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Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction Du Branch Patrimoine De I'edition UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC MEMOIRE PRESENTE A L'UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC A TROIS-RIVIERES COMME EXGIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAlTRISE EN LETTRES par JEAN-FRANCOIS RICHARD UN « CERVEAU GEMINE » ET SES RESEAUX : LITTERATURE, SCIENCE ET RELATIONS QUEBEC-FRANCE CHEZ LOUIS-MARCEL RAYMOND (1915-1972) AOUT2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44168-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44168-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens a remercier chaleureusement tous ceux qui m'ont aide, soutenu et encourage tout au long de la realisation de ce memoire : tout d'abord, mon directeur de recherche M. Michel Lacroix, pour sa diligence, sa perspicacite et son aide indispensable, ainsi que les membres du jury, M. Hans Jiirgen Lusebrink et Mme Manon Brunet; les ayant droits de Louis-Marcel Raymond; M. Roland Houde, pour ses innombrables et precieux conseils, notamment en matiere bibliographique; M. Jacques Beaudry, qui nous a genereusement fourni les notes qu'il avait accumulees sur Raymond et qui se sont averees fort utiles; le personnel de Bibliotheque et archives nationales du Quebec a Montreal, pour avoir facilite a multiples reprises mes recherches dans le Fonds Louis-Marcel Raymond; M. Gilles Vincent, directeur du Jardin botanique de Montreal, pour m'avoir si cordialement recu; le regrette M. Albert Ronsin et la Fondation de la Societe des amis d'Yvan et Claire Goll, pour m'avoir communique la correspondance Raymond-Goll contenue dans le Fonds Yvan et Claire Goll de la Mediatheque municipale Victor Hugo a Saint-Die des Vosges; Mme Monique Ostiguy ainsi que la Bibliotheque nationale du Canada a Ottawa, pour les copies des lettres de Raymond du Fonds Guy Sylvestre; M. Francois Dumas du Centre de recherches Lionel-Groulx pour les lettres de Raymond recueillies dans le Fonds Roger Duhamel; M. Frans De Haes pour les lettres de Raymond conservees dans le Fonds Robert Goffin de la Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique a Bruxelles; et enfin, toutes les personnes qui ont genereusement accepte au long de mes investigations, dont MM. Andre G. Bourassa, Pierre Dansereau et Jean-Paul Dugas. Je voudrais egalement adresser un merci tout special a ma famille et en particulier a mes parents, pour leur soutien et leurs encouragements constants. Si elle s'appuie souvent sur les reseaux pour exister, la litterature est egalement generatrice de reseaux. J'ai pu le constater, au fil de mes recherches, par le fait des nombreuses et enrichissantes rencontres et par les liens crees avec des gens qui ont a coeur la litterature ou le souvenir de Raymond. Puisse mon lecteur prendre un peu du plaisir et du profit que j'ai pris moi-meme, en me mettant sur les traces du botaniste, de l'ecrivain et de l'homme que fut Louis-Marcel Raymond. TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION p. 1 CHAPITRE 1 Formation et inscription sociale d'un intellectuel quebecois au « cerveau gemine » : Le reseau scientifique et litteraire de Louis-Marcel Raymond 1. Louis-Marcel Raymond, disciple de Marie-Victorin p. 28 2. Constitution du reseau scientifique de Louis-Marcel Raymond p. 44 3. Louis-Marcel Raymond, globe-trotter p. 52 4. Premieres entrees dans le monde litteraire p. 57 5. Louis-Marcel Raymond et La Releve p. 66 CHAPITRE 2 Louis-Marcel Raymond et Ies ecrivains fran§ais pendant la Deuxieme Guerre mondiale : reseau et sociabilite litteraires 1. L'onde de choc de la Deuxieme Guerre mondiale : autour de La Nouvelle Releve et des editions de L'Arbre p. 79 2. La France libre en Amerique : Louis-Marcel Raymond et Jacques Maritain p. 85 3. Gustave Cohen, maitre et ami p. 91 4. En coulisses avec Ludmilla Pitoeff et les Compagnons de Saint-Laurent p. 99 5. Un Canadien au Pontigny d'Amerique : Louis-Marcel Raymond et Jean Wahl p. 102 6. Louis-Marcel Raymond, ami des poetes : le role cle de Robert Goffin a New York p. 107 7. Louis-Marcel Raymond et Alain Bosquet: une amitie par les lettres p. 115 8. En passant par