Cambridge University Press 0521840775 - The Problem of Animal Generation in Early Modern Edited by Justin E. H. Smith Index More information

Index

Agliata, Ferdinando Francesco Gravina, 393 , 21 Alberti, Michael, 277 Methodology of, 25 On the activation of ratio, 279 On male and female contributions in gen., Defense of Stahlism, 277, 278 26, 40, 41 Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus), 47 On mixture, 128, 129, 130 On spontaneous generation, 183 ‘Nature does nothing in vain’, 24, 41 Albinism, 51 On nutrition, 27 Albrecht, Michael, 125 On observation of eggs, 72 Aldrovandus, Ulysses, 54, 72 On order of development of organs, 202 Ambrosini, 54 De Partibus animalium, 22, 46 Animal, concept of, 216–217 Parva Naturalia, 40 Animal husbandry, 105 Politics, 83 Aquinas, see Thomas Aquinas On pneuma, 27 Arantius, 71, 78 Pre-existent cognition in, 127 On the priority of actuality, 22–23 At Cambridge, 29 Place of zoology in, 21–22 In Padua, 8, 29, 30, 45–46 On spontaneous generation, 182–183 In Renaissance teratology, 58 On stages of , 28 Aristotle, 47, 130, 253 Teleology in, 45 actual, 22–23 On uniform and non-uniform parts, 28 Against pangenesis, 3, 104 On women, 82 Analogy of art and nature in, 42, 44 Zoological program of, 24 De Anima, 41 Aromatari, Guiseppe, 50 Automata in, 230–231 Arnauld, Antoine On birds, 25 Arthur, Richard T. W. Conditional necessity in, 23 Atomism, 129 On eternity in kind, 83 Aucante, Vincent On generated and perishable beings, 21 Augustine of Hippo, 47, 49, 54, 224 De Generatione animalium, 22, 41, 46, 49 On spontaneous generation, 183 Generative emergence in, 28 , see Ibn Rushd On hematogenesis, 5 Historia animalium, 22, 24, 46 Active intellect in, 141 Historia vs. causal investigation in, 24, 25–26 Bacon, Francis, 65, 150 On hybrids, 53 On final causes, 403 On menstrual blood, 82 On spontaneous generation, 183

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Baer, Karl Ernst von Empiricism of, 288, 295 Basson, S´ebastien, 147, 150 On envelopment, 309 Apparent Democriteanism of, 167 On ‘evolution’, 303 Atomism of, 166 On the finite complexity of organic bodies, of, 166 310–311 Theory of compounds of, 166, 168 Germs of restitution in, 296 Bauhin, Caspar, 55 Hypothesis of dissemination in, 292, 302 Bayesianism, 210 Hypothesis of emboitement in, 292, 294, 302 Bayle, Pierre, 215 On immortality of organisms, 306, 308–309 On animal , 217, 220, 223 Influence of Haller on, 294, 300, 303 On limits of mechanical explanation, 218, Leibnizianism of, 286, 287, 288, 296, 300, 226 302, 305 On reflexivity of sensation, 222, 223 Machines of nature in, 295, 300–301 Rejection of pre-established harmony, 43, Newtonianism of, 295 218 On organic preformation, 304–305 On Rorarius, 218 On plants, 298–299 ‘Third way’ of, 216, 218 Principle of continuity in, 288, 289, 290, Beeckman, Isaac, 150 292, 293, 298, 311 Beeson, David, 333, 336 Principle of sufficient reason in, 292, 295 Bernard, Cardinal of Cles, 215 On repairer germs, 303 Bernoulli, Jean, 322 On reproduction, 301 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 314, 317, 395 On the science of vital phenomena, 300 Animism in, 358 On the unity of species, 297 Bildungstrieb of, 249, 348, 356, 357 On zoophytes, 299, 302 As causal force, 361 Bordeu, Theophile, 376 Contrasted with Needham’s, 357 Borel, Pierre, 163, 165 Vis plastica Borelli, Giovanni, 14 Contrasted with Wolff’s, 358 Bourguet, Louis, 289, 293, 301, 302 vis essentialis Boyle, Deborah, 16 As emergent property, 361 Boyle, Robert, 148, 163, 175 Excitation by fertilization, 359 On crystals, 201 As primitive feature of matter, 359 Buchdal, Gerd, 351 Question of independence from matter, Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, 360–361 240, 253, 285, 299, 320, 376, 378 Contributions of, 356 Cosmogony of, 380 Critique of ovist preformationism, 359 On the emergence of species, 379, 390, 391, Critique of spermist preformationism, 359 396 Epigenesis in, 348, 357 Epicureanism in, 383, 386 On hylozoism, 348 Internal forms of, 343 Inconclusiveness of, 371 Relations with Maupertuis of, 323, 333 Influence on Herder of, 346 System of nature of, 385 Influence on Kant of, 317, 349 Burgmann, Peter Christoph, 276 Newtonianism of, 361–362 Critique of Stahl, 276, 277–278 On regeneration, 357, 358 Burke, Edmund, 385 On teratomas, 393 Vital materialism of, 362, 371–372 Camper, Peter, 54, 376, 390, 391, 399 Boerhaave, Herman, 237, 376 Cannibalism, 157, 163 Boiastuau, Pierre, 47, 54 Charleton, Walter, 124 Bonnet, Charles, 80, 194, 257, 285 On animal consciousness, 137–138 Chain of being in, 287, 297, 298 Appeal to ordinary language in, 129 On combinations of elements, 294–295 On blood, 135–136

