AFROTROPICAL . MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 26 December 2020

Genus Hübner, [1819] Gliders

In: Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 39 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-: althea Cramer, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1943. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 12: 27 (23-30).).

= Amphidema Felder, 1861. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 28 (3): 27 (50 pp.). Type-species: Diadema beckeri Herrich-Schaeffer, by monotypy.

= Pallene Doubleday, 1848 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal , London: pl. 41 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.) London. Type-species: Pallene eupithes Doubleday, by monotypy. [Invalid; junior homonym of Pallene Megerle, 1823.]

= Paradiadema Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1879: 704 (703- 709). Type-species: Paradiadema hora Distant, by monotypy.

The Cymothoe belongs to the Family Rafinesque, 1815; Subfamily Behr, 1864; Tribe Cymothoini Dhungel & Wahlberg, 2018. The other genera in the Tribe Cymothoini in the Afrotropical Region are Harma and Kumothales. The Oriental genus Bhagadatta Moore, 1898 is sister to Cymothoe + Harma and the Afrotropical genus Kumothales is sister to the other three genera (Wahlberg et al., 2020).

Cymothoe (Gliders) is an Afrotropical genus containing 78 species. The genus is considered to exemplify a rapid evolutionary radiation, with an elevated rate of species diversification during the last 7 million years (van Velzen et al., 2013). The flight is comparatively rapid but often with a floating pattern. Some species are forest canopy dwellers while others frequent the forest floor, often settling in sunny patches. Many species are attracted to fermenting fruit and males are occasionally found mud puddling. The males of some species aggressively defend territories. Females are usually found flying in the semi-shade, low down, often sunning themselves in forest clearings (Kielland, 1990d).

The table below, showing the clades into which the genus has been divided, is based on Van Velzen et al., 2016.

CLADE INCLUDED SPECIES Coccinata clade haimodia, coccinata, radialis, meridionalis, reginaeelisabethae, distincta, anitorgis, excelsa, arcuata, crocea, preussi, aramis, mabillei, hartigi Incertae sedis cyclades, sassiana Adela clade ochreata, aubergeri, adela, collarti, fontainei

1 Incertae sedis lucasii Fumana clade haynae, fumana Incertae sedis heliada Lurida clade colmanti, hypatha, lurida, hesiodina, hesiodotos Egesta clade egesta, confusa, orphnina Sangaris clade hobarti, sangaris, euthalioides, magnus Incertae sedis ogova, , beckeri, hyarbita, angulifascia, altisidora, owassae, reinholdi, oemilius, jodutta Aurivillii clade vumbui, alcimeda, collinsi, zombana, amaniensis, melanjae, teita, magambae, aurivillii, cottrelli, baylissi Herminia clade weymeri, herminia, coranus Incertae sedis indamora Caenis clade caenis, bouyeri, isiro, caprina, amenides, alticola, howarthi, druryi, consanguis, althea, capella, eris, zenkeri Malagasy clade lambertoni, dujardini Not in Van Velzen megaesta et al., 2013

Relevant literature: Van Velzen et al., 2016 [New species from Mozambique]. Van Velzen et al., 2013 [Effects of changing climate]. Van Velzen et al., 2009 [New species from West ]. Van Velzen et al., 2007 [DNA barcoding reveals hidden diversity]. Van Velzen 2006 [Evolution of host- use] Beaurain, 2004 [Notes on the genus].

COCCINATA CLADE

*Cymothoe haimodia (Grose-Smith, 1887) Haimodia Red Glider

Harma haimodia Grose-Smith, 1887. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 19: 64 (62-66).

Type locality: : “Camaroons”. Distribution: (east), Cameroon. Specific localities: Nigeria – Cross River loop (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A generally rare . Males appear to keep to the forest canopy but females can be found searching for food on which to oviposit, two to five metres above the ground. The females, when so engaged, closely resemble Aletis species moths, of which they appear to be mimics (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: ledermannii Engl. () [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea longisepala Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

2

*Cymothoe coccinata (Hewitson, [1874]) Common Red Glider

Harma coccinata Hewitson, [1874] in Hewitson, [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 41 (127 pp.). London.

Cymothoe coccinata coccinata. Male (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Bobiri Forest, . 22 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”; : “Gaboon”. Distribution: , Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial , Gabon, (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Records from Guinea, and are in error for Cymothoe mabillei (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A species that occurs in somewhat localized colonies, but it may be numerous where it is found (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea dentata (P. Beauv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea oblongifolia (C.H.Wright) Marquand ex Chipp (Violaceae) [Vuattoux & Blandin, 1979; Ivory Coast. This record may refer to Cymothoe mabillei (Larsen, 2005a)]. Rinorea yaundensis Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea zenkeri Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe coccinata coccinata (Hewitson, [1874])

Harma coccinata Hewitson, [1874] in Hewitson, [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 41 (127 pp.). London.

3

Cymothoe coccinata coccinata. Male (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Bobiri Forest, Ghana. 22 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”; Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, (Bioko), Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Ubangi, , Equateur). Specific localities: Ghana – Ashanti (Overlaet, 1944); Prah-Suhien Forest (Larsen, 2005a); Hans Cottage near Cape Coast (a stray) (Larsen, 2005a). Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon – Diebo (Strand, 1912); Mokundange (Overlaet, 1945); Korup (Larsen, 2005a).

sangaris Godart; Hewitson, 1866 in Hewitson, 1862-6 (as sp. of Harma). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 54 (124 pp.). London. [Misidentification]

zickzack Strand, 1912 (as ab. of Cymothoe coccinata). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 120 (107-123). Cameroon: “Diebo”.

lecerfi Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe coccinata). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 66 (40-74). Ghana: “Ashanti”.

spatiosa Overlaet, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsior). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 267 (265-289). Cameroon: “Mokundange, Kamerun”.

Cymothoe coccinata vrydaghi Overlaet, 1944

Cymothoe coccinata vrydaghi Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 66 (40-74).

4 Cymothoe coccinata vrydaghi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Semuliki N.P., Uganda. 4-8 June 2017. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bambesa (Buta) Bas-Uele”. Distribution: Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Ubangi, , Uele, Kivu), Uganda (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Specific localities: Congo – Etoumbi (Overlaet, 1952). Democratic Republic of Congo – Bambesa (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996).

bergeri Overlaet, 1952 (as ssp. of Cymothoe coccinata). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 31 (1-50). Congo: “Etoumbi”.

*Cymothoe radialis Gaede, 1916

Cymothoe radialis Gaede, 1916. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 109 (105-106, 109-112, 125-126).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Molundu, Süd-Kamerun”. Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Molundu (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Cymothoe meridionalis Overlaet, 1944

Cymothoe meridionalis Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 41 (40-74).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kapanga”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe meridionalis meridionalis Overlaet, 1944

Cymothoe meridionalis Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 41 (40-74).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kapanga”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south – southern Kabinda, west Lualaba). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kapanga (TL).

vermaki Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe meridionalis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 43 (40-74). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kapanga”.

5 ornata Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe meridionalis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 45 (40-74). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kapanga”.

diffusa Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe meridionalis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 45 (40-74). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kapanga”.

Cymothoe meridionalis ghesquierei Overlaet, 1944

Cymothoe meridionalis ghesquierei Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 46 (40-74).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Stanleyville”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – , Tshopo). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Stanleyville (TL); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015).

*Cymothoe reginaeelisabethae Holland, 1920

Cymothoe reginaeelisabethae Holland, 1920. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 201 (109-369).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Medje”. Distribution: Cameroon, , Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea yaundensis Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe reginaeelisabethae reginaeelisabethae Holland, 1920

Cymothoe reginaeelisabethae Holland, 1920. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 201 (109-369).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Medje”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, ), Uganda (Toro). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Medje (TL); Bambesa (Overlaet, 1944); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996).

dropsyi Overlaet, 1944 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 55 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Uele, Bambesa”.

Cymothoe reginaeelisabethae belgarum Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe reginaeelisabethae belgarum Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 34 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kotakoli”. 6 Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north – Ubangi). Specific localities: Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kotakoli (TL).

similis Neustetter, 1912 (as ab. of Cymothoe coccinata). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 175 (167-185). Cameroon: “Kamerun”; “Congo-Gebiet”.

*Cymothoe distincta Overlaet, 1944

Cymothoe distincta male upperside and underside. Cameroon, May 2019. Images courtesy JeremyDobson.

Cymothoe excelsior distincta Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 48 (40-74).

Cymothoe distincta distincta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lobeke, Cameroon. 4 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kambaza, Katanga”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food:

7 Rinorea amietii (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea subsessilis M. Brandt (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe distincta distincta Overlaet, 1944

Cymothoe excelsior distincta Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 48 (40-74).

Cymothoe distincta distincta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lobeke, Cameroon. 4 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kambaza, Katanga”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Etoumbi (Overlaet, 1945). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kambaza, Katanga (TL); Kapanga (Overlaet, 1944); Kasai (Overlaet, 1944).

kambazae Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsior distincta). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 50 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga, Katanga”.

trolliae Overlaet, 1944 (as ssp. of Cymothoe excelsior). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 51 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kasai”.

caeca Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsior distincta). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 52 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”.

aramoides Overlaet, 1944 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 53 (40- 74). Congo: “Congo français”.

neustetteri Overlaet, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsior). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 267 (265-289). Congo: “Etoumbi, Congo Français”.

Cymothoe distincta kivuensis Overlaet, 1952

8 Cymothoe distincta kivuensis Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 33 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kivu, Congo Belge”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda (west – Bwamba Valley). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kivu (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018).

kivuensis Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsior). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 54 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kivu, Congo Belge”.

*Cymothoe anitorgis (Hewitson, [1874]) White-spot Red Glider

Harma anitorgis Hewitson, [1874] in Hewitson, [1872-7]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: 42 (127 pp.). London.

Type locality: “West Africa”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Moyen Congo). Records from countries west of Nigeria are due to misidentifications with other red species of the genus (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Dume-Mundung (Strand, 1910); Bipindi (Neustetter, 1912); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Tshibanga (Overlaet, 1944). Democratic Republic of Congo – Luali, Mayumbe (Overlaet, 1944). Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

aramis Hewitson, 1874 in Hewitson, 1872-7 [in part]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 5: pl. 22 (127 pp.). London.

misa Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Cymothoe anitorgis). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 29: 33 (29-35). Cameroon: “Dume-Mündung in Kamerun”.

albofasciata Neustetter, 1912 (as female ab. of Cymothoe aramis). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 175 (167-185). Cameroon: “Kamerun (Bipindie)”.

menteaui Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe anitorgis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 60 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Luali, Mayumbe”.

adaequata Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe anitorgis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 60 (40-74). Gabon: “Tshibanga”.

*Cymothoe excelsa Neustetter, 1912 Scalloped Red Glider

9

Male Scalloped Red Glider. Cameroon, May 2019. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Cymothoe aramis excelsa Neustetter, 1912. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 174 (167-185).

Cymothoe excelsa excelsa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 21 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe excelsa excelsa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lobeke, Cameroon. 2 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Kamerun”; “Kongo-Gebiet”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola. Recorded, in error, from Ghana by Berger (1981) due to a misidentified Cymothoe coccinata (Larsen, 2005a). 10 Habitat: Forest. Habits: A fairly common species in The Oban Hills area of Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes have been seen flying low down in the understorey of open forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea oblongifolia (C.H. Wright) Marquand ex Chipp (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe excelsa excelsa Neustetter, 1912

Cymothoe aramis excelsa Neustetter, 1912. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 174 (167-185).

Cymothoe excelsa excelsa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 21 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe excelsa excelsa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lobeke, Cameroon. 2 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Kamerun”; “Kongo-Gebiet”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Biapa (Conception), Bioko (Martin, 2015).

11 Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Etoumbi (Overlaet, 1944). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

schultzei Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsa). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 71 (40-74). Congo: “Etoumbi, Congo français”.

talboti Overlaet, 1952 (as [unnecessary] replacement name for Cymothoe caenis ab. schultzei). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 40 (1-50).

Cymothoe excelsa deltoides Overlaet, 1944

Cymothoe excelsa deltoides Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 46 (40-74).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kapanga”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba), Angola (southern Cabinda). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kapanga (TL).

kapangae Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsa deltoides). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 47 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”.

emundata Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsa deltoides). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 48 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”.

Cymothoe excelsa regisleopoldi Overlaet, 1944

Cymothoe excelsa regisleopoldi Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 71 (40-74).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Stanleyville, Congo Belge”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Ubangi, Mongala, Uele, Ituri, north Kivu, Tshopo, Equateur). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Stanleyville (TL); Bambesa, Uele (Overlaet, 1944); Zobia-Niapu-Poko (Overlaet, 1944); (Overlaet, 1952); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

ueleana Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsa). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 72 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Bambesa”.

rubricata Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsa). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 73 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Bambesa”.

diffusa Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsa regispoldi). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 74 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Bambesa, Uele”.

hutereauae Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe excelsa). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 74 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Zobia-Niapu-Poko”.

fontinalis Overlaet, 1952 (as ssp. of Cymothoe excelsa). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) 12 Sciences zoologiques 14: 32 (1-50). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Sankuru”.

*Cymothoe arcuata Overlaet, 1945

Cymothoe arcuata Overlaet, 1945. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 268 (265-289).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bena Bendi, Sankuru, Congo Belge”. Distribution: Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Recorded, in error, from Nigeria due to being confused with Cymothoe excelsa (Larsen, 2005a). Also recorded, in error, from Ivory Coast by Carcasson (1991) due to misidentification with Cymothoe coccinata (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Bena Bendi (TL); Liboko, Bas-Uele (Overlaet, 1952); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea subsessilis M. Brandt (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

rubronotata Overlaet, 1952 (as f. of Cymothoe arcuata). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 33 (1-50). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Liboko, Bas-Uele”.

*Cymothoe crocea Schultze, 1917

Cymothoe crocea Schultze, 1917. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 82 (A.3.): 34 (34-39).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Molundu, Assamba, Yukaduma, Nemayong”. Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Cameroon – Molundu (TL); Assamba (Schultze, 1917); Yukaduma (Schultze, 1917); Nemayong (Schultze, 1917). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea dentata (P. Beauv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

*Cymothoe preussi Staudinger, 1889 Preuss’ Orange Glider

Cymothoe preussi Staudinger, 1889. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 412 (412-422).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Barombi Station im Hinterlande von Kamerun”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Barombi Station (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Females are mimics of moths belonging to the genus Aletis and may be seen in the understorey of open forest while in search of larval host-plants (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published.

13 Larval food: Rinorea sinuata Chipp (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

*Cymothoe aramis (Hewitson, [1865]) Orange-red Glider

Euryphene aramis Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson, [1862-66]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 45 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Not uncommon in the Oban Hills, Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). The behaviour is similar to that of Cymothoe coccinata (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 1997. (larva and pupa; Cameroon).

Larval food: Rinorea dentata (P.Beauv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Amiet, 1997; Cameroon].

Cymothoe aramis aramis (Hewitson, [1865])

Euryphene aramis Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson, [1862-66]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 45 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

excelsior Hall, 1917 (as f. of Cymothoe aramis). Entomologist 50: 173 (161-163, 171-174). Cameroon.

