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SCHOOL OF DIVINITY, HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-2019

HI304M POWER AND TRADITIONS: 1799–1900

30 CREDITS: 11 WEEKS

PLEASE NOTE CAREFULLY: The full set of school regulations and procedures is contained in the Undergraduate Student Handbook which is available online at your MyAberdeen Organisation page. Students are expected to familiarise themselves not only with the contents of this leaflet but also with the contents of the Handbook. Therefore, ignorance of the contents of the Handbook will not excuse the breach of any School regulation or procedure. You must familiarise yourself with this important information at the earliest opportunity.

COURSE CO-ORDINATOR Dr Elizabeth C. Macknight [email protected] Office telephone: 01224 272297 Department of History, Crombie Annexe 214 Office hours: Thursday 10-12pm or by appointment

Discipline Administration Mrs Barbara McGillivray/Mrs Gillian Brown 50-52 College Bounds Room CBLG01

01224 272199/272454 9 [email protected] 201 -

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TIMETABLE For time and place of classes, please see MyAberdeen

Students can also view their university timetable at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/infohub/study/timetables-550.php

COURSE DESCRIPTION Questions about who exercised power and why resonated at every level of nineteenth-century French society. The Revolution of 1789 had brought about fundamental reforms to the political and social order in France. It set down the roots of the French republican tradition whose supporters became locked in an ongoing ideological struggle against conservative political and social elites. This course examines the myriad forms that power took in French society, from ’s coup d’état of 18 Brumaire to the early Third Republic. It deals with the power of political and military leaders to legislate and lead armies. It investigates the gendered implications of power operating within families and between men and women. It also unpacks the ways in which class shaped power relations, and the significance of class-based traditions, within the social fabric of nineteenth-century France. All essential sources for the course are available in English.

INTENDED AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES The course aims to provide an introduction to key events, themes, and issues in the history of modern France, focussing on the period from 1799 to 1900. By the end of this course you will be able to: • show familiarity with political, social, and cultural developments in the history of nineteenth-century France; • appreciate different historiographical approaches; • evaluate the strength of an argument; • identify and analyse a range of primary and secondary sources; • articulate a convincing argument based on use of evidence.

This course will encourage the development of IT and related skills by requiring word-processed essays and seminar presentations that may employ

9 illustrations, graphics, recorded speech or music, videos, etc. You are 201

- encouraged to use the Internet but also to exercise discrimination with regard 8 to the material available. The course will encourage the development of 201 |

- analytical skills by introducing you to the use, criticism and comparison of primary documents.

Practical skills fostered by the course include the ability • to build bibliographies on specific topics;

Course Document • to locate and gather primary and secondary sources;

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• to demonstrate a detailed appreciation of the recent historical scholarship in connection with a chosen essay topic; • to give an oral presentation on a specific topic; • to retain, recall and apply relevant information in examination conditions.

This course should help to build transferable skills including the ability • to listen carefully to others; • to speak to a group; • to read slowly and attentively; • to take effective notes; • to synthesise a range of information; • to construct and present coherent arguments both orally and in written form; • to develop teamwork skills required for effective interaction in a seminar situation; • to motivate oneself to work autonomously and to meet deadlines; • to provide and receive academic criticism in a constructive fashion.

LECTURE/SEMINAR PROGRAMME

Week 1 L Introduction S Napoleonic France

Week 2 L War and ‘French Europe’ S Legacies of

Week 3 L The Bourbon Restoration, 1814–30 S Views on the emancipation of women

Week 4

9 L The 1830 Revolution

201 S The July , 1830–48 - 8 201 |

Week 5 - L The 1848 Revolution S The Second Republic 1848–52

Week 6: Reading week; no classes

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Week 7 L The Second Empire, 1852–70 S Haussmann’s

Week 8: Essay due, Wednesday no later than 12 p.m. L The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1 S The

Week 9 L Establishing the Third Republic S Republican reforms

Week 10: Student Course Evaluation Form Exercise L French S The Dreyfus Affair, 1894–1906

Week 11 L A ‘belle époque’? S World Exhibition, Paris 1900

SEMINAR READINGS Students can access all seminar readings and questions for class preparation via the folder on MyAberdeen.