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Christianity of, 138 Cudworth, Ralph, 200 On Commistion, 128–129 Plastic natures of, 228 Common notions in, 126–127, 128 Cuvier, Georges, 378, 403 Contrasted with Gassendi, 126 Against evolution, 414, 415 Eclecticism of, 125 On the ‘conditions of existence’, 411 Epicureanism of, 138 On the ‘correlation of parts’, 412 On immortality of the soul, 138 On the ‘subordination of characters’, Innate ideas in, 126, 139 412–413 Materialism of, 136 Empiricism of, 413–414 Methodology of, 124, 126 Influence of, 403 On milk, 134 On nutrition, 131–132, 133–134 D’Alembert, Jean, 322, 328 Similarity to Gassendi, 127, 129, 130, 139 Daniel, Gabriel, 226–227 On sympathy between breasts and uterus, Darmanson, Jean, 227 135 Darwin, Charles, 3, 18, 377, 392, 403, 415 On venom, 136–137 Darwin, Erasmus, 406, 408 On vital heat, 132–133, 136 de Ceglia, Francesco Paolo, 14 Voluntarism of, 124, 142 Deism, 225 Chrysippus, 129 Democritus, 150, 168 Churchill, Frederick B., 240 Depew, David, 240 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 56, 127 Des Bosses, Bartholomaeus, 155 Clerselier, Claude, 199 Descartes, Ren´e, 65, 118, 138, 139, 175, 242, Coimbran Aristotle commentaries, 86, 223 387 Coiter, Volcher, 72 Against final causes, 61 Commerson, Philibert, 391 Against occult forces, 78 Condillac, Etienne´ de, 376, 379 Against the vacuum, 66 Congenital traits, 81 Automata in, 231 Conjoined twins, 48 On blood, 76 Conway, Anne, 175 Christianized Epicureanism in, 377 Critique of dualism, 184–185 Cosmogony of, 197, 380 Critique of Hobbes, 180 On death, 230 Critique of More, 179, 181, 186–187 Denial of animal souls by, 184–185, 216, Galenism of, 189–190 217, 224–225 And Kabbalah, 176, 191 On the difficulty of mechanist physiology, On male and female principles, 189–190 66, 198 Matter-spirit monism of, 16, 175, 179–182 Dualism of, 175, 334 On modes, 178 Early Hippocratism of, 70 On mutability of creatures, 178–179, Epigenesis in, 105–106, 199 191–192 On the female contribution to generation, On personal identity, 193 68 And Quakerism, 176 On fermentation, 61, 69, 77 On ruling spirits, 178, 193 On formation of images on the retina, 66 On similiarity of sexual and spontaneous On the geometrical character of generation, 188–189 embryology, 69–70, 106 On spontaneous generation, 182–183 On the importance of dissection, 253–254 On transformation of matter into spirit, On mechanist physiology, 88 177–178 On monsters, 60 ‘Trialism’ of, 177, 180 On nature, 59 On vital motion, 192 On the nature of heat, 61, 69 Conway, Edward, 176 On the nature of seed, 67–68 Crusius, Christian August, 320 Optics of, 65