Cymothoe aramis schoutedeni Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe aramis schoutedeni Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 30 (1-50).

Type locality: Congo: “Etoumbi, Congo Français”. Distribution: Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Ubangi, Mongala, Uele, north Kivu). Specific localities: Congo – Etoumbi (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kapanga (Overlaet, 1944); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

schoutedeni Overlaet, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe aramis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 268 (265-289). Congo: “Etoumbi, Congo Français”.

14

carradoti Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe aramis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 58 (40-74). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”.

*Cymothoe mabillei Overlaet, 1944 Western Red Glider

Cymothoe mabillei Overlaet, 1944. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 61 (40-74).

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “d’Assinie”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau (Larsen, 2005), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana (west of the Volta River). Records from Nigeria are probably erroneous (Larsen, 2005a). Not in Gabon (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007). Specific localities: Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Assinie (TL). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Habitat: Forest, including somewhat disturbed forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A common butterfly west of the Volta River, Ghana (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

aralus Mabille, 1890 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 10: 22 (17- 51). Ivory Coast: “d’Assinie”. [female only.]. Note: this is a junior synonym of C. mabillei as explained in Larsen 2005.

leonis Aurivillius, 1912 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as female ab. of Cymothoe anitorgis). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 153 (614 pp.). No locality given. Infrasubspecific.

testui Overlaet, 1944 (as f. of Cymothoe mabillei). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 64 (40- 74). Gabon: “Tshibanga”. This taxon must refer to some other species since mabillei does not occur east of Ghana (MCW; Larsen, pers. comm., 2007).

*Cymothoe hartigi Belcastro, 1990 Hartig’s Red Glider

Cymothoe hartigi Belcastro, 1990. Problemi Attuali di Scienza e di Cultura Quaderno 265: 72 (69-78).

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Southern Province, Tiwai Island on the Moa River, m 100". Distribution: Guinea (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast. Habitat: Primary forest. Habits: A somewhat localized butterfly that may, however, be quite common (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe hartigi hartigi Belcastro, 1990

15 Cymothoe hartigi Belcastro, 1990. Problemi Attuali di Scienza e di Cultura Quaderno 265: 72 (69-78).

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Southern Province, Tiwai Island on the Moa River, m 100". Distribution: Guinea (east) (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Sierra Leone (south-east), Liberia (west). Specific localities: Guinea – Djeke (Larsen, 2005a). Sierra Leone – Tiwai Island (TL).

tiwaiensis Belcastro, 1990 (as f. of Cymothoe hartigi). Problemi Attuali di Scienza e di Cultura Quaderno 265: 73 (69-78). Sierra Leone: “Southern Province, Tiwai Island on the Moa River, m 100".

Cymothoe hartigi vanessae Warren-Gash, 2003

Cymothoe hartigi vanessae Warren-Gash, 2003. Metamorphosis 14 (3): 97 (63-110).

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Monogaga Forest, western coast, 2.ix.2000”. Holotype (male) in African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. General remarks: Named for Vanessa Warren-Gash, daughter of Haydon, who has collected butterflies in Ivory Coast, including the Monogaga Forest (Collins et al., 2003). Distribution: Ivory Coast (south-west). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Monogaga Forest (TL); Bereby Forest (Warren-Gash, vide Collins et al., 2003).

INCERTAE SEDIS

*Cymothoe cyclades (Ward, 1871)

Harma cyclades Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 119 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122).

Cymothoe cyclades. Male (Wingspan 70 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Bwamba Forest, Uganda. 8 June 2009. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

16

Cymothoe cyclades. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Petit Savanna, Cameroon. 4 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe cyclades. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Yokadouma, Cameroon. 9 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroons”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Specific localities: Gabon – Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea convallarioides (Baker f.) Eyles (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

bonnyi Grose-Smith, 1890 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1890: 470 (463-473). “From Yambuya on the Aruwimi River through the Great Forest of Central Africa”.

17 *Cymothoe sassiana Schouteden, 1912

Cymothoe sassiana Schouteden, 1912. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 1: 394 (389-396).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Sassa”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe sassiana sassiana Schouteden, 1912

Cymothoe sassiana Schouteden, 1912. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 1: 394 (389-396).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Sassa”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Sassa (TL).

Cymothoe sassiana intermedia Neustetter, 1912

Cymothoe cyclades intermedia Neustetter, 1912. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 169 (167-185).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kassai (Kongo-Gebiet)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kassai (TL).

ADELA CLADE

*Cymothoe ochreata Grose-Smith, 1890

Cymothoe ochreata Grose-Smith, 1890. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1890: 471 (463-473).

Cymothoe ochreata. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 18 Semuliki N.P., Uganda. 6 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: “from Yambuya on the Aruwimi River through the great forest of central Africa”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda (west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lesse (Hulstaert, 1926); Iroumou (Overlaet, 1952); Ituri Forest (Overlaet, 1952); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

cycladina Grünberg, 1908 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1908: 55 (50-62). Uganda.

vicina Hulstaert, 1926 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 14: 61 (60-63). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Lesse”.

hulstaerti Overlaet, 1952 (as f. of Cymothoe ochreata). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 19 (1-50). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Boga à Lesse; Kivu; Iroumou, Itouri”; Uganda: “Afr. Or. Angl.”.

normalis Overlaet, 1952 (as f. of Cymothoe ochreata). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 19 (1-50). No locality given.

*Cymothoe aubergeri Plantrou, 1977 Auberger’s Yellow Glider

Cymothoe aubergeri Plantrou, 1977. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 82: 54 (54-56).

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Abengourou”. Distribution: Guinea, Ivory Coast (east), Ghana, Congo Republic (S. Collins, teste D’Abrera, 2004: in Errata, 2005). Specific localities: Guinea – Dubreka (ABRI, 2003). Ivory Coast – Abengourou (TL); Adiopodoume (C. Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a); Bossematie (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Abrafo and Kruwa Camp in Kakum (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Much like the common Cymothoe jodutta but apparently more fond of fallen fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Cymothoe adela Staudinger, 1890 Sierra Leone Yellow Glider

Cymothoe adela Staudinger, 1890. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 413 (412-422).

Type locality: Sierra Leone. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone. Specific localities:

19 Guinea – Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a). Sierra Leone – Guma Valley in Freetown (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A localized and uncommon species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

marginata Crowley, 1890 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1890: 552 (551-556). Sierra Leone.

*Cymothoe collarti Overlaet, 1942

Cymothoe collarti Overlaet, 1942. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 189 (165-194).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Djuga, Ituri, 1800 m”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe collarti collarti Overlaet, 1942

Cymothoe collarti Overlaet, 1942. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 189 (165-194).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Djuga, Ituri, 1800 m”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Djuga, Ituri (TL); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018).

Cymothoe collarti werneri Beaurain, 1984

Cymothoe collarti werneri Beaurain, 1984. Lambillionea 84: 20 (17-23).

Type locality: Rwanda: “forêt de Nyungwe, 1800 m”. Distribution: Rwanda. Specific localities: Rwanda – Nyungwe Forest (TL).

*Cymothoe fontainei Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe fontainei Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 24 (1-50).

20

Cymothoe fontainei debauchei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Lutahe”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea caudata (Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe fontainei fontainei Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe fontainei Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 24 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Lutahe”. Female first described by Oremans, 2012: 15. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Known only from the holotype. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lutahe (TL).

Cymothoe fontainei debauchei Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe fontainei debauchei Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 24 (1-50).

21 Cymothoe fontainei debauchei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Congo” Etoumbi”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Nyong (one male). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Etoumbi (TL; two females).

INCERTAE SEDIS

*Cymothoe lucasii (Doumet, 1859) Fiery Yellow Glider

Fiery Yellow Glider (Cymothoe lucasii). Left – male. Right – female. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Nymphalis lucasii Doumet, 1859. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée (2) 11: 262 (260-267).

22 Cymothoe lucasii lucasii. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 1 December 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea gabunensis Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe lucasii lucasii (Doumet, 1859)

Nymphalis lucasii Doumet, 1859. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée (2) 11: 262 (260-267).

Cymothoe lucasii lucasii. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 1 December 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010).

Cymothoe lucasii binotorum Darge, 1985

Cymothoe lucasii binotorum Darge, 1985. Lambillionea 85: 119 (119-122).

Type locality: Congo: “Ouesso”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Congo (parts of), Central African Republic. Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (Larsen, 2005a; a record from the 19th century). Congo – Ouesso (TL).

23

Cymothoe lucasii cloetensi Seeldrayers, 1896

Cymothoe cloetensi Seeldrayers, 1896. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 40: 501 (499-505).

Cymothoe lucasii cloetensi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Beni-Bendi sur le Sankourou”. Distribution: Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kwngo, Sankuru). Specific localities: Gabon – Massouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG). Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni-Bendi (TL).

Cymothoe lucasii minigorum Darge, 1985

Cymothoe lucasii minigorum Darge, 1985. Lambillionea 85: 121 (119-122).

Type locality: Congo: “Congo: M’Bé”. Distribution: Congo (Brazzaville district). Specific localities: Congo – M’Be (TL).

Note: Larsen, (2005a) doubts that minigorum is a valid subspecies.

FUMANA CLADE

*Cymothoe haynae Dewitz, 1887

24

Cymothoe haynae Dewitz, 1887. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 30: 302 (301-302).

Cymothoe haynae diphyia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Dzanga-Sagba, Central African Republic. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mukenge”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe haynae haynae Dewitz, 1887

Cymothoe haynae Dewitz, 1887. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 30: 302 (301-302).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mukenge”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (TL); Kapanga (Overlaet, 1942).

umbrosa Overlaet, 1942 (as ssp. of Cymothoe haynae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 191 (165-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga, Katanga”.

luazae Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe haynae umbrosa). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 192 (165-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga, Katanga”.

decorata Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe haynae umbrosa). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 193 (165-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”.

aurantiana Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe haynae umbrosa). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 193 (165-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga, Katanga”.

Cymothoe haynae diphyia Karsch, 1894

Cymothoe diphyia Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 211 (209-240).

25

Cymothoe haynae diphyia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Dzanga-Sagba, Central African Republic. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Issango-Fähre (N. Albert Edward See, 0° 49')”; “Urwalde, N.W. Runssóro”. Distribution: Cameroon (east), Congo (north), Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, Ruwenzori, Kivu), Uganda (western border). Specific localities: Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Issango (TL); Runssoro (Karsch, 1894); Kamituga (Dufrane, 1945); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015).

kamitugensis Dufrane, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe diphyia). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 102 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kamituga”.

Cymothoe haynae fumosa Staudinger, 1896

Cymothoe fumosa Staudinger, 1896. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 9: 215 (193-240).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mocquerys am Kuilu”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mocquerys am Kuilu (TL).

Cymothoe haynae superba Aurivillius, [1899]

Cymothoe superba Aurivillius, [1899] in Aurivillius, [1898-9]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 213 (1-561).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Süd-Kamerun: Lolodorf”. Distribution: Cameroon (south and west), Gabon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Lolodorf (TL). Gabon – Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010).

26

Note: Van Velzen (pers. comm., Feb. 2013) regards superba to be a valid species and will raise it in a future paper.

Cymothoe haynae vosiana Overlaet, 1942

Cymothoe vosiana Overlaet, 1942. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 194 (165-194).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kasai”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central – Kasai Valley). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kasai (TL).

*Cymothoe fumana (Westwood, [1850]) Scalloped Yellow Glider

Harma fumana Westwood, [1850] in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 288 (1: 1- 250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London.

Cymothoe fumana balluca. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 13 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

27 Cymothoe fumana balluca. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Camp Kombo, Cameroon. 5 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest, including secondary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Both sexes of this fairly common but localized butterfly fly from two to five metres above the ground, males often perching even higher (Larsen, 2005a). Numbers were once noted feeding, together with other species of Cymothoe, on fermented sap oozing from debarked felled trees in Omo Forest by Larsen (2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. (larva and pupa).

Larval food: Rinorea amietii Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea ledermannii Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea longisepala Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea oblongifolia (C.H. Wright) Marquand ex Chipp (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea subsessilis M. Brandt (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe fumana fumana (Westwood, [1850])

Harma fumana Westwood, [1850] in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 288 (1: 1- 250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Specific localities: Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Ashanti (TL); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007).

eburnea Neustetter, 1916 (as var. of Cymothoe fumana). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 105 (95-108). Liberia. Synonymized by Fox, 1968.

Cymothoe fumana balluca Fox & Howarth, 1968

Cymothoe fumana balluca Fox & Howarth, 1968 in Fox, 1968. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 30: 1240 (1236-1280).

28

Cymothoe fumana balluca. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 13 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe fumana balluca. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Camp Kombo, Cameroon. 5 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Efulen, ”. Distribution: Nigeria (south-east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Omo Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Efulen (TL); Makak Station (Birket-Smith, 1960); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Ketta Forest; Mambili Forest. Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

mitella Birket-Smith, 1960 (as f. (?) of Cymothoe fumana). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 22: 929 (521-554, 924-983, 1259-1284). Cameroon: “Small path in secondary forest at the river Nyong just south of Makak station, French Cameroons”.

29

Cymothoe fumana villiersi Fox, 1968

Cymothoe fumana villiersi Fox, 1968. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (A) 30: 1242 (1236-1280).

Type locality: Congo: “Sibiti [monts du Chaillu]”. Distribution: Congo. Apparently known only from the type locality. Specific localities: Congo – Monts Chaillu (TL).

Note: Larsen (2005a) states that this subspecies may not be valid.

Cymothoe fumana royi Pyrcz & Sáfián, 2018

Cymothoe fumana royi Pyrcz & Sáfián, 2018. Metamorphosis 29: 6 (5-8).

Type locality: Nigeria: Ajebandele, Ondo State, 6°43'55"N, 4°21'30"E, 50 m; 02.i.2000; T. Prycz leg. Holotype (female) in the Nature Education Centre (formerly Zoological Museum), Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland. Distribution: Nigeria (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Ajebandele, Ondo State (TL). Known only from the type locality (Pyrcz & Sáfián, 2018).

INCERTAE SEDIS

*Cymothoe heliada (Hewitson, 1874) Small Scalloped Glider

Harma heliada Hewitson, 1874. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 274 (274).

Cymothoe heliada heliada. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

30

Cymothoe heliada heliada. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 17 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda. Habitat: Forest. Habits: A seemingly rare and localized species, at least in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. [larva].

Larval food: Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe heliada heliada (Hewitson, 1874)

Harma heliada Hewitson, 1874. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 274 (274).

Cymothoe heliada heliada. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

31

Cymothoe heliada heliada. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 17 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo. Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Ikom (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Cross River (Schultze, 1916). Gabon – Gamba (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010).

heliadina Schultze, 1916 (as var. of Cymothoe heliada). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A.7.): 159 (159- 167). Cameroon: “bei Feintschang im Gebiet des oberen Crossflusses (N.-W.-Kamerun)”.

Cymothoe heliada liberatorum Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe heliada liberatorum Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 23 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Komi, Sankuru”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (central – Sankuru). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Komi (TL).

liberatorum Overlaet, 1945 (as female f. of Cymothoe heliada). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 284 (265-289). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Komi, Sankuru, Congo Belge”.

