Aurora Australis, Davis station. Image © Frederique Olivier Frederique © Image station. Davis Australis, Aurora represents one micron (1,000 of a millimetre). a of (1,000 micron one represents

Ocean. The white horizontal bar at the right of the information bar below the image image the below bar information the of right the at bar horizontal white The Ocean.

squid, penguins and other seabirds, seals and whales. and seals seabirds, other and penguins squid, considered sustainable in ’s management region. management Australia’s in sustainable considered

A coccolithophore and a diatom from a sample of water taken in the Southern Southern the in taken water of sample a from diatom a and coccolithophore A

Krill are important in the diet of a large range of fish, fish, of range large a of diet the in important are Krill by CCAMLR and the Australian Government, and are are and Government, Australian the and CCAMLR by

feed on the phytoplankton and often form vast swarms. swarms. vast form often and phytoplankton the on feed levels for toothfish and icefish are evaluated annually annually evaluated are icefish and toothfish for levels

has been estimated to be around 500 million tonnes. Krill Krill tonnes. million 500 around be to estimated been has Exclusive Economic Zones in the . Fishing Fishing Ocean. Southern the in Zones Economic Exclusive

), whose total population population total whose ), superba Euphausia ( krill seen the elimination of illegal fishing from the Australian Australian the from fishing illegal of elimination the seen

abundant animal is the 5 centimetre-long, shrimp-like shrimp-like centimetre-long, 5 the is animal abundant vessels and regulations established by CCAMLR have have CCAMLR by established regulations and vessels

which in turn support the rich marine fauna. The most most The fauna. marine rich the support turn in which of the fishery, however, actions by Australian patrol patrol Australian by actions however, fishery, the of

growth of microscopic floating plant cells (phytoplankton), (phytoplankton), cells plant floating microscopic of growth for toothfish is a serious problem for the sustainability sustainability the for problem serious a is toothfish for

light levels and locally abundant nutrients promote the rapid rapid the promote nutrients abundant locally and levels light ). Illegal fishing fishing Illegal ). gunnari (Champsocephalus icefish mackerel

In the spring and summer, after the sea ice breaks up, high high up, breaks ice sea the after summer, and spring the In ) and and ) eleginoides (Dissostichus toothfish Patagonian – Island

around Heard Island, McDonald Islands and Macquarie Macquarie and Islands McDonald Island, Heard around

and ocean, and the biology of the Southern Ocean. Southern the of biology the and ocean, and

two species in the Australian Exclusive Economic Zones Zones Economic Exclusive Australian the in species two

oceanic circulation, heat flow between the atmosphere atmosphere the between flow heat circulation, oceanic

(CCAMLR). Further north, Australia manages fisheries for for fisheries manages Australia north, Further (CCAMLR).

the planet, and has a profound influence on the global global the on influence profound a has and planet, the

Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Resources Living Marine Antarctic of Conservation

of this sea ice is one of the greatest seasonal events on on events seasonal greatest the of one is ice sea this of

an international agreement – the Convention on the the on Convention the – agreement international an

separated, water began to circulate around in the the in Antarctica around circulate to began water separated, ocean is ice covered. The annual formation and melting melting and formation annual The covered. ice is ocean

fished. Fisheries south of 60 °S are now managed under under managed now are °S 60 of south Fisheries fished.

near or over the South Geographic Pole. Once the continents continents the Once Pole. Geographic South the over or near in September, some 19 million square kilometres of of kilometres square million 19 some September, in

until 1980, resulting in several species being over- being species several in resulting 1980, until

south and for the last 350 million years Antarctica has been been has Antarctica years million 350 last the for and south average thickness of about one metre. At its maximum maximum its At metre. one about of thickness average

Fishing in the Southern Ocean was largely unregulated unregulated largely was Ocean Southern the in Fishing

South America and . The entire super-continent moved moved super-continent entire The India. and America South Every winter the sea around Antarctica freezes to an an to freezes Antarctica around sea the winter Every

