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Public Health in Urban Spaces; Vulnerability of Youth to Drug Abuse in Nairobi's Mukuru Kwa Njenga Informal Settlements, Kenya

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Public Health in Urban Spaces; Vulnerability of Youth to Drug Abuse in Nairobi's Mukuru Kwa Njenga Informal Settlements, Kenya African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse : Volume 4 Public Health in Urban Spaces; Vulnerability of Youth to Drug Abuse in Nairobi’s Mukuru Kwa Njenga Informal Settlements, Kenya Christopher Mutai1* Nicholas Ombachi1 and random sampling approach were adopted. Ruth Simiyu1 The sample size was 210 respondents derived following Krejcie and Morgan formula (1970) 1* Department of emergency management from a target population of 460. Thirty key Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science informants from the study area were recruited. and Technology, Kenya Interviews were used to collect data from key *Corresponding Author: informants and questionnaires from youth and their leaders. Qualitatively, data was given in Christopher Mutai, form of text whereas quantitatively, descriptive statistics including standard deviation and Department of emergency management frequency distribution were used to describe Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science given samples. ANOVA and Chi square were and Technology, Kenya used to analyze data quantitatively. Cannabis Email Address: [email protected] (Bhang) is the most abused substance with 50% of the youth in the slums smoking it. Submitted: 6th October 2020 Keywords: Drug abuse, slums, vulnerability, Published: 31st December 2020 vested interest theory, youth ABSTRACT Introduction Rising urban population, deprivation, The United Nations Habitat (2007) Poverty, shifting family practices and lack states that over 50% of urban population of opportunities for young people are widely is under the age of 19.8 years in many recognized as key factors influencing the African cities. Rising urban deprivation, increasing indulgence of young people in high employment rates, shifting family crime and drug abuse (UN Habitat, 2007). practices and deteriorating environmental The study sought to assess the vulnerability and health conditions are negatively of youth in slums to drugs; specifically, affected. Furthermore, poverty and lack of Mukuru Kwa Njenga in Nairobi. The study is opportunities for young people are widely based on Vested Interest Theory (VIT). The recognized as key factors influencing the interests of the individual postulate that an increasing indulgence of young people in attitude toward objects allows for a number crime and drug abuse (UN Habitat, 2007). of responses and courses of action, in order to In slum areas and certain rural areas, with balance motivation and decision to behave low income opportunities and a loss of trust, in an efficient fashion. This research is a the high incidence of crime and drug abuse cross-sectional descriptive design to assess concentrate (UN Habitat, 2007). the vulnerability of youth in slums to drugs and more specifically Mukuru Kwa Njenga in The drugs issue, in conjunction with a Nairobi The study population was the youth high level of poverty, increases Africa’s both in and out of school in Mukuru kwa vulnerability in the face of social concerns, like Njenga informal settlements. For this study crime, HIV and AIDS, according to Mashele purposive sampling, snowballing and simple in Geyer et al. (2015) “has become a serious 27 African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse : Volume 4 developmental challenge, and continues to in activities that are considered socially undermine African government collective, unacceptable. personal, and individual efforts.” Africa is a vulnerable transit region for both cocaine In a study by Wacuka (2018), the and heroin; while in recent years West and respondents were asked to indicate which Central Africa have experienced increased drugs and substances of abuse most people cocaine trafficking. East Africa is increasingly use in Mukuru kwa Njenga slums. From emerging as a transit route for Afghan the findings, 94.4% of the respondents opiates bound for the European market. indicated that cigarettes were the most West Africa is also becoming a center for abused drugs followed by Miraa (79.6%), the manufacture of methamphetamine (UN, beer(Keg) (75.0%), Busaa (68.5%), Spirits 2013). (65.7%), Changaa (47.2%), bhang (44.4%), kumikumi (38.0%), glue (19.4%), cocaine Groups of young people classified as (4.6%), kuber (2.8%) and heroine (1. 