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Introduction 1. Takafusa Nakamura, the Postwar Japanese Economy

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Introduction 1. Takafusa Nakamura, the Postwar Japanese Economy Notes Introduction 1. Takafusa Nakamura, The Postwar Japanese Economy: Its Development and Structure, trans. Jacqueline Kaminski (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1981) p. 63. 2. See Martin Staniland, What Is Political Economy? A Study of Social Theory and Underdevelopment (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985) pp. 10-12. 3. For a critical review of the classical and neoclassical economists' views, see Gunnar Myrdal, The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954). 4. John Kenneth Galbraith, 'Power and the Useful Economist', American Econ­ omic Review (March 1973), pp. 1-11. 5. For a good summary of th~ argument, see Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1982) pp. 69-73. 6. 'Still the Century of Corporatism?' Review of Politics, January 1974, pp. 85-131. See also Gerhard Lehmbruch and Philippe C. Schmitter (eds), Trends Toward Corporatist Intermediation (Beverly Hills and London: Sage Publi­ cations, 1979), and Patterns of Corporatist Policy-Making (Beverly Hills and London: Sage Publications, 1982). 7. For example, see M. G. Schmidt, 'Does Corporatism Matter? Economic Crisis, Politics and Rates of Unemployment in Capitalist Democracies in the 1970s', in Lehmbruch and Schmitter (eds) , Patterns of Corporatist Policy­ making, pp. 237-58. 8. See Douglas A. Hibbs, 'Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy', Ameri­ can Political Science Review (1977), pp. 1467-87; and Hibbs, 'Economic Outcomes and Political Support for British Governments Among Occupational Classes: a Dynamic Analysis', American Political Science Review, June 1982, pp.259-79. 9. See Edward R. Tufte, The Political Control of the Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); and Samuel Brittan, 'Inflation and Democ­ racy', in Fred Hirsch and John H. Goldthorpe (eds), The Political Economy of Inflation (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1978), pp. 161-85. For a good critical review of the different models of political business cycle, see James E. Alt and K. Alec Chrystal. Political Economics (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1983) ch. 5. to. John E. Elliott, 'Institutionalism as an Approach to Political Economy', quoted in Martin Staniland, What is Political Economy? A Study of Social Theory and Underdevelopment (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1985) p. 17. 11. Quoted by Wilhelm K. Scheuten, 'Der Preis des Neuen', Die politische Mei­ nung, 29 (July-August 1984) p. 35. Another article in the same publication traces the growth of the number of economic 'dropouts' (Aussteiger) from a negligible small minority in the mid-1960s to one accounting for 10-15 per cent of the adult population in the 1970s and to a two-thirds majority of the 'I'm all right, Jack' type (Versorgung:;majoritiit) with the maturation of the welfare state. See Werner Kaltefleiter, '1st Pfticht nur Stress?' ibid., pp. 46-53. Ac- 346 Notes 347 cording to the author, who is a University of Kiel political scientist, this leaves only a 15--20 per cent of productively active West Germans, a truly achievement-oriented minority (Leistungsminoritiit) , on whom the country depends for further economic progress. 12. See United Nations, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, March 1986, p. 18. 13. Ibid., pp. 112, 120. 14. Ibid., pp. 17-18. 15. The World Bank, The World Development Report 1986 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) pp. 180-81, Annex Table 1. 16. See, for example, Robert A. Scalapino, 'Environmental and Foreign Contri­ butions', in Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow, (eds) , Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964) pp. 68, 86-7; and Kenneth B. Pyle, 'Advantages of Followership: German Economies and Japanese Bureaucrats, 1890-1925', Journal of Japan­ ese Studies, Autumn 1974, pp. 127-64. 17. See Arnulf Baring and Masamori Sase, Zwei zaghafte Riesen? Deutschland und Japan seit 1945 (Stuttgart: Belser, 1977). The two economic chapters contrib­ uted by Bernard Grossmann on the German side and Takuji Shimano, who is one of the contributors to the sequel to the present volume, on the Japanese side dealt with the 'economic miracles' of the 1950s and 1960s and problems of the 19708 in the respective countries. In contrast to their general ignorance of and indifference to social, economic, and pulitical developments in Japan, educated Germans have traditionally paid considerable attention to Japanese art and culture. 18. See T. J. Pempel, 'Japanese Foreign Economic Policy: The Domestic Bases for International Behavior', in Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.) Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978) pp. 139-90; and Michael Kreile, 'West Germany: The Dynamics of Expansion', ibid., pp. 191-224. 19. See, for example, John Whitney Hall, 'The Nature of Traditional Society: Japan', in Ward and Rustow, Political Modernization, pp. 14-41. For more detailed accounts, see Edwin O. Reischauer and Albert M. Craig, Japan: Tradition and Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), and for the evolution of the agricultural economy, Thomas C. Smith, The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959). 