October 2017 www.ueg.eu/education Mistakes in… Mistakes in… Contents Vol 16 | 2016 37 Mistakes in endoscopy and how to avoid them Arnaud Lemmers and Jacques Devière 43 Mistakes in managing perianal disease and how to avoid them Phil Tozer and John T. Jenkins Vol 17 | 2017 1 Mistakes in liver function test abnormalities and how to avoid them Frans J.C. Cuperus, Joost P.H. Drenth and Eric T. Tjwa 6 Mistakes in eosinophilic oesophagitis and how to avoid them Javier Molina-Infante and Alfredo J. Lucendo 10 Mistakes in alcoholic liver disease and how to avoid them Pedro Marques da Costa and Helena Cortez-Pinto 15 Mistakes in the use of PPIs and how to avoid them Roos E. Pouw and Albert J. Bredenoord 18 Mistakes in CT performed for the acute abdomen and how to avoid them Hameed Rafiee and Stuart Taylor 24 Mistakes in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease diagnosis and how to avoid them Sabine Roman and François Mion 27 Mistakes in endoscopic resection and how to avoid them Francesco Auriemma and Alessandro Repici 30 Mistakes in cases on call and how to avoid them Xavier Dray and Philippe Marteau 33 Mistakes in the medical management of IBD and how to avoid them Tim Raine and Nik Sheng Ding 39 Mistakes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and how to avoid them Sarah A. Townsend and Philip N. Newsome www.ueg.eu/education UEG EDUCATION | 2017 | 17 Mistakes in… Mistakes in… n a broad sense, mistakes can be viewed from two basic Iperspectives—the negative and the positive. While it may be intuitive that we are first drawn to the negative aspect of mistakes in medicine, we must also acknowledge that each mistake may represent a lesson to be learned. This association is perhaps best expressed in the words of Minna Antrim: “Experience is a great teacher, but she sends in terrific bills.” The “Mistakes in…” series introduces pitfalls that may be encountered in clinical practice and research, and outlines ways to avoid them. Thus, more people are learning the lesson, but no additional mistakes need to be made. In keeping with Antrim’s parable, we have the same valuable teacher, with the benefit of a much larger classroom and no additional bills. Cover image by Jude Shadwell As we celebrate the second year of the “Mistakes in…” series, it UEG E-learning is with great pleasure that we provide this print collection of the Director: Charles Murray manuscripts published in the past 12 months. With topics spanning Lead Web Editor: Natalie Wood interpretation of liver function test results, the use of proton-pump Series Web Editor: Tomer Adar Web Editors: Rui Castro, Bjorn Rembacken, inhibitors (PPIs), endoscopic resection and management of perianal Christen Rune Stensvold disease, to name but a few, the series provides broad coverage of the E-learning Management: Ulrike Kapp-Popov Production Editor: Jude Shadwell field that will be invaluable to early-career clinicians and researchers, as well as to those who are more advanced in their professional UEG Education Committee Chair: Heinz Hammer development. Committee Members: Mustapha Adham, The “Mistakes in…” series is an integral part of UEG’s E-learning Valerie Castro, Catalin Copaescu, Roberto De Giorgio, Dan Dumitrascu, platform, where it joins online courses, the UEG library (home to Pierluigi Fracasso, Helmut Friess, recordings from UEG Week, classroom courses and society meetings Iva Hojsak, Georgina Hold, Tomáš Hucl, etc.) and latest news items (including Decide on the Spot articles and Simon Jackson, Johanna Laukkarinen, Tomica Milosavljevic, Charles Murray, themed blogs). E-learning opportunities come in different flavours, and Francesco Negro, Jaroslaw Regula, UEG provides users with the opportunity to choose the topic and format Harald Rosen, Janneke van der Woude that best suits their own interests, expectations and availability. United European Gastroenterology (UEG) I wish to thank UEG’s E-learning team, led by Charles Murry (Director) House of European Gastroenterology Wickenburggasse 1, A-1080 Vienna, Austria and Natalie Wood (Lead Editor), for acknowledging the potential of T +43 1 997 16 39 F +43 1 997 16 39 10 learning from our (or better yet from others’) mistakes and UEG’s [email protected] Registered in Austria leadership and Education Committee for supporting this effort from its Registration Authority: Bundespolizeidirektion inception. My final thanks must go to our contributing authors, who Wien – Vereinsbehörde, ZVR: 570340662 have generously bestowed us with their experience, expertise and (Austrian Register of Associations) Place of jurisdiction: Vienna, Austria perspective, and our users, who have embraced the series and made it Printed by: Schmidbauer GmbH a tremendous success. All rights reserved. Use of this contents constitutes acceptenance of the General Tomer Adar, Terms and Privacy Policy on ueg.eu UEG E-learning Web Editor and “Mistakes in…” Series Web Editor 2017 | 17 | UEG EDUCATION www.ueg.eu/education Mistakes in… Mistakes in endoscopy and how to avoid them Arnaud Lemmers