PROGRAMME OVERVIEW & IMPLEMENTATION COST/FEES RESEARCH-BASED EVIDENCE *NZD est. based on exchange rate

Aims to strengthen weak cognive capacies underlying No published, peer-reviewed evidence available evaluang the learning disabilies through specific cognive exercises. Replaces Annual Tuion: efficacy of the programme. Anecdotal evidence and unpublished regular school for 3 to 4 years. Students spend 4 periods per day, NZ$15,000 per student Arrowsmith research conducted by Arrowsmith company claims large academic 5 days per week with specially-trained teachers in a 1:10 classroom gains, however, the present scienfic literature does not provide Program performing computer, auditory, and pen and paper exercises. Training workshop: support for the use of the Arrowsmith programme in the remediaon Claims a wide range of learning-disabled students will be able to NZ$5,600 + travel to Toronto of learning disabilies. parcipate in age-appropriate academic curriculum upon compleon.

Introducon to Limited peer-reviewed research support; publicaons in System of “educaonal kinesiology” (learning through movement); Brain Gym course: self-funded “Brain Gym Journal” claim gains in cognion. Other based on the noon that learning difficules arise from poor NZ$150 peer-reviewed work has labeled Brain Gym as “pseudoscience,” coordinaon between the brain and body. Uses 26 disnct exercises due to invalid theorecal assumpons (neurological repaerning Brain Gym to improve integraon of specific brain funcons with body One-on-one training: procedures invalidated, idea that cerebral dominance affects movements. Offered as intensive 2-3 day training courses, 8 sessions: NZ$800 learning repeatedly refuted, and no demonstrated support for typically 8 hours per day. Targeted at all ages and abilies. 10 sessions: NZ$1,000 impacts of perceptual-motor training on learning).

School package Biometric technology that measures and improves ming with Several published, peer-reviewed studies (about half of which are (training, support, specialised computer equipment, targeng the ability to focus, case studies) have reported varied significant posive effects of and equipment): accuracy and efficiency of informaon processing, execuve treatment with isolated clinical and nonclinical populaons, including NZ$12,000 Brain Time funcons, and motor coordinaon. Used with a wide range of boys with ADHD, elementary math students, soldiers with blast- neurological condions in adults and children, as well as athletes related traumac brain injury, and golfers. However, each of these Interacve Home training: enhancing sports performance. Private home training occurs studies evaluated and reported on different cognive and motor equipment: NZ$625 Metronome 3-5 days per week for 5, 8, or 12 weeks (15-40 hours) with funcons, with conflicng evidence regarding the overall efficacy 5 week tuion: NZ$325 ongoing professional consultaon. Also available for of Interacve Metronome training as a general therapeuc 8 week tuion: NZ$800 school-based implementaon. treatment tool. 12 week tuion: NZ$1,200

Aims to overcome dyslexia by targeng phonological and Programme cost Only one peer-reviewed study about Cellfield available, which visual deficits, based on the theory that dyslexia arises from (pre/post tests, intervenon, provides only limited support due to a lack of any control group and “anatomical flaws” in the brain. Employs computer-based follow-up, and optometrist Cellfield’s founder being one of the authors. Underlying theory is Cellfield phonological processing and decoding/encoding tasks in assessments): magnocellular dysfuncon in dyslexia, which has received notable 10 one-hour sessions for 10 weeks (with supplementary guided NZ$2095 (incl. GST) support and cricism and is not yet a scienfically validated theory. reading) to transion dyslexic children into reading fluency.

Online programme designed to address aenon problems and Private tuion: Large volume of peer-reviewed research; many studies found ADHD by increasing working memory capacity. Training planned and NZ$1475 Cogmed increases working memory capacity in the short term, Cogmed Working structured by Cogmed Coach in either private sessions or school and some suggest that gains in visuospaal (though not necessarily Memory Training sengs. Standard implementaon is 25 sessions (30-45 minutes long) School price verbal) working memory persist long-term. Conflicng evidence of 5 days per week for 5 weeks, with specialised variaons available for (10 students/4 teachers): improvements in reasoning ability and aenonal processes. pre-school, school-ages, adolescents, and adults. NZ$3,600 Insufficient evidence of applicability to dyslexia.