Cymothoe heliada monforti Oremans, 2008

Cymothoe heliada monforti Oremans, 2008. Lambillionea 108 (1) (Tome II): 103 (103-105).

Type locality: Rwanda: Nyungwe Forest. Distribution: Rwanda. Specific localities: Rwanda – Nyungwe Forest (TL).

32 Cymothoe heliada mutshindji Overlaet, 1940

Cymothoe mutshindji Overlaet, 1940. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 33: 169 (150-172). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “à la riv. Mutshindji (Territoire de Kapanga)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Kabinda). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mutshindji (TL); Mwene-Ditu (Overlaet, 1945).

luizana Overlaet, 1940 (as f. of Cymothoe mutshindji). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 33: 169 (150-172). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “riv. Mutshindji, affluent de gauche de la riv. Luiza”.

seydeli Overlaet, 1945 (as ssp. of Cymothoe heliada). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 283 (265-289). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mwene-Ditu, Katanga”.

LURIDA CLADE

*Cymothoe colmanti Aurivillius, 1898

Cymothoe colmanti Aurivillius, 1898. Entomologisk Tidskrift 19: 180 (177-186).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Sassa am oberen Ubangi”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north), Central African Republic, Uganda (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Sassa (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea batesii Chipp (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

*Cymothoe hypatha (Hewitson, [1866]) Large Lurid Glider

Large Lurid Glider (Cymothoe hypatha). Left: Male upperside. Ipassa, Gabon. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. 33 Right: Female upperside. Cameroon, May 2019. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Harma hypatha Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 58 (124 pp.). London.

Cymothoe hypatha hypatha. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Gabon. 16 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo. The record from Ghana (Moschler, 1887) and other records from Ghana and Ivory Coast are almost certainly erroneous (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Primary forest. Habits: Subspecies okomu is not uncommon in the mid-west of Nigeria but the nominate species appears to be rare in the Cross River loop in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. [larva].

Larval food: Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe hypatha hypatha (Hewitson, [1866])

Harma hypatha Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 58 (124 pp.). London.

34

Cymothoe hypatha hypatha. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Gabon. 16 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (north). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Mpivie River (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Angola – Pungo Andonga (Suffert, 1904); Loanda (Suffert, 1904).

hesiodus Hewitson, 1869 in Hewitson, 1867-71 (as ?). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 4: 52 ([118] pp.). London. “Congo”.

alexander Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 117 (108-123). Angola: “Pungo Andongo, Loanda”.

lucida Overlaet, 1952 (as f. of Cymothoe hesiodus). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 18 18 (1-50). No locality given.

Cymothoe hypatha okomu Hecq & Larsen, 1997

Cymothoe hypatha okomu Hecq & Larsen, 1997. Lambillionea 97 (1) (Tome II): 102 (101-104).

Type locality: Nigeria: “Okomu Nature Sanctuary, Nigeria, xi. 1996 (T.B. Larsen leg.).” Holotype in MRAC, Tervuren. Distribution: Nigeria (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Okomu Nature Sanctuary (TL); Omo Forest (Larsen, 2005a)

Note: Van Velzen (pers. comm., Feb. 2013) regards okomu to be a valid species and will raise it in a future paper.

*Cymothoe lurida (Butler, 1871) 35 Lurid Glider

Harma lurida Butler, 1871. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871: 80 (79-83).

Cymothoe lurida butleri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, . 6 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Cymothoe lurida butleri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 7 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Fantee, Cape Coast”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, , . Habitat: Lowland to submontane forest, including riparian forest. In Tanzania subspecies azumai is found at altitudes varying from 800 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Very rare west of the Dahomey Gap but not uncommon in the Cross River loop, Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Usually keeps to the deep shade of the forest, flying low down just above the ground, and settling on the ground or low vegetation in sunny spots on the forest floor (Kielland, 1990d). Larsen (2005a) states that they also fly in the forest canopy. Males defend territories from perches that range from a metre above the ground to almost canopy height (Larsen, 2005a). Males are known to mud puddle (Kielland, 1990d). Occasionally attracted to fermenting bananas (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: species () [Kielland, 1990d: 115]. species (Achariaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 115]. 36 Rinorea species (Violaceae) [Larsen, 2005a; Cameroon].

Cymothoe lurida lurida (Butler, 1871)

Harma lurida Butler, 1871. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871: 80 (79-83).

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Fantee, Cape Coast”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana. Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Yapo (Larsen, 2005a); Alepe (Larsen, 2005a); Agboville (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Fantee, Cape Coast (TL); Koforidua (Larsen, 2005a); Assin Foso (Larsen, 2005a); Enchi (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); near Aburi (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007).

Cymothoe lurida hesione Weymer, 1907

Cymothoe hesione Weymer, 1907. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 20: 40 (1-51). Synonym of Cymothoe lurida lurida (Butler, 1871). Ackery et al., 1995. Cymothoe lurida hesione Weymer, 1907. Larsen, 2005a: 353, stat. nov.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Kamerun”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kassai River (Neustetter, 1912).

congoensis Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 115 (108-123). “Congo”.

rufobrunnea Neustetter, 1912 (as female ab. of Cymothoe lurida var. butleri). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 167 (167-185). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kassaifluss im Kongostaat”.

Cymothoe lurida azumai Carcasson, 1964

Cymothoe lurida azumai Carcasson, 1964. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society & Coryndon Museum 24 (4): 63 (62- 67).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Makuyu, Kigoma, Tanganyika”. Distribution: Tanzania (north-west ), Zambia. Specific localities: Tanzania – Makuyu, Kigoma (TL); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Msisi (Schouteden, 1912); Mukenge (Schouteden, 1912).

dubia Schouteden, 1912 (as var. of Cymothoe butleri). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 1: 394 (389-396). Zambia: “Msisi; Mukenge”.

37

Cymothoe lurida butleri Grünberg, 1908

Cymothoe butleri Grünberg, 1908. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1908: 55 (50-62).

Cymothoe lurida butleri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 6 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Cymothoe lurida butleri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 7 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Uganda. Diagnosis: Male much paler than subspecies azumai and female with a much narrower subapical band in the forewing (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Distribution: Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

Note: Van Velzen (pers. comm., Feb. 2013) regards butleri to be a valid species and will raise it in a future paper.

38 Cymothoe lurida centralis Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe lurida centralis Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 16 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “riv. Luakile, afll. de gauce du Lubudi, ancien territoire de Kinda, Katanga”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (central – Lualaba, Kasai, Lomami, Sankuru). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Luakile River (TL); source of the Kansense River (Overlaet, 1952).

sublustris Overlaet, 1952 (as f. of Cymothoe lurida centralis). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 16 (1-50). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Source Kansense, chefferie Kabondo-Monga, ancien territoire de Kinda”.

Cymothoe lurida sublurida Fruhstorfer, 1903

Cymothoe lurida sublurida Fruhstorfer, 1903. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 64: 359 (359-361).

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko).

Cymothoe lurida tristis Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe lurida tristis Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 15 (1-50).

Type locality: “Sassa”. Distribution: Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (, Mongala, Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Uganda (west – Bwamba, Toro). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996).

*Cymothoe hesiodina Schultze, 1908 Schultze’s Lurid Glider

Cymothoe hesiodina Schultze, 1908. Societas Entomologica 23: 130 (130-131).

39

Cymothoe hesiodina male. Oban Hills, Nigeria, 1995. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Cymothoe hesiodina female. Oban Hills, Nigeria, 1995. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Urwald bei N’kore (Gebiet des oberen Cross-Flusses) in Nordwest-Kamerun”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon. Specific localities: Nigeria – northern half of the Oban Hills, near Itaka (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Forest at N’kore (TL). Habitat: This is a species of wet rainforest in good condition (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007). Habits: An exceedingly rare species that was known only from the type male until Larsen collected a pair in March, 1995 and a female in December, 1995 (Larsen, 2005a). These specimens were found in the Oban Hills, not far from the type locality. An amusing account of how it was caught and how difficult it was to identfy may be found in Larsen, 2004. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: The pair of Cymothoe illustrated as representing Cymothoe hesiodina by Boorman (1965) pertain to Cymothoe hesiodotus nigeriensis (Larsen, 2005a).

*Cymothoe hesiodotus Staudinger, 1890 Orange Lurid Glider

Cymothoe hesiodotus Staudinger, 1890. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 415 (412-422).

40

Cymothoe species (? hesiodotus). Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kongu, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Gabon: “Ogove”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest. Habits: Subspecies nigeriensis may be common in suitable forests (Larsen, 2005a). Males defend territories from perches low down along forest paths and roads, after descending from the canopy at about 14:00 (Larsen, 2005a). Contesting males fly around each other slowly, in circles, much like the males of Cymothoe jodutta (Larsen, 2005a). Females are rarely seen (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. [pupa].

Larval food: Rinorea longicuspis Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006; for ssp. nigeriensis]. Rinorea rubrotincta Chipp (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea vivenii (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe hesiodotus hesiodotus Staudinger, 1890

Cymothoe hesiodotus Staudinger, 1890. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 415 (412-422).

41

Cymothoe species (? hesiodotus). Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kongu, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Gabon: “Ogove”. Distribution: Cameroon (south), Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central). Specific localities: Gabon – Ogove (TL); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

Cymothoe hesiodotus nigeriensis Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe lurida var. nigeriensis Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 37 (1-50). Synonym of Cymothoe lurida lurida (Butler, 1871). Ackery et al., 1995. Cymothoe hesiodotus nigeriensis Overlaet, 1952. Larsen, 2005a: 354, stat. nov.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Nigerküste” [Warri (Larsen, 2005a)]. Distribution: Nigeria (mid-west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Warri (TL); near Benin City (Larsen, 2005a); Gambari (Larsen, 2005a); Sapoba (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu Nature Sanctuary (Larsen, 2005a); Omo and Okomy forests west of Niger River (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007).

Note1: Cymothoe hesiodotus nigeriensis Overlaet, 1952 should probably be raised to a full species (Larsen et al., 2009). Note2: Van Velzen (pers. comm., Feb. 2013) regards nigeriensis to be a valid species and will raise it in a future paper.

Cymothoe hesiodotus clarior Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe hesiodotus clarior Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 17 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kindu”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – from Ituri Forest to Kindu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kindu (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018).

EGESTA CLADE

* (Cramer, [1775]) Common Yellow Glider

Papilio egesta Cramer, [1775] in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 1: 72 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam and Utrecht. 42

Cymothoe egesta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Liberia. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe egesta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Camp Kombo, Cameroon. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe egesta. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Camp Kombo, Cameroon. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

43

Type locality: [West Africa]: “Surinamen”. [False locality.] Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon. Specific localities: Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Yapo (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Nigeria – Agege (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Lowland to submontane forest, including secondary growth (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A relatively common species (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes appear to remain close to the ground and females are often seen flying in dense undergrowth (Larsen, 2005a). Males are known to mud-puddle and both sexes are occasionally attracted to fermenting fruit (Kielland, 1990d). Larsen (1994) saw many specimens feeding from the flowers of Cleistopholis patens, together with other Cymothoe and species, at Kakum, Ghana; most probably the nectar in these flowers had fermented. Early stages:

Amiet, 1997 [larva and pupa; Cameroon].

Amiet, 2000 [larva and pupa; Cameroon].

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017]. Rinorea species (Violaceae) [Larsen, 2005a; Cameroon].

degesta Staudinger, 1890 (as var. of Cymothoe egesta). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 418 (412-422). Sierra Leone.

*Cymothoe confusa Aurivillius, 1887

Cymothoe confusa Aurivillius, 1887. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 5: 310 (305-314). Cymothoe egesta confusa Aurivillius, 1887. Ackery et al., 1995. Cymothoe confusa Aurivillius, 1887. McBride et al., 2009: 3644. stat. rev.

Type locality: Congo: “Brazzaville”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Du Chaillu Massif (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Brazzaville (TL). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Tanzania – From Wanzizi in Mpanda to Gombe Stream, north of Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: In Tanzania confusa occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). 44 Early stages:

Amiet, 1997 [larva and pupa; Cameroon].

Amiet, 2000 [larva and pupa; Cameroon].

Larval food: Rinorea dewitii Achound (Violaceae) [Van Valzen, 2006]. Rinorea dimakoensis (Violaceae) [Van Valzen, 2006]. Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Minziro, Tanzania]. Rinorea keayi Brenan (Violaceae) [Van Valzen, 2006]. Rinorea letouzeyi (Violaceae) [Van Valzen, 2006]. Rinorea mezilii (Violaceae) [Van Valzen, 2006].

*Cymothoe orphnina Karsch, 1894 Orphnina Glider

Cymothoe orphnina Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 213 (209-240).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Albert Njansa (Ituri Fähre)”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Habitat: Forest. Habits: An uncommon and local species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea keayi Brenan (Violaceae) [Van Valzen, 2006].

Cymothoe orphnina orphnina Karsch, 1894

Cymothoe orphnina Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 213 (209-240).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Albert Njansa (Ituri Fähre)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east – Kivu to Ituri Forest and Aruwiumi River), Uganda (west) (Collins teste D’Abrera, 2004: in Errata, 2005). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (TL); West Semliki Valley (Joicey & Talbot, 1928); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018).

infuscata Joicey & Talbot, 1928 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 2: 24 (19-27). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo, West Semliki Valley, 3,500 feet”.

Cymothoe orphnina suavis Schultze, 1913

Cymothoe suavis Schultze, 1913. Societas Entomologica 28: 50 (50-51).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Akók (Süd-Kamerun)”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (south-west). Specific localities:

45 Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Davey Collection ex ABRI, vide Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Akok (TL).

SANGARIS CLADE

*Cymothoe hobarti Butler, 1900 Hobart’s Red Glider

Hobart’s red glider (Cymothoe hobarti), Kakamega Forest, Kenya. September 2005. Images courtesy Michel Beaurain.

Cymothoe hobarti Butler, 1900. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1899: 976 (976-978).

Cymothoe hobarti hobarti. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 6 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Uganda: “Nandi District, Uganda Protectorate, Eastern side of Lake Victoria”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Lowland to submontane forest (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania subspecies lactanganyika occurs from 800 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Often seen sunning itself on an exposed leaf. Males perch high up, on the edges of forest clearings, occasionally diving down towards the ground (Larsen, 1991c). The females tend to fly inside the forest, but may also be seen flying high up, when they resemble pierids (Larsen, 1991c). Males mud puddle and both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit (Kielland, 1990d).

46 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea species (Violaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 115].

Cymothoe hobarti hobarti Butler, 1900

Cymothoe hobarti Butler, 1900. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1899: 976 (976-978).

Cymothoe hobarti hobarti. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 6 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Uganda: “Nandi District, Uganda Protectorate, Eastern side of Lake Victoria”. Distribution: Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Nandi District (TL); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Kitosh (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

Cymothoe hobarti candidata Overlaet, 1954

Cymothoe euthalioides candidata Overlaet, 1954. Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 90: 33 (32- 33).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bambesa”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north), Central African Republic (south). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Bambesa (TL).