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Descartes, Ren´e(cont.) Fernel, Jean, 70, 78 Pangenesis in, 106, 107 Similarity to Descartes of, 70 On the physiology of imagination, 92–93 Ferrari, Jean, 321 On physiology as part of physics, 59–60, Feyens, Thomas, 120, 121, 275 197–198 Fisher, Saul, 158 Preformationism in, 106 Fontenelle, Bernard de, 60 Rejection of Aristotelian immaterial Formey, Samuel, 322 principles, 67 Forster, Georg, 346, 391 Rivalry with Gassendi, 200–201 Foucault, Michel, 403 On the role of the pineal gland, 66 Freytag, Johann, 154 On sensation, 220, 222 Friedman, Michael, 319, 353 On sexual dimorphism, 89 Froidmont, Libert (Fromondus), 76 On spontaneous generation, 183, 198 Functions (of organs), 203–204 On sympathy, 91 Des Chene, Dennis, 88, 94 Galen, 49, 51, 78, 83, 130, 268 Description vs. explanation in generation Dissections performed by, 52 theory, 242, 248–249, 253 On incomprehensibility of generation, 59 De Volder, Burchard, 12 On male and female contributions in Diderot, Denis, 324, 333, 336, 376, 386 generation, 189 System of nature of, 385 Minima naturalia in, 150 Digby, Kenelm, 150 On mixture, 128 Diogenes Laertius, 5 Teleology in, 53 Driesch, Hans, 248 On the three stages of generation, 71 Duchesneau, Fran¸cois, 111, 241, 259 Galilei, Galileo, 59, 65 Dutens, Louis, 287 Gassendi, Pierre, 95, 150, 253 Against Cartesian res extensa, 160 Eggs On animulae, 104, 108, 111, 112, 114–119, Observation of development in, 72 159 Comparison of observations of, 72–75 Christian faith of, 121 Descartes, Coiter, and Fabricius on On common notions, 127–128 Elisabeth, Princess of Bohemia, 77 On dominant traits, 115–116 Emboitementˆ , 194, 235 Epicureanism of, 123 Empiricism, 127 On the flower of matter, 104, 122, 161 Endeavor (conatus), 155, 156 On generation of plants, 112 Epicureanism, 150 On influence of both parents’ imagination, Prolepsis in, 127 95, 116–118 Epigenesis, 42, 194, 235, 253 Influence on Leibniz, 148, 157 Epicurus, 338, 384 Materialism of, 103, 108, 120, 123, 159 epigenesis, 42 Matter theory of, 109, 123 Esteve, Pierre, 380 Mechanism of, 119 Euler, Leonhard, 322 Micromerism of, 111 Rivalry with Wolff of, 323 On molecular structure of semen, 108, 112 Preformationism of, 148 Faber, Johann, 10 Pre-organized generation in, 109, 110, 113 Fabricius d’Acquapendente, Hieronymus, 57, On seminal force, 111, 119 70, 72, 78 On spontaneous generation, 109, 110, Against authority of the ancients, 58 112–113, 183, 188 Aristotle Project, 29–30 On traduction, 158 De Formatione ovi e pulli, 31, 35 On ubiquity of seeds, 159–160 De Formato foetu, 31 Vitalism of, 119 Relation to Harvey, 31 Weak preformationism of, 119–120