Week 1 No set readings

Week 2 primary Documents in Philip G. Dwyer and Peter McPhee, eds, The and Napoleon: A Sourcebook (London, 2002), ch. 15. secondary Sudhir Hazareesingh, The Legend of Napoleon (London, 2004), 1─14.

9 Week 3 201

- primary 8 Charles Pellarin, The Life of Charles Fourier, pp. 29−47. 201 |

- secondary Leslie F. Goldstein, ‘Early feminist themes in French Utopian Socialism’, Journal of the History of Ideas 43 (1982), 91−108.

Week 4

Course Document primary

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Stendhal, The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of 1830, pp. 359–66. secondary Pamela Pilbeam, ‘The “Three Glorious Days”: the revolution of 1830 in provincial France’, The Historical Journal 26 (1983), 831−44.

Week 5 primary Documents in Price, Roger, ed., Documents on the French Revolution of 1848 (Basingstoke, 1996), 61–71, 100–1. secondary Whitney Walton, ‘Writing the 1848 Revolution: politics, gender and feminism in the works of French women of letters’, French Historical Studies 18 (1994), 1001−24.

Week 6 Reading week; no classes

Week 7 primary Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleonic Ideas, pp. 136−54. secondary Victoria E. Thompson, ‘Urban renovation, moral regeneration: domesticating the Halles in Second Empire Paris’, French Historical Studies 20 (1997), 87−109.

Week 8 primary Documents in William Fortescue, The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: Conflicts and Continuities (London, 2000), ch.1. secondary Robert Tombs, ‘Paris and the rural hordes: an exploration of myth and reality in the French civil war of 1871’, The Historical Journal 29 (1986), 795−808.

Week 9 primary

9 Documents in William Fortescue, The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: 201

- Conflicts and Continuities (London, 2000), ch. 2. 8 secondary 201 |

- Patrick Harrigan, ‘Women teachers and the schooling of girls in France: recent historiographical trends’, French Historical Studies 21 (1998), 593−610.

Week 10 primary Course Document

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Documents in William Fortescue, The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: Conflicts and Continuities (London, 2000), ch. 3. secondary Ruth Harris, ‘The Assumptionists and the Dreyfus Affair’, Past and Present 194 (2007), 175−211.

Week 11 primary Documents in William Fortescue, The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: Conflicts and Continuities (London, 2000), ch. 4. secondary Robert Nye, ‘Degeneration, neurasthenia and the culture of sport in belle époque France’, Journal of Contemporary History 17 (1982), 51−68.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Further reading is an essential part of any course in History and will deepen your understanding and enjoyment of the period and the discipline of history. The select bibliography below provides points of departure for further reading on the topics covered in the course. The footnotes and bibliographies of these books and articles are two sources of further reading; the search-features of the library catalogue, browsing the open shelves, and consulting the course co- ordinator are other ways forward. A major outcome of a university education should be an ability to find information on any topic within your field. You are encouraged to show initiative in developing this ability.

On-line databases Modern History Sourcebook QML History E-Journals Meta-Lib E-Resources sign-in J-Stor (Athens sign-in; or access via QML catalogue). Go to advanced search and use suitable keywords search; this will produce a large number of relevant articles.

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- H-France contains links to book reviews and forum discussion 8 Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection. An excellent site containing 201 |

- historical, political, administrative, and relief maps

Highly recommended as a general work on nineteenth-century France: McPhee, Peter, A Social , 1789–1914 2 ed. (Basingstoke, 2004) Available on Ebrary and in paperback

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Novels, short stories, and films: Many works by nineteenth-century French authors have been translated into English and/or adapted to film. We will read extracts from Stendhal and Proust. The list below offers further ideas for sampling the literature.