20. See Rudolf Braun, 'Taxation, Socio-political Structure, and State-building: Great Britain and Brandenburg.. Prussia', in Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 243-327; and Wolfram Fischer and Peter Lundgreen, 'The Recruitment and Training of Administrative and Technical Personnel', ibid, pp. 456-561. 21. Without exception, the great administrative reformers, such as Prince Harden­ berg and Baron vom Stein, and the military reformers, such as Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, were inspired by ideas of the French Revolution, including equality, rationality in government and the economy, security of property and person, individual liberty, and advancement for men of talent. 22. See William W. Lockwood, The Economic Development of Japan, expanded edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968) pp. 3-12. There was considerable growth of cities and manufacturing industry in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some of it under the control of craft guilds as in Europe. There was, however, no real bourgeois revolution that could have given the artisans and traders the freedom and opportunity to pursue their economic interests, even though mercantile pressures were building up for 348 Notes more than a century, pitting merchants (chanin) against the declining samurai and the peasantry. 23. See especially W. O. Henderson, The Industrialization of Europe 1780-1914 (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1969) pp. 69-71. 24. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1960) pp. 38-9. For a critical review of Rostow's theory, see Simon Kuznets, 'Notes on the Take-off', in W. W. Rostow (ed.), The Economics of Take-off into Sustained Growth (New York: St Martin's Press, 1963) pp. 22-43. 25. See Friedrich Zunkel, 'Die Enfesselung des neuen Wirtschaftsgeistes 1850-1875', in Karl Erich Born (ed.), Moderne Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte (KOln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1966) pp. 42-51. See also Hans Hausherr, 'Der Zollverein und die Industrialisierung', in ibid., pp. 55-66; and W. O. Hender­ son, The Rise of German Industrial Power 1834-1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975) pp. 44--70, and 178-206. 26. See Yoshitake Oka, Kindai Nihon Seijishi [A political history of modern Japan], Vol. I (Tokyo: Sobunsha, 1962) pp. 102-13. 27. Ryoshin Minami, Nihon no Keizai Hatten [Economic development in Japan] (Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shimposha, 1981) pp. 4--5. See also Kazushi Ohkawa and Henry Rosovsky, Japanese Economic Growth (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973) pp. 12-18. 28. Minami, Nihon no Keizai Hatten, pp. 6-7. 29. See Lockwood, The Economic Development of Japan, pp. 12-15 and 38-42. These wars caused a succession of booms which significantly helped to carry the Japanese economy forward for many years after they ended until the great earthquake of 1923 and, eventually, the Great Depression of 1930-31. On the effects of the Great Depression on the German economy and politics, see Hans Rosenberg, Grosse Depression und Bismarckzeit (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1967). 30. Ryuz6 Yamazaki, Gendai Nihon Keizaishi [An economic history of modern Japan] (Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1985) pp. 28-32. 31. Ibid., pp. 33--5. 32. See Karl Hardach, The Political Economy of Germany in the Twentieth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1980) pp.l0-28. 33. Ibid., pp. 75-9, 85-7. But see also Gustav Stolper, The German Economy 1870-1940 (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1940) pp. 239-40. 34. The population statistics tell the same story: Japan's population grew from about 30 million in 1852 to 73 million in 1940 and, in a more or less continuous fashion, to 112 million in 1976. The population of the German Reich was an estimated 42 million in 1871 (of whom only about 20 million lived in the area which subsequently became the Federal Republic) and 69 million in 1939. In 1950, after the war and the influx of millions of refugees had left their marks, the Federal Republic had a population of 61 million (including the population of West Berlin and some 4 million resident foreigners) in 1978. Thus the West German citizenry was only about half the size of Japan's and also of what it might have been but for the impact of World War II. 35. As Edwin O. Reischauer explains, the Tokugawa prohibition of all contacts between Japanese and foreigners - aside from a few Dutch and Chinese traders in Nagasaki - was motivated mainly by a fear of 'subversive' Christian pros­ elytizing and of alliances between local feudal lords and one or another European power against the Tokugawa hegemony. See Reischauer, The Ja­ panese (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977) pp. 68-70. Prior to the closure ofthe country in the 1630s, however, there had been a considerable Notes 349 amount of trading with foreigners and proselytizing activities by Catholic missionaries in Japan.
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