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‘Generation’, etymology of, 50 Nominalism of, 33 Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Etienne,´ 331 On nutrition of the fetus, 135, 140 Gesner, Conrad, 47, 56 On oviparous and viviparous generation, 42 Glanvill, Joseph, 200 On primigenial moisture, 40 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 409 On role of eggs in generation, 36, 38, 39, 42 Goorle, David van, 150 On scientia, 32 Gould, Stephen Jay On similarity between brain and uterus, Grene, Marjorie, 240 43–44 Guyer, Paul, 318 On spontaneous generation, 183 Teleology in, 45 Hall, Thomas, 245 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 409 Haller, Albrecht von, 194, 237, 287, 300, Heliodorus, 47, 51 376 Helmont, Francis Mercury van, 176 Baconian method of, 256 On airborne spirits, 193 Defense of pre-existence in, 238, 285, 343 Helmont, Jean-Baptiste van, 148, 268 Disavowal of vitalism in, 247 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 346, 383, 391, Empiricism of, 259, 260 392 Importance of experiment in, 257 On human origins, 391 Influence on Kant of, 345 Influence on Kant of, 347 On irritability, 245, 246, 251, 258 Heredity, 80–81 Newtonianism of, 285 Hermann, Jakob (?), 286 Poetry of, 380 Hertwig, Oscar, 241 Reception of Descartes in, 253, 254 Highmore, Nathaniel, 58 On role of God in generation, 259, 260, On spontaneous generation, 184 261 Hill, Nicholas, 150 On sensibility, 245, 251, 258 Hippocrates, 47, 51 Vivisections performed by, 245–246 On nutrition of the fetus Harriot, Thomas, 150 Hippocratism, 3 Hartmann, Georg Volcmar, 282 History of nature in the eighteenth century, Teratology of, 282 327, 377 Hartsoeker, Nicolaas, 229 Hobbes, Thomas, 175 Harvey, William, 8–10, 72, 134, 242, 269 Materialism of, 175, 186 Analogy of art and nature in, 42 Hoffheimer, Michael, 330 anatomical similarities, 43 Hoffmann, Friedrich, 263, 272 On blood, 40, 200 d’Holbach, Paul Henry Thiry, 383, 385, 386 On consistency of nature, 34 Hooke, Robert, 175, 201, 209, 210 Criticism of Fabricius, 33, 35 On spontaneous generation, 184 De Conceptione, 43 Hume, David, 378, 379, 383, 387 De Motu cordis, 31, 40, 59, 61 Critique of natural theology of, 384 On dissection, 34 Hunemann, Philippe, 344 On epigenesis, 42, 236, 258, 330 Hutton, Sarah, 179 of, 32, 35 Exercitationes de generatione animalium, Ibn al-Jazzar, 83 31, 32, 35, 58 Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Hylomorphism in, 40 Doctrine of refraction of forms in, 168 On innate heat, 40 Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 8 On internal formative agents, 38 Imagination, power of, 87 On male and female contributions in gen., 38–39, 40, 41, 105 Johann Friedrich, Duke of Brunswick, 157, Methodology of, 32 162 On natural body, 39 Jung, Joachim (Jungius), 148