Fish Stocks Fish

years ago eventually to form Antarctica, Australia, Africa, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, form to eventually ago years mining and oil drilling). oil and mining

moves a vast amount of heat, salt and carbon dioxide. carbon and salt heat, of amount vast a moves

of Gondwana, which began to break up about 160 million million 160 about up break to began which Gondwana, of living and non-living resources of Antarctica (excluding (excluding Antarctica of resources non-living and living

Current is the largest ocean current in the world and and world the in current ocean largest the is Current

Antarctica was part of the ancient southern super-continent super-continent southern ancient the of part was Antarctica derive any reasonable economic benefits from the the from benefits economic reasonable any derive •

2 °C at the Polar Frontal Zone. The Antarctic Circumpolar Circumpolar Antarctic The Zone. Frontal Polar the at °C 2 2 warming by reducing CO reducing by warming uptake by the Southern Ocean. Southern the by uptake

in a region geographically close to Australia; and Australia; to close geographically region a in

their lives at sea, only coming ashore to breed and moult. and breed to ashore coming only sea, at lives their southern parts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to about about to Current Circumpolar Antarctic the of parts southern large-scale ecosystem changes could accelerate global global accelerate could changes ecosystem large-scale

be informed about and able to influence developments developments influence to able and about informed be •

and other birds characteristic of Antarctica spend most of of most spend Antarctica of characteristic birds other and range from the freezing point of sea water (-1.8 °C) in the the in °C) (-1.8 water sea of point freezing the from range animals to form shells from calcium carbonate. Such Such carbonate. calcium from shells form to animals

much of which is as yet undescribed. The seals, penguins penguins seals, The undescribed. yet as is which of much acts as a barrier to marine organisms. Water temperatures temperatures Water organisms. marine to barrier a as acts confrontation; plant productivity, and reducing the ability of plants and and plants of ability the reducing and productivity, plant

sea around Antarctica teems with a rich diversity of life – – life of diversity rich a with teems Antarctica around sea large temperature difference across the Polar Frontal Zone Zone Frontal Polar the across difference temperature large maintain Antarctica free from strategic and/or political political and/or strategic from free Antarctica maintain • or ‘sea butterflies’) by affecting their physiology, reducing reducing physiology, their affecting by butterflies’) ‘sea or

associated with these plant communities. In contrast, the the contrast, In communities. plant these with associated descends beneath warmer northern waters. The relatively relatively The waters. northern warmer beneath descends

organisms (such as diatoms, foraminifera and pteropods, pteropods, and foraminifera diatoms, as (such organisms special qualities and effects on our region; our on effects and qualities special

near the tip of the . Tiny animals are are animals Tiny Peninsula. Antarctic the of tip the near 55 °S where cold, dense Antarctic water meets and and meets water Antarctic dense cold, where °S 55

abundance, diversity and productivity of Antarctic marine marine Antarctic of productivity and diversity abundance, protect the Antarctic environment, having regard to its its to regard having environment, Antarctic the protect •

in ice-free areas. Two species of flowering plants occur occur plants flowering of species Two areas. ice-free in around situated boundary oceanic an Zone, Frontal Polar

to ocean acidification. Acidification is predicted to alter the the alter to predicted is Acidification acidification. ocean to

offers for scientific research; scientific for offers

microorganisms (such as bacteria and fungi) are found found are fungi) and bacteria as (such microorganisms 2 the is Current Circumpolar Antarctic easterly the Within

CO dissolves in cold sea water, it is particularly vulnerable vulnerable particularly is it water, sea cold in dissolves

take advantage of the special opportunities Antarctica Antarctica opportunities special the of advantage take •

Plants (such as mosses, lichens and algae) and and algae) and lichens mosses, as (such Plants

2 important ‘sink’ for atmospheric CO atmospheric for ‘sink’ important but, because more more because but, The Southern Ocean Southern The

adjacent offshore areas; offshore adjacent

Few terrestrial life forms permanently inhabit Antarctica. Antarctica. inhabit permanently forms life terrestrial Few Earth’s marine ecosystems. The Southern Ocean is an an is Ocean Southern The ecosystems. marine Earth’s

