Kurdish-Armenian Relations in the Late Ottoman Empire: Power Structures and Interactive Behavior

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Kurdish-Armenian Relations in the Late Ottoman Empire: Power Structures and Interactive Behavior KURDISH-ARMENIANKURDISH-ARMENIAN RELATIONRELATIONSS IINN THETHE LATLATEE OTTOMANOTTOMAN EMPIRE:EMPIRE POWEPOWERR STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES ANANDD INTERACTIVINTERACTIVEE BEHAVIORBEHAVIOR bbyy BradBrad DennisDennis A thesisthesis submittedsubmitted ttoo thethe facultyfaculty ofof ThThee UniversitUniversityy ooff UtahUtah iinn partialpartial fulfillmentfulfillment ooff ththee requirementrequirementss foforr ththee degredegreee ofof MasteMasterr ooff ArtsArts IIIin MiddlMiddlee EasEastt Studies/HistoryStudies/History DepartmentDepartment ofof LanguageLanguagess andand LiteratureLiterature ThThee UniversitUniversityy ofof UtahUtah DecembeDecemberr 20082008 CopyrighCopyrightt © BraBradd DenniDenniss 20082008 AlAlll RightRightss ReservedReserved THE UNIVERSJTY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE APPROVAL of a thesis subm itted by Brad R. Dennis This thesis has been read by each member of the following supervisory committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. Chair: Peter Sluglett Peter von Sivers M. Hakan Yavuz THE U N J V E R S J T Y 0 F UTAH G R A D U ATE S C 1-] 0 0 L FINAL READING APPROVAL To the Graduate Counci I of the Unive rsity of Utah: J ______ rad e s _____ have read the thesis of B_ _ _R_. D_ J_U_li_ _ in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the supervisory committee and is ready for submission to The Graduate School. �.�� P:: Date Peter Sluglett (; Chair: Supervisory Committee Approved for the Major Department Ch�ir/Dean Approved for the Graduate Council David S. Chapman Dean of The Graduate School ABSTRACABSTRACTT WhaWhatt explainsexplains collaboratiocollaborationn andand conflicconflictt betweebetweenn KurdisKurdishh anandd ArmenianArmenian societiessocieties durinduringg ththee LatLatee OttomaOttomann periodperiod?? InIn ordeorderr ttoo answeanswerr thithiss questioquestionn thisthis thesithesiss focusesfocuses onon ththee relationshiprelationship betweebetweenn structurestructuress iinn KurdisKurdishh anandd ArmeniaArmeniann societiessocieties anandd politicalpolitical behaviorbehavior.. ThThee significancsignificancee ooff thithiss studstudyy lieslies iinn thathatt itit provideprovidess a neneww angleangle from whicwhichh toto loolookk atat ththee ArmeniaArmeniann questionquestion,, iinn relatiorelationn ttoo ththee KurdKurdss aass opposeopposedd toto onlonlyy iinn relatiorelationn toto ththee OttomaOttomann statstatee anandd GreaGreatt PowerPower,, anandd alsalsoo iinn thathatt iitt analyzeanalyzess ththee impacimpactt ooff political,political, ethnicethnic,, andand nationanationall consciousnesconsciousnesss onon groups'groups' interactivinteractivee behaviorbehavior.. InIn ordeorderr toto explainexplain conflicconflictt anandd collaborationcollaboration,, thithiss studystudy comparecomparess andand contrastcontrastss ththee socioeconomisocioeconomicc andand politicapoliticall experiencesexperiences thathatt ththee KurdKurdss anandd ArmenianArmenianss hahadd witwithh OttomanOttoman state,state, examinesexamines thethe affecaffectt ooff ththee OttomaOttomann policpolicyy oonn ththee localocall dynamicdynamicss ooff powerpower,, andand analyzeanalyzess ththee rolerole internainternall andand externaexternall politicapoliticall factorsfactors oonn interactivinteractivee behaviorbehavior.. IItt isis arguearguedd thatthat adjustmentsadjustments inin ththee traditionatraditionall powepowerr relationshiprelationship,, resultanresultantt fromfrom thethe implementationimplementation ofof variouvariouss policpolicyy changes,changes, gavgavee risrisee ttoo neneww politicapoliticall spacespacess