Mainland China Banking Survey 2017
August 2017
kpmg.com/cn CONTENTS 01 Overview / 02
02 A path for bank branches to follow /12
Implementation of the new / 16 03 standards for financial instruments
China’s evolving anti-money / 24 04 laundering regulatory landscape
Analysis of securitisation of non- /28 05 performing assets
The decade of development of / 36 06 foreign banks in China
Impact on the banking sector arising / 42 07 from new regulation on tax-related information of non-residents’ financial accounts
Financial summary / 50 About KPMG / 66 Glossary / 67
Contact us / 68 Mainland China Banking Survey 2017
© 2017 KPMG Huazhen LLP — a People's Republic of China partnership, KPMG Advisory (China) Limited — a wholly foreign owned enterprise in China, and KPMG — a Hong Kong partnership, 2 are member firms of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Printed in China. | Overview 01 Overview
China’s economic growth was slow but steady in most respects in 2016. GDP grew at an annual rate of 6.7 percent, which was slower than in 2015. As China was confronted with challenges to economic growth both at home and abroad, the government continued to make progress while working to keep performance stable. The new approach to development focused on strengthening supply-side structural reform, and promoting innovation-driven development, as well as economic transformation and upgrading. The overall national economy remained stable, with progress made and performance improved. China’s economy is now undergoing profound structural changes. The Belt and Road Initiative, as one of China’s key national initiatives, is expected to have a significant impact on China’s economic development. China will no longer pursue a development mode characterised by simple capacity export, financing or investment, but one that promotes an overall liberalisation of the financial market, which will enable a rapid increase in investment and trade in the future.
GDP growth rate
RMB trillion % 800,000 744,127 20 676,708 700,000 635,910 588,019 600,000 534,123 15 500,000 400,000 10 300,000 7.7 7.7 7.3 200,000 6.9 6.7 5 100,000 - 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
GDP YOY growth Source: National Bureau of Statistics and Wind Info
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In 2016, the scale of total assets To promote steady economic information disclosed by the CBRC, at and liabilities in the banking sector development, the Chinese the end of 2016, commercial banks’1 continued to expand steadily, and the Government continued to implement total assets reached RMB 181.7 increase widened. In the meanwhile, proactive fiscal policies and prudent trillion, representing an increase of with the macroeconomic situation monetary policies to create a financial RMB 25.9 trillion and a YOY increase stabilising, profit continued to grow environment with a reasonable of 16.6 percent compared to the 2015 at a faster pace, representing a liquidity level, where the sector took year end, a rise of 1 percentage point larger year-on-year (YOY) increase active measures to adapt to the ‘new compared to 2015. Total liabilities were compared to that in 2015. In addition, normal’ economic development, RMB 168.6 trillion, representing an economic structural adjustments accelerate business structural increase of RMB 24.3 trillion and a continued to be made. Highly adjustments, strengthen risk control, YOY increase of 16.9 percent, a rise leveraged enterprises were mainly and seek steady growth and risk of 1.6 percentage points compared to from industries with overcapacity. control. 2015. The effects of the economic Scale of assets and liabilities structural adjustments resulting from continues to expand at a faster deleveraging and cutting overcapacity pace were further seen in 2016, as both the scale and level of non-performing The banking sector remained steady 1.The analysis is based on statistics published by CBRC on its website. loans (NPL) in the banking sector in 2016, and total assets and liabilities 2.Commercial banks comprise large commercial continued to rise. continued to expand. According to the banks, joint stock commercial banks, city commercial banks, rural commercial banks and foreign banks.