Territory, including our sovereign rights over the the over rights sovereign our including Territory,

is making the oceans more acidic and threatening the the threatening and acidic more oceans the making is

icebergs, which drift into the surrounding ocean and melt. and ocean surrounding the into drift which icebergs,

preserve our sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Antarctic Australian the over sovereignty our preserve •

2 from Antarctica approximately 55 million years ago. years million 55 approximately Antarctica from made CO made released into the atmosphere, but this uptake uptake this but atmosphere, the into released

hundreds of metres per year. Ice is eventually lost as as lost eventually is Ice year. per metres of hundreds

are to: are

to leave Gondwana, began its northward movement movement northward its began Gondwana, leave to Oceans have taken up about 30 per cent of the man- the of cent per 30 about up taken have Oceans

of the ice drains via large , which may move at at move may which glaciers, large via drains ice the of

Expedition. Today, Australia’s national interests in Antarctica Antarctica in interests national Australia’s Today, Expedition.

the warm waters to the north. Australia, the last fragment fragment last the Australia, north. the to waters warm the

Ocean Acidification Ocean as low as a few metres per year. Closer to the coast much much coast the to Closer year. per metres few a as low as

since ’s 1911-1914 Australasian Antarctic Antarctic Australasian 1911-1914 Mawson’s Douglas since

Antarctic Circumpolar Current, separating the continent from from continent the separating Current, Circumpolar Antarctic

the drainage of ice towards the coast, initially at speeds speeds at initially coast, the towards ice of drainage the

Australia has been leading scientific expeditions to Antarctica Antarctica to expeditions scientific leading been has Australia

compacts to become ice. This accumulation is balanced by by balanced is accumulation This ice. become to compacts

Emperor penguin colony, Auster Rookery. Image © Wayne Papps Wayne © Image Rookery. Auster colony, penguin Emperor

in Antarctica in

in the world’s hottest deserts. The accumulated snow snow accumulated The deserts. hottest world’s the in

50 millimetres (water equivalent), less than half the rainfall rainfall the half than less equivalent), (water millimetres 50 Interests Australia’s

near the coast. Much of the interior receives only about about only receives interior the of Much coast. the near

The dynamic icesheet is fed by snowfall that is highest highest is that snowfall by fed is icesheet dynamic The

protected areas and the prevention of marine pollution. marine of prevention the and areas protected

Southern Hemisphere. Southern

provides rules relating to waste disposal, management of of management disposal, waste to relating rules provides

profound influence on the weather, particularly in the the in particularly weather, the on influence profound

all activities to prior assessment of their impacts. It also also It impacts. their of assessment prior to activities all

Antarctica’s icesheet and surrounding sea ice have a a have ice sea surrounding and icesheet Antarctica’s

to peace and science”, prohibits mining and subjects subjects and mining prohibits science”, and peace to

Earth at the Russian station of Vostok (-89.2 °C in 1983). in °C (-89.2 Vostok of station Russian the at Earth It designates Antarctica as a “natural reserve, devoted devoted reserve, “natural a as Antarctica designates It

(4100 metres) and has recorded the lowest temperature on on temperature lowest the recorded has and metres) (4100 Treaty was adopted in 1991 and entered into force in 1998. 1998. in force into entered and 1991 in adopted was Treaty

The AAT also features the highest point of the icesheet icesheet the of point highest the features also AAT The The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Antarctic the to Protection Environmental on Protocol The

metres. (Australia’s average elevation is only 330 metres.) metres.) 330 only is elevation average (Australia’s metres.

ensure protection of the Antarctic environment. Antarctic the of protection ensure

the continents, with a mean altitude of approximately 2500 2500 approximately of altitude mean a with continents, the

and science and

the most important measures adopted under the Treaty Treaty the under adopted measures important most the

70 metres. Antarctica has the highest average elevation of all all of elevation average highest the has Antarctica metres. 70

tourism and the preservation of historic sites. Some of of Some sites. historic of preservation the and tourism

and if it were to melt, sea level would rise by approximately approximately by rise would level sea melt, to were it if and

to discuss issues as diverse as scientific cooperation, cooperation, scientific as diverse as issues discuss to

peace to

contains some 60 to 70 per cent of the world’s fresh water water fresh world’s the of cent per 70 to 60 some contains