througthroughh whicwhichh neneww socialsocial structuresstructures werweree formedformed.. ThThee competitioncompetition betweebetweenn neneww anandd oldold structuresstructures forfor powepowerr ledled somesome groupgroupss ttoo radicalizeradicalize theitheirr policiepoliciess iinn ordeorderr toto securesecure theitheirr continuecontinuedd existenceexistence.. TheThe factorsfactors thathatt determineddetermined a group'group'ss decisiodecisionn ttoo allallyy witwithh oror fight againsagainstt otheotherr groupgroupss waswas influenceinfluencedd bbyy influentiainfluentiall individualsindividuals'' interpretationinterpretationss ooff ththee politicapoliticall situationsituation andand theirtheir internainternall anandd externaexternall structures.structures. CONTENTCONTENTSS ABSTRACABSTRACTT ........................................................................................i ivv INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIONN ..................................................................................1 1 MethodologMethodologyy ............................................................................................................ 2 LayouLayoutt ...................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTECHAPTERR 11.. KURDISH-ARMENIAKURDISH-ARMENIANN RELATIONRELATIONSS 1839-18761839-1876:: TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION OOFF TRADITIONATRADITIONALL POWEPOWERR STRUCTURESTRUCTURESS ............................................. 9 IdentityIdentity,, StructureStructure,, anandd AgencAgencyy iinn KurdisKurdishh anandd ArmeniaArmeniann SocietieSocietiess .................... 9 ThThee Socio-EconomiSocio-Economicc GeographGeographyy ooff EasterEasternn AnatoliAnatoliaa .................................... 2020 TheThe Tanzimat anandd KurdisKurdishh SocietySociety ......................................................... 3232 BedBedrr KhaKhann ................................................... , .................................. 3434 ThThee Tanzimat anandd ArmeniaArmeniann SocietySociety ......................................................... 3939 2.2. THETHE RUSSO-TURKISRUSSO-TURKISHH WARWAR,, ITITSS AFTERMATHAFTERMATH,, ANANDD ITSITS EFFECTSEFFECTS ONON KURDISKURDISHH ANANDD ARMENIANARMENIAN SOCIETYSOCIETY 1876-18821876-1882 ............................. .4747 TheThe Russo-TurkishRusso-Turkish WarWar 1877-81877-8 .............................................................. .4848 TheThe AftermathAftermath ofof thethe War.War ................................................................... 5757 TheThe RiseRise ofof SultanSultan AbdulhamidAbdulhamid II:II: PerceptionsPerceptions ofof HimHim inin HistoryHistory ..................... 6161 EffectsEffects ofof thethe WarWar onon ArmenianArmenian andand KurdishKurdish LoyaltiesLoyalties ................................. 6464 3.3. THETHE EARLYEARLY SULTANSULTAN ABDULHAMIDABDULHAMID PERIODPERIOD 1882-1896:1882-1896: THETHE INFLUENTIALINFLUENTIAL FACTORSFACTORS OFOF CONFLICTCONFLICT BETWEENBETWEEN THETHE KURDSKURDS ANDAND ARMENIANSARMENIANS ........................................................................... 7575 ArmenianArmenian RevolutionariesRevolutionaries andand thethe KurdsKurds ................................................... 7676 ComplaintsComplaints ofof KurdishKurdish AttacksAttacks ............................................................... 818 TheThe EmergenceEmergence ofof thethe NewNew ArmenianArmenian RevolutionaryRevolutionary .................................... 8686 TheThe FormationFormation ofof thethe HamidiyeHamidiye CavalryCavalry ................................................... 9393 FromFrom TensionTension toto ConflictConflict ............................................. , ...................... 11000 0 CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION .................................................................................... 