Cymothoe hobarti lactanganyikae Collins, 1990

Cymothoe hobarti lactanganyikae Collins, 1990 in Kielland, 1990d. Butterflies of Tanzania 339 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Ntakatta, Mpanda, W. Tanzania 1.73 J. Kielland”. Holotype (female) in the Natural History Museum, London. Original description:

47 “In this population of Cymothoe hobarti the females are consistently different to specimens from Shaba Zaire [DRC] or Eastern Zaire [DRC]. The main character on the recto surface is the area at the base of the wings which is a more orange colour than specimens from Central Zaire [DRC] and Shaba which are much more crimson. Also on the forewing the white markings which occur distally to the margin are more developed than in other races. On the hindwing the orange markings extend to the submargin and are not broken by brownish-grey crescent lunules as in other races. The males are indistinguishable from other races.” Diagnosis: Females are characterized on the upperside of the wings by the orange colouration at the base of the wings and the better developed white distal markings on the forewing; on the hindwing the orange markings extend to the submargin and are not broken by brownish-grey crescent-shaped lunules. The males are indistinguishable from those of the other subspecies. Distribution: Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ntakatta (TL); Lubalizi (Kielland, 1990d); Kasye (Kielland, 1990d); Wanzizi in Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Mpanda (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

Cymothoe hobarti mwamikazi Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe sangaris mwamikazi Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 35 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Beni”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Kibali, Ituri). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

* (Godart, [1824]) Blood-red Glider

Blood-red Glider (Cymothoe sangaris). Male. Ipassa, Gabon. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Nymphale sangaris Godart, [1824] in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824]. Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 337 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris.

48

Cymothoe sangaris sangaris. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kongu, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 23 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe sangaris sangaris. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 26 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: No locality given. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (Davenport & Howard, 1996), Zambia. Habitat: Wetter forest, in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Where it is found this may be a common butterfly. Both sexes usually fly high up but males may come down to settle on paths and roads, and females may be found in the understorey searching for larval host-plants (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 1997.

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Lasiodiscus mildbraedii Engl. (Rhamnaceae) [Vuattoux & Blandin, 1979 (Ivory Coast); Larsen (2005a) is sceptical about this record]. Rinorea batesii Chipp (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea ilicifolia (Welw. ex Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017]. Rinorea longicuspis Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

49 Rinorea preussii Engl. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea rubrotincta Chipp (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea spongioarpa (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea vivienii (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea welwitschii (Oliv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Note: Larsen (2005a) treats Cymothoe sangaris as a species complex, with at least four species subsumed under the name sangaris. He also illustrates (Plate 71, 878A and 878B) and discusses (p.361) a male specimen caught in the Atewa Range by Maessen that appears to be a distinct species but refrains from naming it.

Cymothoe sangaris sangaris (Godart, [1824])

Nymphale sangaris Godart, [1824] in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824]. Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 337 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris.

Cymothoe sangaris sangaris. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kongu, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 23 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe sangaris sangaris. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 26 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: No locality given. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Ubangi, Mongala, Uele, north Kivu, 50 Tshopo, , Equateur, Kinshasa, , Kasai, Sankuru, Maniema), Uganda Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Specific localities: Guinea – Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a); Nimba (Larsen, 2005a); Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Banco (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Tano Ofin (Larsen, 2005a); Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a); Cape Three Points (Larsen, 2005a); Begoro (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Dume-Mundung (Strand, 1910); M’peum (Schultze, 1920). Congo – N’Bomou (Overlaet, 1945); Etoumbi (Overlaet, 1945). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Gemena, Ubangi (Overlaet, 1945); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996).

uselda Hewitson, 1869 in Hewitson, 1867-71 (as sp. of Harma). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 4: 52 ([118] pp.). London. “Congo”.

reuteri Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Cymothoe sangaris). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 29: 32 (29-35). Cameroon: “Dume-Mündung in Kamerun”.

pallida Schultze, 1920 (as female ab. of Cymothoe sangaris). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral- Afrika-Expedition 1 (14): 696 (639-829). Cameroon: “M’peum (Süd-Kamerun)”.

pluviatilis Overlaet, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe sangaris). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 274 (265-289). Congo: “Congo Français”.

extimata Overlaet, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe sangaris reuteri). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 276 (265-289). Congo: “Haut N’Bomou, Congo Français”.

simplicior Overlaet, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe sangaris reuteri). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 276 (265-289). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Gemena, Ubangi”.

rubrior Overlaet, 1945 (as female f. of Cymothoe sangaris reuteri). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 278 (265-289). Congo: “Etoumbi, Congo Français”.

Cymothoe sangaris luluana Overlaet, 1945

Cymothoe sangaris luluana Overlaet, 1945. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 276 (265-289).

51 Cymothoe sangaris luluana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 60mm. Isombo, Ikelenge, Zambia. 27 March, 1981. A.J. & M.W. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection).

Cymothoe sangaris luluana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 66mm. Lisombo, Ikelenge, Zambia. 31/iii/1977. Fisher. (Gardiner Collection).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kafakumba, Katanga”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Lomami), Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kafakumba (TL). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Isombo, Ikelenge (male illustrated above); Lisombo, Ikelenge (female illustrated above).

orchymonti Overlaet, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe sangaris luluana). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 277 (265-289). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kafakumba”.

*Cymothoe euthalioides Kirby, 1889

Cymothoe euthalioides Kirby, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 249 (246-249).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, to Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe euthalioides euthalioides Kirby, 1889

Cymothoe euthalioides Kirby, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 249 (246-249).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Cameroon – Bipindi (Neustetter, 1912). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

52 gerrescheimi Neustetter, 1912 (as ab. of Cymothoe sangaris). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 179 (167-185). Cameroon: “Kamerun (Bipindie)”; “Kongo-Gebiet”.

Cymothoe euthalioides albomarginata Neustetter, 1921

Cymothoe sangaris albomarginata Neustetter, 1921. Zeitschrift des Österreichischen Entomologen-Vereins, Wien 6: 27 (27, 34, 41-42, 47-48).

Type locality: Sierra Leone: [Congo]. Distribution: Sierra Leone, to Nigeria (west).

*Cymothoe magnus Joicey & Talbot, 1928

Cymothoe magnus Joicey & Talbot, 1928. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 2: 23 (19-27).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “North Congo: Oso-Lowa Watershed”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Oso-Lowa Watershed (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

INCERTAE SEDIS

*Cymothoe ogova (Plötz, 1880) Elegant Red Glider

Harma ogova Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 193 (189-206).

Cymothoe ogova. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kongu, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 23 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

53 Type locality: Gabon: “Ogova”. Distribution: Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Ogova (TL); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen Nkomo (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndjole (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rare buttterfly that seems to keep mostly to the forest canopy. Males may come down occasionally to fallen fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. [pupa].

Larval food: Rinorea dewildei (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006]. Rinorea verrucosa Chipp (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

serpentina Kirby, 1889 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 248 (246-249). Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Note: Van Velzen (pers. comm., Feb. 2013) regards serpentina to be a synonym of ogova, rather than harmilla. This will be done in a future paper).

rebeli Neustetter, 1912 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 182 (167-185). Type locality: Cameroon: “Kamerun”. Validly synonymized with C. serpentina (a synonym of C. ogova) by D’Abrera, 2004: 336 syn. nov.

*Cymothoe harmilla (Hewitson, 1874)

Harma harmilla Hewitson, 1874. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 274 (274).

Type locality: Cameroon: “West Africa (Cameroons)”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Democratic Republic of Congo (Bouyer & Joly, 1995: 526). Given, in error, for Nigeria on numerous occasions (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Bouyer & Joly, 1995.

Larval food: Rinorea angustifolia (Thouars) Baill. (Violaceae) [Van Velzen, 2006].

Cymothoe harmilla harmilla (Hewitson, 1874)

Harma harmilla Hewitson, 1874. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 274 (274).

Type locality: Cameroon: “West Africa (Cameroons)”. Distribution: Cameroon (south-west), Gabon (Bouyer & Joly, 1995: 526), Angola (Mendes et al., 2018). Specific localities: Cameroon – Lolodorf (Audeoud, 1936). Gabon – Kangve on the Ogove River (Holland, 1920); Mitzic (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe,

54 2010); Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010).

major Neustetter, 1912 (as ab. of Cymothoe ogowa [sic]). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 26: 181 (167-185). Cameroon: “Kamerun”.

rubescens Holland, 1920 (as f. of Cymothoe ogova). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 203 (109-369). Gabon: “Kangvé on the Ogové River”.

dunkeli Audeoud, 1936 (as female f. of ). Bulletin de la Société Lépidoptérologique de Genève 7: 185 (184-187). Cameroon: “Lolodorf”.

straelini Overlaet, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe ogova). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 38: 281 (265-289). “Boma Sundi”.

Cymothoe harmilla kraepelini Schultze, 1912

Cymothoe kraepelini Schultze, 1912. Entomologische Rundschau 29: 91 (91-93). Cymothoe kraepelini Schultze, 1912. Ackery et al., 1995: 379. Cymothoe harmilla kraepelini Schultze, 1912. Bouyer & Joly, 1995. Lambillionea 95 (4) (Tome I): 529.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Molundu (Süd-Kamerun)”. Distribution: Cameroon (south-east) (Bouyer & Joly, 1995: 526). Specific localities: Cameroon – Molundu (TL).

Cymothoe harmilla micans Bouyer & Joly, 1995

Cymothoe harmilla micans Bouyer & Joly, 1995. Lambillionea 95 (4) (Tome I): 529 (526-532).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Zaïre, Kivu, Irangi 15-V-89 (coll. E. Joly).” Holotype in MRAC, Tervuren. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east) (Bouyer & Joly, 1995: 526). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Irangi, Kivu (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018).

*Cymothoe beckeri (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1858) Becker’s Creamy Yellow Glider

Diadema beckeri Herrich-Schaeffer, 1858. Sammlung neuer oder wenig bekannter aussereuropäischer Schmetterlinge 1 (1): 54, 77 (1-84.). Regensburg.

55

Cymothoe beckeri beckeri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 19 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Cymothoe beckeri beckeri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 21 June 2016. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Type locality: “Africa occid.”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda. Habitat: Forest, including degraded forest habitat (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a fairly common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Males are usually found in sunny clearings in the forest, where they defend territories from perches (Larsen, 2005a). Contesting males fly in tight circles, facing in the same direction, almost wing-tip to wing-tip. The wings are held horizontally and forward motion is achieved by quivering movements of the wings. These contests may last for several minutes until one individual flies off, chased furiously by the victor. Identical behaviour has been noted in Cymothoe jodutta (Larsen, 2005a). Females are excellent mimics of toxic day-flying moths, such as Oetroeda planax and Nytemera hesperia, resembling them in terms of both markings and flight pattern (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes come readily to feed on fallen fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. (larva and pupa).

Larval food: Macaranga species (Euphorbiaceae) [Fontaine, 1983; Democratic Republic of Congo].

56 Caloncoba species (Achariaceae) [Larsen, 2005a].

Cymothoe beckeri beckeri (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1858)

Diadema beckeri Herrich-Schaeffer, 1858. Sammlung neuer oder wenig bekannter aussereuropäischer Schmetterlinge 1 (1): 54, 77 (1-84.). Regensburg.

Cymothoe beckeri beckeri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 19 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Cymothoe beckeri beckeri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 21 June 2016. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Type locality: “Africa occid.”. Distribution: Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Calabar (Hewitson, 1874); Lagos (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Barombi Station (Karsch, 1894). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndougou (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Alen 57 Nkomo (Vande weghe, 2010); Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Mboumie (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010).

theodota Hewitson, 1874 in Hewitson, 1862-6 (as sp. of Harma). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 56 (124 pp.). London. Nigeria: “Calibar”.

theocranta Karsch, 1894 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 209 (209-240). Cameroon: “Barombi-Station am Elefentsee in Kamerun”.

aurora Overlaet, 1952 (as female ab. of Cymothoe beckeri). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 37 (1-50). Nigeria.

Cymothoe beckeri theodosia Staudinger, 1890

Cymothoe theodota var. theodosia Staudinger, 1890. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 416 (412-422).

Type locality: Central African Republic?: “Njam-Njam-Gebiet”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Central African Republic, Uganda (west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Toro (Sharpe, 1904); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015).

marmorata Sharpe, 1904 (as sp. of Harma). Entomologist 37: 183 (181-183). Uganda: “Toro”.

*Cymothoe hyarbita (Hewitson, [1866]) Creamy Yellow Glider

Harma hyarbita Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 57 (124 pp.). London.

Cymothoe hyarbita hyarbita. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 13 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. 58 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Dichapetalum species (Dichapetalaceae) [Fontaine, 1983; Democratic Republic of Congo]. Caloncoba species (Achariaceae) [Larsen, 2005a].

Cymothoe hyarbita hyarbita (Hewitson, [1866])

Harma hyarbita Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 57 (124 pp.). London.

Cymothoe hyarbita hyarbita. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ebogo, Cameroon. 13 May 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon – Mungo (Plötz, 1880); Nyong River, Makak Station (Birket-Smith, 1960); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010).

hora Distant, 1880 (as sp. of Paradiadema). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1879: 704 (703-709). Cameroon: “Camaroons”.

buchholzi Plötz, 1880 (as sp. of ). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 193 (189-206). Cameroon: “Mungo”.

electrinos Birket-Smith, 1960 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 22: 927 (521-554, 924-983, 1259-1284). Cameroon: “river Nyong just south of Makak station, French Cameroons”.

Cymothoe hyarbita hyarbitina Aurivillius, 1897

Cymothoe hyarbitina Aurivillius, 1897. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 54: 283 (279-286).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congogebiet: Beni-Bendi”.

59 Distribution: Congo (east), Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni-Bendi (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018).

*Cymothoe angulifascia Aurivillius, 1897

Cymothoe angulifascia Aurivillius, 1897. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 54: 285 (279- 286).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congogebiet: Beni-Bendi”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Tshopo, Maniema, Mai-Ndombe, Kwilu, Kasai, Sankuru, Lualaba). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni-Bendi (TL); Lodja on the Kassai (Schmidt, 1921); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kassaiensis Schmidt, 1921 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 35: 49 (32-51). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Lodja am Kassai, Belgisch-Kongo”.

*Cymothoe altisidora (Hewitson, [1869])

Harma altisidora Hewitson, [1869] in Hewitson, [1867-71]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 4: 51 ([118] pp.). London.

Cymothoe altisidora. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 17 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: “Congo”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kassai River (Neustetter, 1916); Luebo-Kassai (Neustetter, 1916); Itoko

60 at Gombe (Overlaet, 1940). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

lucretia Neustetter, 1916 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 105 (95-108). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kongo-Gebiet; Kassaifluss; Luebo-Kassai”.

verlainei Overlaet, 1940 (as f. of Cymothoe altisidora). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 33: 157 (150-172). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Itoko à Gombe, Congo Belge”.

*Cymothoe owassae Schultze, 1916

Cymothoe owassae Schultze, 1916. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A.12.): 137 (136-142).

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Nebelwalde des O-Wassa (Fernando Po)”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). Recorded, in error, from “West Africa” by Carcasson (1981) (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – O-Wassa, Bioko (TL); Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015).. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Cymothoe reinholdi (Plötz, 1880) Reinhold’s Creamy Glider

Harma reinholdi Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 194 (189-206).