The many countries active in Antarctica meet annually annually meet Antarctica in active countries many The

thick in the Australian Antarctic Territory (AAT). Antarctica Antarctica (AAT). Territory Antarctic Australian the in thick

potential for sovereignty disputes among Treaty Parties. Treaty among disputes sovereignty for potential of approximately 1800 metres and is up to 4800 metres metres 4800 to up is and metres 1800 approximately of devoted reserve

guarantees freedom of scientific research and removes the the removes and research scientific of freedom guarantees Antarctica is ice-free. The icesheet has an average thickness thickness average an has icesheet The ice-free. is Antarctica

landmark agreement ensures the peaceful use of Antarctica, Antarctica, of use peaceful the ensures agreement landmark twice the size of Australia. Less than 0.5 per cent of of cent per 0.5 than Less Australia. of size the twice

natural A

The Antarctic Treaty entered into force in 1961. This This 1961. in force into entered Treaty Antarctic The At 13.84 million square kilometres, Antarctica is almost almost is Antarctica kilometres, square million 13.84 At

The Treaty Antarctic The The Ice Continent Ice The

40° 30° 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° CAPE TOWN AFRICA N E A MADAGASCAR O C IC Gough Island 40° 30° T 20° 10° (UK) 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° N AFRICA L A CAPE TOWN T N ANTARCTICA 50° A E A MADAGASCAR O C CLAIM AND TREATY BOUNDARIES H SCALEAT 71° SOUTH T Gough Island IC E R N O 50° U T O U(UK)T H C E AN N O N S 0 1000 O S L A I n T MLR BOUNDARY ANTARCTICAKilometres 50° A CCA T Bouvet Island CLAIMPrince EdwardAND IslandTREATY BOUNDARIES i H () (SA) I 60° T SCALEAT 71°N SOUTH I R N O D U SouthU TSandwichH E Islands C E A n S O(UK) N 0 1000I 60° O ANT A BUENOS AIRESS ARC South Georgia Islas SandwichR B OUNDA TI Kilometres N D DelA SurM (ARG)L RY C (UK) C T Crozet Islands e 40° S C RE Islas Georgia Bouvet Island A Prince Edward Island(France) O Del Sur (ARG) (Norway) T (SA) I 60° Y N C E limit u B D South Sandwich Islands nde E SOUTH (UK) 4 fin O I 60° A e U A NTAR d A Islas Sandwich C N N N 70° Map AMERICA South Georgia T IC D 70° (UK) Del Sur (ARG)SANAE IV T A 40° S (UK) R Crozet Islands (UK) E R Islas GeorgiaIslas Orcadas NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA A (France) O Islas Malvinas (Russian Fed) T Y • Del SurDel (ARG) Sur (ARG) Y C ( • (ARG) limit u SYOWA (Japan)B 6 nde Kerguelen Islands E SOUTH 4 fin O 0 (France) VICE COMODORO e U ° A d S MARAMBIO (ARG) N Amsterdam IslandN 70° AMERICA RIO GALLEGOS D ) 1 Falkland Islands South Orkney IslandsHALLEY(UK) (France) : M 70° (UK) SANAE IV A 2 0 PUNTA ARENAS(UK) R Heard Island (Aust) 80° Islas Orcadas BELGRANO II NOVOLAZAREVSKAYA 80° Islas Malvinas (Russian Fed) MAWSON (Aust)Y Del Sur (ARG) (ARG) limit unde (ARG) fin SYOWA (Japan) ( 3 ed 6 Kerguelen Islands 0 (France) VICE COMODORO ZHONGSHAN (China)° 2 MARAMBIO (ARG) S RIO GALLEGOS DAVIS (Aust) Amsterdam Island HALLEY(80° UK)S ) (France) PUNTA ARENAS Heard Island (Aust) BELGRANO II 80° 80° 1 MAWSON (Aust) (ARG) limit AMUNDSEN-SCOTund T EAST 90° efin 90° 3 (USA) ed ANTARCTICA MIRNY (Russian Fed) 2 WEST ZHONGSHAN (China) ANTARCTICA80° S 80° S DAVIS (Aust)