Paris tales: stories trans. Helen Constantine (Oxford, 2004) is an excellent collection of short stories George Sand, Indiana , Les Misérables Balzac, Le Père Goriot [Eng. trans. Old Goriot] Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary Emile Zola, Au bonheur des dames [Eng. trans. The Ladies Paradise], Germinal, Nana, and many others… Guy de Maupassant, Bel-Ami Joris-Karl Huysmans, A rebours [Eng. trans. Against Nature] Colette, Le Pur et l’impur [Eng. trans. The Pure and the Impure]

Further reading: Accampo, Elinor A., Rachel G. Fuchs, and Mary Lynn Stewart, eds., Gender and the Politics of Social Reform in France, 1870–1914 (Baltimore, 1995). Agulhon, Maurice, into Battle: Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France, 1789–1880 Translated by Janet Lloyd (Cambridge, 1981). ———. The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852. Translated by Janet Lloyd, Vol. 2, The Cambridge History of Modern France (Cambridge, 1983). Aldrich, Robert, Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (Basingstoke, 1996). Aminzade, Ronald, Ballots and Barricades: Class Formation and Republican Politics in France, 1830–1871 (Princeton, 1993). Atkin, Nicholas, and Frank Tallett, eds., The Right in France: From Revolution to Le Pen 2 ed. (London, 2003). Auslander, Leora, Taste and Power: Furnishing Modern France (Berkeley, 1996). Auspitz, Katherine, The Radical : The Ligue de l'enseignement and the Origins of the Third Republic, 1866–1885 (Cambridge, 1982). Birkett, Jennifer, The Sins of the Fathers: Decadence in France 1870–1914

9 (London, 1986). 201

- Boime, Albert, The Academy and French Painting in the Nineteenth Century 8 (London, 1971). 201 |

- ———. Art and the French Commune: Imagining Paris after War and Revolution (Princeton, 1995). Bredin, Jean-Denis, The Affair: The Case of (London, 1987). Broers, Michael, Europe after Napoleon: Revolution, Reaction, and Romanticism, 1814–1848 (Manchester, 1996).

Course Document ———. Europe under Napoleon 1799–1815 (New York, 1996).

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Brown, Howard G., and Judith A. Miller, Taking Liberties: Problems of a New Order from the French Revolution to Napoleon (Manchester, 2002). Bullard, Alice, Exile to Paradise: Savagery and Civilisation in Paris and the South Pacific, 1790–1900 (Stanford, 2000). Cahm, Eric, The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics (London, 1996). ———. Politics and Society in Contemporary France (1789–1971) (London, 1972). Carmona, Michel, Haussmann: His Life and Times, and the Making of Modern Paris Translated by Patrick Camiller (Chicago, 2002). Chafer, Tony and Amanda Sackur, eds., Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France (Basingstoke, 2002). Charle, Christophe, A Social History of France in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1994). Chenut, Helen Harden, The Fabric of Gender: Working-Class Culture in Third Republic France (University Park, 2005). Clark, Linda L., The Rise of Professional : Gender and Public Administration since 1830 (Cambridge, 2000). ———. Schooling the Daughters of Marianne: Textbooks and the Socialization of Girls in Modern French Primary Schools (Albany, 1984). Clark, Timothy J., The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers Revised ed. (Princeton, 1999). Coffin, J. G., The Politics of Women's Work: The Paris Garment Trades, 1750– 1915 (Princeton, 1996). Collingham, Hugh, The : A Political History of France, 1830–1848 (London, 1988). Conklin, Alice L., A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930 (Stanford, 1997). Cooper, Frederick and Ann Laura Stoler, Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley, 1997). Crook, Malcolm, Napoleon Comes to Power: Democracy and Dictatorship in Revolutionary France, 1795–1804 (Cardiff, 1998). Cross, Maíre F., and David Williams, eds., The French Experience from Republic to Monarchy, 1792–1824: New Dawn in Politics, Knowledge and Culture (New York, 2000). Davies, Peter, The Extreme Right in France 1789 to the Present: From De

9 Maistre to Le Pen (London, 2002). 201

- Desan, Suzanne, The Family on Trial in Revolutionary France (Los Angeles, 8 2004). 201 |

- Dwyer, Philip G., and Peter McPhee, eds., The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook (London, 2002). Eichner, Carolyn J., Surmounting the Barricades: Women in the Paris Commune (Bloomington, 2004). Ellis, Jack D., The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the

Course Document Early Third Republic, 1870–1914 (Cambridge, 1990).