RMB trillion 2013 2014 2015 2016
Amount Increase Amount Increase Amount Increase Amount Increase
Assets 118.8 13.6% 134.8 13.5% 155.8 15.6% 181.7 16.6%
Liabilities 110.8 13.4% 125.1 12.9% 144.3 15.3% 168.6 16.9%
Source: CBRC website
Chart 1.1 Scale of total assets Chart 1.2 Scale of total liabilities
RMB trillion RMB trillion
200 200 181.7 168.6 155.8 144.3 150 150 134.8 125.1 118.8 110.8
100 100
50 50
0 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: CBRC website
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Profit grows at a faster pace Chart 1.3 Increase in net profit Profit growth for commercial banks RMB trillion was sluggish because of downward 1.8 16.0% pressure on the economy, while 14.5% 1.6 1.6 1.6 14.0% internet finance continued to 1.5 1.4 penetrate the core banking services. 12.0% 9.7% Continuous progress was being 1.2 10.0% made in the reform of interest rate liberalisation, and profitability 0.9 8.0% for commercial banks dropped 6.0% 0.6 further. However, profit continued 3.5% to grow because commercial banks 2.4% 4.0% 0.3 began adjusting their strategies, 2.0% which resulted in an increase in the proportion of non-interest income, 0 0.0% and at the same time, the cost-to- 2013 2014 2015 2016 income ratio was well controlled in Net profit Increase 2016. Source: CBRC website Commercial banks’ annual total net profit reached about RMB 1.6 trillion in 2016, representing an increase Chart 1.2 Scale of total liabilities Chart 1.4 Average asset profit ratio and return on capital of RMB 56.4 billion and a YOY increase of 3.5 percent compared 1.4% 19.2% 20.00% to 2015, a rise of 1.1 percentage points. In addition, due to the 1.3% 17.6% regulatory requirements for capital 18.00% expansion and slower net profit 1.3% growth, commercial banks’ net profit 1.2% 1.2% 16.00% grew at a slower pace than that of 15.0% capital. Therefore, the average asset 1.1% 1.1% profit ratio and return on capital for 13.4% 14.00% commercial banks continued to 1.0% decline over the past three years. 1.0% 0.9% 12.00% 2013 2014 2015 2016
Average asset profit ratio Average return on capital
Source: CBRC website
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Interest rate liberalisation speeds up and net interest Chart 1.5 Cost of interest-bearing deposits from customers of the margin continues to decline five state-owned commercial banks from 2012 to 2016 Affected by the downward market interest rate due to the fact that the PBOC lowered the interest rate five times and opened the upper limit of the floating range of deposit interest rate in 2015, there was a substantial decrease in the cost of interest- bearing deposits from customers in the banking sector from the previous year, as shown in Chart 1.5. With interest rate liberalisation continuing to speed up in China, and affected by the policy of replacing business tax with value-added tax enforced on 1 May 2016, the yield rate of interest-generating assets of commercial banks also declined substantially. Interest spread for commercial banks decreased ICBC CCB ABC slowly under the stable liquidity and BOC BOCOM Average value increasingly fierce competition in the market, and therefore the average net Source: CBRC website interest margin for commercial banks continued to decline, as shown in Chart 1.6.
Chart 1.6 Net interest margin of the five state-owned commercial banks from 2012 to 2016
ICBC CCB ABC
BOC BOCOM Average value
Source: CBRC website
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Exposure to credit risk slows an increase of RMB 237.7 billion, up In the meanwhile, the provision ratio down, NPL scale and ratio grow 18.7 percent compared to the 2015 of commercial banks rose slightly, at slower pace year end, a fall of 32.7 percentage but the provision balance grew points; the NPL ratio increased to 1.74 more slowly than the NPL balance, According to information disclosed by percent, a rise of 0.07 percentage and the provision coverage ratio the CBRC, the various loan balances points from the 2015 year end. began to fall. At the end of 2016, the of commercial banks’ asset portfolios balance of the loan loss provision were RMB 86.7 trillion at the end of As shown in Charts 1.7 and 1.8, of commercial banks was RMB 2.7 2016, representing an increase of both the NPL balance and ratio of trillion, representing an increase of RMB 10.6 trillion and a YOY increase commercial banks grew further, but RMB 358.7 billion, up 15.5 percent of 13.9 percent compared to the 2015 at a slower pace than in 2015 when compared to the 2015 year end; the year end, a rise of 8.7 percentage many potential credit risks were loan provisioning ratio increased to points. exposed. The NPL ratio stabilised 3.08 percent, an increase of 0.05 for various commercial banks except In 2016, commercial banks continued percentage points from the 2015 year joint stock commercial banks, for to be exposed to credit risk, albeit end; and the provision coverage ratio which there was an obvious rise in at a slower pace, and the quality of fell to 176.4 percent, a decrease of the NPL balance, as well as a further credit assets continued to decline 4.8 percentage points from the 2015 increase in the NPL ratio. On the as a whole. At the end of 2016, the year end, mainly due to an increase in contrary, the NPL balance for foreign NPL balances of commercial banks the NPL balance. banks decreased and their NPL ratio were RMB 1.51 trillion, representing fell to below 1 percent.
