the downstream victim of the pollution discharge.

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