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Elwitt, Sanford, The Making of the Third Republic: Class and Politics in France, 1868–1884 (Baton Rouge, 1975). Evans, Martin, ed., Empire and Culture: The French Experience (New York, 2004). Ford, Caroline, Divided Houses: Religion and Gender in Modern France (Ithaca, 2005). Fortescue, William, The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: Conflicts and Continuities (London, 2000). Forth, Christopher E., The Dreyfus Affair and the Crisis of French Manhood (Baltimore, 2004). Fuchs, Rachel G., Gender and Poverty in Nineteenth-Century Europe, New Approaches to European History (Cambridge, 2005). ———. Poor and Pregnant in Paris: Strategies for Survival in the Nineteenth Century (New Brunswick, 1992). Furet, François, Revolutionary France, 1770–1880 Translated by Antonia Nevill (Oxford, 2005). Gluck, Mary, Popular Bohemia: Modernism and Urban Culture in Nineteenth- Century Paris (Cambridge, MA, 2005). Gorrara, Claire and Rachel Langford, eds., France since the Revolution: Texts and Contexts (London, 2003). Gould, Roger V., Insurgent Identities: Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago, 1995). Griffiths, Richard, The Use of Abuse: The Polemics of the Dreyfus Affair and Its Aftermath (Oxford, 1991). Grogan, Susan K., French Socialism and Sexual Difference: Women and the New Society, 1803–44 (London, 1992). Gullickson, Gay L., Unruly Women of Paris: Images of the Commune (Ithaca, 1996). Harrison, Carol E., The Bourgeois Citizen in Nineteenth-Century France: Gender, Sociability, and the Uses of Emulation (Oxford, 1999). Harriss, Joseph, The Eiffel Tower: Symbol of an Age (London, 1976). Harsin, Jill, Barricades: The War of the Street in Revolutionary Paris, 1830– 1848 (New York, 2002). Hazareesingh, Sudhir, From Subject to Citizen: The Second French Empire and the Emergence of Modern French Democracy (Princeton, 1998).

9 ———. Political Traditions in Modern France (Oxford, 1994). 201

- Higgs, David, Nobles in Nineteenth-Century France: The Practice of 8 Inegalitarianism (Baltimore, 1987). 201 |

- Hilden, Patricia, Working Women and Socialist Politics in France, 1880–1914: A Regional Study (Oxford, 1986). Holmes, Diana, French Women's Writing, 1848–1994 (London, 1996). Horne, Alistair, The French Army and Politics, 1870–1970 (London, 1984). ———. Seven Ages of Paris (London, 2002).

Course Document Hustvedt, Asti, ed., The Decadent Reader: Fiction, Fantasy, and Perversion

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from Fin-de-Siècle France (New York, 1998). Johnson, Martin P., The Paradise of Association: Political Culture and Popular Organizations in the Paris Commune of 1871 (Ann Arbor, 1996). Jones, Kathleen and Françoise Verges, ‘Women of the Paris Commune’, Women's Studies International Forum vol. 14 (1991): 491–503. Jordan, David P., Transforming Paris: The Life and Labors of Baron Haussmann (New York, 1995). Kete, Kathleen, The Beast in the Boudoir: Petkeeping in Nineteenth-Century Paris (Berkeley, 1994). Kroen, Sheryl, Politics and Theater: The Crisis of Legitimacy in Restoration France, 1815–1830 (Berkeley, 2000). Larkin, Maurice, Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair: The Separation Issue in France (London, 1974). ———. Religion, Politics and Preferment in France since 1890: La Belle Époque and Its Legacy (Cambridge, 1995). Lehning, James R., To Be a Citizen: The Political Culture of the Early (Ithaca, 2001). Magraw, Roger, France, 1800–1914: A Social History (London, 2002). Mansel, Philip, Paris between : Monarchy and Revolution, 1814–1852 (New York, 2003). Margadant, Jo Burr, ed. The New Biography: Performing Femininity in Nineteenth-Century France (Berkeley, 2000). Marrinan, Michael, Painting Politics for Louis-Philippe: Art and Ideology in Orléanist France, 1830–1848 (New Haven, 1988). Mayeur, Jean-Marie, and Madeleine Réberioux, The Third Republic from Its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914 Translated by J. R. Foster (Cambridge, 1984). Maza, Sarah, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary, 1750–1850 (Cambridge, MA, 2003). McMillan, James F., France and Women, 1789–1914: Gender, Politics, and Society (London, 2000). ———. Housewife or Harlot: The Place of Women in French Society, 1870– 1940 (Brighton, 1981). ———. Napoleon III (London, 1991). McPhee, Peter, The Politics of Rural Life: Political Mobilization in the French