Chart 1.7 NPL balance of commercial banks RMB billion
All financial institutions Large commercial banks Joint stock commercial banks Urban commercial banks Rural commercial banks Foreign banks Source: CBRC website
Chart 1.7 NPL ratio of commercial banks (%)
All financial institutions Large commercial banks Joint stock commercial banks Urban commercial banks Rural commercial banks Foreign banks
Source: CBRC website
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Chart 1.9 Loan provisioning rate of commercial banks
Loan provisioning rate
Chart 1.10 Provision coverage ratio of commercial banks
Provision coverage ratio Source: CBRC website Interbank liquidity adequate and interest rate relatively stable Chart 1.11 Liquidity ratio of commercial banks from 2012 to 2016 China’s central bank lowered the deposit reserve ratio multiple times and removed the upper limit of the floating range of deposit interest rate in 2015, which had further effects in 2016, as interbank market liquidity and interest rate remained stable. As shown in Figures 1.11 and 1.12, at the end of 2016, the liquidity ratio of commercial banks was 47.6 percent, down 0.4 percentage points Liquidity ratio of commercial banks year-on-year. At the same time, the monthly weighted average interest Chart 1.12 Monthly weighted average interest rate for interbank rate for interbank lending in 2016 was lending in 2016 relatively stable.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monthly weighted average interest Source: CBRC website rate for interbank lending in 2016 (%)
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Rigid regulatory policies & • Notice on Issues Concerning VAT • Notice on Enhancing changing industry environment Policies for Asset Management Administration of Products Creditworthiness Compliance Against a backdrop of rigid regulatory policies and a changing environment, To standardise payment, settlement • Notice on Guidelines for the the banking sector is still facing new and account management, the PBOC Administration of Record-filing and challenges. issued: Registration of Online Lending Information Intermediaries Since 2016, the CBRC promulgated • China’s Financial Mobile Payment the documents below in succession – Technical Specifications of • Notice on Certain Businesses to address the potential risks in Payment Tagging Conducted by Foreign Banks financial markets: • Notice on Carrying out a System • Guiding Opinions on Improving • Notice on Further Strengthening Separating the Administration of the Quality and Efficiency of the the Management of Credit Risks Individual Bank Accounts Banking Industry in Serving the Real Economy • Guidelines on Comprehensive • Notice on Issues Regarding the Risk Management of Banking Implementation of Centralised • Guiding Opinions on Supporting Institutions Deposits of Client Provisions of Banking Financial Institutions Payment Agencies • Guiding Opinions on Risk to Intensify Innovation Efforts and Launch Investment and Prevention and Control of Banking • Operating Guidelines for Payment Loan Linkage Pilots among Industry Agencies to Lodge Partial Client Technological and Innovative Provisions with the PBOC To further clarify VAT reform Enterprises concerning the banking industry, the The PBOC, MOF and five other Since 2016, stricter requirements on MOF and SAT released the following ministries and commissions risk management and standardised documents: jointly issued Guiding Opinion on operation in the banking sector were Establishing a Green Finance System • Notice on Clarification of VAT issued by regulatory authorities. to support and promote ecological Policies for Finance, Real Estate By releasing a series of regulatory civilisation construction. Development, Education Support measures, the authorities have Services, etc. Meanwhile, the CBRC and other guided commercial banks to regulatory authorities issued the strengthen their functions to serve • Supplementary Notice on Issues following regulatory requirements the real economy and support the Concerning VAT Policies for Asset and guiding opinions: adjustment of the economic structure Management Products and sustainable development with an overall economic vision.