le surrealisme : Louis-Marcel Raymond et Andre Breton p. 121 9. Louis-Marcel Raymond et Yvan Goll: « sous le signe des fleurs et de la poesie » p. 125 CHAPITRE 3 L'apres-guerre et le reseau litteraire de Louis- Marcel Raymond : extension et tensions 1. Un Canadien a Paris 1945 : une entreprise de reseautage infructueuse p. 133 2. « Deux poetes chantent Perce : Andre Breton et Yvan Goll » p. 139 3. h'Anthologie de poesie d 'expression franqaise des Hemispheres, 1940-1945 : histoire d'un livre qui ne fut pas p. 145 4. Louis-Marcel Raymond et le reseau de YAnthologie des Hemispheres p. 148 5. Anthologies, champ litteraire, francophonie : causes d'un echec p. 151 6. Rencontres de Louis-Marcel Raymond et Saint-John Perse p. 157 CONCLUSION p. 165 ANNEXE 1 : Plan de l'Anthologie des Hemispheres 1940-1945 p. 176 ANNEXE 2 : Inventaire de la correspondance de Louis-Marcel Raymond p. 178 BIBLIOGRAPHIE p. 183 TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS Photographie de Louis-Marcel Raymond 1 Photographie de Marie-Victorin 29 Dernier cours de l'lnstitut botanique sur la rue Saint-Denis, 9 mai 1939 39 Marie-Victorin a Cuba 42 Photographie de Kames Kucyniak 46 Photographie de Jacques Rousseau 48 Photographie d'Henri Gheon 62 Photographie de Jacques Maritain 70 Photographie de Claude Hurtubise et Robert Charbonneau 84 Photographie de Gustave Cohen 91 Photographie de Ludmilla Pitoeff 100 Photographie de Jean Wahl 103 Photographie de Robert Goffln 108 Photographie d'Alain Bosquet 115 Photographie d'Andre Breton 122 Photographie d'Yvan Goll 125 Envoi d'auteur d'Yvan Goll a Louis-Marcel Raymond ornant l'un des trois exemplaires de tete du Mythe de la Roche Pergee 141 Photographie de Saint-John Perse 158 Envoi d'auteur de Saint-John Perse a Raymond, ornant l'exemplaire personnel de Raymond du livre Exil de Perse 162 Photographie de Louis-Marcel Raymond 165 Autographe de Louis-Marcel Raymond (Marcel Raymond) 174 INTRODUCTION 1 Louis-Marcel Raymond Botanist* et ecrivain queb ecois (1P15-1P72) Botaniste et homme de lettres quebecois, Louis-Marcel Raymond est ne le 2 decembre 1915 a Saint-Jean d'Iberville, aujourd'hui Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, et mort a Montreal le 23 aout 1972. Partage entre la science et la litterature, le parcours de cet intellectuel au « cerveau gemine » revele une personnalite unique dans le paysage culturel quebecois. En effet, rares sont les ecrivains chez qui la pratique litteraire et la pratique scientifique sont a ce point concomitantes; comme l'ecrit au sujet de Raymond son collegue et ami Jacques Rousseau : « Qu'il traite du plus aride sujet de taxonomie vegetale ou de poesie, la forme est toujours celle du litterateur2. » Louis-Marcel Raymond fut une figure importante parmi les intellectuels de sa generation, s'illustrant ici comme a l'etranger aussi bien dans le domaine scientifique que litteraire. Aux yeux de ses camarades, il apparaissait comme le voyageur, qui « rapportait du bout du monde les propos de Saint-John Perse, de Gustave Cohen, de Son nom de bapteme etait Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond, mais selon I'usage au Quebec, on ne se servait couramment que du dernier prenom : Marcel. En 1945, afin d'eviter d'etre confondu avec le critique litteraire Suisse Marcel Raymond, le critique litteraire quebecois choisira de changer son nom de plume pour Marcel-Raymond, puis adopte bientot le nom de Louis-Marcel Raymond. Cette signature ne s'appliquera cependant qu'aux publications litteraires de l'auteur, tandis que ses contributions botaniques continueront de porter la signature de Marcel Raymond. Pour les besoins de la presente etude, nous avons privilegie le plus souvent le nom qu'utilisa l'ecrivain pour ses travaux de litterature, soit Louis-Marcel Raymond. LECLERC, Therese, Bio-bibliographie de M. Marcel Raymond. Preface de Jacques Rousseau (p. IX), Memoire de l'Ecole des bibliothecaires, Universite de Montreal, 1945, (1 bobine microfilm (positive), 35 mm), avec Intro, (p. XI-XV), 19 p., et index. 2 Maritain, chez qui il frequentait; aussi bien que 1'histoire d'une plante, au Siam, qu'il a decrite et qui porte son nom - en latin ».
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