110no REFERENCESREFERENCES ............................................................................. " ..... 11511 INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIONN TheThe mid-1890mid-1890ss wawass ththee scenescene ooff massivmassivee violencviolencee anandd sociasociall strifestrife amonamongg andand betweebetweenn ththee KurdisKurdishh anandd AnnenianArmenian populationpopulationss ofof eastereasternn AnatoliaAnatolia.. ThroughouThroughoutt thisthis perioperiodd KurdisKurdishh tribaltribal chiefchiefss contendecontendedd amongamong eacheach otherother anandd alsoalso witwithh OttomanOttoman administratoradministratorss forfor controcontroll ofof politicapoliticall officesoffices;; KurdisKurdishh anandd ArmeniaArmeniann peasantpeasantss sufferedsuffered underunder thethe heavheavyy handhandss ofof tribatriball andand OttomaOttomann administrativadministrativee authorityauthority;; anandd KurdisKurdishh andand ArmeniaArmeniann politicapoliticall groupsgroups clashedclashed witwithh oneone anotheranother (particularly(particularly duringduring ththee 1890s)1890s) resultinresultingg inin soaringsoaring deathdeath tollstolls.. HoHoww doesdoes oneone accounaccountt forfor ththee increasedincreased conflicconflictt betweenbetween ththee ArmenianArmenianss andand KurdKurdss iinn ththee 1890s?1890s? WaWass iitt a resulresultt ofof aann insidiousinsidious governmentgovernment agendaagenda ttoo dividedivide anandd conquerconquer ththee ArmenianArmenianss andand KurdKurdss iinn ordeorderr ttoo thwartthwart ArmenianArmenian nationalisnationalistt oorr separatistseparatist aimsaims inin eastereasternn AnatoliAnatoliaa anandd dissolvdissolvee ththee controcontroll ooff ththee KurdishKurdish tribestribes,, oror wawass iitt ththee resulresultt ofof anan ArmeniaAnneniann nationalist-inducenationalist-inducedd rebelliorebellionn whicwhichh spurredspurred alreadalreadyy festerinfesteringg sociasociall
Recommended publications
  • The Protection of Historical Artifacts in Ottoman Empire: the Permanent Council for the Protection of Ancient Artifactsi
    Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(2): 600-608, 2019 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2019.070233 The Protection of Historical Artifacts in Ottoman Empire: The Permanent Council for the i Protection of Ancient Artifacts Sefa Yildirim*, Fatih Öztop Department of History, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Turkey Copyright©2019 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The historical artifacts that reveal the social, establishment, functioning, duties and activities of the political, aesthetic, moral, architectural, etc. stages, before-said council are tried to be explained. through which the human beings have been; which transfer and reveal information from past to present and Keywords Historical Artifacts, Protection of future; which have an artistic, historical or archaeological Historical Artifacts, Council importance are very important physical elements that the present-day civilized societies protect or must protect as cultural values. Such works both strengthen the ties to the past due to the transfer of cultural heritage to existing and 1 . Introduction future generations and plays a very important role in the writing of the past through the data provided to the The first initiative for the protection of the historical researchers. The protection of the historical artifacts was artifacts in the Ottoman Empire can be considered as the under sharia laws until 1858 in Ottoman Empire, since beginning of the storage of two collections of old weapons then, some regulations were done about this issue, in the and artifacts since 1846 in the Hagia Irene Church end, The Permanent Council for the Protection of Ancient (Sertoğlu & Açık, 2013, p.160).