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Below are more hot topics in 2016 Accounting Standards for Business resulting from the ever-changing Enterprises No. 24 – Hedge banking sector and tightening Accounting. The timelines for regulatory environment: implementation of the new standards by different kinds of Chinese A path for bank branches to follow enterprises were also released, in In recent years, with the continuous a sign that the China Accounting development of internet finance Standards for Business Enterprises and mobile payment, consumer were converging with IFRS 9 with behaviour patterns and consumer regard to financial instruments. demand have been changing. Consumer finance integrated with China’s evolving anti-money mobile marketing is becoming more laundering regulatory landscape popular. Transformation is vital in Financial institutions are on the front the banking sector, since banking line of a rapidly changing regulatory business models are moving online, environment. While anti-money promoted and supported by leading laundering (AML) has always been information technology such as a regulatory concern, it is quickly mobile computing, high-speed climbing the political, regulatory and wireless networks, big data and cloud business agenda internationally, and computing. The banking sector needs has become a key area of focus. With to start accepting internet thinking, AML regulators worldwide ramping and initiate its transformation by up oversight in their jurisdictions, detecting and resolving the ‘core financial institutions are under spots’ and weak links of client growing pressure to develop and services and banking development. implement a robust and effective AML compliance programme that Branches should be designed in line is consistent with industry-leading with customer behaviour and service practices and meets local regulatory requirements in terms of location, expectations. Currently, three issues scale, products and service models. are having a significant impact on Systematic research and quantitative AML compliance developments assessment should take place that within Chinese financial institutions: considers demands from various the implementation of PBOC Decree groups. This can help branches No. 3, FATF mutual evaluation become more personalised, offering programme, and overseas regulatory customers a more comfortable developments. environment and the ability to generate sustainable profits. Analysis of securitisation of non- performing assets Implementation of the new On 16 February 2016, the PBOC, standards for financial instruments together with seven other ministries In July 2014, the International and commissions, jointly issued Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Opinions on Financial Support for issued IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments Maintaining Industrial Growth, (IFRS 9). The new standard simplifies Adjusting Industrial Structure and the classification of financial assets, Improving Industrial Efficiency, introduces the expected credit loss requiring intensified efforts and method as the basis of impairment of improved efficiency in non-performing financial instruments, simplifies the asset (NPA) disposal, and encouraging accounting treatment of embedded qualified financial institutions to derivatives, and improves the participate in the pilot programmes applicability of hedge accounting. for NPA securitisation. Regulatory On 31 March 2017, MOF revised bodies selected six banks to conduct and promulgated the Accounting pilot programmes – Industrial Standards for Business and Commercial Bank of China, Enterprises No. 22 – Recognition Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of and Measurement of Financial China, China Construction Bank, Instruments, Accounting Standards Bank of Communications and China for Business Enterprises No. 23 – Merchants Bank. Transfer of Financial Assets, and
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China Asset Securitization White foreign-funded banks are gradually Paper (2017) issued in April 2017 relaxing. Compared with Chinese clearly points out that the pilot of banks, foreign banks usually the securitisation of NPAs will be possess a broad overseas network, expanded. Twelve banks, including professional industry practices, China Development Bank, China more comprehensive experience in CITIC Bank, China Everbright Bank, financial services and in the adoption Hua Xia Bank and China Minsheng of financial technologies, etc. These Bank were included in the second advantages are helpful for foreign pilot list. The issuing banks have banks to succeed in some businesses become more diversified. As NPA- and accurately target their positions backed securities issuers, banks need in China’s banking industry. to take the following key matters into consideration: comply with Impact on the banking sector strict requirements for information arising from new regulation on disclosure, ensure stable cash flows tax-related information of non- can be generated from the underlying residents’ financial accounts assets, consider diversified ways for On 19 May 2017, the SAT along credit enhancement, consider the with the MOF, PBOC, CBRC, CIRC impact of the local legal enforcement and CSRC jointly released the final environment on NPA recovery, and public version of China’s Common consider appropriate incentives and Reporting Standard (CRS) rules monitoring mechanisms for NPA called the Measures on the Due servicers. Diligence of Non-resident Financial Account Information in Tax Matters, The decade of development of Announcement (2017) No. 14, dated foreign