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Kant, Immanuel, 13, 314 Rejection of pantheism by, 338 Antinomy of teleological judgment in, 368, On speculative , 382 369, 370, 371, 404–405 On the sublimity of destruction, 381–382 On apes, 394 On supernatural generation, 343 On the Bildungstrieb, 351 Supersensible ground in, 370, 372, 396 On bipedalism, 390 On the systematic unity of nature, 364–365 On caloric, 399 On teleology, 355, 366, 367–368, 371, 404, On contingency of living forms, 341 406, 407 Continuities in, 318 On vital forces, 400–401 Developmental shifts in, 318 Kircher, Athanasius, 10 Distinction between organic and inorganic Knutzen, Martin, 320 in, 340–341 K¨onig, Samuel, 287, 289, 313, 322, 323 On educt and product, 347–348, 350 Kuehn, Manfred, 318, 320 Epicureanism in, 397 On epigenesis, 347, 353 La Condamine, Charles-Marie, 336 On the fixity of species, 348–349, 392 Lambert, Johann Heinrich, 384, 386 On the formative power of organisms, La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 323, 333, 336 367–368 Cartesianism of, 379 On generatio aequivoca, 349, 406 Epicureanism in, 386 On generatio heteronyma, 349, 350, 394, System of nature of, 385 407 Laurens, Andr´edu (Laurentius), 49, 54, 84 On generatio homonyma, 349, 350, 407 On incomprehensibility of generation, 59 On the grotesqueness of living beings, On laws of nature, 60 392–393 Lavater, Johann Kaspar, 287 On hylozoism, 345, 349, 350, 365, 395 Laywine, Alison, 319 On the judgment of natural beauty, 397 Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 164, 171, 201, 207, On the law of inertia, 365–366 229 On life, 366 Discovery of microorganisms by, 11, 15, On materialism, 383, 384, 386, 388–389, 209 398 Le Grand, Antoine, 97 On matter, 388 On lactation, 97–98 On necessity and contingency, 338–339 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 147 Notion of mechanism in, 369–370 Against Cartesian res extensa, 160 On noumena, 388 Autonomy of substances in, 231 On occasionalism, 350 Availability of texts in 18th century, 286 On order in nature, 340 On bullae, 155 On the origin of species, 375–376, 391, 392, Conception of physiology of, 312 395, 399, 402–403, 406 Concept of species in, 291 On the phases of the universe, 380–381 Controversy with Clarke of, 326, 328, Physicotheology of, 337, 344, 381–382 387 On preformation, 341, 347, 350, 371 Corporeal substance in, 149, 170 On prestabilism, 350 Defense of animal souls, 216 On procreation, 384–385 Doctrine of domination in, 16–17, 171 On purposiveness in nature, 364, 395 Doctrine of transformation in, 148, 164 Range of interests of, 375 Early Hobbesian account of atoms in, 155 Reading of Maupertuis of, 343–344, 346 On the flower of substance, 161, 162, 170 Reception of Blumenbach of, 362–363, 371, On force, 228 372 ‘Hypermechanism’ of, 228 Reception of Newtonianismin, 339, 354, On immortality of animal souls, 170–171, 380, 383, 387 228, 230, 305–306 Reform of metaphysics of, 328 Influence on life sciences of, 286, 314

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Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (cont.) On the age of the earth, 378–379 ‘Machines of nature’ and ‘machines of art’ On evolution, 393 in, 291, 300 On orangutans, 390 Opposition to materialism, 160 Malebranche, Nicolas, 96, 118, 166, 229 Mechanism of, 293 Advocacy of pre-existence, 196, 205–206, On the perpetual embodiment of souls, 172, 207, 209 173–174, 308 Against non-mechanical agencies, 207 Preformationism of, 225, 307 Defense of ‘genetic’ approach, 202 On preservation of substantial forms, 149 Disagreement with Descartes, 202–203 On the principium multitudinis, 173 Doctrine of emboitementˆ in, 207 On the principium passionis, 173 Expositor of Descartes, 202 Principle of continuity in, 289, 290, 293 On function and structure, 205 Reconciliation of ancient and modern Interest in findings of microscopists, 197, philosophy in, 147 209, 210–214 Reconciliation of Catholicism and Occasionalism of, 342 Protestantism in, 157 On power of maternal imagination, 208–209 Reintroduction of forms by, 165 Pre-existence in, 108, 236 Rejection of atoms of, 165 On propagation of species, 96 On spontaneous generation, 170 On softness of the fetus, 97 Theory of cohesion of, 163 On supernatural creation of organisms, 204 Theory of monads of, 149–150, 387 Malpighi, Marcello, 197, 201, 229, 269, 270 Theory of pre-existence in, 293 Dissections performed by, On traduction, 156, 157 Observations on eggs, 209, 271 On transformation, 229 Marques d’envie, 76, 90 On the unity of substances, 228 Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de, 285, Lennox, James G. 314, 318 Lenoir, Timothy, 360, 361 On ‘aptness’ in organisms, 335 Lewis, Eric, 125 Cosmogony of, 380 Liceti, Fortunio, 56–57 Critique of Newtonian natural theology of, Atomism of, 151 329 Influence on Sennert, 148, 159 Epicureanism in, 383, 386 Linnaeus, Carl, 389, 390 On epigenesis, 331 Locke, John, 379, 387 On geological catastrophes, 335 Nominal essences in, 298 On heredity, 332 Nominalism of, 87 On hybridism, 332 Longolius, Johann Daniel, 280 Hylozoism of, 331, 333, 336 Critic of Burgmann, 280–281 Influence on Kant of, 321, 328–329, 337, Defense of Stahl, 281 345 ‘Germanic’ style of, 280 On instinct, 334 Views on preformation of, 281 Leibnizianism of, 323 Look, Brandon, 14 Physicotheology of, 325–326, 330 Lovejoy, Arthur O., 390–391, 394 On polydactyly, 324 Lucretius, Titus Carus, 53, 338, 377, 386, 398 On preformationism, 330 On the extinction of species, 377–378 Principle of least action of, 322 On hybrids, 53 Purported Spinozism of, 336 On the primordia rerum, 377 Reception of Newton by, 320, 322 Lycosthenes, Conrad, 47, 56 Rivalry with Wolff of, 323 System of nature of, 385 Maienschein, Jane, 241 On universal dynamism of nature, 334–336 Maignan, Emmanuel, 222 Mendelssohn, Moses, 287, 313 Maillet, Bernard de, 376, 382, 394 Mercer, Christia, 164