Set of prescribed overlays or lenses provided by the Irlen Instute Assessment & prescripon: Existence of “Scotopic Sensivity Syndrome” or “Irlen Syndrome” and The Instute of Optometry (among others) designed to treat Irlen screening: NZ$79 is not validated by sufficient scienfic evidence. Numerous peer- “Scotpic Sensivity Syndrome” or “Irlen Syndrome,” described as a Colour overlays: NZ$7 reviewed studies suggest coloured overlays may have a beneficial Coloured Overlays perceptual processing problem, which may be (mis)idenfied as Tinng assessment: NZ$159 effect on reading rate, accuracy, and comprehension, however, many dyslexia. Symptoms include light sensivity, discomfort, word Lenses (worst case): NZ$260 and Lenses of these have serious methodological limitaons and/or conflicts of distoron, and problems with reading, wring, aenon, interest, and a large number of other studies report no significant comprehension, and depth percepon. Specific colour for Irlen Screener training: benefits of overlays/lenses. individual treatment is diagnosed by specialist. NZ$499

Uses spelling as a tool to teach children with dyslexia to read and write based on individual learning styles. Mul-step process Danks Davis includes assessment, mulsensory instrucon, auditory percepon Danks Davis manual/DVD: No published, peer-reviewed evidence available Dyslexia Tutoring remediaon, Brain Gym exercises (see above), and tesng. NZ$3,000 (+GST) to support efficacy of programme. Implemented in weekly one-on-one tutoring sessions (one hour), which can be led by teachers, tutors, or parents.

Based on the theory that dyslexia arises from disorientaon/ confusion and a predominantly visual thought process; teaches Few peer-reviewed studies on programme, almost all of which are students with dyslexia to control this mental state and think about Programme tuion: case studies. Most of these case studies seem to demonstrate gains in Davis Dyslexia problem words nonverbally. Implemented as an intensive week-long NZ$2,500-3,000 word recognion through training, but there is insufficient evidence programme (30 hours) of one-on-one work with licensed facilitator, of improvements on general reading abilies. plus up to 3 follow-up reviews.

Physical smulaon approach supposed to improve cerebellar Limited support of efficacy. Only two published studies available; underperformance in dyslexia, dyspraxia, and ADHD, based on the though these found gains in reading skills and standardised test scores Dore Programme theory that this is the underlying cause of learning and aenon Programme cost: (some of which were maintained or improved at 18-month follow-up), disorders. Specific physical exercises aimed to smulate and improve esmated NZ$5,000-6,000 (previously DDAT) these studies were highly controversial with serious methodological cerebellar efficiency are pracced twice daily for 10 minutes for limitaons and inappropriate stascal treatment. 12-18 months with regular consultaon.

Single license for Most peer-reviewed studies available authored by Fast ForWord Computer-based series for students reading below age-appropriate Language Series: researchers. These report significant improvements in reading and level that slows and amplifies specific hard-to-process English sounds. NZ$1430* (quanty wring skills, comprehension, and oral language ability, as well as Adapve game-like tasks target development of working and discount available) increased brain acvaon in both typical language areas and long-term memory, aenon, listening accuracy, processing speed, Fast ForWord compensatory corcal areas. However, comparave studies found phonological awareness, and sequencing skills. Claim a reading gain of Single license for no specific advantages over other similar programmes, and no 1-2 grade levels is possible in 8-12 weeks of 30, 40, 50, or 90-minute Reading Series: evidence of long-term maintenance of gains. Current redesigned sessions, 3-5 days per week. NZ$800* Language Series has yet to be sufficiently analysed.

Not-for-profit mediated intervenon based on Feuerstein’s theories of Large body of published, peer-reviewed research demonstrates mediated learning experiences and structural cognive modifiability. IE Standard or IE Basic: consistent findings of significant enhancement of cognive Designed to idenfy and modify deficient cognive funcons in NZ$35 per student Feuerstein's performance for disadvantaged learners; large variance disadvantaged learners through a metacognive approach to the in research methods. More limited research indicates potenal for Instrumental processes of thinking, learning, and problem solving; i.e., “learning to Training cost: similar benefits with other clinical populaons and academic levels. learn.” Conceived of as a supplement to normal classroom NZ$1265 (incl. GST) Enrichment Incomplete evidence of long-term gains in subject-based academic curriculum; recommended implementaon can be 3-5 one-hour per mediator achievement. sessions per week for 2-3 years (200-400 hours).