banks in China 9 May 2017 (hereinafter referred to as In 2017, foreign banks marked their “Announcement 14”). first decade of their incorporation Announcement 14 stipulates the in China. During this decade, they principles and procedures that experienced challenges facing financial institutions established in the new market and also a decline China must follow, and that they in market share under the rapid must identify any reportable non- development and competition of residents of China who hold financial Chinese local peer banks. At the end accounts with the institutions of 2006, the State Council issued the and collect the required financial Regulations of the People’s Republic account information for the Chinese of China on the Administration authorities. Announcement 14 has of Foreign-funded Banks (“the been in force since 1 July 2017, with Regulation”), which allowed foreign the first online registration deadline banks to be incorporated in China. being 31 December 2017, followed Foreign banks were allowed to submit by an annual reporting deadline of 31 an application to restructure their May of the following year. then branches into an incorporated bank registered in China and enjoy Announcement No. 14 will have equal treatment as their Chinese a significant impact on the whole peers. financial services industry, with all business units of financial institutions After the issuance of the Regulation, undertaking business in China foreign banks showed their great affected. ambition in the China market. In 2007, foreign bank incorporation advanced rapidly, with the asset scale of foreign-funded banks undergoing rapid expansion. However, capital shares of foreign- funded banks declined due to the global financial crisis and the rapid development of local banks. Meanwhile, policies made by Chinese regulatory authorities applicable to
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2.1 Is there still a place for bank resources and inability to attract online. Therefore, it is necessary for branches in the digital age? high-value customers. some banks to continue setting up new branches, though transformation In recent years, with the continuous 2. Branches simply need to is vital. To bring long-lasting benefits, development of internet finance and transform: The other view is that branches must cater to consumer mobile payment, consumer behaviour although the speed of adding behaviour and demand in the era of patterns and consumer demand have newly set up branches has been Internet Plus. been changing. Consumer finance dropping, this does not mean they integrated with mobile marketing are useless – rather, they need Local economic development and is becoming more popular. For the further transformation. At present, industrial upgrading have resulted banking sector, mobile computing, many banks are beginning to focus in rural consumers increasing their high-speed wireless networks, big on the strategic transformation of spending. More are migrating to data, cloud computing and other their business networks. Branches urban areas to pursue education, leading information technology have are also offering financial products search for jobs, buy houses or also driven banking from offline to in addition to payments, deposits, retire, which has stimulated the online. This has resulted in heated lending and other traditional development of education finance, debate about whether bank branches functions. They are seeking automobile finance, pension finance are still necessary. The two main to provide more convenient, and real estate finance. personalised and diversified points of view are summarised We believe that banks should customer financial services by below: consider the market, users, products, using innovative technology, 1. Branches will likely die out: value chain and the entire business facilities, models, processes and One view is that fintech, ecosystem when deciding whether to personnel. supported by mobile internet and set up branches. The question is not artificial intelligence, is bringing 2.2 Why branches may still be just about the number of branches, disruption, which may result in needed location, profit or loss, but also about analysing customers’ pain points and branches eventually dying out. It is necessary to set up bricks-and- improving products and services to Banks that do not have branches mortar banks, such as community solve these. Therefore, setting up include WeBank and MYbank. banks and rural banks, to meet branches is only one way to solve Affected by the impact of mobile the demands of some special customer pain points. payment (e.g. Tenpay and Alipay) localities where internet access is and direct banking, branches are comparatively limited. Moreover, Urbanisation and accumulated gradually transforming from profit branches are a good place to interact wealth have caused an explosive centres to cost centres, due to with customers and better educate demand for financing, bringing their lack of efficiency, high use of investors, which is difficult to achieve about internet finance. However,