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M´erian, Jean-Baptiste, 325 Pascal, Blaise, 327 Mersenne, Marin, 90, 198, 222, 254 Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de, 72 Meyssonier, Lazare, 90 Pereira, G´omez, 225 Michael, Emily, 168, 169 Perrault, Claude, 292 Monro, Alexander, 376, 379, 391 Philo of Alexandria, 378 ‘Monster’, etymology of, 49, 56 Philosophia vulgaris refutata (anonymous), Montaigne, Michel de, 48 229 Monti, Maria Teresa, 260 Philosophical Transactions, 87 More, Henry, 175 , 1, 150 On airborne spirits, 193 Plempius, Vopiscus Fortunatus, 76 Archaeus of, 228 Pliny the Elder, 47, 52 Contact with Anne Conway of, 176 Poiret, Pierre, 229 On Conway’s book, 176 Pre-existence, 194, 235, 253 On ensouledness of semen, 225 Distinguished from preformation, 195, 208 On perpetual embodiment of souls, 179 Preformationism, 107–114, 119 On spontaneous generation, 188 Pyle, Andrew J. Moscati, 390 On supernaturalism in pre-existence theory, M¨unster, Sebastian, 47 243

Natural Selection, 411 Raspe, Rudolph Eric, 287 Naud´e,Gabriel, 215 R´eaumur, Ren´eAntoine Ferchault de, 194 Needham, John Turberville, 285, 299, 314 Redi, Francesco, 50 Epigenesis in, 299 On spontaneous generation, 184 , emanationism in, 173 R´egis, Pierre-Sylvain (Regius), 76, 229 Neubauer, John, 260 On malleability of the fetus, 93–94 Newton, Isaac Support of pre-existence of, 201 ‘General Scholium’ of, 327 On universality of maternal imagination’s On gravity, 247 influence, 94 Influence on eighteenth-century, 245 Reimarus, H. S., 386 Life science of Roberts, Richard, 317, 360, 361 Influence on Maupertuis, 326 Riolan the Younger, 55 Law of inertia of, 353 Roe, Shirley, 239–240, 247, 251, 252, 254, 259 Oldenburg, Henry, 157 Roger, Jacques, 152, 154, 198, 243 Orangutan, 379 Rohault, Jacques, 201 Osler, Margaret, 124 Rorario, Girolamo (Rorarius), 215 Ovid, 47 On animal reason, 219 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 386 Paley, William, 415 Rudolph, Gerhard, 256 Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von R¨uff, Jakob, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55 Hohenheim) Ruse, Michael, 17 Naturalism in Pardies, Ignace, 221 Scaliger, Julius Caesar, 148, 154, 266, 275 On animal reason, 221 Animism of, 267 On sensation, 222 Anticipation of Sennert, 167 Par´e, Ambroise, 47, 49, 50, 51, 56, 84 Possible influence on Stahl, 267 On chambers in the uterus, 53 Theory of mixtion of, 149, 155 On importance of experiments, 53 Schedel, Hartmann, 47 Parmenides, 1 Schegk, Jacob, 169 Parthenogenesis, 80 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 400, 409