Cymothoe reinholdi vitalis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Dzanga-Sangba, Central African Republic. April 2015. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Bonjongo”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: An uncommon species that is widely distributed (Larsen, 2005a). Males defend territories from perches and females are most often encountered in the forest understorey while they are searching for host- plants on which to oviposit (Larsen, 2005a). 61 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Casearia congoensis Gilg (Achariaceae) [Larsen, 2005a].

Cymothoe reinholdi reinholdi (Plötz, 1880)

Harma reinholdi Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 194 (189-206).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Bonjongo”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Bonjongo (TL); Barombi-Station (Staudinger, 1890); Korup (Larsen, 2005a).

theodora Staudinger, 1890 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 417 (412-422). Cameroon: “Barombi-Station in Hinterland von Kamerun”.

Cymothoe reinholdi vitalis Rebel, 1914

Cymothoe reinholdi vitalis Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 250 (219-294).

Cymothoe reinholdi vitalis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Dzanga-Sangba, Central African Republic. April 2015. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Urwalde von Mawambi, Ukaika und Irumu”. Distribution: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (central and north-east). Specific localities: Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mawambi Forest (TL); Ukaika Forest (Rebel, 1914); Irumu (Rebel, 1914); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

*Cymothoe oemilius (Doumet, 1859) Striped Glider

Nymphalis oemilius Doumet, 1859. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée (2) 11: 260 (260-267). 62

Cymothoe oemilius oemilius. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 17 June 2016. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex P. Ward collection.

Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest. Habits: A reasonably common butterfly that usually flies from one to two metres above the ground (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is gliding, with measured wing beats. Individuals often settle on leaves in order to bask (Larsen, 2005a). Males occasionally mudpuddle (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. [larva and pupa].

Larval food: Caloncoba species (Achariaceae) [Amiet, 2000; Cameroon].

Cymothoe oemilius oemilius (Doumet, 1859)

Nymphalis oemilius Doumet, 1859. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée (2) 11: 260 (260-267).

63

Cymothoe oemilius oemilius. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 17 June 2016. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex P. Ward collection.

Type locality: Gabon. Distribution: Nigeria (east and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Nigeria – Calabar (Hewitson, 1864). Cameroon – Djah (Schultze, 1916); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

hemeresia Hewitson, 1864 in Hewitson, 1862-6 (as sp. of Harma). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 55 (124 pp.). London. Nigeria: “Calabar”.

frederica Distant, 1880 (as sp. of Harma). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1879: 707 (703- 709). Nigeria: “Calabar district”.

achillides Schultze, 1916 (as ab. of Cymothoe oemilius). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A.12.): 137 (136- 142). Cameroon: “Urwald bei N’Gola-Gebiet des oberen Djah (Süd-Kamerun)”.

Cymothoe oemilius fernandina Hall, 1929

Cymothoe oemilius fernandina Hall, 1929. Entomologist 62: 133 (130-134).

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015).

*Cymothoe jodutta (Westwood, [1850]) Jodutta Glider

64

Jodutta Glider (Cymothoe jodutta). Female upperside. Ipassa, Gabon. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Harma jodutta Westwood, [1850] in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 289 (1: 1- 250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London.

Cymothoe jodutta ciceronis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Gabon. 18 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Habitat: Wet forest of reasonable quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A relatively common species in West Africa, except in the Cross River loop, where it is scarce (Larsen, 2005a). Males defend perches in sunlit spots (Larsen, 2005a). Contesting males fly in tight circles, facing in the same direction, almost wing-tip to wing-tip. The wings are held horizontally and forward motion is achieved by quivering movements of the wings. These contests may last for several minutes until one individual flies off, chased furiously by the victor. Identical behaviour has been noted in Cymothoe beckeri (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. [larva and pupa].

Larval food: Caloncoba species (Achariaceae) [Fontaine, 1983; Democratic Republic of Congo].

65 Cymothoe jodutta jodutta (Westwood, [1850])

Harma jodutta Westwood, [1850] in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 289 (1: 1- 250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Ashanti”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Specific localities: Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Assinie (Mabille, 1890). Ghana – Ashanti (TL); Ankasa National Park (Larsen, 2005a).

aralus Mabille, 1890 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 10: 22 (17- 51). Ivory Coast: “d’Assinie”. [male only.]

Cymothoe jodutta ciceronis (Ward, 1871)

Harma ciceronis Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 119 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122).

Cymothoe jodutta ciceronis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Gabon. 18 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroons”. Distribution: Nigeria (east of Niger), Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mayumbe). Specific localities: Cameroon – Jaunde-Bezirk (Gaede, 1916); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); zone SECG (Vande weghe, 2010); Mikongo (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (Vande weghe, 2010); camp PPG (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

Note: Berger (1981) treats ciceronis as a distinct species but Larsen (2005a) considers it to be a subspecies of jodutta as does Vande weghe, 2010.

cyriades Ward, 1871 (as sp. of Harma). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 120 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122). Cameroon: “Camaroons”; Ghana: “Cape Coast Castle”. 66

seneca Kirby, 1889 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 249 (246-249). Cameroon: “Cameroons”.

intermedia Gaede, 1916 (as var. of Cymothoe ehmkei). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 109 (105-106, 109-112, 125-126). Cameroon: “Jaunde-Bezirk, Kamerun”.

Cymothoe jodutta ehmckei Dewitz, 1887

Cymothoe ehmckei Dewitz, 1887. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 30: 302 (301-302).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mukenge, Urwald”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Tshuapa, Mai-Ndombe, Kinshasa, Kwango, Kasai, Sankuru), Angola (Mendes et al., 2018). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (TL).

Cymothoe jodutta mostinckxi Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe jodutta mostinckxi Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 43 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Molegbwe”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Ubangi, Mongala, Uele, Ituri, Kivu, Tshopo), Uganda (west – Bwamba Valley). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Molegbwe (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996).

AURIVILLII CLADE

*Cymothoe vumbui Bethune-Baker, 1926 Vumba Glider

Cymothoe vumbui Bethune-Baker, 1926. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 17: 386 (38-402). Cymothoe vumbui Bethune-Baker, 1926. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Cymothoe vumbui Bethune-Baker, 1926. Pringle et al., 1994: 103.

67

Cymothoe vumbui. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Cloudlands, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 4 January 1995. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Cymothoe vumbui. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Cloudlands, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 16 February 1991. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Vumba Mountains, 6500 ft., S. Rhodesia”. The female was first described by Stevenson (1934). Diagnosis: Female similar to that of Cymothoe coranus but the apex of the forewing is more pointed (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Mozambique, Zimbabwe (eastern border). Specific localities: Mozambique – Posto de Catandica (Pennington, vide Pringle et al., 1994). Zimbabwe – Vumba Mountains (TL); Bunga Forest, Vumba (Pringle et al., 1994); Butler North (Pringle et al., 1994); Mount Selinda (Pringle et al., 1994); Chimanimani district (Mullin, vide Pringle et al., 1994). Habitat: Montane forest. Habits: Males normally fly about the forest canopy but will come down to mud-puddle. Both sexes are attracted by fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: Double-brooded, flying from September to November and again from February to April (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Mullin, in Pringle et al., 1994: 103 [as Cymothoe vumbui; Vumba, Zimbabwe].

Larval food: Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Mullin, in Pringle et al., 1994: 103].

*Cymothoe alcimeda (Godart, [1824])# Battling Glider

68

Battling Glider (Cymothoe alcimeda) male. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Battling Glider (Cymothoe alcimeda) females (white and orange form and ovipositing). Images courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Nymphalis alcimeda Godart, [1824] in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824]. Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 384 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. Harma alcimeda Godart. Trimen, 1862c. Harma eupithes Doubleday. Trimen, 1862c. [Synonym of Cymothoe alcimeda (Godart, 1824)] Harma alcimeda (Godart, 1819). Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Cymothoe alcimeda Godart. Swanepoel, 1953a. Cymothoe alcimeda (Godart, 1819). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Cymothoe alcimeda (Godart, 1824). Pringle et al., 1994: 102.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Cafrerie”. Distribution: Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland. Recorded, in error, from Kenya by van Someren (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Forest. Habits: The flight of the males is jerky, and specimens settle frequently on the leaves of trees, high up, with opened wings. Females fly low down, in glades or clearings in the forest. Both sexes are often found mud-puddling (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: Summer, but more plentiful from February to April (Pringle et al., 1994). Subspecies marieps has been recorded in February and April. Subspecies transvaalica has been recorded in January, February, April, November and December. Early stages:

Dickson, 1972: 40 [as Cymothoe alcimeda alcimeda].

Clark, in Van Son, 1979: 110 (Plate 59) [as Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni]. “Eggs are laid in clusters which vary considerably in size, the number of eggs in a cluster varying from 50 to 165. They are watery white when laid and remain so until the developing larva gives them a grey tint. They are 0,7 69 mm in diameter by 0,9 mm high, the surface being covered with well developed indentations, the surface rims of which are hexagonal in shape and at each junction there is a pointed spine. The egg-stage is 10-11 days; but in very hot, humid weather it may be less. The young larva emerges from the egg by eating a ring round the top forming a rough lid which it forces open, and after a rest eats the shell. They generally eat their own shell, but some larvae wander around and then return and eat the first discarded shell that suits them. Sometimes, if disturbed, a number of shells are left uneaten. Gradually they gather to the edge of a young leaf and cluster together side by side jerking their heads from side to side to force each other to make room. The heads point in the same direction, giving the appearance of a black line and in this position they feed on the surface of the leaf. They strip almost the entire surface, then crawl in procession to the next where they take up a similar position. On emerging the young larvae are from 2-2,7 mm long, watery white with a black head. The body setae are fairly long, finely barbed, and of a watery white colour. They are set on small white moles. The setae of the head are of medium length and white. On the central wrinkle of segments 2 to 11, subdorsally placed on each side, is a well-developed bulge which marks the position of the protuberance in the next instar. As soon as the larvae have fed on the surface of the leaf, they assume a greenish colour and later a white subdorsal line begins to form, and at the same time the lateral ridge whitens and the ventral portion assumes a yellowish colour. The instar is of seven to eight days duration and the larvae grow to 4,2 mm. Moulting takes place on a silken mat spun where they are feeding; the larvae lying close together and moulting more or less at the same time. The discarded skins and heads are left in a tangle of silk and the larvae, when fully consolidated in their new skins, crawl away to a new leaf. In the second instar the larvae are pale green, pale blue- green or pale yellow-green on segments 2 to 11, with a white subdorsal line on each side. The lateral ridge is white above but dull yellow below and this colour extends over the ventral portions. The first segment is yellowish but the two posterior segments are of a brighter yellow. The head is relatively small and of a whitish colour touched with yellow. Segment 1 has a small spine on a white mole centrally placed on the thin beginning of the subdorsal line. On segments 2 to 11 there is a branched yellow protuberance breaking the centre of the subdorsal, the branches are tipped with a sharp spine. The lateral ridge has a small dull yellow protuberance on each of segments 2 to 11. At the base of the protuberances and scattered sparingly over the upper portion of the body are small whitish spines on white moles. In this instar the larvae feed on the edge of the leaf, it lasts six to seven days, and the larvae grow to 5,5 mm. The third instar is similar in general colour to the previous except that there is now a yellow subspiracular line. The branches of the protuberances are now black-tipped and have very fine hairs emanating from them. The very small setae on the upper portions are more numerous and a wavy spine has developed on the extended mole just below the lateral line and on the posterior wrinkle; and those below the lateral ridge emanate from very elongated moles. The spiracles are black and placed well up the sides. This instar lasts about nine days, and the larvae grow to 9,5 mm. In the fourth instar the general colour scheme is much the same, but the general tendency is to be a shade darker. The subdorsal protuberances are narrower at the base and the prongs relatively longer. The extended mole on the final wrinkle has developed into a hair-tipped protuberance. The protuberances on the lateral ridge are more like those above, and the spines on extended moles are more numerous and interspaced with a few moleless spines. This instar lasts nine days, the larvae grow to 18 mm, sometimes a little larger. During this instar the larvae begin to separate into smaller groups or going off singly. Some may attach themselves to younger instars, or two or three may be found with a first-instar larva. They are fond of lying at the side of the midrib of a leaf or on a green twig. In the final instar the larvae vary considerably. The most common form is green with yellow protuberances. In other larvae all green is replaced by dull yellow. The branched forks of the subdorsal protuberances are black-tipped and have very fine hairs on the tip. These protuberances are on a yellow or light yellow band limited by diagonal intrusions from a deep green dorsal stripe (this is not the case in the light variety). The lateral line is yellow and its upper edge partially envelopes the black spiracle. The lateral ridge, besides bearing the branched protuberance, has a long, plain, hair-tipped protuberance near the leading edge of the segment, and the protuberance on the posterior wrinkle is more elongated. The moles below the lateral ridge have developed into elongated protuberances bearing fine hairs on the tips, and interspersed with these are spines on reduced moles, or proceeding straight from the body. The ventral portions are green, but the protuberances are a shade lighter than the surrounding colour. The spiracle is deep black with a black rim, the head is white, sometimes touched with yellow. The main setae are browner and on slightly elongated jet- black moles. The ocelli are narrowly edged with black. The mandibles are cupped and not serrated. In this instar the larvae have somewhat the same habits as in the former instar, though more solitary larvae are to be found. When full grown, normally after 12 days, the larvae reach a length of 33-35 mm and begin to fade in colour, turning a pale watery green and only retaining a trace of yellow. They choose a suitable spot such as a secluded leaf or twig and spin a silken mat into which they fasten their anal claspers, and then hang down for pupation. The final instar is very variable for duration; partial hibernation may take place during unexpected cold periods and the author [Clark] has known the instar to last 42 days. The pupa is secured in a hanging position by cremastral hooks. It is pale blue with a yellow edging to the outwardly extended wing-cases. The thorax is slightly raised and the abdomen has a highly raised sharp edge along the dorsum. The final segment is bright blue with a high yellow ridge in each side which reaches down to the cluster of brown hooks. The head has two small pointed projections. A day before the imago emerges, the pupa turns black. Normally, the pupal stage is 14 days, but it may be much longer. This species is multivoltine, and during the colder months the instars are very much drawn out and partial hibernations may take 70 place.”

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Cymothoe alcimeda pupa about to eclose. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson

Larval food: africana L. (Achariaceae) [Platt, 1921: 102; subspecies trimeni]. Kiggelaria africana L. (Achariaceae) [Edge, 1995: 84; subspecies alcimeda]. Rawsonia sp. (Achariaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; South Africa].

Cymothoe alcimeda alcimeda (Godart, [1824])#

Nymphalis alcimeda Godart, [1824] in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824]. Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 384 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. Harma alcimeda Godart. Trimen, 1862c. Harma eupithes Doubleday. Trimen, 1862c. [Synonym of Cymothoe alcimeda (Godart, 1824)] Harma alcimeda (Godart, 1819). Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Cymothoe alcimeda Godart. Swanepoel, 1953a. Cymothoe alcimeda (Godart, 1819). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Cymothoe alcimeda alcimeda (Godart, 1824). Pringle et al., 1994: 102.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Cafrerie”. [False locality] Distribution: South Africa (Western Cape Province). Specific localities: Western Cape Province – Knysna (Swanepoel, 1953); Tsitsikamma Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Coldstream (Swanepoel, 1953).

eupithes Doubleday, 1848 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52] (as sp. of Harma). The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: pl. 41 [1848], 289 [1850] (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.) London. South Africa: “Cape of Good Hope”.