9 Countryside 1846–1852 (Oxford, 1992). 201

- ———. A Social History of France, 1789–1914 2 ed. (Basingstoke, 2004). 8 Moulin, Annie, Peasantry and Society in France since 1789 Translated by M.C. 201 |

- and M.F. Cleary (Cambridge, 1991). Nelms, Brenda, The Third Republic and the Centennial of 1789 (New York, 1987). Noiriel, Gérard, The French Melting Pot: Immigration, Citizenship, and National Identity (Minneapolis, 1996).

Course Document ———. Workers in French Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

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(New York, 1990). Nora, Pierre, ed., of Memory: Rethinking the French Past 3 vols. (New York, 1996–98). Nord, Philip G., The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France (Cambridge, MA, 1995). Nye, Robert A., Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline (Princeton, 1984). ———. Masculinity and Male Codes of Honor in Modern France (Oxford, 1993). Peabody, Sue, and Tyler Stovall, eds., The Color of Liberty: Histories of Race in France (Durham, 2003). Perrot, Michelle, ed., From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War, Vol. 4, A History of Private Life (Cambridge, MA, 1990). Pilbeam, Pamela, Republicanism in Nineteenth-Century France (Basingstoke, 1995). Pinkney, David H., Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris (Princeton, 1958). Plessis, Alain, The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 Translated by Jonathan Mandelbaum (Cambridge, 1985). Porch, Douglas, The Conquest of Morocco (London, 1986). ———. The : A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force (New York, 1991). Price, Roger, A Concise History of France 2 ed. (Cambridge, 2005). ———. The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power (Cambridge, 2001). ———. A Social History of Nineteenth-Century France (London, 1987). Przyblyski, Jeannene M. and Dean de la Motte, eds., Making the News: Modernity and the Mass Press in Nineteenth-Century France (Amherst, 1999). Reynolds, Siân, ed., Women, State and Revolution: Essays on Power and Gender in Europe since 1789 (Brighton, 1986). Sauvigny, Guillaume de Bertier de, The Bourbon Restoration Translated by Lynn M. Case. (Philadelphia, 1966). Scott, Joan W., Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988). ———. Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man (Cambridge, MA, 1996).

9 Shafer, David A., The Paris Commune: French Politics, Culture, and Society at 201

- the Crossroads of the Revolutionary Tradition (New York, 2005). 8 Simon, Walter M., ed., French Liberalism 1789–1848 (New York, 1972). 201 |

- Skuy, David, Assassination, Politics, and Miracles: France and the Reaction of 1820 (Montreal, 2003). Smith, Bonnie G., Ladies of the Leisure Class: The Bourgeoises of Northern France in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1981). Sowerwine, Charles, France since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society

Course Document (Basingstoke, 2001).