1 u EAST 90° n AMUNDSEN-SCOTT CASEY (Aust) 90° (USA) 100° c ANTARCTICA 100° l WEST MIRNY (Russian Fed) A a McMURDO (USA) N N i ANTARCTICASCOTT(NZ) 80° S T m A A e MARIO ZUCCHELLI (Italy) E R u C d C n DUMONT D'URCASEYVILLE(Aust) S T (France) O 40° S 100° c O IC 100° l 110° U A a McMURDO (USA) 5 N N T N T R i SCOTT(NZ) R 110° T m 6 E A H A E Ae MARIO ZUCCHELLI (Italy) E R T H dY T C 120° P S C DUMONT D'URVILLE S A OT B (France) U O 40° S O O 5 C UIC U 7 O ALBANY 110° U I T N 5 S N F TH DA PERTH T I RE RY R 110° H C E R (6 6 E A 0°S) TN H 130° O Y O T 120° P C S C A O B E Macquarie Island U 120° C E O AN 5 (Aust) O ALBANY A U UN 7 S IF N T D Campbell Islands PERTH H AR (NZ) Adelaide I C E Y 140° R (6 N 0°S) (NZ) 6133 Amundsen-ScAottiries 130° O O Antipodes Islands (NZ) HOBART C C 120° 79256165 Buenos E E A Bounty Island (NZ) Macquarie Island A 150° N (Aust) ADELAIDE 92123968 5185 Bouvet Island N Campbell Islands Town (NZ) MELBOURNE A984de56laid246e 6895 2564 Cape 140° Auckland Islands 160° (NZ) CHRISTCHURCH(NZ) 6133 39362A647mund8772sen-529ScAo86ttirie693s Casey Antipodes Islands (NZ) HOBART 130° WELLINGTON CANBERRA AUSTRALIA 7923075625165178 9915Bueno909s 88987 4450 Bounty Island (NZ) Christchurch ADELAIDE 150° SYDNEY 9213342312968803 51858815 632Bo48uve035t Isla1475nd 3019 Town Commonwealth Bay MELBOURNE 9845245692246392 68958007 256396455C309ape1400 5766 2747 'Urville Chatham Islands Davis 160° (NZ) AUCKLANDCHRISTCHURCH 3933526292647605 87728660 5296098617693811 1302Casey3235 233 2533 Dumont d 130° 170° WELLINGT180° ON 170° 160° CANBERRA150° AUSTRALIA140° 30725178 9915 90988987 4450 42642651 8674 49486259 4454C89h51ristc91h19urch98 1728 Base 33412803 8815 63248035 1475 3019 nd NEWCCAMLR: ZEALAND ConventionSYDNEY on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources 76961610 4851 26795191 3971 6715 4395Comm318on14we18alth73 B83ay1 Halley 'Urville 5245389264392125 80079238 3964425574309777 14002503 57666837 27473966 175Da13vis 8052097 4640 Heard Isla AUCKLAND 3521179205605257 86608996 6098701719811959 13023443 32352039 2332473 253483382D69u23mon845t d 68605398 Territorial Claims Hobart 170° 180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 4265664204651533 86749416 4944468614259538 44296054725889514417911921898 3417282602E558dge494wo14rth D63avid5752 BaseKerguelen Island The1 northernChilean extent Antarcticaof territorial claims is the nd CCAMLR: Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources 7695336112610301 48517897 2673889515191273 39711458 67155788 43952771 31811141218557331830711 307Ha11lley831 4900 2257 Law Base coastline2 ofBritish Antarctica.Antarctic The extensionTerritory of the claims 53864125 9238 44274777 2503 6837 3966 175138052097 4640 Heard Isla 75482148 5687 18664118 3619 7233 4493 245242623339 13173566 6919 3799 2348 Maitri to 60 degrees south is for illustrative purposes only. 11705257 8996 87019959 3443 2039 2473 483826923845 68605398 Territorial3 