Cymothoe alcimeda clarki Stevenson, 1940#

Cymothoe alcimeda race clarki Stevenson, 1940. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 3: 96 (88-108). Synonym of Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni Aurivillius, 1912. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. 71 Cymothoe alcimeda clarki Stevenson, 1940. Pringle et al., 1994: 102.

Cymothoe alcimeda clarki. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Katberg, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 28 January 1997. E.L. Pringle. Images M.C. Williams ex Pringle Collection.

Cymothoe alcimeda clarki. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Katberg, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 28 January 1997. E.L. Pringle. Images M.C. Williams ex Pringle Collection.

Type locality: South Africa: “bred from larvae taken on the Hogs Back in the eastern Province”. Distribution: South Africa (Eastern Cape Province). Specific localities: Eastern Cape Province – Hogsback (TL); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Katberg (Swanepoel, 1953); King William’s Town (Swanepoel, 1953); Stutterheim (Swanepoel, 1953). Conservation status: Classified as Vulnerable by Mecenero et al., 2013.

Cymothoe alcimeda marieps Rydon, 1994#

Cymothoe alcimeda marieps Rydon, 1994. In: Pringle, Henning, & Ball [eds] Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa 2nd edition: 102 (800 pp.). Struik-Winchester, South Africa.

72

Cymothoe alcimeda marieps. Male (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Marieps Kop, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 21 March 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe alcimeda marieps. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Sabie, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 18 February 2007. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: South Africa: “Transvaal, Mariepskop, April 1932, (G. van Son), in the Transvaal Museum.” Described from a single male and three females. Distribution: South Africa (Mpumalanga), Swaziland. Specific localities: Mpumalanga – Mariepskop (TL); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Malelane (Rydon, in Pringle et al., 1994); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams).

penningtoni Rydon, 1994 (as female form of Cymothoe alcimeda marieps). In: Pringle, Henning, & Ball [eds] Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa 2nd edition: 103 (800 pp.). Struik-Winchester, South Africa.

Cymothoe alcimeda rhodesiae Stevenson, 1934

Cymothoe alcimeda race rhodesiae Stevenson, 1934. Occasional Papers of the Rhodesia Museum 1 (3): 10 (10-17). Cymothoe alcimeda rhodesiae Stevenson, 1934. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Cymothoe alcimeda rhodesiae Stevenson, 1934. Pringle et al., 1994: 102.

73

Cymothoe alcimeda rhodesiae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Cloudlands, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 26 April 1995. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Cymothoe alcimeda rhodesiae. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Cloudlands, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 9 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Vumba Mts., Umtali”. Distribution: Zimbabwe (eastern border). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Mutare (TL).

Cymothoe alcimeda transvaalica Rydon, 1994#

Cymothoe alcimeda transvaalica Rydon, 1994. In: Pringle, Henning, & Ball [eds] Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa 2nd edition: 103 (800 pp.). Struik-Winchester, South Africa.

Cymothoe alcimeda transvaalica. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. 74 Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo Province. Ex larva; emerged 14 Aug. 1997. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Cymothoe alcimeda transvaalica. Female (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo Province. Ex larva; emerged 11 August 1997. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection.

Cymothoe alcimeda transvaalica. Female (Wingspan 53 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Woodbush, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 29 March 2003. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: South Africa: “Transvaal, Haenerstburg, 29 Dec. 1920 (H.C. Kenway), in the Transvaal Museum.” Described from specimens from several localities in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Holotype (female) in the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo Province). Specific localities: Limpopo Province – Haenertsburg (TL); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953).

aurantifascia Rydon, 1994 (as female form of Cymothoe alcimeda transvaalica). In: Pringle, Henning, & Ball [eds] Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa 2nd edition: 103 (800 pp.). Struik-Winchester, South Africa.

Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni Aurivillius, [1912]#

Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni Aurivillius, [1912] in Seitz, [1908-25]. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 152 (614 pp.). Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni Aurivillius, 1912. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni Aurivillius, 1912. Pringle et al., 1994: 102.

75

Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni. Male (Wingspan 44 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 23 March 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni. Female (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. 5 April 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Hilton, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Em. 16 October 1996. S. Joubert. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Eastern parts of the Cape Colony, Kaffirland, Natal, Zululand and the Transvaal”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province). Specific localities:

76 KwaZulu-Natal – Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Pringle et al., 1994).

ochrotaenia Rydon, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980 (as f. of Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni). Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 270 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

griseoligata Rydon, 1991 (as f. of Cymothoe alcimeda trimeni). Metamorphosis 2 (4): 18 (11-20).

*Cymothoe collinsi Rydon, 1980

Cymothoe collinsi Rydon, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 272 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: “W. Kilimanjaro, Maua Ltd, 6000 ft”. Description of the female of Cymothoe collinsi Rydon, and first time figured by Rydon, 1996 (Lambillionea 96 (Numero Special): 10 (8-14).). Distribution: Tanzania (north). Known only from the type locality. Specific localities: Tanzania – Maua Ltd, West Kilimanjaro (TL). Habitat: Montane forest, at 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Cymothoe zombana Bethune-Baker, 1926

Cymothoe zombana Bethune-Baker, 1926. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 17: 385 (384-402).

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Zomba, Nyassaland”. Distribution: Malawi (Zomba and Nyika plateaus). Specific localities: Malawi – Zomba Mountain (TL); Nyika Plateau. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Cymothoe amaniensis Rydon, 1980

Cymothoe amaniensis Rydon, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 273 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Usambaras, Amani”. Diagnosis: Closest to Cymothoe aurivillii but the tornus and apex of the forewing is more strongly produced and the discal cream patch on the forewing upperside is broken up on its costal side (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Amani, Usambaras (TL); East Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Ambangulu (eastern part of West Usambara Mountains) (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Submontane forest at altitudes of 900 to 1 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Males fly in the forest canopy, frequently settling on exposed leaves, and aggressively defending territories. Females usually fly low down, searching for suitable plants on which to oviposit. The species is, apparently, not as shy as congenerics (Kielland, 1990d).

77 Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: integra Warb. (Achariaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].; Amani, Tanzania]. (Probably) Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 113; as Rawsonia usambarensis].

*Cymothoe melanjae Bethune-Baker, 1926

Cymothoe melanjae Bethune-Baker, 1926. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 17: 385 (384-402).

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Nyassaland into Melanje”. Distribution: Malawi (Mt Mulanje), Mozambique (Timberlake et al., 2007). Specific localities: Malawi – Mount Mulanje (TL). Mozambique – Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Rawsonia burtt-davyi (Edlin) F. White (Achariaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Mt Mulanje, Malawi]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, in CRG database, 2016; Mt Mlanje, Malawi].

*Cymothoe teita van Someren, 1939 Teita Glider

Cymothoe teita van Someren, 1939. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 77 (15-100).

Type locality: Kenya: “Bura, 5,000 feet”. Distribution: Kenya (south-east – Teita Hills). Specific localities: Kenya – Bura (TL). Habitat: High forest of the Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: At times it may be quite a common (Larsen, 1991c). Collins & Morris (1985) have suggested that it is a threatened species but this is true only insofar as there may be threats to its habitat (Larsen, 1991c). Males defend territories from perches high up but come to baited traps; females spend most of their time inside the forest (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Dasylepis integra Warb. (Achariaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Taita Hills, Kenya]. Rawsonia species (Achariaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 316].

78 *Cymothoe magambae Rydon, 1980

Cymothoe magambae Rydon, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 272 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: “W. Usambara Mts, Lushoto, Magamba Forest, 7000 ft”. Diagnosis: Similar to Cymothoe aurivillii and Cymothoe amaniensis but male with less produced forewing apex; forewing cream patch not broken up (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania. Habitat: Montane forest at altitudes from 1 700 to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A shy species. Males are fast-flighted and highly territorial, perching on exposed leaves (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Dasylepis integra Warb. (Achariaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Magamba, Tanzania].

Cymothoe magambae magambae Rydon, 1980

Cymothoe magambae Rydon, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 272 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Tanzania: “W. Usambara Mts, Lushoto, Magamba Forest, 7000 ft”. Distribution: Tanzania (north – Magamba Forest). Specific localities: Tanzania – Magamba Forest, West Usambara Mountains (TL).

Cymothoe magambae pareensis Rydon, 1996

Cymothoe magambae pareensis Rydon, 1996. Lambillionea 96 (Numero Special): 10 (8-14).

Type locality: Tanzania: “S. Pare Mts. Choma, 12.iv.1976 (1900m) (J. Kielland).” Place of deposition of holotype not given. Distribution: Tanzania (South Pare Mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Choma, South Pare Mountains (TL).

*Cymothoe aurivillii Staudinger, 1899

Cymothoe aurivillii Staudinger, 1899. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 12: 164 (164-167).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Ukami-Bergen im Inneren Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Diagnosis: Very similar to Cymothoe amaniensis – see this species for differentiating features. Distribution: Tanzania. Habitat: Submontane and montane forest. Subspecies latifasciata occurs at altitudes from 1 400 to 2 300 m; subspecies tenuifasciae from 1 950 to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A shy and comparatively rare species. Males defend territories from perches on exposed leaves; in combat with another male they fly downwards in ever-decreasing circles (Kielland, 1990d). Both sexes of subspecies tenuifasciae have been observed feeding from flowers on rocky outcrops (Kielland, 1990d). 79 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 114; as Rawsonia usambarensis Engl. & Gilg.].

Cymothoe aurivillii aurivillii Staudinger, 1899

Cymothoe aurivillii Staudinger, 1899. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 12: 164 (164-167).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Ukami-Bergen im Inneren Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Distribution: Tanzania. Specific localities: Tanzania – Ukami Mountains (TL); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d).

Cymothoe aurivillii handeni Rydon, 1996

Cymothoe aurivillii handeni Rydon, 1996. Lambillionea 96 (Numero Special): 9 (8-14). Nomen nudum. Ackery et al., 1995: 373. Cymothoe aurivillii handeni Rydon, 1996.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Handeni, Kwadiboma, iv.1987 (J. Kielland).” Holotype in the NHM, London. Distribution: Tanzania (Nguu Mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Near Handeni, Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: S. Collins, teste D’Abrera, 2004: in Errata, 2005 considers that handeni is a subspecies of C. magambae Rydon, 1980 not C. aurivillii. However, no formal changes have been published.

Cymothoe aurivillii latifasciata Rydon, 1996

Cymothoe aurivillii latifasciata Rydon, 1996. Lambillionea 96 (Numero Special): 8 (8-14). Nomen nudum. Ackery et al., 1995: 373. Cymothoe aurivillii latifasciata Rydon, 1996.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Mufindi, Lulondo (1700m), 25.iv.1986 (J. Kielland).” Holotype in NHM, London. Distribution: Tanzania (Uzungwa Mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Lolando, Mufindi (TL); Mwanihana Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Muhulu Forest in Ulanga District (Kielland, 1990d); Nyumbenitu Mountain (Kielland, 1990d).

Cymothoe aurivillii nguru Rydon, 1996

Cymothoe aurivillii nguru Rydon, 1996. Lambillionea 96 (Numero Special): 9 (8-14). Nomen nudum. Ackery et al., 1995: 373. Cymothoe aurivillii nguru Rydon, 1996.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Mt. Mbega (2000m) in the Nguru Mts. 23.iii.1987 (J. Kielland).” Holotype in

80 NHM, London. Distribution: Tanzania (Nguru Mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Mbega, at 2 000 m (TL).

Note: S. Collins, teste D’Abrera, 2004: in Errata, 2005 considers that nguru is a subspecies of C. amaniensis Rydon, 1980 not C. aurivillii. However, no formal changes have been published.

Cymothoe aurivillii tenuifasciae Rydon, 1996

Cymothoe aurivillii tenuifasciae Rydon, 1996. Lambillionea 96 (Numero Special): 9 (8-14). Nomen nudum. Ackery et al., 1995: 373. Cymothoe aurivillii tenuifasciae Rydon, 1996.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Rubeho Mts., Wotta Forest (2000m), 10.v.1984 (J. Kielland).” Holotype in NHM, London. Distribution: Tanzania (Rubeho Mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Wotta Forest, at 2 000 m (TL); Mafwemiro Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mangaliza Mountain (Kielland, 1990d).

*Cymothoe cottrelli Rydon, 1980

Cymothoe cottrelli Rydon, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 274 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Cymothoe cottrelli cottrelli. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 53mm. Chimalira, Malawi. 5 Nov 82. R. Dowsett. (Henning collection – H222).

Type locality: Zambia: “Nyika Plateau”. Diagnosis: Very similar to Cymothoe aurivillii but on upperside the submarginal cream spots are less sickle-shaped (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (Kielland). Habitat: Forest. Subspecies njombe occurs at 2 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Males spend most of the time above the forest canopy (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: 81 Dovyalis species (Achariaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 64]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Congdon & Collins, 1998: 46].

Cymothoe cottrelli cottrelli Rydon, 1980

Cymothoe cottrelli Rydon, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 274 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Cymothoe cottrelli cottrelli. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 53mm. Chimalira, Malawi. 5 Nov 82. R. Dowsett. (Henning collection – H222).

Type locality: Zambia: “Nyika Plateau”. Distribution: Tanzania (south-west), Malawi, Zambia (western Nyika Plateau) (Kielland, 1990d). Specific localities: Tanzania – Bundali Hills, just across the Malawi border from the Misuku Hills (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Malawi – Nyika Plateau; Zomba Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Chimalira (male illustrated above). Zambia – Nyika Plateau (TL); Makutu Mountains (Heath et al., 2002); Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002); Nyika (Heath et al., 2002).

Cymothoe cottrelli njombe Rydon, 1996

Cymothoe cottrelli njombe Rydon, 1996. Lambillionea 96 (Numero Special): 10 (8-14).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Njombe, Iboma Forest, 2160m, 28.iii.1986 (J. Kielland).” Place of deposition of holotype not given. Distribution: Tanzania. Specific localities: Tanzania – Known only from the type locality, Iboma Forest, about 8 km south-east of Njombe town (Kielland, 1990d).

Cymothoe cottrelli livingstonensis Darge, 2006

Cymothoe cottrelli livingstonensis Darge, 2006. Entomologia Africana 11 (2): 5 (5-6).

82 Type locality: Tanzania: Livingstone Mountains. Distribution: Tanzania. Specific localities: Tanzania – Known only from the type locality, Livingstone Mountains.

*Cymothoe baylissi van Velzen et al., 2016

Cymothoe baylissi van Velzen et al., 2016. Metamorphosis 27: 35 (34-41).