and Jacques Devière frequent location of a Dieulafoy lesion is the pper and lower gastrointestinal proximal stomach along the lesser curve.4 endoscopy examinations are Representing only 1–5% of upper gastroin- Uperformed daily as routine testinal bleeding cases, the Dieulafoy lesion diagnostic procedures in a large number is often unrecognized and multiple of patients with nonspecific indications, gastroscopies may be needed for it to be such as heartburn, pain, anaemia, identified (figure 2).5 bleeding, workup of portal hypertension The most frequent presentation of the and so on. Most of the examinations will Dieulafoy lesion is acute overt bleeding point to a classic diagnosis (e.g. peptic with haematemesis and/or melena. The disease, cancer, variceal management), success of endoscopic haemostasis done but sometimes we see patients who’ve by a combined method (adrenaline had multiple diagnostic endoscopic injection and thermal electrocoagulation) procedures in the previous few months or mechanical methods has been reported with nonconclusive findings. The diagnostic mistakes discussed here are those that to reach 90%, with a higher endoscopic sprang to mind based on our endoscopic experience and they are discussed in an diagnostic and therapeutic yield when evidence-based approach. For therapeutic endoscopic procedures (e.g. ERCP and endoscopy is performed sooner.5 The resections), we present the most important mistakes that are often seen in our rebleeding rate has been reported to be practice and have major consequences for the patient. We propose, from our as high as 9–40%.6 In our experience, experience, a simple approach to avoid these mistakes. it happens that a Dieulafoy lesion is suspected in patients who experience multiples episodes of upper gastrointestinal Mistake 1 Missing a diagnosis of endoscopy. The overall mean number of Cameron ulcers hospitalizations for upper gastrointestinal Cameron ulcers were first described in 1986 bleeding without any identified bleeding by Cameron and Higgins.1 These erosions, or source preceding a final diagnosis of Cameron ulcerations, in the gastric mucosa are located ulcers was 3.4 in a series of 16 patients at the diaphragmatic hiatus and consist in published in 2013.2 The incidence of Cameron multiple linear lesions on the crests of ulcers as the source of severe upper GI gastric folds. They are associated with bleeding was low (0.2%), but was higher as upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage or the source of obscure GI bleeding (3.8%). All obscure bleeding. Identifying Cameron patients had a large hiatal hernia (>5cm) and ulcers requires antegrade and retrograde their mean age was 70 years old.2 observation of the neck of the hiatal hernia So, for patients who have a large hiatal Figure 2 | Active bleeding from a Dieulafoy lesion and they often go unrecognized during upper hernia and unexplained anaemia or upper in the proximal stomach of a 69-year-old patient. GI bleeding, we recommend paying close The patient presented with recurrent severe upper attention to the cardia in both an antegrade gastrointestinal bleeding, underwent more than 3 gastroscopies and was transfused with more than and retrograde manner (figure 1). 8 red blood cell (RBC) units before the bleeding source was identified. The lesion was successfully clipped with no further bleeding recurrence. Mistake 2 Missing a diagnosis of Dieulafoy lesions Described by Gallarden in 1884 and © UEG 2016 Lemmers and Devière. Georges Dieulafoy in 1898,3 the Dieulafoy Cite this article as: Lemmers A and Devière J. Mistakes in endoscopy and how to avoid them. lesion is an abnormal vessel of the mucosa. UEG Education 2016: 16; 37–42. Normally, vessels become smaller as they Arnaud Lemmers and Jacques Devière are at the penetrate the mucosa, but the Dieulafoy Department of Gastroenterology, lesion is a calibre-persistent arteriole that Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, Figure 1 | Antegrade endoscopic view of the remains abnormally large and protrudes Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles neck of a hiatal hernia in a 53-year-old man with through the normal mucosa into the (ULB), Brussels, Belgium. iron deficiency anaemia of unknown origin lumen. A small mucosal defect with the All images courtesy of: A. Lemmers and J. Devière. diagnosed 6 years previously. The white arrows Correspondence to: indicate the presence of Cameron ulcers. The eruption of the vessel can cause bleeding. Although they can be located elsewhere [email protected] patient was successfully treated with a PPI and iron Published online: 30 November 2016 supplementation. in the gastrointestinal tract, the most www.ueg.eu/education UEG EDUCATION | 2016 | 16 | 37 Mistakes in… bleeding without any origin visualized during multiples gastroscopies. There are tips and tricks that can be followed to help find the Dieulafoy lesion. First, opt for an urgent upper endoscopy in the case of a new episode of bleeding or dizziness (before blood exteriorization).