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Adham Saouli Phd Thesis

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Adham Saouli Phd Thesis DILEMMAS OF LATE FORMATION INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AND STATE SURVIVAL IN THE MIDDLE EAST CASE STUDIES: SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAQ Adham Saouli A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2009 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/752 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License Dilemmas of Late Formation International System and State Survival in the Middle East Case Studies: Saudi Arabia and Iraq A Thesis submitted to the School of International Relations of the University of St Andrews in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Adham Saouli 9 January 2009 Abstract This thesis is a theory-proposing and theory-testing study that examines the conditions of state survival in the Middle East. In contrast to the predominant Political Culture and Political Economy approaches, which focus on domestic factors to account for state survival in the Middle East, this thesis suggests that, more than the individual characteristics of states themselves, state survival in that region is a function of the anarchic state system. This thesis examines states as a ‘process’ situating them in time and place. It shows that Middle Eastern states are at once in the early phases of state formation as well as late comers to the international state system. This ontological status contributes to the vulnerability of these states to systematic forces, which in turn shapes their internal development. A major dilemma facing the late-forming state is between regime survival and political incorporation. The first part of this thesis examines the literatures on the state, the Middle East state, and state survival. The second part proposes a Historical Structuralism model and then examines the ontology of the state in the Middle East, specifying the conditions and variables of state survival. The third part presents an empirical examination of the cases of Saudi Arabia and Iraq. 1 Thesis Declaration I, Adham Saouli hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80, 000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2005 and as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in May 2006; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2008. date …………. signature of candidate ……… ………. I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. date …… signature of supervisor ……… In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. We have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: Embargo on both of all or part of printed copy and electronic copy for the same fixed period of 4 years on the following ground: Publication would preclude future publication date …………. signature of candidate …… ………….. signature of supervisor ..……………….. 2 Acknowledgments I began to think about state formation when I was an undergraduate student in Beirut back in 1998. I then decided to pursue a doctoral degree. As a doctoral student, I have discovered that a PhD is not something one ‘does’, but rather something one lives. I have incurred many debts, both personal and academic. The valuable support of the many people I have met, lived and worked with made this thesis possible. The list is long. I would first like to thank my greatest friend Achraf with whom I tried (at a rather early age) to unravel questions on religion, philosophy and politics. I would also like to thank my friends Nizar, Mazen, Bassel, Ziad, Tamam, Gina, Rami, Rana, Abdo, Valerie, Sally, and Danka for their support through the years. Special thanks go to Milena for her patience and love. In Exeter, the support of my friends Aida, Giti, Amer, Ahmad, Veronica, Greta, Daniel, Ajal, Andrea, and Shahira was invaluable. I owe special thanks and gratitude to my great friend Khalid Almezaini. Khalid’s generosity, encouragement and friendship has seen me through tough times and continues to be precious to me. My gratitude goes to my teachers Naim Salem, Ghaith Chahine, Judith Harik, Hassan Krayem and Hilal Khashan at both Notre Dame University and the American University of Beirut. Special gratitude goes to Professor Yahya Sadowski. I was very fortunate to work under Yahya’s supervision at AUB; his guidance, knowledge and continued support made my search for the state and state survival possible. I spent my best and most intense PhD years in the University of St Andrews. I was very privileged to work under the supervision of Professor Raymond Hinnebusch. Ray is the kind of supervisor any doctoral student hopes to have. I have admired his professionalism, honesty, meticulousness, and knowledge in Political Science and Middle East Studies; I have also learned from it. His invaluable feedback on and supervision of this thesis made it better in every way. Any weaknesses remain mine alone. I am also grateful to Fiona Oviatt , Frederic Volpi, and Michael Boyle for their generous support. From my St Andrews PhD family, I would like to thank Faye for her kindness, Trudy, Torsten, John, Sean, Aleco, Sarah, and Kate for their great friendship. I would also like to thank Tim for the interesting discussions on America and the world (and the great barbeques!), Wojciech for his intriguing insights on the state in Central 3 Asia and beyond and Khaled Fatah - with whom I endlessly discussed (and mourned) the state in the Middle East - for his intellect and friendship. A special thank you goes to my housemate Hafiz whose maturity, understanding and great company made my stay in Albany Park feel like home. Last but not least, a special thanks go to Hannah, whom I met in the last summer in St Andrews, for enduring (and trying to understand!) my fluctuating moods. As the PhD process is coming to a close, I also want to recall the universities, institutes, scholarship bodies, employers, department heads and journals that sent me rejection letters on several occasions. These rejections taught me to work harder and so I thank them here. This thesis would not have been possible without the support, love, patience, encouragement and care of my family. My family was my first school: with lots of love, I dedicate this work to them. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................1 Thesis Declaration ...........................................................................................................2 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................3 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................9 Introduction ...................................................................................................................10 Research Problem and Purpose .................................................................................. 10 State Survival in the Middle East: The Literature ...................................................... 12 State Survival in the Middle East: The Argument Stated........................................... 15 Research Design and Case Selection.......................................................................... 16 Thesis Outline............................................................................................................. 18 Chapter One...................................................................................................................20 State Formation and the Arab State............................................................................20 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 20 1.1. States and State Formation .................................................................................. 20 1.1.1. What is a state?............................................................................................. 20 1.1.2. What is State Formation and State Collapse?..............................................
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