Type locality: Mozambique: Mt Namuli, 15°23'56"S, 37°02'25"E, 1,758 m, 24 November 2008. The Holotype (male) and Allotype (female) are housed in the African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. Diagnosis: C. baylissi is a member of the montane Cymothoe aurivillii species group. The male is morphologically similar to the Kenyan endemic C. teita, because of the large extent of the lightly coloured creamy area on the forewing and the regular submarginal row of creamy sagittate marks of nearly the same size on the hind wing. Other members of the species group have a large black band across the forewing upper side, reducing the lightly coloured area on the forewing and a more irregular submarginal row of creamy sagittate marks that differ much more in size. Males of C. baylissi can be differentiated from those of C. teita by the even larger extent of the lightly coloured creamy area on the forewing and by the absence of the orangey red submarginal spots in C. teita. The female is very similar to other members of the species group but may be differentiated by the lighter, more yellow ground colour of the underside (Van Velzen et al., 2016). General notes: First collected by Julian Bayliss on Mt Namuli, Mozambique, in November 2007. Etymology: The species C. baylissi is named for Julian Bayliss, who was the first to collect it on Mt Namuli in November 2007. Over the course of his career, he has put great effort into the conservation of species in Africa. Subspecies monicae is named in honour of his mother, Monica Bayliss and subspecies poppyana for his daughter Poppy (Van Velzen et al., 2016). Distribution: Mozambique (north). Habitat: Mid-altitude montane forest (1000 to 1500 m) (Van Velzen et al., 2016). It seems to prefer altitudes below 1600 m, suggesting that its original range included forests at lower elevations in areas that are now under cultivation (Congdon et al., 2010; Bayliss et al., 2014). Habits: Males are quite common but females are seldom seen (Van Velzen et al., 2016). Early stages:

Van Velzen et al., 2016: 38.

Larval food: Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Van Velzen et al., 2016: 38].

Conservation status: The species is highly threatened on Mt Inago as a result of severe deforestation (Bayliss et al., 2010). It is in imminent danger of extinction at Mt Inago unless conservation action is taken. At Mt Namuli it is also threatened due to deforestation as a result of potato farming in the remaining forests. At Mt Mabu the population is stable and the forest area is large and the current threat to the forest is low. However, this situation needs to be monitored as commercial deforestation is an ongoing threat and active in the area surrounding Mabu forest (Bayliss et al., 2014). Consequently, the species is given a Red List status of Vulnerable (VU) applying the IUCN (2010) criteria A2, B2a, C2ai, D2, based on our current knowledge from the three field sites where is it known to occur.

Cymothoe baylissi baylissi van Velzen et al., 2016

Cymothoe baylissi baylissi van Velzen et al., 2016. Metamorphosis 27: 35 (34-41).

83 Type locality: Mozambique: Mt Namuli, 15°23'56"S, 37°02'25"E, 1,758 m, 24 November 2008. The Holotype (male) and Allotype (female) are housed in the African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. Distribution: Mozambique (north). Specific localities: Mozambique – Known only from the type locality, Mt Namuli (Van Velzen et al., 2016).

Cymothoe baylissi monicae van Velzen et al., 2016

Cymothoe baylissi monicae van Velzen et al., 2016. Metamorphosis 27: 39 (34-41).

Type locality: Mozambique: Mt Inago, 15°04'48"S, 37°23'24"E, 1478 m, 15 January 2009. The Holotype (male) and Allotype (female) are housed in the African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. Diagnosis: Males from Mt Inago have less dark dusting than the nominate subspecies, and are a deeper yellow than the Mt Mabu males. Females are similar to those from Mt Namuli (Van Velzen et al., 2016). Distribution: Mozambique (north). Specific localities: Mozambique – Known only from the type locality, Mt Inago (Van Velzen et al., 2016).

Cymothoe baylissi poppyana van Velzen et al., 2016

Cymothoe baylissi poppyana van Velzen et al., 2016. Metamorphosis 27: 39 (34-41).

Type locality: Mozambique: Mt Mabu, 16°17'10"S, 36°24'01"E, 980 m, 11 November 2008. The Holotype (male) and Allotype (female) are housed in the African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi. Diagnosis: Males from Mt Mabu have a paler yellow ground colour than the nominate subspecies, and are less heavily dusted with brown. They are otherwise similar. Females are similar to those from Mt Namuli (Van Velzen et al., 2016). Distribution: Mozambique. Specific localities: Mozambique – Known only from the type locality, Mt Mabu (Van Velzen et al., 2016).

HERMINIA CLADE

*Cymothoe weymeri Suffert, 1904 Weymer’s Glider

Cymothoe weymeri Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 119 (108-123).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camerun”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: High quality, wetter forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rare butterfly in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Achariaceae [Amiet & Achoudong, 1996].

84

Cymothoe weymeri weymeri Suffert, 1904

Cymothoe weymeri Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 119 (108-123).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camerun”. Distribution: Nigeria (south and Cross River loop), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north). Specific localities: Nigeria – Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Omo (Larsen, 2005a); Delta (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Isiro, Uele (Rydon, 1981); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018).

defasciatus Rydon, 1981 (as ab. of Cymothoe weymeri). Lambillionea 81: 2 (2-4). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Uele, Isiro (Paulis)”.

Cymothoe weymeri mulatta Belcastro, 1990

Cymothoe weymeri mulatta Belcastro, 1990. Problemi Attuali di Scienza e di Cultura Quaderno 265: 75 (69-78).

Type locality: Ghana: “Eastern Region, Apapam on Atewa Ridge near Kibi, m 400”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Wanau Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Issia (Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a); Monogaga (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Apapam, Atewa Ridge (TL); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Tano Ofin (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Dixcove (Larsen, 2005a); Cape Three Points (Larsen, 2005a); Krokosua Hills (Larsen, 2005a).

*Cymothoe herminia (Grose-Smith, 1887) Herminia Glider

Harma herminia Grose-Smith, 1887. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 19: 63 (62-66).

85 Cymothoe herminia johnstoni. Male (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 2 May 2009. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe herminia johnstoni. Female (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 13 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroon Mountains”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Lowland to submontane forest (Kielland, 1990d). Wet forests of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Scarce west of the Dahomey Gap (Larsen, 2005a). Specimens are often found settling on leaves, low down. They also fly in the forest canopy (Larsen, 1991c). Strongly attracted by fermented fruit (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Amiet, 2000 [pupa].

Larval food: Dasylepis species (Achariaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Dovyalis species (Achariaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 115]. Rawsonia species (Achariaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 115].

Relevant literature: De Vries, 2003 [Toughness and ].

Cymothoe herminia herminia (Grose-Smith, 1887)

Harma herminia Grose-Smith, 1887. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 19: 63 (62-66).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroon Mountains”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri Forest). Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Awka Forest near Onitsha (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Akoafim (Bryk, 1915); above the village of Toko (1, 100 m) in Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – San Carlos, Bioko (Schultze, 1920). Gabon – Mitzic (Vande weghe, 2010). 86 Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018).

sultani Bryk, 1915 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A) (4): 14 (1-16). Cameroon: “Kamerun, wahrscheinlich Akoafim”.

siegfriedi Bryk, 1915 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A) (4): 15 (1-16). Cameroon: “Kamerun, wahrscheinlich Akoafim”.

poensis Holland, 1920 (as var. of Cymothoe herminia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 196 (109-369). Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”.

vulcanica Schultze, 1920 (as female var. of Cymothoe herminia). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1 (14): 667 (639-829). Equatorial Guinea: “San Carlos (Fernando Po)”.

Cymothoe herminia gongoa Fox, 1965

Cymothoe herminia gongoa Fox, 1965 in Fox et al., 1965. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society No. 19: 210 (438 pp.).

Type locality: Liberia: “Wanau Forest”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Specific localities: Liberia – Wanau Forest (TL). Ivory Coast – Banco Forest near Abidjan (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Ankasa National Park (Larsen, 2005a); Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Krokosua Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Tano Ofin (ABRI, vide Larsen, 2005a).

Note: The female allotype of gongoa is actually Cymothoe weymeri mulatta (Larsen, 2005a).

Cymothoe herminia johnstoni (Butler, 1902)

Harma johnstoni Butler, 1902. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1902: 47 (44-51).

Cymothoe herminia johnstoni. Male (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 2 May 2009. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

87

Cymothoe herminia johnstoni. Female (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 13 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Toro”. [male only.] Distribution: Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Uganda – Toro (TL); Budongo Forest (van Someren, 1939); Kalinzu Forest (van Someren, 1939); Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (van Someren, 1939); Mara (Larsen, 1991c); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Kitosh (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d).

confluens van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Cymothoe herminia johnstoni ). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 72 (15-100). Uganda: “Budongo Forest”.

bipartita van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Cymothoe herminia johnstoni). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 72 (15-100). Uganda: “Kalinzu Forest, W. Ankole”.

kakamega van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Cymothoe herminia johnstoni). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 73 (15-100). Kenya: “Kakamega”.

budongo van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Cymothoe herminia johnstoni). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 73 (15-100). Uganda: “Budongo”.

overlaeti Overlaet, 1942 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 183 (165- 194). Uganda.

Cymothoe herminia katshokwe Overlaet, 1940

Cymothoe herminia race katshokwe Overlaet, 1940. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 33: 164 (150-172).

88

Cymothoe herminia katshokwe. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 62mm. Teisokatunda, Katanga, Congo. 15.4.69. Dr Allard. (Henning collection – H221).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mutshindji-Kapanga”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mutshindji-Kapanga (TL); Teisokatunda, Katanga (male illustrated above); Kafakumba (Overlaet, 1940); Luiza (Overlaet, 1940). Zambia – Kalene Hill, Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002).

kaluundu Overlaet, 1940 (as f. of Cymothoe herminia katshokwe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 33: 165 (150-172). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kafakumba et de Kapanga”.

interrupta Overlaet, 1940 (as var. of Cymothoe herminia katshokwe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 33: 168 (150-172). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mutshindji (Kapanga); Luiza (Kapanga)”.

diffusa Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe herminia katshokwe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 185 (165-194). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Mutshindji-Kapanga, Katanga”.

burgeoni Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe herminia katshokwe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 185 (165-194). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kafakumba”.

praeformata Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe herminia katshokwe). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 185 (165-194). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kafakumba, Katanga”.

*Cymothoe coranus Grose-Smith, 1889# Blonde Glider

89

Blonde Glider (Cymothoe coranus) male (left) and female (right). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Cymothoe coranus Grose-Smith, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 133 (121-137). Harma coranus (Grose-Smith, 1889). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Cymothoe coranus Grose-Smith. Swanepoel, 1953a. Cymothoe coranus (Grose-Smith, 1889). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Cymothoe coranus Grose-Smith, 1889. Pringle et al., 1994: 103.

Cymothoe coranus coranus. Male (Wingspan 56 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province. 24 March 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe coranus coranus. Female (Wingspan 64 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province. 24 March 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

90 Alternative common name: Coast Glider. Type locality: Kenya: “in the neighbourhood of Mombasa”. Diagnosis: Similar to Cymothoe caenis but dark markings less extensive (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Coastal, lowland and submontane forest. In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from sea-level to 300 m and subspecies kiellandi from 800 to 1 450 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Males are often seen perched, with open wings, high up on the leaf of a tree. Females, on the other hand, usually fly low down, in forest glades or along roads. Both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit and muddy patches (Pringle et al., 1994). Larsen (1991c) says that males fly about forest paths. Flight period: September to June in southern Africa; commonest from February to April (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Van Son, 1979: 113. “Although Swanepoel (in litt.) mentions that collectors in Natal have reared this species from larvae, no records have been published so far. Mr D.C.M. Plowes sent the present author a male pupal case found by him in Ngoye Forest, in January 1960. The shape is very similar to that of alcimeda, but considerably larger in size.”

Pringle et al., 1994: 103. “The species has been bred and photographed by Joannou from Eshowe material supplied by Bampton.”

Cymothoe coranus coranus eggs about to eclose. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson

Larval food: africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318]. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318; as Kigelia moosa Sprague]. Ferdinandoa magnifica Seem. (Bignoniaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318; Heterophragma (syn. Ferdinandoa) magnifica Seem.]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Plowes, D., in Van Son, 1979: 113; Ngoye Forest, KwaZulu-Natal]. orientalis Engl. (Hypericaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 114].

Cymothoe coranus coranus Grose-Smith, 1889#

Cymothoe coranus Grose-Smith, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 133 (121-137).

91

Cymothoe coranus coranus. Male (Wingspan 56 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province. 24 March 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe coranus coranus. Female (Wingspan 64 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Port St Johns, Eastern Cape Province. 24 March 2008. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Kenya: “in the neighbourhood of Mombasa”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (east), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Specific localities: Kenya – Mombasa (TL); coastal forests (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Mrima Hill (Larsen, 1991c); Witu (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Magombera Forest in the Kilombero Valley (Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza Forest at Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d). Mozambique – Amatongas Forest (Paré); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Mpumalanga – near Malelane (Pringle et al., 1994). KwaZulu-Natal – Pinetown (Bowker); Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umdoni Park (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Tugela River Mouth (Swanepoel, 1953); Ngoye Forest (van Son, 1979). Eastern Cape Province – Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).

Cymothoe coranus dowsetti Beaurain, 1988

92

Cymothoe coranus dowsetti Beaurain, 1988. Lambillionea 88: 44 (39-47).

Type locality: Malawi: “Kasitu Rock, Dzalanyama Forest, 5200 ft”. Distribution: Malawi (west). Specific localities: Malawi – Kasitu Rock, Dzalanyama Forest (TL).

Cymothoe coranus kiellandi Beaurain, 1988

Cymothoe coranus kiellandi Beaurain, 1988. Lambillionea 88: 40 (39-47).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Ititye, Kigoma, Tanzanie”. Diagnosis: Characterized by a distinct brown postdiscal wavy line on the hind wing upperside and brown postdiscal markings in spaces 1a and 1 b of the forewing upperside; forewing distal margins more concave than in the nominate subspecies; apex more produced in both sexes; forewing underside wavy line in spaces 4 to 6 further from the markings at the end of the cell than in the nominate subspecies (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ititye (TL); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Gombe Stream (Kielland, 1990d).

Cymothoe coranus murphyi Beaurain, 1988

Cymothoe coranus murphyi Beaurain, 1988. Lambillionea 88: 45 (39-47).

Type locality: Malawi: “R. Ruo, Mont Mulanje, 3500 ft”. Distribution: Malawi (south). Specific localities: Malawi – Ruo River, Mount Mulanje (TL).

INCERTAE SEDIS

*Cymothoe indamora (Hewitson, [1866]) Indamora Glider

Harma indamora Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 54 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Habitat: Mainly in the transition zone between primary and secondary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A localized but not necessarily uncommon species (Larsen, 2005a). Males perch on the edge of clearings, usually three to five metres above the ground. They often come to fallen fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

93 Amiet, 2000 [larva and pupa].

Larval food: Achariaceae [Larsen, 2005a (Cameroon)].

Cymothoe indamora indamora (Hewitson, [1866])

Harma indamora Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 54 (124 pp.). London.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL). Cameroon – Barombi Station (Staudinger, 1890); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Mount Doudou (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

hewitsoni Staudinger, 1890 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 419 (412-422). Cameroon: “Hinterlande von Kamerun (Barombi-Station)”.

staudingeri Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9 (as ?). Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 213 (1-561). Cameroon: “Kamerun: Barombi-Station”.