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China is a vast country with uneven people adapt to the fast economic expand overseas retail business for regional development, so full development. For example, as ING and provide business support penetration of internet finance the main consumers of financial to the parent company. ING Direct cannot happen overnight. This is products, middle-aged and older has cafés that offer customers an a pain point in the banking sector. adults are still hesitant to accept appealing experience where they Nowadays, economic, financial and digital financing. Staff at branches can conduct banking business on technological development is so fast can advise on wealth management, public computers, while waiters/ that it is hard for people to adapt. investment, asset management and waitresses who also act as advisors As a result, it is difficult for internet- so on based on customer demand, are available to assist those who want based consumption channels to take in addition to pitching financial to discuss their banking matters. This over in some regions and for some products. Such customised services is an example of upgrading branches, customers. can help build customer trust and changing them from impersonal therefore loyalty. In other words, counters, to more relaxed, friendly Internet usage is prevalent in first- and branches should be designed in line spaces for customers. second-tier cities. Customers rely on with customer behaviour and service mobile payment, direct banking and 2.4 Conclusion requirements in terms of location, other channels to make payments scale, services and so on to let Despite the popularity of internet and take out small loans, for example. customers experience professional, technology, the boom in fintech However, wealth management, large personalised services, and add value and the industrialisation of artificial loans, investor education and other to consumer finance. intelligence, it is still uncertain complex matters that require direct whether bricks-and-mortar banks communication cannot be easily In the Internet Plus age, branches can be completely replaced. Banks addressed through online channels. should design products and should do systematic research and Branches can provide more targeted services that address customers’ quantitative assessment to help service to these customers. pain points, cater to customer branches become personalised behaviour and highlight customer 2.3 What should modern based on different customer needs, experience. In addition, they should branches look like? to offer customers a more inviting also be integrated with advanced and comfortable atmosphere and Consumers’ need for financial technologies and mobile marketing. generate sustainable profits. services varies depending on ING, for example, is a global geography, age and customer financial institution that provides behaviour. With special functions comprehensive financial services. such as word-of-mouth advertising, ING Direct, a direct banking brand offline promotion and direct investor of ING, does not have any branches, education, branches can help and was originally established to
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3.1 Background
IFRS 9
In July 2014, the IASB issued IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments (IFRS 9). The new standards have simplified the classification of financial assets, introduced the expected credit loss method as the basis of impairment of financial instruments, simplified the accounting treatments of embedded derivatives, and improved the applicability of hedge accounting.
China standards
On 31 March 2017, the Ministry of Finance revised and promulgated the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 22 – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Instruments, Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 23 – Transfer of Financial Assets, and Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 24 – Hedge accounting. The timelines for implementation of the new standards by different kinds of Chinese enterprises were also released, in a sign that the China Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises were converging with IFRS 9 with regard to financial instruments.
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3.2 The new standards for financial instruments: Key revisions and timeline
Major revisions in the new standards
• Financial assets will be classified into three instead of four categories.
• The impairment of financial assets will be accounted for using the expected loss method instead of the incurred loss method.
• Hedge accounting will more faithfully reflect enterprises’ risk management activities.
Implementation timetable
• Enterprises listed in both China and abroad, and enterprises listed on global stock exchanges, which adopt IFRS or the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises are required to adopt the new accounting standards for financial instruments starting from 1 January 2018.
• Other domestically listed enterprises are required to adopt the standards starting from 1 January 2019.
• Unlisted enterprises adopting the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises are required to implement the new standards for financial instruments starting from 1 January 2021.
• Enterprises that have the ability to implement the new standards in advance are encouraged to do so.
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3.3 Challenges in classification and measurement of financial instruments
Impact • For many banks, the impact of the new classification and measurement of financial instruments will be on certain special financial instruments in which the contractual cash flows do not pass the SPPI test (“Solely Payments of Principal and Interest” test ). • The measurement of financial assets and the structure of balance sheets are broadly unchanged under the new financial instrument standards. As a result, financial instruments will mainly be classified as amortised cost. However, some parts of financial assets will be reclassified as fair value through profit or loss at amortised cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income.