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———. Sisters or Citizens? Women and Socialism in France since 1876 (Cambridge, 1982). Spitzer, Alan, The French Generation of 1820 (Princeton, 1987). Stewart, Mary Lynn, Women, Work and the French State: Labour Protection and Social Patriarchy, 1879–1919 (London, 1989). Stora, Benjamin, , 1830–2000: A Short History (Ithaca, 2001). Stovall, Tyler and Georges Van den Abbeele, eds., French Civilization and Its Discontents: Nationalism, Colonialism, Race (Lanham, 2003). Strumingher, Laura S. What Were Little Girls and Boys Made Of? Primary Education in Rural France, 1830–1880 (Albany, 1983). Waelti–Walters, Jennifer, and Steven C. Hause, eds., Feminisms of the Belle Époque: A Historical and Literary Anthology (Lincoln, 1994). Walter, Jakob, and Marc Raeff, The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier (New York, 1991). Walton, Whitney, Eve's Proud Descendants: Four Women Writers and Republican Politics in Nineteenth-Century France (Stanford, 2000). Weisberg, Gabriel P., and Petra Ten-Doesschate Chu, eds., The Popularization of Images: Visual Culture under the July Monarchy (Princeton, 1994). Willms, Johannes, Paris, Capital of Europe: From the Revolution to the Belle Epoque. Translated by Eveline L. Kanes (New York, 1997). Woloch, Isser, Napoleon and His Collaborators (New York, 2001). Woolf, Stuart, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (London, 1991). Wright, Gordon, France in Modern Times: From the Enlightenment to the Present 3 ed. (New York, 1981). Zanten, David Van, Building Paris: Architectural Institutions and the Transformation of the French Capital, 1830–1870 (Cambridge, 1994).

ASSESSMENT Assessment is based on: • one 3 hour examination at 50% of the final assessment • one 3,000-word essay at 50%

Resit: 3 hour examination 100%

9 To view the CGS Descriptors please go to MyAberdeen- Organisations- 201 - Divinity, History, & Philosophy Student Information for Undergraduates. The 8 link to the CGS Descriptors is on the left hand menu. 201 |

- PLEASE NOTE: In order to pass a course on the first attempt, a student must attain a Common Grading Scale (CGS) mark of at least E3 on each element of course assessment. Failure to do so will result in a grade of no greater than CGS E1 for the course as a whole.

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If you submit your work on time, you can expect that feedback will normally be provided within three working weeks (excluding vacation periods) of the submission deadline.

ESSAYS You must write your 3,000-word essay on a topic agreed in advance with the course co-ordinator. It is expected that the essay will be submitted in word- processed format and must be accompanied by a bibliography and foot- or endnotes conforming to established academic conventions.

Essays will be returned with a mark taken from the Common Assessment Scale with written comments. All essays will be returned individually, providing you with the opportunity to discuss your essay, techniques of essay writing, and other aspects of the course with your tutor. It is assumed that you will use the select bibliography in this guide to assist in constructing your own reading list.

ASSESSMENT DEADLINES Your 3,000-word essay is due Wednesday 31 October not later than 3p.m.

SUBMISSION ARRANGEMENTS This course uses online submission. There is no need to provide a hard copy of written work.

When uploading assignments, please do the following:

1. Submit a .doc or .docx and include the word count.

2. Submit by the due date, no hard copy will be required unless directly requested by the Course Coordinator through My Aberdeen.

3. In advance of uploading, please save the assignment with your student ID number listed in the filename, i.e. 59999999 HI304M Essay 1.

4. When asked to enter a title for the assignment, please enter a title identical to the name of your saved assignment, i.e. 59999999 HI304M

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- 8 Please note: Failure to submit by the due date (unless a prior arrangement 201 |

- has been made) will result in a deduction of marks. Where no submission is received, this will result in a mark of zero.

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Please note: Safeassign text-matching software will be used. However the School of Divinity, History and Philosophy reserves the right also to submit material to TurnitinUK when deemed necessary.

EXAMINATION The exam paper will contain twelve questions. You must answer three questions of your choosing. The duration of the exam is three hours.

Past exam papers can be viewed at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/library/learning- and-teaching/for-students/exam-papers/.

PLEASE NOTE: Candidates whose first language is not English may refer to English/native tongue dictionaries, when permitted by their Schools to do so. Electronic dictionaries are not permitted in the examination venue. Invigilators are entitled to request inspection of dictionaries prior to the examination, thumbing through them to check that there is no extra written material present.

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