Cymothoe indamora amorinda van Someren, 1939

Cymothoe indamora amorinda van Someren, 1939. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 79 (15- 100).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Kalinzu, W. Ankole”. Distribution: Uganda (west – Kalinzu Forest). Specific localities: Uganda – Kalinzu (TL).

damora van Someren, 1939 (as f. of Cymothoe indamora amorinda). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 80 (15-100). Uganda: “Kalinzu, W. Ankole”.

Cymothoe indamora canui Beaurain, 1985

Cymothoe indamora canui Beaurain, 1985. Lambillionea 85: 89 (87-95).

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Sud Pic Central, 1300 m, Bioko”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Sud Pic Central, Bioko (TL).

94 annamariae Beaurain, 1985 (as female f. of Cymothoe indamora canui). Lambillionea 85: 93 (87-95). Equatorial Guinea: “Sud Pic Central, 1300 m, Bioko”.

nathaliae Beaurain, 1985 (as female f. of Cymothoe indamora canui). Lambillionea 85: 93 (87-95). Equatorial Guinea: “Sud Pic Central, 1300 m, Bioko”.

CAENIS CLADE

*Cymothoe caenis (Drury, 1773) Common Glider

Common Glider male. Bertoua, Cameroon. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Papilio caenis Drury, 1773. Illustrations of Natural History 2: index et 33 (90 pp.). London.

Cymothoe caenis. Male (Wingspan 55 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 55 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

95

Cymothoe caenis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ipassa, Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 18 June 2016. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Cymothoe caenis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 30 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia. Populations from West Africa are referable to Cymothoe druryi van Velzen & Larsen, 2009. Specific localities: Nigeria – Calabar (TL). Cameroon – Dume-Mündung (Strand, 1910); Bakossu (Strand, 1912); Simekoa Combokotto (Strand, 1914); N’Kongsamba (Schultze, 1916); Molundu (Schultze, 1920); N’ginda (Schultze, 1920); Korup (Larsen, 2005a); Mount Ngoakele, Yaounde (females B & D illustrated above). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Throughout (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998); Bangui (females A & C illustrated above). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kimuenza (Schultze, 1920); Medje (Holland, 1920); Kapanga, Katanga (Overlaet, 1942); Ikenge, Equateur (Overlaet, 1942); Kabunga (Dufrane, 1953); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Mpanda and Kigoma Districts (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga Township (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest at various altitudes, as well as heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 800 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). 96 Habits: At times this is a common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Migrations have apparently been noted in this species (Kielland, 1990d; Rougeot, 2002). Larsen (2005a) documents a huge single species migration in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Early stages:

Amiet, 2000. (larva).

Larsen, 2005a. The larvae are gregarious and when disturbed drop off the tree on which they are feeding.

Final instar larva of Cymothoe caenis. Image courtesy Paul Latham.

Larval food: Lindaeckeria species (Achariaceae) [Bampton et al., 1991; Congo]. Oncoba glauca (P.Beauv.) Planch. (Achariaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 114; as Caloncoba glauca]. Oncoba welwitschii Oliv. (Achariaceae) [Paul Latham, unpublished]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Achariaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318; as Rawsonia usambarensis Schaumann]. Uapaca species (Euphorbiaceae) [Ackery et al., 1995; requires confirmation (Larsen, 2005a)]. Relevant literature: Rougeot, 2002 [Migration in Gabon].

Note: Females are polymorphic in the east of the butterflies range but monomorphic in West Africa, suggesting that these two populations might represent distinct subspecies (Larsen, 2005a). The western populations have subsequently been described as a distinct species, Cymothoe druryi van Velzen & Larsen, 2009.

adelina Hewitson, 1869 in Hewitson, 1867-71 (as sp. of Harma). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 4: 51 ([118] pp.). London. “Congo”.

corsandra Druce, 1874 (as sp. of Harma). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1874: 158 (155-160). Angola.

conformis Aurivillius, 1898 (as ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Entomologisk Tidskrift 18: 214 (213-222). No locality given. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c).

dumensis Strand, 1910 (as ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 29: 32 (29-35). Cameroon: “Dume-Mündung in Kamerun”.

bakossensis Strand, 1912 (as ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 77 (1.4. Supplementhefte): 119 (107-123). Cameroon: “Bakossu”.

luteostriata Strand, 1914 (as ab. of Cymothoe adelina). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.12.): 125 (97-144). Cameroon: “Kamerun; Simekoa Combokotto”.

97 diffusa Schultze, 1916 (as ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A.7.): 160 (159-167). Cameroon: “N’Kongsamba (am Ausgangspunkt der Manenguba-Bahn), N.-W.-Kamerun”.

obscura Schultze, 1920 (as female ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral- Afrika-Expedition 1 (14): 672 (639-829). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kimuenza (Belg. Kongo)”; Cameroon: “Molundu (Süd-Kamerun)”.

variegata Schultze, 1920 (as female ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral- Afrika-Expedition 1 (14): 672 (639-829). Cameroon: “N’ginda (Süd-Kamerun)”.

lutea Schultze, 1920 (as female ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika- Expedition 1 (14): 672 (639-829). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kimuenza, Belg. Congo”; Cameroon: “Molundu”.

rubida Holland, 1920 (as f. of Cymothoe caenis). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 199 (109-369). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Medje”.

crassa Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe caenis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 187 (165-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga, Katanga”.

maynei Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe caenis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 189 (165-194). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ikenge, Equateur”.

uniformis Overlaet, 1952 (as male ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 40 (1-50). Cameroon: ‘Kamerun”; Togo.

styx Overlaet, 1952 (as ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 40 (1-50). Cameroon: ‘Kamerun”; Togo.

schultzei Overlaet, 1952 (as female ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 40 (1-50). No locality given.

ferruginea Dufrane, 1953 (as ab. of Cymothoe caenis). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 89: 45 (41-57). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kabunga”.

*Cymothoe bouyeri Vande weghe, 2011

Cymothoe bouyeri Vande weghe, 2011. Lambillionea 111 (3) (Tome II): 305-306. Description of female by Bouyer & Ducarme, 2013: 27-28.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “?”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (North Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – ? (TL); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Cymothoe isiro Rydon, 1981

Cymothoe isiro Rydon, 1981. Lambillionea 81: 83 (83-93).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Isiro”.

98 Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Isiro (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

albidior Rydon, 1981 (as female f. of Cymothoe isiro). Lambillionea 81: 92 (83-93). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Uele, Isiro”.

*Cymothoe caprina Aurivillius, 1897

Cymothoe caprina Aurivillius, 1897. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 54: 284 (279-286).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congogebiet: Beni-Bendi”. Description of the female by Beaurain, 2004: 262. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe caprina caprina Aurivillius, 1897

Cymothoe caprina Aurivillius, 1897. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 54: 284 (279-286).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congogebiet: Beni-Bendi”. Description of the female by Beaurain, 2004: 262. Distribution: Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni-Bendi (TL).

Cymothoe caprina claireae Oremans, 2008

Cymothoe caprina claireae Oremans, 2008. Saturnafrica 2: 3 (3-4).

Type locality: Cameroon: “”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Gabon – Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010).

*Cymothoe amenides (Hewitson, 1874)

Harma amenides Hewitson, 1874. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 11: 56 (56-58).

99

Cymothoe amenides. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Libreville, Gabon. 29 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Cameroon – Mundame, Mungo (Overlaet, 1942). Gabon – Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

mundamensis Overlaet, 1942 (as f. of Cymothoe caenis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 36: 187 (165-194). Cameroon: “Mundame, Mungo, Kamerun”.

*Cymothoe alticola Libert & Collins, 1997 Mountain Glider

Cymothoe alticola Libert & Collins, 1997. Metamorphosis 8 (4): 184 (183-190).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Mount Kupe, 1900-2000m 4.iii.95, Cameroon (M. Libert), M.N.H.N., Paris.” Described from 22 males and 16 females. Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Mount Kupe (TL); Mount Manengouba (Libert & Collins, 1997); Mount Cameroon (Libert & Collins, 1997); Mount Bana near Bangangte (Libert & Collins, 1997); Rumpi Hills (T. Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a); Toko in the Korup support zone (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Montane and submontane forest above 1 100 m (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A fairly common species, which is sometimes sympatric with the similar-looking Cymothoe caenis, for example in the Rumpi Hills and Korup in Cameroon (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Caloncoba species (Achariaceae) [Amiet, in Libert & Collins, 1997: 183].

*Cymothoe howarthi Rydon, 1981

100 Cymothoe howarthi Rydon, 1981. Lambillionea 81: 4 (4-10).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Middle Lowa Valley, nr. Walikali”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Middle Lowa Valley, near Walikali (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Cymothoe druryi van Velzen & Larsen, 2009

Cymothoe druryi van Velzen & Larsen, 2009. Zootaxa 2197: 57 (53-63).

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south), Nigeria. Specific localities: Liberia – Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Niaouli Forest (Attogon) (Coache et al., 2013); see Coache et al., 2017. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Oncoba gilgiana Sprague (Achariaceae) [Vuattoux & Blandin, 1979; Ivory Coast; as Caloncoba gilgiana]. Oncoba spinosa Forssk. (Achariaceae) [Larsen, 2005a; Aburi, Ghana].

*Cymothoe consanguis Aurivillius, 1896 Cream Glider

Cream Glider (Cymothoe consanguis). Female. Ipassa, Gabon. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Cymothoe consanguis Aurivillius, 1896. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhlhandlingar. Stockholm 53: 435 (431- 436).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Kitta, Bonge”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). 101 Recorded, in error, from west of the Dahomey Gap by Carcasson, 1981 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Cameroon – Kitta, Bonge (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Habitat: Forest. Habits: An uncommon species that usually flies high up but which often descends to lower levels to bask, or to search for fallen fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

amphicede (Cramer); Aurivillius, 1894. Entomologisk Tidskrift 15: 307 (273-314). [Misidentification.]

*Cymothoe althea (Cramer, [1776]) Western Glider

Papilio althea Cramer, [1776] in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia Africa en America 1: 141 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht.

Type locality: “Côte de Guinea”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea (Martin, 2015). Habitat: Wetter forest, mainly (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Generally an uncommon species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe althea althea (Cramer, [1776])

Papilio althea Cramer, [1776] in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia Africa en America 1: 141 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht.

Type locality: “Côte de Guinea”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Specific localities: Guinea – Parc National du Haut Niger (Larsen & Mei, 1998); Mamou (Larsen, 2005a); Nimba (Larsen, 2005a); Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Ankasa (Larsen, 2005a); Kakum (Larsen, 2005a).

amphicede Cramer, 1777 (as sp. of Papilio). Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld- deelen Asia, Africa en America 2: 80 (151 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. “Côte de Guinea”.

Cymothoe althea bobi Collins & Larsen, 2000

Cymothoe althea bobi Collins & Larsen, 2000. Metamorphosis 11 (2): 66 (57-75).

Type locality: Nigeria: “Nigeria, Eastern Region, Idoma Division, Okwoga, 26.i.1968. (R.G.T. St. Leger leg., coll. National History Museum, London).” Described from a single male. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Equatorial Guinea (Martin, 2015).

102 Specific localities: Nigeria – Okwoga (TL); Nsukka area (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015).

*Cymothoe capella (Ward, 1871) Golden Glider

Harma capella Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 119 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroons”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop and east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (Tshopo, Sankuru). Specific localities: Nigeria – Cross River loop (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Caldera de Luba, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Station SEGC (Vande weghe, 2010); Mikongo (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A scarce species (Larsen, 2005a). Males have been seen flying along river courses in primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Cymothoe eris Aurivillius, 1896

Cymothoe eris Aurivillius, 1896. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhlhandlingar. Stockholm 53: 434 (431-436).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bangala (Congo superior)”. Distribution: Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Cymothoe eris eris Aurivillius, 1896

Cymothoe eris Aurivillius, 1896. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhlhandlingar. Stockholm 53: 434 (431-436).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bangala (Congo superior)”. Distribution: Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Ubangi). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Bangala (TL).

Cymothoe eris capellides Holland, 1920

103

Cymothoe capellides Holland, 1920. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 198 (109-369).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Medje”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Tshopo, Maniema, Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018).

Cymothoe eris sankuruana Overlaet, 1952

Cymothoe eris sankuruana Overlaet, 1952. Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (8) Sciences zoologiques 14: 29 (1-50).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “BeniBendi, Sankuru”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central – Sankuru). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – BeniBendi (TL).

*Cymothoe zenkeri Richelmann, 1913 Zenker’s Glider

Cymothoe zenkeri Richelmann, 1913. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 7: 105 (105-106).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Kamerun”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (R. St Leger, vide Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Molundu (Bryk, 1915); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Medje (Holland, 1920); Kamituga (Dufrane, 1945); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Very rare in Nigeria (R. St Leger, vide Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

stetteni Bryk, 1915 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A) (4): 12 (1-16). Cameroon: “Süd-Kamerun, Molundu”.

langi Holland, 1920 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 197 (109-369). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Medje”.

mariae Dufrane, 1945 (as f. of Cymothoe langi). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 103 (90-143). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kamituga”.

MALAGASY CLADE

*Cymothoe lambertoni Oberthür, 1923 104

Cymothoe lambertoni Oberthür, 1923. Études de Lépidoptérologie Comparée 21: 125 (119-155).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Tsaratanana, au nord de Madagascar”. Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Tsaratanana (TL); Sambirano, Ambanja (Viette, 1971). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

lux Le Cerf, 1928 (as f. indiv. of Cymothoe lambertoni). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 3: 121 (117-126). Madagascar: “Sud-Est de Madagascar”.

turlini Viette, 1971 (as seasonal f. of Cymothoe lambertoni lambertoni). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 76: 34 (32-34). Madagascar: “Sambirano, Ambanja”.

*Cymothoe dujardini Viette, 1971

Cymothoe lambertoni dujardini Viette, 1971. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 76: 33 (32-34). Cymothoe dujardini Viette, 1971. Lees et al., 2003 stat. nov..

Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagascar Est, région de Brickaville, Ranamofana-Est”. General remarks: This very localized species is seriously threatened by extensive lowland forest destruction in its area of distribution (Lees et al., 2003). Distribution: Madagascar (east). Specific localities: Madagascar – Region de Brickaville, Ranamofana-Est (TL); Andekaleka (= Rogez) (Lees et al., 2003). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

NOT IN Van Velzen et al 2013

*Cymothoe megaesta Staudinger, 1890

Cymothoe egesta var. megaesta Studinger, 1890. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 50: 418 (412-422). Synonym of Cymothoe egesta (Cramer, 1775). Ackery et al., 1995. Cymothoe megaesta Staudinger, 1890. Larsen, 2005a.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Kamerun (Barombi-Station)”. Diagnosis: Smaller than Cymothoe egesta, with a more orange tone on the upperside. Wing margins more strongly scalloped; female darker (Larsen, 2005a); larva different (Amiet, 1997). Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Barombi Station (TL). Early stages:

Amiet, 1997. (larva)

105 Larval food: Rinorea lepidobotrys (Violaceae) [Amiet, 1997].

106