Obstacles SPPI test • Requires individual assessment of contracts with non-standard terms (Heavy workload and time-consuming) • Test of benchmarking cash flow (The frequency of interest repricing may not be consistent with the frequency of interest collection, or average/lagging interest rate value may be used) • Evaluation of cash flows of special products (It is not clear whether the SPPI test is satisfied if any early repayment terms or contract link instruments are contained in the product)
Evaluation of business model • It is mainly reflected in the definition of ‘non-frequent and non-material disposal’ under the new standards. Assets should be appropriately classified and measured based on subjective judgements.
Valuation • Post-reclassification valuation
Summary For banks, the impact of the new classification and measurement of financial instruments under the new rules is highly dependent on their business model and products. The more standardised or conventional their products are, the fewer problems they will encounter in the SPPI test.
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3.4 Classification and measurement of financial instruments 1 3 5 Classify balance sheet Make plans Design account title operations,propose for evaluating business system and financial the principle for models statements classification and conduct scenario analysis Classify all on-and off- Formulate methodologies for Design the account title balance sheet operations in identifying business models system and financial accordance with the new statements under the new standards, including the Formulate plans for analysing standards, including the plans classification of existing changes in business models for reforming account titles financial assets, business and the relevant systems contract terms and the and methods, changes to business model for financial the financial statements instruments. and notes, and the relevant presentation methods. Propose a general principle for the classification of financial instruments and conduct a scenario 2 4 analysis on items with multiple possibilities. Set up Determine an SPPI model the classification of financial instruments
Set up an SPPI model, classification Evaluate and determine the criteria, judgement process and classification of financial adjustment plans. This includes instruments based on the adjustment plans for existing products, results of the SPPI calculations as well as the classification criteria and and business model of the judgement process for products to be bank. Subsequently, evaluate added in the future. the ultimate financial impact.
Overview of classification and measurement of financial instruments
Characteristics of Business model test Basis of measurement Options contractual cash flows
Held contractual cash flows Amortised cost (The same impairment method) Contractual cash flows Can be classified Held contractual cash Financial instruments at into FVTPL to reduce consisting only of capital flows and sales accounting mismatch and interest fair value through other comprehensive income (optional) Other business models (FVOCI)
All other instruments: Financial instruments at Equity instruments can • Equity instruments fair value through profit or be presented as FVOCI loss (FVPL) (alternative) • Derivatives (no impairment) • Other hybrid contracts
© 2017 KPMG Huazhen LLP — a People's Republic of China partnership, KPMG Advisory (China) Limited — a wholly foreign owned enterprise in China, and KPMG — a Hong Kong partnership, are member firms of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Printed in China. 21 Mainland China Banking Survey 2017
3.5 Challenges in impairment of financial assets
Classification at different loss-making stages • Classification standards at different loss-making stages (different levels Transfer and update of the of credit risk) will lead to different impairment measurement results. existing model Challenges in • The status and changes in different • To fulfil the requirements of impairment loss-making stages, and their measuring expected credit loss of financial impact on the balance sheet and under the new standards, it is assets income statement need to be better for financial institutions to closely monitored. improve their existing models and processes instead of creating a • The interplay between the five-level new model. classification standards and the classification standards based on • Transferring away from existing different loss-making stages must models requires a significant be established. amount of evaluation and development. Forward-looking Data and system adjustments would have to be • Extensive and detailed data and made to the results from the well-rounded systems are required to existing model. calculate 12 months of expected credit loss as well as for the entire duration.
© 2017 KPMG Huazhen LLP — a People's Republic of China partnership, KPMG Advisory (China) Limited — a wholly foreign owned enterprise in China, and KPMG — a Hong Kong partnership, 22 are member firms of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Printed in China. | Implementation of the new standards for financial instruments
3.6 Impairment of financial assets