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Schenck, Johann Georg, 56 On purpose of medicine, 262 Scholasticism On ratio, 275, 276, 279 Theory of inanimatio in, 140 On ratiocinatio, 275, 279 Theory of tripartite soul in, 217, 219 Significance of religious beliefs for, 266 Sch¨onfeld,Martin, 319, 320, 337 On soul as architect of body, 265 Schoock, Martin, 75 On soul as the source of life, 265 Sennert, Daniel, 141, 225, 275 Stoicism, 54 Anticipation of Leibniz, 148, 161, 171 Common notions in, 127, 133 On chemical operations, 151 On mixture, 128, 129 On compound forms, 169 Pneuma in, 141 Conciliatory stance of, 147 Su´arez,Francisco On ensouledness of semen, 225 On animal instinct, 219 On human generation, 152–153 On reflection and sensation, 222 Importance of, 150 Sulzer, Johann Georg, 325 On innate heat, 161, 168 Superfetation, 50 Minima naturalia in, 150 Swammerdam, Jan, 108, 164, 197, 201, 210, On origin of human soul, 152 229 On plant generation, 152 Dissections of insects by, 208, 209 Rejection of mechanistic account of forms of, 167, 168 Telliamed, see Maillet, Bernard de On spontaneous generation, 184 Terrall, Mary, 323, 332, 336 On traduction, 153 Thomas Aquinas, 65 Shell, Susan, 344 On the species of angels, 231 Sigorgne, Pierre, 287, 313 On spontaneous generation, 188 Simplicius, 4 On the unity of animal souls, 229 Smith, C. U. M., 317 Toellner, Richard, 260 Smith, Justin E. H., 150 Tonelli, Giorgio, 318, 319–320 Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 194, 299, 302, 303, 313 Traducianism, 148, 149 Spener, Philipp Jakob, 282 Trembley, Abraham, 80, 289, 299, 302, 313 Sperling, Johann, 275 Tyson, Edward, 390, 391 Spinoza, Baruch, 218, 386, 398 Conatus in, 228 Velthuysen, Lambert van, 156 ‘Spinozism’, 328, 338 Vesalius, Andreas, 52, 53 Stahl, Georg Ernst, 14, 262 Teleology in, 53 On adsuetudines, 274 Voltaire, 60, 321, 322 Analogy of fetal development and nutrition in, 268 Waschkies, Hans-Joachim, 319, 320 Aristotelianism of, 268 Watkins, Eric, 319 Concept of soul in, 283–284 Weinrich, Martin, 54 Epigeneticism of, 270 Weissmann, August, 241 ‘Hydraulicism’ of, 270, 272 Wilkie, J. S., 242 On inconclusiveness of observation, 269 Willis, Thomas, 137, 268 On influence of maternal desires in Wilson, Catherine, 162, 408, 409 pregnancy, 272–273 Wolff, Caspar Friedrich, 237, 314 Misreading of Malpighi, 271 Defense of epigenesis in, 238, 285, 345 On monstrosities, 273 Disagreement with Blumenbach, 249–250 Ovist preformationism in, 271 On importance of observation, 255 ‘Ovi-spermatism’ of, 271 Influence on Herder of, 346 On passivity of organic matter, 264 Newtonianism of, 249 Purported Pietism of, 282 Reception of Descartes in, 254–255, 256

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Wolff, Caspar Friedrich (cont.) Womb-soil analogy Principle of sufficient reason in, 249 In Aristotle, 83 Qualified vegetable matter of, 250–251 In Medieval , 84 Rationalism of, 259 Wright, Larry, 410 Rejection of mechanical medicine, 247 Wright, Thomas, 320, 380 On role of God in generation, 259, 261 Zabarella, Jacopo, 167, 169 On secretion and solidification, 243, 244 Influence on Sennert, 167, 170 Theory of pre-existence in, 252 Doctrine of refraction of forms in, 168 On vis essentialis, 243, 244, 247, 257–258 On relationship of natural phil. and Wolff, Christian, 243 medicine, 30 On historical knowledge, 243 On self-multiplication of form, 153 On philosophical knowledge, 243 Zammito, John, 355 Wolffianism, 383, 389 Zumbach, Clark, 352

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