ClaimsArgentine Antarctica 26873960 9496 77229502 2877 1573 1467 420716923322 55655283 1542Hoba5713rt 4235 5866 Macquarie Island 56604533 9416 44614538 2960 7258 4417 218342602558 4941463 5752 58642500 7661 33644688 2037 6365 3351 63731311632 29361720 5475 K2075ergue58le61n Is99la64nd 817 Mawson 14 ChileanDronningAntarctica Maud Land (Norway) 5334961251301357 78977164 3885281507273421 14582185 57883831 27711653 11270127155513132071421 3072941174831386 49003995 22574842 2662Law B3424ase 2621 3102 McMurdo/ 25 BritishAustralianAntarcticAntarcticTerritoryTerritory 754648225148831 56878379 1869156469118672 36193861 72332430 44933031 245523244326242314339236 1317427365566601 69196165379991852348305741421565865 4592 Maitri Melbourne 3 26873960 9496 77229502 2877 1573 1467 420716923322 55655283 1542 5713 4235 5866 6 ArgentineAdélie LandAntarctica (France) 45722618 8523 46425919 78052242226678 2033 341 36721851 4181 2313 76230833M65a31cqu303arie 256Isla94nd562 Mirny 5867994292500163 76614976 3361894454688389 20374121 63657340 33514802 63308732413571193632894829303614720296 54757270 20754533 58297361997364568108752M686aws351on67802 3672 Neumayer 47 DronningRoss Dependency Maud Land (New (Norway Zealand)) 49651357 7164 52807421 2185 3831 1653 270715132421 29474386 3995 4842 2662 3424 2621 3102 75452148 5690 18674118 3616 7232 4491 244942603336 13203563 6917 3795 2344 458641992 342Mc37Mur411do/S3080cott B73as8e Novolazarevskaya 5 Australian Antarctic Territory 6425831 8379 91569672 3861 2430 3031 523432414236 74265601 61659185305741421565865 4592 87752816 3370 37726303 5457 7028 5457 491152955415 18086442 7761 6749 4803 3048 6278 4729 38128M371elbo5318urne23563051 Palmer land 6 Adélie Land (France) 45722618 8523 46425919 78052242226678 2033 341 36721851 4181 2313 762308336531303 25694562 21206467 7414 84778721 3837 5059 4094 473641793953 77824122 3021 4240 4843 7186 4198 5223 56712707 4142Mirny78107182 9283 Perth 7997999204163809 49767728 1892545482389174 41214616 73409049 48026031 308328248557829304891744843103 424296610 72707902 45332409 29733274 73300456748308522716686 3515736778802168 36723837 N359eu53ma002yer 5925 6645 Prince Edward Is 7 (New Zealand) Arenas 75452148 5690 18674118 3616 7232 4491 244942603336 13203563 6917 3795 2344 458641992 34237411 3080 738 98364109 2278 46667036 6756 7695 6600 626164626741 31397779 8751 8071 6153 4313 7219 6072 49519367 6658 35904N316ovola1350zare9471vskay7040a Punta 87752816 3370 37726303 5457 7028 5457 491152955415 18086442 7761 6749 4803 3048 6278 4729 38128371 5318 23563051 land 84192504 3712 38716426 5151 6677 5107 467349485129 16666252 7401 6579 4566 2959 5916 4533 34598011 5049 23092962 P36a18lmer9665903 1612 Rothera 2127790682467045 74145202 8471947864721384 38373909 50597218 40944626 473285644417409323953674877854244122077 30217089 42404323 48432746 71865325419893325223459 5673381287707614 41423448 78122078518236 92832521 7584Perth3472 37812448 SANAE