    [Show full text]
  • Come Take a Ride in Tito's Time Machine
    Come take a Ride in Tito’s Time Machine A Collection of Essays By Risto Stefov 1 Come take a Ride in Tito’s Time Machine A Collection of Essays Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2012 by Risto Stefov e-book edition Many thanks to TrueMacedonian for providing the source material for these essays. 2 Index Index ............................................................................................. 3 Preface .......................................................................................... 4 Introduction................................................................................... 5 Essay 1 – According to Kristina X ............................................. 10 Essay 2 – Show of Patriotism ..................................................... 16 Essay 3 – Greek betrays Delchev ............................................... 21 Essay 4 – Mischief is my middle name ...................................... 26 Essay 5 – In the Balkans............................................................. 30 Essay 6 – Macedonia is for Republic ......................................... 35 Essay 7 – GREECE: MADE IN GERMANY ............................ 42 Essay 8
    [Show full text]
  • Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey's Kurdish Opening
    Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli SILK ROAD PAPER October 2010 Reconciling Statism with Freedom Turkey’s Kurdish Opening Halil M. Karaveli © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program – A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodav. 2, Stockholm-Nacka 13130, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “Reconciling Statism with Freedom: Turkey’s Kurdish Opening” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies Program. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, and ad- dresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stockholm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse commu- nity of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security, and development in the region. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lec- tures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public dis- cussion regarding the region. The opinions and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the authors only, and do not necessarily reflect those of the Joint Center or its sponsors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cole Collection
    THE COLE COLLECTION If you would like more information on the collection or would like to access one of the documents, please send an email to [email protected] with the accompanying file number. A Zoryan Institute representative will get back to you within 48 hours. _________________________________________________________ THE COLE COLLECTION Journals, Letters, Lectures, Documents, Photographs, and Artifacts of Royal M. Cole and Lizzie C. Cole American Missionaries in Armenian and Kurdistan Turkey in the years 1868-1908 (c) 1996, M. Malicoat --------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------- I. Royal Cole's journals: (a) Bound copy-book journals . p. 1 (b) Three smaller journals: 1. ‘Erzeroom Journal: War Times, 1877 - 1878’ . p. 7 2. ‘Travel Reminiscences’ . p. 7 3. Royal Cole’s personal diary of 1896: events at Bitlis, Van, and Moush; the Knapp affair: the persecution of American missionaries; relief work for Garjgan refugees . p. 7 II. Royal Cole’s copy-book journals: loose sheets: (a) Handwritten . p. 8 (b) Typed . p. 12 III. Drafts and notes for two projected volumes by Rev. Cole: (a) Dr. Cole’s Memoirs: ‘Interior Turkey Reminiscences, Forty Years in Kourdistan (Armenia)’ . p. 14 (b) ‘The Siege of Erzroom’; miscellaneous notes on The Russo-Turkish War . p. 15 IV. Newspaper articles by Royal Cole; miscellaneous newspaper articles on the subject of Armenian Turkey, in English, by various writers . p. 16 V. Lectures, essays, and letters by Mrs. Cole (Lizzie Cobleigh Cole) (a) Lectures . p. 17 (b) Copy-book journal loose-sheet essays and copy-book journal entries . p. 19 (c) Letters . p. 20 VI. Massacres in the Bitlis and Van provinces, 1894 - 1896: Sasun; Ghelieguzan; Moush; Garjgan sancak: charts, lists, maps .
    [Show full text]
  • The Armenian Genocide
    The Armenian Genocide During World War I, the Ottoman Empire carried out what most international experts and historians have concluded was one of the largest genocides in the world's history, slaughtering huge portions of its minority Armenian population. In all, over 1 million Armenians were put to death. To this day, Turkey denies the genocidal intent of these mass murders. My sense is that Armenians are suffering from what I would call incomplete mourning, and they can't complete that mourning process until their tragedy, their wounds are recognized by the descendants of the people who perpetrated it. People want to know what really happened. We are fed up with all these stories-- denial stories, and propaganda, and so on. Really the new generation want to know what happened 1915. How is it possible for a massacre of such epic proportions to take place? Why did it happen? And why has it remained one of the greatest untold stories of the 20th century? This film is made possible by contributions from John and Judy Bedrosian, the Avenessians Family Foundation, the Lincy Foundation, the Manoogian Simone Foundation, and the following. And others. A complete list is available from PBS. The Armenians. There are between six and seven million alive today, and less than half live in the Republic of Armenia, a small country south of Georgia and north of Iran. The rest live around the world in countries such as the US, Russia, France, Lebanon, and Syria. They're an ancient people who originally came from Anatolia some 2,500 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • (Yakinçağ Tarihi) Anabilimdali Iran-Osmanli Ticari I