One-year license: Computerised acvies of progressive difficulty based on Common NZ$16.80-$36* pp No independent, peer-reviewed research available. Studies Core that address 6 areas of reading: phonics, structural analysis, by company researchers show mixed findings; some indicate no phonological awareness, automacity/fluency, vocabulary, and Unlimited license: significant effect of treatment at post-test, though at-risk students comprehension. Allows independent development of reading skills Lexia Reading NZ$1995-$5,495* made significant gains aer training. Two other studies found through personalised learning paths in a structured and sequenal significant improvements on only one specific measure manner. Provides teachers with individual end-of-year trajectories. On-site training: of reading/language-related skills. Available for purchase as a school-based license. NZ$450* pp

Training (<15 teachers): Large body of published, peer-reviewed research provides consistent Targets students struggling to read or comprehend with five virtual: NZ$11-22,000 evidence of significant improvements in phonological awareness/ different remedial programmes, designed to establish an imagery- onsite: NZ$14-30,000 decoding and single-word reading skills. Evidence of generalisaon language connecon, develop symbol imagery, improve to reading comprehension and long-term maintenance of gains is understanding, memory, and thought expression, and discover and School partnership: more limited, but shown in studies with adequate bridging pracce. Lindamood-Bell label the oral-motor components of phonemes. One-to-one clinical virtual: NZ$187-257,000* Neuroimaging found significantly stronger funconal connecvity and treatment involves intensive, 2-4 hour sessions 5 days per week for onsite: NZ$289-476,000* gray maer volume changes in known language areas. However, 6-8 weeks. School-based children work in homogenous ability groups one comparave study found no specific advantages of this of 2-5 students, 5 days per week for 45-120 minute sessions. Learning centre: NZ$130* per hour programme over another phonemic-based intervenon. NZ$500* per tesng

Individual: monthly: NZ$19*/month Several published, peer-reviewed studies on various populaons Online training/game programme for the general public (ages 18-89), yearly: NZ$8*/month point to evidence of significant gains on some cognive measures, with 56 discrete adapve games requiring the use of cognive two year: NZ$6*/month including processing speed, cognive flexibility, and visual-spaal funcons such as memory, aenon, speed, flexibility, and problem Lumosity lifeme: NZ$475* processing. However, a comparave study with an entertainment- solving. Provides connuous feedback and periodic reminders based based video game found cognive performance gains in on performance and personalised goals. Yearly group package: favour of the video game. NZ$13*/month (up to 5)

Level 1 Cerficaon: (30 hours coursework, Several published, peer-reviewed studies, with inconsistent 45 hours praccum, intervenon methods and mixed findings. One study with children Instruconal approach to assist students with dyslexia and reading and 5 observaons) at-risk for reading problems showed significant gains on all measures difficules by directly and systemacally sorng, recognising, and tested; another found gains in only one of three grade levels. Two organising the raw materials of language. Method is meant to be Orton-Gillingham NZ$1550* course fee; comparison studies with Fast ForWord (see above) and a Houghton- flexible and adaptable and primarily one-on-one with a cerfied NZ$120* applicaon fee; Mifflin programme showed significantly greater phonological skill instructor, but can be adapted for small groups and classrooms. NZ$320*/hour + travel gains with this programme, but another found beer performance expenses for praccum; with tradional reading instrucon. NZ$120* Annual renewal fee

Classroom adaptaon of Orton-Gillingham approach (see above), Varies; different prices for Only one peer-reviewed study available; small-scale comparison designed for students with dyslexia and reading difficules. Lessons individual tutoring versus The Slingerland of Slingerland and Sullivan programmes found both to be equally are mulsensory, incorporang auditory, visual, and kinaesthec school teachers becoming effecve, however, no significance tests reported in study. Approach elements. Focuses on basic units of phonics with progressive “Slingerland Trained” or Insufficient evidence to support efficacy of programme. complexity. Generally implemented for two years. “Slingerland Cerfied”

Steps Home soware: Structured, mulsensory computer-game approach to developing NZ$195 (incl. GST) Steps phonological awareness, visual percepon, sequencing, memory, and motor development through literacy knowledge, processing Steps Tutor soware: No published, peer-reviewed evidence available (The Learning skills, and cognive efficiency. Can be completed at home, through NZ$279.45 (incl. GST) to support efficacy of programme. Staircase) tutors and tutoring centres, or in school. Customisable for dyslexia, ADHD, and English language learners. Steps Network soware: NZ$483 (incl. GST)

Training cost (80 hours): Designed to remediate disrupted analysis of auditory messages NZ$1,500 to NZ$7,200, The Tomas in learning difficules and language disorders. Therapy focuses on two Limited published, peer-reviewed research available; a meta-analysis depending on complexity of middle-ear muscles that enable integraon of acousc informaon. showed significant gains in several skill domains, but assessed only Method for programme and support Music and speech are filtered through an “electronic ear” and listened small-scale/case studies with serious methodological limitaons, Auditory to through headphones aached to a “bone conductor.” Treatment some of which found no effect of therapy. No consistent evidence Tomas Professional involves blocks of 10-13 days (intensives) for up to two hours each that auditory retraining therapy is more effecve than placebo. Retraining Educaon (4 workshops): day, separated by rest periods of 3-8 weeks (90 hours total). NZ$6,150