7998170436809300 77281131 2546068267174961 46168946 90499337 60318725 328839859882600438174925 4315224269610814 79029308 24099963 32748289 30046258 74839168 27168148 5737097818168699 38378830 3595525346002261 59253513 66457289 P8607rince219 Ed13wa79rd95 Is 739 Arenas Santiago 9839906463109996 22782753 4662576764036805 67566362 76958821 66006799 626538167646592686741173 3132429766779494 87519246 80716663 61535278 43132977 72197871 60724971 4955261959367826 66585968 3592300452316980 13501922 94719911 70405099 P224un22ta 2222532 3515 South Georgia 8416769262504344 37126763 3872441664426119 51512858 66776940 51073998 467152346394768572129502 1662226602252492 74016285 65792744 45661438 29591077 59165451 4533968 3453339846011719 50492200 2301809231962073 36402318966190659032467 161533213R88oth21er586a 73244042 Syowa

7794638221045708 52027480 1945606457384695 39092109 72183496 46261356 285282440140242362674024833054 444077438 70893646 43234899 27462788 53374325932263324593269 338358784614246 34482593 22386852336742 25214142 75845425 34725947 37852512034478863S729ANA737E 05621 3586 Terra Nova Bay (Mario Zucchelli)

8179733653300927 11312363 6064426746961812 89466574 93377681 87256471 839604984660323856925546 5222906967814545 93088666 99637832 82895935 62584068 91687142 81485841 7094811889699282 88306454 5523344634261071 35131136 72899638 86076790 21925130179429533735359 237Sa92ntia031go 5091 5126 Marambio 99063996 2753 25764805 6362 8821 6799 538765986173 24266494 9246 6663 5278 2977 7871 4971 52659826 5968 23052980 1922 9911 5099 224222222532 3515 87222764 3423 37686303 5405 6983 5404 486452415365 17706401 7709 6710 4756 3017 6227 4687 37598319 5269 23303020 53 9231 5904 1397311 2492 35631S953outh39 G87eor4089gia 1185 Vernadsky 67662344 6763 24464119 2858 6940 3998 152637672502 22202492 6285 2744 1438 1077 5451 968 33346719 2200 18031073 4023 6190 2467 533138821586 73244042 89272875 3292 34395957 5486 7301 5592 484154195411 16766309 7945 6595 4732 2839 6486 4612 39658549 5290 21242842 36093235650 1478639 2307 35571585 S385yo34wa3051238 378 Vice Comodoro 4635332102708304 74807899 5603885725695272 21091458 34965789 13562772 28210019224556241402071 3303074431438828 36464900 48992254 278832374334942263236 3269586 352668445246305 2593761 3862972352742346 41424805 54254841 59473273 525615035478566392729748 7378290515621280 35861438 Terra27905 Nova937 Bay4759 (Mario4734 Zucchelli)Zhongshan 97353927 2363 44246812 6574 7681 6471 604463256546 29067545 8666 7832 5935 4068 7142 5841 48189282 6454 33434071 1136 9638 6790 25014233535 23792031 5091 5126 Distances in kilometres – great circle distances Ushuaia Marambio 87222764 3423 37686303 5405 6983 5404 486452415365 17706401 7709 6710 4756 3017 6227 4687 37598319 5269 23303020 53 9231 5904 1397311 2492 35631953 3987 4089 1185 Cover images: • Sooty , Macquarie Island – Kerry Steinberner • Minke whale off Davis – Frederique Olivier • Jade berg, Davis vicinity – VeMikernad sZupancky 89272875 3292 34395957 5486 7301 5592 484154195411 16766309 7945 6595 4732 2839 6486 4612 39658549 5290 21242842 36093235650 1478639 2307 35571585 385343051238 378 • Emperor penguin pair with chick, Auster Rookery – Frederique Olivier • Krill – AAD • Tunicates, 200 m below the surface of the sea – Martin Riddle/CEAMARCVice Comodoro •533 Corals,02304 7899 gorgonians38825272 1458 and5789 sponges2772 10 8009255 41m 071below,30731 on828 the4900 edge2254 of32 the3494 continental236 586 266 45slope305 –761 Martin29752 346Riddle/CEAMARC4805 4841 3273 61554 • 56Seal92748 – Christopher82915280 1438 R2 79Clarke05937 4759 4734 Zhongshan Distances in kilometres – great circle distances SOUTH for the Edition 9 Map number 13939 Produced in March 2011 in March Produced AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC DIVISION AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC TROLL (NORWAY)

IV

III KING EDWARD POINT KING EDWARD

For further information contact: Division Australian Antarctic Kingston Channel Highway, 7050 Australia Tasmania, +61 3 6232 3209 Telephone: Fax: +61 3 6232 3288 www.antarctica.gov.au Commonwealth of Australia 15’