    T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYALBİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (YAKINÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİMDALI İRAN-OSMANLI TİCARİ İLİŞKİLERİ (1900–1923) Doktora Tezi Masoumeh DAEİ Ankara-2011 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYALBİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (YAKINÇAĞ TARİHİ) ANABİLİMDALI İRAN-OSMANLI TİCARİ İLİŞKİLERİ (1900–1923) Doktora Tezi Masoumeh DAEİ Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Hamiyet SEZER FEYZİOĞLU Ankara-2011 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH (YAKINÇAĞ) ANABİLİM DALI OSMANLI_İRAN TİCARİ İLİŞKİLERİ (1900–1923) Doktora Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası ………………………………………. …………………………………… ….......................................................... ………………………………….... ………………………………………. …………………………………… ………………………………………. ……………………………………. ……………………………………….. …………………………………….. ………………………………………. ……………………………………… Tez Sınavı Tarihi………………………………… TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜNE Bu belge ile,bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim.Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak,çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri,düşünce ve sonuçlar andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim.(..…/..…/200…) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı Masoumeh DAEİ İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR ……………………………………………………………………V ÖNSÖZ ………………………………………………………………………………VI KONU VE KAYNAKLAR…………………………………………………………VII GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………..1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM TRABZON-ERZURUM-TEBRİZ TİCARİ YOLUNDA RUS – OSMANLI REKABETİ 1.1. Trabzon-Erzurum-Tebriz
    [Show full text]
  • Genealogy of the Concept of Securitization and Minority Rights
    THE KURD INDUSTRY: UNDERSTANDING COSMOPOLITANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY by ELÇIN HASKOLLAR A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School – Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs written under the direction of Dr. Stephen Eric Bronner and approved by ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Newark, New Jersey October 2014 © 2014 Elçin Haskollar ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Kurd Industry: Understanding Cosmopolitanism in the Twenty-First Century By ELÇIN HASKOLLAR Dissertation Director: Dr. Stephen Eric Bronner This dissertation is largely concerned with the tension between human rights principles and political realism. It examines the relationship between ethics, politics and power by discussing how Kurdish issues have been shaped by the political landscape of the twenty- first century. It opens up a dialogue on the contested meaning and shape of human rights, and enables a new avenue to think about foreign policy, ethically and politically. It bridges political theory with practice and reveals policy implications for the Middle East as a region. Using the approach of a qualitative, exploratory multiple-case study based on discourse analysis, several Kurdish issues are examined within the context of democratization, minority rights and the politics of exclusion. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, archival research and participant observation. Data analysis was carried out based on the theoretical framework of critical theory and discourse analysis. Further, a discourse-interpretive paradigm underpins this research based on open coding. Such a method allows this study to combine individual narratives within their particular socio-political, economic and historical setting.
    [Show full text]
  • 'A Reign of Terror'
    ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • New Perspectives on the Eastern Question(S) in Late-Victorian Britain, Or How „The Eastern Question‟ Affected British Politics (1881-1901).1
    Stéphanie Prévost. New perspectives on the Eastern Question(s) New perspectives on the Eastern Question(s) in Late-Victorian Britain, Or How „the Eastern Question‟ Affected British Politics (1881-1901).1 Stéphanie Prévost, LARCA, Université Paris-Diderot Keywords: Eastern Question, Gladstonian Liberalism, social movements, Eastern Question historiography. Mots-clés : Question d‘Orient, libéralisme gladstonien, mouvements sociaux, historiographie. In 1921, in the preface to Edouard Driault‘s second edition of La Question d’Orient depuis ses origines jusqu’à la paix de Sèvres, a work originally published in 1898, French historian Gabriel Monod postulated that ―the Eastern Question was the key issue in European politics‖ (v). In his 1996 concise introductory The Eastern Question, 1774-1923, Alexander L. Macfie similarly stated that ―for more than a century and a half, from the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 to the Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923, the Eastern Question, the Question of what should become of the Ottoman Empire, then in decline, played a significant, and even at times a dominant, part in shaping the relations of the Great Powers‖ (1). Undoubtedly, the Eastern Question has always been deeply rooted in the intricacies of European diplomacy, more obviously so from the Crimean War onwards. After an almost three-year conflict (1853-6) first opposing Russia to the Ottoman Empire, then supported by France, Britain, Sardinia, Austria and Hungary, belligerents drafted peace conditions. The preamble to the 30 March, 1856 Treaty of Paris made the preservation of Ottoman territorial integrity and independence a sine qua non condition to any settlement – which was taken up in Article VII of the treaty as a collective guarantee.