9%).This vulnerable may be susceptible to earlier, implies that cigarettes, miraa, beer, busaa, more severe, or more harmful substance use spirits, changaa, bhang and kumikumi were like children in care facilities or homeless commonly used in mukuru kwa Njenga. young people (EMCDDA, 2008). KNDRP, 2009 states that about 60% of Kenya’s Identifying vulnerable groups is becoming an urban population live in informal settlements important tool for directing and channeling such as slums. This leads to overcrowding in drug policy responses at those groups or the slum areas and inability to live a decent geographical areas where problem drug use lifestyle due to the absence of the social is more likely to develop. amenities. Of concern to this study are the Vested Interest Theory and types of drugs and substance and their Susceptibility of Youth to Drug Abuse potential impacts on youth located within in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements environments such as Mukuru Kwa Njenga. The study sought to assess the vulnerability of Enhanced person disaster preparedness youth in slums to drugs and more specifically enhances the rates of survival of those Mukuru Kwa Njenga in Nairobi. Mukuru involved and helps alleviate burdens on Kwa Njenga informal settlements is among rescue and aid personnel, thus increasing the the many informal settlements within Nairobi general resilience of the society (Landau, County which is characterized by improper 2007; Norris, Stevens, Pfefferbaum, Wyche, infrastructural planning and the lack of basic & Pfefferbaum, 2008). The Kenya National social amenities. According to 2019 Kenya Policy for Disaster Management-KNPDM Population and Housing Census Report, the (2009) views a hazard as something which population of Mukuru Kwa Njenga is 242,941 negatively alters the life, environment, society living in an area of 2.8 kilometre squared or the physical wellbeing of individuals. and a population density of 87,538 which Susceptibility to a drug refers to an individual’s indicates there is congestion (2019 Kenya risk of developing an addiction to it during National Census Report). It had 49,198 his or her lifetime (Wikipedia, 2015). And households with a density of 16,720 persons extreme poverty, inadequate social service, per square kilometer. 75 percent of them insecurity, crime, high level of unemployment, youth. The increasing cases of unemployment drug abuse are characteristics which interact amongst the youth has compelled majority of in urban informal settlements and predispose them to move to the urban slums and engage the adolescents to risks in life. It is for this 28 African Journal of Alcohol & Drug Abuse : Volume 4 reason that Sustainable Development Goal their livelihoods due to their stable incomes. 3 aspires to strengthen the prevention and This leads to them occupying disaster prone treatment of substance abuse including areas in informal settlements where they narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of are exposed to hazards continually (Okello, alcohol (UN, 2015) 2016). Research on disaster preparedness also shows The teenagers and the youth in such an that some population factors have a major environment are pre-disposed to Drug and impact on preparedness. It is time to raise Substance abuse because aspects of the awareness about increased resilience against physical design of the environment can also the use of drugs and substances among harm young people’s overall development vulnerable groups, especially young people and social relations and lead to the in informal communities. Since the living and commission of crime and to substance use. working conditions in informal settlements are extremely stressful, there is high risk in Methodology stress and psychological disorders. Many Research Design psychosocial health issues arise in cities such as depression, substance misuse, addiction, The researcher used mixed methods in this suicide, and interpersonal violence. Shauri analysis. In recent years, research in mixed (2007) says that vulnerability has worsened methods has become increasingly popular by the quick rise in population, urban poor, to mitigate the limitations and draw on the increased disagreements over resources, power of both methods (Bryman, 2006). disease outbreaks and poor planning further The quantitative and qualitative data were highlights this. collected concurrently, the priority between the two methods is equal and the results Hazards are ever present in the slum areas of the two methods were integrated during and many of them, especially the natural the interpretation phase as advocated by hazards are interrelated since one hazard Creswell (2009). often leads to another as noted by Nomdo (2002). Slums are the largest markets to Sampling Procedures narcotics such as heroin. Despite the effort by The target population is 460 youth the Kenya government to address inequalities distributed among 32 youth groups in the within slums in Kenya, there it is still a big three locations of Mukuru kwa Njenga, challenge (UN, 2006). Implicitly, Kenya Embakasi and Imara Daima. The following has been a trafficking country but of late, formula by Krejcie and Morgan (1970) was reports indicate it is increasingly becoming used to select the sample size for the study: an end-user. NACADA says 0.1% of Kenyans consume heroin (NACADA, 2017). The poor within Mukuru kwa Njenga
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