    [Show full text]
  • Publications 1427998433.Pdf
    THE CHURCH OF ARMENIA HISTORIOGRAPHY THEOLOGY ECCLESIOLOGY HISTORY ETHNOGRAPHY By Father Zaven Arzoumanian, PhD Columbia University Publication of the Western Diocese of the Armenian Church 2014 Cover painting by Hakob Gasparian 2 During the Pontificate of HIS HOLINESS KAREKIN II Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians By the Order of His Eminence ARCHBISHOP HOVNAN DERDERIAN Primate of the Western Diocese Of the Armenian Church of North America 3 To The Mgrublians And The Arzoumanians With Gratitude This publication sponsored by funds from family and friends on the occasion of the author’s birthday Special thanks to Yeretsgin Joyce Arzoumanian for her valuable assistance 4 To Archpriest Fr. Dr. Zaven Arzoumanian A merited Armenian clergyman Beloved Der Hayr, Your selfless pastoral service has become a beacon in the life of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Blessed are you for your sacrificial spirit and enduring love that you have so willfully offered for the betterment of the faithful community. You have shared the sacred vision of our Church fathers through your masterful and captivating writings. Your newest book titled “The Church of Armenia” offers the reader a complete historiographical, theological, ecclesiological, historical and ethnographical overview of the Armenian Apostolic Church. We pray to the Almighty God to grant you a long and a healthy life in order that you may continue to enrich the lives of the flock of Christ with renewed zeal and dedication. Prayerfully, Archbishop Hovnan Derderian Primate March 5, 2014 Burbank 5 PREFACE Specialized and diversified studies are included in this book from historiography to theology, and from ecclesiology to ethno- graphy, most of them little known to the public.
    [Show full text]
  • Talaat Pasha's Report on the Armenian Genocide.Fm
    Gomidas Institute Studies Series TALAAT PASHA’S REPORT ON THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE by Ara Sarafian Gomidas Institute London This work originally appeared as Talaat Pasha’s Report on the Armenian Genocide, 1917. It has been revised with some changes, including a new title. Published by Taderon Press by arrangement with the Gomidas Institute. © 2011 Ara Sarafian. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-903656-66-2 Gomidas Institute 42 Blythe Rd. London W14 0HA United Kingdom Email: [email protected] CONTENTS Introduction by Ara Sarafian 5 Map 18 TALAAT PASHA’S 1917 REPORT Opening Summary Page: Data and Calculations 20 WESTERN PROVINCES (MAP) 22 Constantinople 23 Edirne vilayet 24 Chatalja mutasarriflik 25 Izmit mutasarriflik 26 Hudavendigar (Bursa) vilayet 27 Karesi mutasarriflik 28 Kala-i Sultaniye (Chanakkale) mutasarriflik 29 Eskishehir vilayet 30 Aydin vilayet 31 Kutahya mutasarriflik 32 Afyon Karahisar mutasarriflik 33 Konia vilayet 34 Menteshe mutasarriflik 35 Teke (Antalya) mutasarriflik 36 CENTRAL PROVINCES (MAP) 37 Ankara (Angora) vilayet 38 Bolu mutasarriflik 39 Kastamonu vilayet 40 Janik (Samsun) mutasarriflik 41 Nigde mutasarriflik 42 Kayseri mutasarriflik 43 Adana vilayet 44 Ichil mutasarriflik 45 EASTERN PROVINCES (MAP) 46 Sivas vilayet 47 Erzerum vilayet 48 Bitlis vilayet 49 4 Talaat Pasha’s Report on the Armenian Genocide Van vilayet 50 Trebizond vilayet 51 Mamuretulaziz (Elazig) vilayet 52 SOUTH EASTERN PROVINCES AND RESETTLEMENT ZONE (MAP) 53 Marash mutasarriflik 54 Aleppo (Halep) vilayet 55 Urfa mutasarriflik 56 Diyarbekir vilayet
    [Show full text]
  • Russians and Ottomans in the Press During the First World War
    DEPICTING THE ENEMY: RUSSIANS AND OTTOMANS IN THE PRESS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR A Ph.D. Dissertation By ZHARMUKHAMED ZARDYKHAN Department of History Bilkent University Ankara September 2007 Светлой памяти профессора Стэнфорда Дж. Шоу (1930-2006) посвящается... DEPICTING THE ENEMY: RUSSIANS AND OTTOMANS IN THE PRESS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ZHARMUKHAMED ZARDYKHAN In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2007 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Ferdan Ergut Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Paul Latimer Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History.
    [Show full text]